772:
746:, where she met with complete success." The dissertation is titled the "Stereospecific Polymerization of Isoprene" and has substantial scientific value, still cited today. Elena Ceausescu went to school only up to 4th grade, which she failed, and thus it is implausible for her to have written the dissertation in 1967. The real authors remain anonymous, but indirect evidence points to a group of Romanian chemists led by Dr. Ozias Solomon; professor Solomon was a renowned chemist and he had been forced to publish with Elena Ceausescu.
688:, they were turned over to a firing squad and executed. Her arms, and those of her husband, were tied behind their backs. Their actual execution happened so quickly that a military journalist videoing the trial captured only the last round of bullets and the crumpled bodies on the floor. The aftermath, including echoes of the final volley, the pall of smoke, and the bodies immediately afterward, were also caught on camera. She was 73 years old. She was the only woman ever
598:. In July 1972, she became a full member of the Romanian Communist Party Central Committee. In June 1973, she became a member of the Politburo of the Romanian Communist Party, becoming the second most important and influential person after her husband. She was deeply involved in party administration alongside her husband, and was one of the few spouses of a Communist Party leader to have a high political profile of her own. In June 1973, after having been nominated by
562:
44:
1906:
677:
1784:
602:, she was elected to the party's executive committee. In November 1974, at the 11th Party Congress, she was made a member of the (renamed) political executive committee, and in January 1977, she became a member of the highest party body, the Permanent Bureau of the Political Executive Committee. In March 1975, she was elected to the
798:
A group of
Romanian scientists are trying to revoke Ceaușescu's scientific credentials and argue that her work is still being cited in modern, genuine scientific papers and influences current research despite Ceaușescu reportedly being "barely literate in science". In 1978, during Nicolae Ceaușescu's
783:
In 1957, she was hired as a research scientist at ICECHIM (National
Institute for Chemical Research). In the early 1960s, she was reported to be secretary of the party committee of the Bucharest Central Institute of Chemical Researches, and when her husband took over the party leadership in March
784:
1965, she was listed as the institute's director. In
December of the same year, she was elected a member of the newly established National Council of Scientific Research, and in September 1966, she was awarded the Order of Scientific Merit First Class. In March 1974, she was made a member of the
719:
After graduating from primary school in her village and moving to
Bucharest, Ceaușescu continued her education in the 1950s through night courses at the local Politechnic, obtaining a bachelor's degree in chemistry. Later, she was promoted as a scientist, and was also awarded a PhD in chemistry.
629:
as intense as that of her husband, which exalted her as the "Mother of the Nation". As she was led out of the courtroom before her execution she was recorded chastising the soldiers binding her hands with the words, "Shame on you. I brought you up as a mother. I raised you." By all accounts, her
542:
in 1939 and met 21-year-old
Nicolae Ceaușescu. Ceaușescu was instantly attracted to her which, reportedly, made him never look at another woman in a romantic manner. Their relationship was interrupted by Ceaușescu's frequent stints in prison, and they married on 23 December 1946.
2096:
1547:
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launched by her husband, she was elected a member of the
Central Commission on Socio-Economic Forecasting. Starting in July 1972, Elena Ceaușescu started getting various offices at senior levels in the
727:, several scientists have claimed that Ceaușescu had forced them to write papers in her name, and that the university gave her the honour of the doctorate solely because of her political position.
1788:
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634:
was under strict orders to take great care portraying her on screen. For instance, she was never supposed to be shown in profile because of her large nose and overall homely appearance.
603:
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that took place, she answered only a few questions since her husband took a protective role, asked her to calm down, and shook his head each time her mouth opened to reply in anger.
2041:
647:
413:
299:
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Ceaușescu was outlived by her mother, a near centenarian at the time of her death, her brother
Gheorghe Petrescu (also an important figure in the party) and her three children:
795:
during the period when her husband ruled
Romania. She is named as co-inventor on a number of patents, but many scientists claim she forced them to share credit on the patents.
734:: "It is rumoured that, at the time when she wanted to receive her doctorate from the Bucharest Faculty of Chemistry, she met with strong opposition from the Romanian chemist
3031:
3011:
1646:
882:
Elena Ceaușescu was an
Honorary Doctor of several universities and was a member of some academic societies in the United States and countries in Asia, Europe, and Africa.
1479:
1876:
762:" being Romanian for "two"). She was mocked by many, including an official who called her by this nickname during her show trial. Contributing to the humorous effect, "
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1326:
1381:
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1816:
554:
After the
Communists took power, Elena Ceaușescu worked as a secretary in the Ministry of Foreign Affairs and was an unimportant figure until her husband became
2946:
959:
Honorary Member of the Council of the Central University of Ecuador and of the Institute of Natural Sciences of the Central University of Ecuador (Quito, 1973),
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846:
832:
2966:
2941:
3036:
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589:'s wife, maintained a position of power. Most likely inspired by this, she began to engineer her own political rise in Romania. In July 1971, after a
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2016:
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1980:
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1965:
1809:
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1985:
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538:, where she worked as a laboratory assistant before finding employment in a textile factory. She joined the Bucharest branch of the
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919:
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496:
58:
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1418:
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1711:[Biography of Elena Ceaușescu, in "Small encyclopedic dictionary", 1972] (in Romanian). Info Cultural. 9 February 2021
707:(1951–1996). Nicu was an important member of the Romanian Communist Party, unlike his siblings. Elena Ceaușescu was buried in
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1567:"@njbirse The process of revoking her association with the Royal Institute of Chemistry – our antecedent society unt…"
812:
788:'s Section for Chemical Sciences. Ceaușescu was given many honorary awards for scientific achievement in the field of
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She was sometimes nicknamed Codoi, referring to her alleged mispronunciation of the name of the chemical compound
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2316:
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973:
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863:
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614:, the most important industrial region of the country, until her death in 1989. In March 1980, she was made a
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2011:
2006:
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2276:
2021:
2001:
816:
811:, the Royal Institute's successor later clarified that Ceaușescu's membership had been revoked during the
735:
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Elena Ceaușescu frequently accompanied her husband on official visits abroad. During a state visit to the
519:
285:
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117:
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178:
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2036:
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1916:
1046:"Fond C.C. Al P.C.R. –Cabinetul 2 – Elena Ceauşescu Inventar Anii extremi: 1984–1989 Nr. u.a.: 180"
852:
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2699:
2428:
2412:
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2188:
1312:
1207:
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1149:
956:
Honorary member of the College of Chemists and Chemical Engineers of Costa Rica (San Jose, 1973).
739:
263:
2571:
2808:
2715:
2659:
2539:
2452:
2204:
1948:
1942:
1930:
1766:
1731:
1423:
1414:"RAD Background Report/135 (Romania) 27 July 1984 Biographical Sketches of the Ceausescu Clan"
1252:
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467:
375:
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2444:
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309:
1382:"'A moral issue to correct': the long tail of Elena Ceaușescu's fraudulent scientific work"
685:
661:
281:
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2300:
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1307:
1244:
828:
43:
1436:
O. Solomon, E. Ceauşescu, S. Bittman, B. Hlevca, I. Florescu, E. Mihăilescu şi I. Ciută,
611:
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2824:
2744:
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2635:
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2515:
2404:
2228:
2172:
2124:
1905:
1633:
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Polimerizarea stereospecifică a izoprenului cu trietilaluminiu şi tetraclorură de titan
1088:
800:
750:
145:
91:
1732:"Why Ceausescu's 1978 state visit was far more humiliating than Trump's ever could be"
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2920:
2856:
2816:
2776:
2667:
2523:
2284:
2260:
2156:
1889:
1736:
1081:
1677:"Senarai Penuh Penerima Darjah Kebesaran, Bintang dan Pingat Persekutuan Tahun 1984"
2707:
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2499:
2356:
2292:
2055:
1516:
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vanity and desire for honours exceeded that of her husband. As with her husband,
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2555:
2547:
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2212:
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590:
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17:
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level education. After elementary school, she moved along with her brother to
397:
2611:
939:
Honorary Member of the International Society of Industrial Chemistry (1970),
792:
535:
523:
476:
439:
313:
1478:[Ceausescu, the unconfessed obsession of Romanians]. Archived from
1331:
987:
Research work on synthesis and characterization of macromolecular compounds
758:
738:, the Dean of the faculty. She was forced instead to present her thesis to
2896:
2164:
652:
Ceaușescu fled with her husband on 22 December 1989, after the events in
570:
403:
1574:
789:
1529:
776:
527:
1794:
1709:"Biografia Elenei Ceaușescu, în "Mic dicționar enciclopedic", 1972"
999:
Nouvelles recherches dans le domaine des composés macromoleculaires
1179:
Chehabi, Houchang Esfandiar; Linz, Juan José, eds. (5 June 1998).
770:
675:
560:
3017:
Knights Grand Cross of the Order of Merit of the Italian Republic
1587:
503:
in 1989, she was executed alongside her husband on 25 December.
2078:
1798:
530:(French version is different). She was able to acquire only an
1789:
Transcript of the closed trial of Nicolae and Elena Ceauşescu
1904:
3052:
Recipients of the Order of the Liberator General San Martin
1209:
Modern Tyrants: the power and prevalence of evil in our age
606:, the country's national legislature, holding the seat for
124:
President of the Council of National Science and Technology
1185:. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press. p. 242.
1026:"Timisoara: The Real Story Behind the Romanian Revolution"
807:
admitted Elena Ceaușescu into membership as a Fellow. The
1444:, Bucureşti. Ed. Adevărul Holding, ISBN 978-606-644-036-3
1274:"Ceaușescus Scharfrichter – der Diktator und sein Henker"
833:
2500th Anniversary of the founding of the Persian Empire
1126:
Romanian Dictator Nicolae and Elena Ceausescu Execution
989:, Editura Academiei Republicii Socialiste România, 1974
962:
Honorary Member of the Mexican Chemical Society (1975),
660:, but she and her husband were captured in the town of
625:
From the early 1980s onward, Elena was the object of a
618:, a state title she held until she was executed in the
1647:"President's Week in Review: April 7 – April 13, 1975"
1129:(in English and Romanian). 슬롯소연tv1004. 8 February 2018
680:
Elena behind her husband while he gives a speech, 1986
511:
She was born Lenuța Petrescu into a peasant family in
1329:[Unique: the PhD Thesis of Elena Ceaușescu].
815:. Also, patents under her name are still kept by the
1634:
http://www.ordens.presidencia.pt/?idc=154&list=1
1249:
Downfall, The Ceaușescus and the Romanian Revolution
768:" is an actual word in Romanian, meaning "big tail".
475:; 7 January 1916 – 25 December 1989) was a Romanian
2486:
2113:
1994:
1958:
1915:
1869:
1651:
Official Gazette of the Republic of the Philippines
1501:"A crime/trial that will make a dictator, a martyr"
1305:[The Constitutional Evolution of Romania].
775:Elena Ceaușescu receiving an honorary doctorate in
434:
429:
419:
409:
395:
358:
330:
320:
305:
295:
269:
238:
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205:
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111:
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85:
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57:
34:
1548:"Llist of patents with inventor 'Ceaușescu Elena'"
1442:"Viata lui Ceausescu. Vol. 2. Fiul poporului" .pdf
1080:
648:Trial and execution of Nicolae and Elena Ceaușescu
414:Trial and execution of Nicolae and Elena Ceaușescu
1877:General Secretary of the Romanian Communist Party
1327:"Piesă rară: teza de doctorat a Elenei Ceaușescu"
1053:Arhivele Naționale (National Archives of Romania)
1517:Chapter 96 — Life under Communism: Hell on Earth
1074:
1072:
1070:
351: 1946; their deaths 1989)
1883:President of the Socialist Republic of Romania
1632:{{cite web| title=Portuguese Honorary Orders|
1476:"Ceausescu, obsesia nemarturisita a romanilor"
1083:Revolution 1989: The Fall of the Soviet Empire
27:Romanian politician and first lady (1916–1989)
2090:
1810:
1756:The Life and Evil Times of Nicolae Ceauşescu.
1112:Enhanced Personality Cult for Elena Ceaușescu
1005:Dostizheniia v khimii i tekhnologii polimerov
8:
1335:(in Romanian). 26 March 2007. Archived from
1276:[The dictator and his executioner].
1151:Democracy Delayed: The Case of Castro's Cuba
1375:
1373:
1371:
3032:People executed by Romania by firing squad
3012:Grand Collars of the Order of Prince Henry
2097:
2083:
2075:
1817:
1803:
1795:
1440:, as cited in Lavinia Betea et al. (2012)
869:Malaysia: Honorary Grand Commander of the
42:
31:
1251:. Futura Publications. pp. 186–195.
993:Stereospecific Polymerization of Isoprene
847:Order of the Liberator General San Martín
191:28 March 1974 – 22 December 1989
71:29 March 1980 – 22 December 1989
1407:
1405:
684:On the afternoon of 25 December 1989 in
135:8 April 1980 – 22 December 1989
3062:Titular members of the Romanian Academy
2952:20th-century Romanian women politicians
1017:
690:executed by the modern state of Romania
3022:Members of the Great National Assembly
840:Order of Merit of the Italian Republic
59:First Deputy Prime Minister of Romania
1303:"Evoluția constituțională a României"
466:
7:
2947:Romanian Communist Party politicians
1272:Schepp, Matthias (20 October 2005).
715:Reputation as a chemistry researcher
1380:Davey, Melissa (22 December 2021).
1311:(in Romanian) (149). Archived from
845:Argentina: Dame Grand Cross of the
581:in June 1971, she took note of how
2967:Civilians who were court-martialed
2942:20th-century executions by Romania
2107:Order of the Defender of the Realm
967:Ghana Academy of Arts and Sciences
944:National University of Engineering
871:Order of the Defender of the Realm
756:(C for carbon, O for oxygen, and "
25:
3047:People of the Romanian revolution
2972:Deputy prime ministers of Romania
878:Honorary degree and professorship
556:Communist Party General Secretary
1782:
1565:@RoySocChem (22 December 2021).
911:(Bahia Blanca, Argentina, 1974),
497:Deputy Prime Minister of Romania
48:Portrait of Elena (date unknown)
1730:Hardman, Robert (1 June 2019).
1412:de Flers, Rene (27 July 1984).
1301:Duduciuc, Alina; Țiu, Ilarion.
927:Universidad Autónoma de Yucatán
838:Italy: Dame Grand Cross of the
573:during a visit in Tokyo in 1975
479:politician who was the wife of
348:
2849:Abdullah bin Abdulaziz Al Saud
2017:1977 Jiu Valley miners' strike
1156:Johns Hopkins University Press
1148:López, Juan J. (22 May 2003).
951:American Institute of Chemists
730:According to a 1984 report by
522:, in the historical region of
1:
2841:Khalifa bin Salman Al Khalifa
1763:Kiss The Hand You Cannot Bite
1206:Chirot, Daniel (5 May 1996).
974:Polytechnic of Central London
920:Philippine Women's University
900:Honorary Doctor Causa of the
831:: Commemorative Medal of the
493:Socialist Republic of Romania
468:[eˈlenatʃe̯a.uˈʃesku]
290:Socialist Republic of Romania
3037:People from Dâmbovița County
3027:People convicted of genocide
2833:Sultan bin Abdulaziz Al Saud
2761:Nawwaf bin Abdulaziz Al Saud
1653:. 5 May 1975. Archived from
909:Universidad Nacional del Sur
893:Corresponding member of the
888:New York Academy of Sciences
805:Royal Institute of Chemistry
2957:Burials at Ghencea Cemetery
2889:Mohamed bin Zayed Al Nahyan
1422:. p. 5. Archived from
855:: Dame Grand Collar of the
813:Romanian Revolution of 1989
616:First Deputy Prime Minister
3078:
2793:Fahd bin Abdulaziz Al Saud
1214:Princeton University Press
1079:Sebetsyen, Victor (2009).
942:Honorary professor at the
914:Honorary Doctorate degree
902:University of Buenos Aires
809:Royal Society of Chemistry
641:
579:People's Republic of China
2628:Zein al-Sharaf bint Jamil
2477:Wan Junaidi Tuanku Jaafar
2317:Abang Muhammad Salahuddin
2269:Sharifah Rodziah Barakbah
2050:
1981:1985 legislative election
1976:1980 legislative election
1971:1975 legislative election
1966:1969 legislative election
1959:Elections and referendums
1902:
1832:
1612:President of the Republic
953:(Washington, D.C., 1973),
907:Honorary Doctor Causa of
526:. Her father worked as a
453:
449:
445:
391:
384:
300:Execution by firing squad
229:
184:
128:
64:
53:
41:
2105:Grand Commanders of the
2022:1980 Huțani bus accident
1986:1986 military referendum
1460:25 November 2005 at the
864:Order of Gabriela Silang
596:Romanian Communist Party
591:mini-cultural revolution
540:Romanian Communist Party
489:Romanian Communist Party
325:Romanian Communist Party
296:Cause of death
3007:First ladies of Romania
2992:Executed Romanian women
2982:Executed mass murderers
2729:James Beveridge Thomson
2027:1986 Vrancea earthquake
2012:1977 Vrancea earthquake
2007:1971 Certej dam failure
1454:"Trecutul de lângă noi"
965:Honorary Member of the
949:Honorary Member of the
932:Honorary Doctor of the
740:Cristofor I. Simionescu
604:Great National Assembly
464:Romanian pronunciation:
3042:People of the Cold War
2932:1989 crimes in Romania
2865:Pier Ferdinando Casini
2469:Ahmad Fuzi Abdul Razak
2397:Syed Ahmad Shahabuddin
2277:Abdul Aziz Abdul Majid
1909:
1608:"Mrs. Elena Ceaușescu"
1503:. December 25, 1989.
1024:Szoczi, Árpád (2013).
817:European Patent Office
780:
763:
757:
681:
574:
2997:Female mass murderers
2722:1966: Chang Kay Young
2437:Abdullah Ahmad Badawi
2237:Pengiran Ahmad Raffae
2032:1987 Brașov rebellion
1908:
1247:; Wylie, Bob (1991).
972:Honorary Professor –
857:Order of Prince Henry
774:
742:and Ioan Ursu at the
679:
564:
179:First Lady of Romania
150:Constantin Dăscălescu
96:Constantin Dăscălescu
2987:Executed politicians
2508:Djuanda Kartawidjaja
2389:Mohammad Said Keruak
2365:Tunku Ibrahim Ismail
2333:Mohamad Adnan Robert
2309:Mohd Hamdan Abdullah
2245:Syed Sheh Shahabudin
1849:President of Romania
1636:Portuguese Republic]
1594:5 March 2016 at the
1137:– via YouTube.
934:University of Tehran
550:Career in government
212:Position established
2977:Executed communists
2825:Maha Vajiralongkorn
2588:Prapas Charusathien
2532:Thanom Kittikachorn
2381:Hamdan Sheikh Tahir
2349:Abdul Rahman Ya'kub
2181:Abdul Razak Hussein
2042:Trial and execution
1456:. . Lumea. nr. 10.
1182:Sultanistic Regimes
946:(Lima, Peru, 1973).
925:Honorary Doctor of
853:Portuguese Republic
799:state visit to the
736:Costin D. Nenițescu
725:Revolutions of 1989
658:Romanian Revolution
644:Romanian Revolution
632:Romanian Television
620:Romanian Revolution
501:Romanian Revolution
495:. She was also the
386:Criminal conviction
2785:Kriangsak Chamanan
2700:Hussein ibn Nasser
2676:Muhammad bin Talal
2429:Mohd Khalil Yaakob
2413:Ahmadshah Abdullah
2373:Ahmad Zaidi Adruce
2253:Syed Sheh Barakbah
2189:Henry Lee Hau Shik
2149:Tengku Yahya Petra
1937:Valentin Ceaușescu
1910:
1689:on 29 October 2013
904:(Argentina, 1974),
835:(14 October 1971).
781:
744:University of Iași
682:
575:
491:and leader of the
264:Kingdom of Romania
3002:Filmed executions
2914:
2913:
2809:Prem Tinsulanonda
2716:Zakaria Mohieddin
2660:Hussein el-Shafei
2540:Norodom Monineath
2453:Abdul Taib Mahmud
2205:Abdul Malek Yusuf
2072:
2071:
1826:Nicolae Ceaușescu
1787:Works related to
1419:Radio Free Europe
1351:"Elena Ceaușescu"
1315:on 24 April 2018.
1258:978-0-7088-5003-9
1223:978-0-6910-2777-7
1192:978-0-8018-5694-5
1165:978-0-8018-7772-8
1098:978-0-375-42532-5
1087:. New York City:
1034:978-1-4759-5874-4
895:Academy of Athens
732:Radio Free Europe
567:Nicolae Ceaușescu
532:elementary school
485:General Secretary
481:Nicolae Ceaușescu
457:
456:
337:Nicolae Ceaușescu
200:Nicolae Ceaușescu
80:Nicolae Ceaușescu
16:(Redirected from
3069:
2962:Ceaușescu family
2907:
2899:
2891:
2883:
2881:Moza bint Nasser
2875:
2867:
2859:
2851:
2843:
2835:
2827:
2819:
2811:
2803:
2795:
2787:
2779:
2771:
2763:
2755:
2747:
2739:
2731:
2723:
2718:
2710:
2702:
2694:
2686:
2678:
2670:
2662:
2654:
2646:
2644:Hassan bin Talal
2638:
2630:
2622:
2614:
2606:
2604:Abdel Hakim Amer
2598:
2590:
2582:
2574:
2566:
2558:
2550:
2542:
2534:
2526:
2518:
2510:
2502:
2479:
2471:
2463:
2455:
2447:
2445:Juhar Mahiruddin
2439:
2431:
2423:
2421:Mahathir Mohamad
2415:
2407:
2399:
2391:
2383:
2375:
2367:
2359:
2351:
2343:
2335:
2327:
2319:
2311:
2303:
2295:
2287:
2279:
2271:
2263:
2255:
2247:
2239:
2231:
2223:
2215:
2207:
2199:
2191:
2183:
2175:
2167:
2159:
2151:
2143:
2135:
2127:
2099:
2092:
2085:
2076:
1862:25 December 1989
1861:
1859:
1843:
1841:
1819:
1812:
1805:
1796:
1786:
1742:
1741:
1727:
1721:
1720:
1718:
1716:
1705:
1699:
1698:
1696:
1694:
1688:
1682:. Archived from
1681:
1673:
1667:
1666:
1664:
1662:
1643:
1637:
1630:
1624:
1623:
1621:
1619:
1604:
1598:
1585:
1579:
1578:
1562:
1556:
1555:
1544:
1538:
1537:
1526:
1520:
1514:
1508:
1505:Revolution three
1498:
1492:
1491:
1489:
1487:
1471:
1465:
1451:
1445:
1434:
1428:
1427:
1409:
1400:
1399:
1397:
1395:
1377:
1366:
1365:
1363:
1361:
1347:
1341:
1340:
1323:
1317:
1316:
1298:
1292:
1291:
1289:
1287:
1269:
1263:
1262:
1245:Galloway, George
1241:
1235:
1234:
1232:
1230:
1203:
1197:
1196:
1176:
1170:
1169:
1145:
1139:
1138:
1136:
1134:
1121:
1115:
1109:
1103:
1102:
1086:
1076:
1065:
1064:
1062:
1060:
1050:
1042:
1036:
1022:
786:Romanian Academy
709:Ghencea Cemetery
703:(1949–2006) and
627:personality cult
520:Dâmbovița County
499:. Following the
470:
465:
420:Criminal penalty
400:
352:
350:
310:Ghencea Cemetery
286:Dâmbovița County
279:
277:
274:25 December 1989
260:Dâmbovița County
252:
250:
234:Personal details
220:
208:
189:
172:Office abolished
168:
158:
142:
133:
118:Mihai Drăgănescu
114:
104:
88:
69:
46:
32:
21:
3077:
3076:
3072:
3071:
3070:
3068:
3067:
3066:
3057:Textile workers
2917:
2916:
2915:
2910:
2902:
2894:
2886:
2878:
2870:
2862:
2854:
2846:
2838:
2830:
2822:
2814:
2806:
2801:Elena Ceaușescu
2798:
2790:
2782:
2774:
2769:Souvanna Phouma
2766:
2758:
2750:
2742:
2734:
2726:
2721:
2713:
2705:
2697:
2689:
2684:Muna Al Hussein
2681:
2673:
2665:
2657:
2649:
2641:
2633:
2625:
2617:
2609:
2601:
2596:Wan Waithayakon
2593:
2585:
2577:
2572:Masayoshi Ōhira
2569:
2561:
2553:
2545:
2537:
2529:
2521:
2513:
2505:
2497:
2490:
2488:
2482:
2474:
2466:
2461:Mohd Ali Rustam
2458:
2450:
2442:
2434:
2426:
2418:
2410:
2402:
2394:
2386:
2378:
2370:
2362:
2354:
2346:
2338:
2330:
2322:
2314:
2306:
2301:Syed Zahiruddin
2298:
2290:
2282:
2274:
2266:
2258:
2250:
2242:
2234:
2226:
2218:
2210:
2202:
2194:
2186:
2178:
2170:
2162:
2154:
2146:
2138:
2130:
2122:
2115:
2109:
2103:
2073:
2068:
2046:
2037:1989 revolution
1990:
1954:
1925:Elena Ceaușescu
1911:
1900:
1865:
1857:
1855:
1844:26 January 1918
1839:
1837:
1828:
1823:
1779:
1751:
1746:
1745:
1729:
1728:
1724:
1714:
1712:
1707:
1706:
1702:
1692:
1690:
1686:
1679:
1675:
1674:
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1660:
1658:
1645:
1644:
1640:
1631:
1627:
1617:
1615:
1606:
1605:
1601:
1596:Wayback Machine
1586:
1582:
1564:
1563:
1559:
1546:
1545:
1541:
1528:
1527:
1523:
1515:
1511:
1499:
1495:
1485:
1483:
1473:
1472:
1468:
1462:Wayback Machine
1452:
1448:
1435:
1431:
1426:on 3 June 2009.
1411:
1410:
1403:
1393:
1391:
1379:
1378:
1369:
1359:
1357:
1349:
1348:
1344:
1325:
1324:
1320:
1308:Sfera Politicii
1300:
1299:
1295:
1285:
1283:
1271:
1270:
1266:
1259:
1243:
1242:
1238:
1228:
1226:
1224:
1216:. p. 258.
1205:
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1177:
1173:
1166:
1147:
1146:
1142:
1132:
1130:
1123:
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1110:
1106:
1099:
1078:
1077:
1068:
1058:
1056:
1048:
1044:
1043:
1039:
1023:
1019:
1014:
983:
929:(Mexico, 1975),
897:(Greece, 1976).
880:
866:(9 April 1975).
859:(12 June 1975).
849:(5 March 1974).
825:
754:
717:
674:
650:
642:Main articles:
640:
638:Fall from power
552:
546:
509:
473:Lenuța Petrescu
463:
460:Elena Ceaușescu
396:
380:
354:
346:
342:
339:
321:Political party
280:
275:
273:
254:
248:
246:
245:
244:
243:Lenuța Petrescu
218:
206:
190:
185:
166:
156:
148:
140:
134:
129:
112:
102:
94:
86:
70:
65:
49:
37:
36:Elena Ceaușescu
28:
23:
22:
18:Elena Ceauşescu
15:
12:
11:
5:
3075:
3073:
3065:
3064:
3059:
3054:
3049:
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3014:
3009:
3004:
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2756:
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2740:
2732:
2724:
2719:
2711:
2703:
2695:
2687:
2679:
2671:
2663:
2655:
2652:Hassan Ibrahim
2647:
2639:
2636:Firyal Irshaid
2631:
2623:
2615:
2607:
2599:
2591:
2583:
2580:Norodom Kantol
2575:
2567:
2559:
2551:
2543:
2535:
2527:
2519:
2516:Gerald Templer
2511:
2503:
2494:
2492:
2484:
2483:
2481:
2480:
2472:
2464:
2456:
2448:
2440:
2432:
2424:
2416:
2408:
2405:Sakaran Dandai
2400:
2392:
2384:
2376:
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2352:
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2328:
2320:
2312:
2304:
2296:
2288:
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2272:
2264:
2256:
2248:
2240:
2232:
2229:Mustapha Harun
2224:
2216:
2208:
2200:
2197:Tengku Budriah
2192:
2184:
2176:
2173:Tan Cheng Lock
2168:
2160:
2152:
2144:
2136:
2128:
2125:Tunku Kurshiah
2119:
2117:
2111:
2110:
2104:
2102:
2101:
2094:
2087:
2079:
2070:
2069:
2067:
2066:
2059:
2056:← Chivu Stoica
2051:
2048:
2047:
2045:
2044:
2039:
2034:
2029:
2024:
2019:
2014:
2009:
2004:
1998:
1996:
1992:
1991:
1989:
1988:
1983:
1978:
1973:
1968:
1962:
1960:
1956:
1955:
1953:
1952:
1949:Nicu Ceaușescu
1946:
1943:Zoia Ceaușescu
1940:
1934:
1931:Ilie Ceaușescu
1928:
1921:
1919:
1913:
1912:
1903:
1901:
1899:
1898:
1893:
1886:
1880:
1873:
1871:
1867:
1866:
1864:
1863:
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1833:
1830:
1829:
1824:
1822:
1821:
1814:
1807:
1799:
1793:
1792:
1778:
1777:External links
1775:
1774:
1773:
1759:
1754:John Sweeney.
1750:
1747:
1744:
1743:
1722:
1700:
1668:
1657:on 6 June 2021
1638:
1625:
1599:
1580:
1573:) – via
1557:
1539:
1521:
1509:
1493:
1466:
1446:
1429:
1401:
1367:
1355:Google Scholar
1342:
1339:on 4 May 2007.
1318:
1293:
1264:
1257:
1236:
1222:
1198:
1191:
1171:
1164:
1158:. p. 22.
1140:
1116:
1104:
1097:
1089:Pantheon Books
1066:
1037:
1016:
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898:
891:
886:Member of the
879:
876:
875:
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860:
850:
843:
842:(21 May 1973).
836:
824:
821:
801:United Kingdom
752:
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670:
639:
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278:(aged 73)
271:
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253:7 January 1916
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141:Prime Minister
137:
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107:Gheorghe Oprea
105:
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55:
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2898:
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2866:
2861:
2858:
2857:Marcello Pera
2853:
2850:
2845:
2842:
2837:
2834:
2829:
2826:
2821:
2818:
2817:Jefri Bolkiah
2813:
2810:
2805:
2802:
2797:
2794:
2789:
2786:
2781:
2778:
2777:Kukrit Pramoj
2773:
2770:
2765:
2762:
2757:
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2749:
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2733:
2730:
2725:
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2709:
2704:
2701:
2696:
2693:
2692:Nguyễn Cao Kỳ
2688:
2685:
2680:
2677:
2672:
2669:
2668:Chung Il-kwon
2664:
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2528:
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2524:Thanat Khoman
2520:
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2512:
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2285:Fuad Stephens
2281:
2278:
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2265:
2262:
2261:Tuanku Bujang
2257:
2254:
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2241:
2238:
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2222:
2217:
2214:
2209:
2206:
2201:
2198:
2193:
2190:
2185:
2182:
2177:
2174:
2169:
2166:
2161:
2158:
2157:Leong Yew Koh
2153:
2150:
2145:
2142:
2141:Tunku Munawir
2137:
2134:
2129:
2126:
2121:
2120:
2118:
2112:
2108:
2100:
2095:
2093:
2088:
2086:
2081:
2080:
2077:
2065:
2064:
2063:Ion Iliescu →
2060:
2058:
2057:
2053:
2052:
2049:
2043:
2040:
2038:
2035:
2033:
2030:
2028:
2025:
2023:
2020:
2018:
2015:
2013:
2010:
2008:
2005:
2003:
2000:
1999:
1997:
1993:
1987:
1984:
1982:
1979:
1977:
1974:
1972:
1969:
1967:
1964:
1963:
1961:
1957:
1950:
1947:
1944:
1941:
1938:
1935:
1932:
1929:
1926:
1923:
1922:
1920:
1918:
1914:
1907:
1897:
1896:FDUS Chairman
1894:
1892:
1891:
1887:
1884:
1881:
1878:
1875:
1874:
1872:
1868:
1853:
1850:
1846:
1835:
1834:
1831:
1827:
1820:
1815:
1813:
1808:
1806:
1801:
1800:
1797:
1791:at Wikisource
1790:
1785:
1781:
1780:
1776:
1772:
1771:0-679-40128-8
1768:
1764:
1761:Edward Behr.
1760:
1757:
1753:
1752:
1748:
1739:
1738:
1737:The Spectator
1733:
1726:
1723:
1710:
1704:
1701:
1685:
1678:
1672:
1669:
1656:
1652:
1648:
1642:
1639:
1635:
1629:
1626:
1614:. 21 May 1973
1613:
1609:
1603:
1600:
1597:
1593:
1589:
1584:
1581:
1576:
1572:
1568:
1561:
1558:
1553:
1549:
1543:
1540:
1535:
1531:
1525:
1522:
1518:
1513:
1510:
1506:
1502:
1497:
1494:
1482:on 7 May 2007
1481:
1477:
1474:Jela, Doina.
1470:
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1310:
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1268:
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1254:
1250:
1246:
1240:
1237:
1225:
1219:
1215:
1212:. Princeton:
1211:
1210:
1202:
1199:
1194:
1188:
1184:
1183:
1175:
1172:
1167:
1161:
1157:
1154:. Baltimore:
1153:
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1128:
1127:
1120:
1117:
1113:
1108:
1105:
1100:
1094:
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1075:
1073:
1071:
1067:
1055:(in Romanian)
1054:
1047:
1041:
1038:
1035:
1031:
1028:. iUniverse.
1027:
1021:
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975:
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952:
948:
945:
941:
938:
936:(Iran, 1975).
935:
931:
928:
924:
921:
917:
916:honoris causa
913:
910:
906:
903:
899:
896:
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889:
885:
884:
883:
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872:
868:
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862:Philippines:
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623:
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605:
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2357:Awang Hassan
2293:Sardon Jubir
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1713:. Retrieved
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1387:The Guardian
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224:Nina Iliescu
219:Succeeded by
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167:Succeeded by
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113:Succeeded by
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29:
2937:1989 deaths
2927:1916 births
2745:Eisaku Satō
2620:Anwar Sadat
2556:Dhani Nivat
2548:Yusof Ishak
2341:Hussein Onn
2325:Ahmad Koroh
2221:Abang Openg
2213:Yusof Ishak
2002:1970 floods
1851:(1974–1989)
1715:19 December
1394:22 December
1282:(in German)
890:(USA, 1973)
699:(b. 1947),
656:led to the
585:, Chairman
207:Preceded by
157:Preceded by
146:Ilie Verdeț
103:Preceded by
92:Ilie Verdeț
2921:Categories
2753:Adam Malik
2491:Commanders
2116:Commanders
1945:(daughter)
1890:Conducător
1858:1989-12-25
1840:1918-01-26
1012:References
723:Since the
686:Târgoviște
666:show trial
664:. At the
662:Târgoviște
587:Mao Zedong
583:Jiang Qing
565:Elena and
507:Background
440:dissidents
282:Târgoviște
249:1916-01-07
2737:Albert II
2612:Ali Sabri
1933:(brother)
1885:(1967–89)
1879:(1965–89)
1618:17 August
1588:"Badraie"
1534:Dexonline
1486:17 August
1360:17 August
1286:17 August
1229:17 August
793:chemistry
672:Execution
654:Timișoara
536:Bucharest
528:ploughman
524:Wallachia
477:communist
438:Romanian
316:, Romania
314:Bucharest
196:President
161:Ioan Ursu
131:In office
76:President
67:In office
2897:Naruhito
2873:Victoria
2487:Honorary
2165:Raja Uda
1765:, 1991.
1592:Archived
1458:Archived
1390:. London
1114:1986-1-8
697:Valentin
571:Hirohito
513:Petrești
404:Genocide
366:Valentin
359:Children
256:Petrești
1693:15 June
1575:Twitter
1530:"Codoi"
1133:29 June
1059:8 April
969:(1977).
823:Honours
790:polymer
608:Pitești
516:commune
487:of the
471:; born
435:Victims
430:Details
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345:
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187:In role
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2123:1958:
1995:Events
1927:(wife)
1917:Family
1870:Titles
1769:
1661:22 May
1552:Espace
1332:Gândul
1255:
1220:
1189:
1162:
1095:
1032:
1007:, 1988
1001:, 1984
995:, 1982
976:(1978)
922:(1975)
873:(1984)
803:, The
779:(1975)
777:Manila
331:Spouse
2489:Grand
2114:Grand
1951:(son)
1939:(son)
1854:Died
1836:Born
1687:(PDF)
1680:(PDF)
1571:Tweet
1279:Stern
1049:(PDF)
765:codoi
424:Death
410:Trial
347:(
343:
1847:1st
1767:ISBN
1758:1991
1717:2021
1695:2016
1663:2020
1620:2024
1488:2024
1396:2021
1362:2024
1288:2024
1253:ISBN
1231:2024
1218:ISBN
1187:ISBN
1160:ISBN
1135:2024
1093:ISBN
1061:2018
1030:ISBN
829:Iran
705:Nicu
701:Zoia
646:and
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371:Zoia
270:Died
239:Born
759:doi
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