Eleanor cross - Knowledge (XXG)

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Stony Stratford, Woburn, Dunstable, St Albans and Waltham were complete or nearly so, and those at Cheapside and Charing in progress; but those at Grantham, Stamford and Geddington apparently not yet begun. It is assumed that these last three were erected in 1294 or 1295, and that they were certainly finished before the financial crisis of 1297 which brought a halt to royal building works. A number of artists worked on the crosses, as the account rolls show, with a distinction generally drawn between the main structures, made locally under the direction of master masons appointed by the King, and the statues of Eleanor, made of

1953: 1998: 2093: 952: 2029: 539: 704: 763:, instead of the arch-and-gable motif with tracery which appears on both the others; and canopied statues surmounted by a slender hexagonal pinnacle. It is possible that the other northern crosses (Lincoln, Grantham and Stamford) were in a similar relatively simple style; and that this reflects either the need to cut back expenditure in the latter stages of the project for financial reasons, or a decision taken at the planning stage to make the crosses progressively larger and more ornate as the sequence proceeded south. 1154: 2013: 1968: 2063: 33: 2044: 1983: 1514: 793: 1074:. Work on the cross here started in 1292, later than some of the others, and was completed in the spring of 1293. It was built by John of Battle, at a total recorded cost of over £100. As at Stony Stratford, the supplier of the statues is uncertain, but some of the carvings were provided by Ralph of Chichester. No part of the cross survives. Its precise location, and its fate, are unknown. 1240: 460: 1938: 593:, but in February 1647 Grantham Corporation ordered that any stones that could be traced should be recovered for public use. No part is known to survive, but it is conceivable that the substantial steps of the standing Market Cross comprise stones that originally belonged to the Eleanor Cross. A letter from the 18th-century antiquary 915:, in reporting the Great Fire of Northampton in 1675: "... a townsman being at Queen's Cross upon a hill on the south side of the town, about two miles (3.2 km) off, saw the fire at one end of the town then newly begun, and that before he could get to the town it was burning at the remotest end, opposite where he first saw it." 197:. Edward and Eleanor loved each other and much like his father, Edward was very devoted to his wife and remained faithful to her throughout their married lives. He was deeply affected by her death and displayed his grief by erecting twelve so-called Eleanor crosses, one at each place where her funeral 349:

in 1290. Eleanor had been widely disliked for large-scale buying and selling of Jewish bonds, with the aim of requisitioning the lands and properties of those indebted. It has been suggested that the proximity of the shrine's design to the Eleanor crosses was deliberate, in order to position Edward

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in 1697 describes it as "a Cross, a mile off the town call'd High-Cross – it stands just in the middle of England – its all stone 12 stepps which runs round it, above that is the stone carv'd finely and there are 4 large Nitches about the middle, in each is the statue of some queen at length which

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The twelve crosses were erected to mark the places where Eleanor's funeral procession had stopped overnight. Their construction is documented in the executors' account rolls, which survive from 1291 to March 1294, but not thereafter. By the end of that period, the crosses at Lincoln, Hardingstone,

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was rebuilt around the same time, likely by the same crafstmen and designers as the Eleanor crosses, featuring the Royal crest of arms, and decoration commemorating Eleanor. Stocker believes that the shrine "displays such close acquaintance with the Eleanor crosses that it has to be considered

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Three of the medieval monuments – those at Geddington, Hardingstone and Waltham Cross – survive more or less intact; but the other nine, other than a few fragments, are lost. The largest and most ornate of the twelve was the Charing Cross. Several memorials and elaborated reproductions of the

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here was constructed between 1291 and 1292 by John of Battle, at a total recorded cost of over £100. William of Ireland and Ralph of Chichester carved the statues. A causeway leading from the town to the cross was constructed by Robert son of Henry. The cross is still standing, close to

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The monument is octagonal in shape and set on steps; the present steps are replacements. It is built in three tiers, and originally had a crowning terminal, presumably a cross. The terminal appears to have gone by 1460: there is mention of a "headless cross" at the site from which

668:], in memory of Elianor his queene, whose corps rested there coming from the North." In 1646 Richard Butcher, the Town Clerk, described it as "so defaced, that only the Ruins appeare to my eye". It had probably been destroyed by 1659, and certainly by the early 18th century. 1208:. The cross here was built between 1291 and 1293 by John of Battle at a total recorded cost of over £100, with some of the sculpture supplied by Ralph of Chichester. It was erected at the south end of the Market Place, and for many years stood in front of the fifteenth-century 675:

attempted to excavate the remains of the cross, and succeeded in finding its hexagonal base and recovering several fragments of the superstructure. His sketch of the top portion, which seems to have stylistically resembled the Geddington Cross, is found in his diaries in the

1134:. The cross was built between 1291 and 1293 by John of Battle at a total recorded cost of over £100. Some of the sculpture was supplied by Ralph of Chichester. It is thought to have been located in the middle of the town, probably in the market place, and was reported by 1003:. The cross here was built between 1291 and 1293 by John of Battle at a total recorded cost of over £100. The supplier of the statues is uncertain, but some smaller carvings were provided by Ralph of Chichester. The cross stood at the lower end of the town, towards the 1354:

The original statues of Eleanor, which were extremely weathered, were replaced by replicas at the 1950s restoration. The originals were kept for some years at Cheshunt Public Library; but they were removed, possibly in the 1980s, and are now held by the

1019:("none of the fairest"), suggesting that it was by this date in a state of decay. It is said to have been demolished in about 1643. In 1735, William Hartley, a man of nearly 80, could remember only the base still standing. Any trace has now vanished. 183: 1306:, with some items supplied by Robert of Corfe. The cross was located outside the village of Waltham, but as the village grew into a town in the 17th and 18th centuries, it began to suffer damage from passing traffic. In 1721, at the instigation of 758:

in 1607; and still stands in the centre of the village, the best-preserved of the three survivors. It is unique among the three in having a triangular plan, and a taller and more slender profile with a lower tier entirely covered with rosette

307:, and other sculptural details, brought from London. Master masons included Richard of Crundale, Roger of Crundale (probably Richard's brother), Michael of Canterbury, Richard of Stow, John of Battle and Nicholas Dymenge. Sculptors included 651:. The master mason for the cross here is not known: it was probably constructed in 1294 or 1295. There is conflicting evidence about its precise location, but it is now generally agreed that it stood just outside the town on the 1783:, a few hundred yards to the east of the site of the medieval cross. It does not pretend to be a faithful copy of the original, being larger and more ornate. It stands 70 ft (21 m) high and was commissioned by the 1849:, claimed to have "adopt in my design the style at once most congenial with my own feelings, and that of the most touching monuments ever erected in this country to a Royal Consort – the exquisite 'Eleanor Crosses'". 3407: 1477:, and was seen as the embodiment of royal and Catholic tradition. At least one riot was fought in its shadow, as opponents of the cross descended upon it to pull it down, and supporters rallied to stop them. After 2834:

Stukeley notes the base in different places as both hexagonal and octagonal (see Smith 1994, p. 311, n. 10); but his ground plan at Bodleian Library, MS Eng. misc. e. 126, fol. 18, confirms that what he found was

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Although a number of images of the cross and its eventual destruction are known, these all postdate its various refurbishments, and so provide no certain guide to its original appearance. However, the chronicler

905:, in the early 1540s, recorded it as "a right goodly crosse, caullid, as I remembre, the Quenes Crosse", although he seems to have associated it with the 1460 Battle of Northampton. It is also referred to by 1219:

In 1596, it was described as "verie stately". However, having fallen into decay, and having probably been further damaged during the Civil War, it was eventually demolished in 1701–02, to be replaced by a

5475: 1925:; and it stands in Sheepmarket, rather than at the original location. It takes the form of a tall stone and bronze spike: the carved detail is based on the single surviving fragment of the medieval cross. 1481:

had fled London to raise an army, the destruction of the cross was almost the first order of business for the Parliamentary Committee for the Demolition of Monuments of Superstition and Idolatry, led by

896:, the Maltese cross was replaced by the picturesque broken shaft which is seen today. Later, less intrusive restorations were undertaken in 1877 and 1986. Further restoration work was completed in 2019. 1469:

imagery aroused resentment, and elements were defaced in 1581, 1599 and 1600–01. Matters came to a head during the years leading up to the Civil War. To puritanical reformers, it was identified with

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A Cross for Queen Eleanor: the story of the building of the mediaeval Charing Cross, the subject of the decorations of the Northern Line platforms of the new Charing Cross Underground Station

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in 1441, the cross was extensively restored or rebuilt in 1484–86. It was subsequently regilded several times in the 16th century on the occasion of coronations and royal visits to the City.

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The bottom tier of the monument has carvings of open books. These probably included painted inscriptions of Eleanor's biography and of prayers for her soul to be said by viewers, now lost.

1579:, and some items by Ralph de Chichester. Richard died in the autumn of 1293, and the work was completed by Roger of Crundale, probably his brother. The total recorded cost was over £700. 268:

in 1538. The Lincoln monument was destroyed in the 17th century, but was replaced in 1891 with a reconstruction, not on the site of the original. The Westminster Abbey monument survives.

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was erected on the site of the cross in 1675, and this still stands. The location is still known as Charing Cross, and since the early 19th century this point has been regarded as the

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refers to this and Charing Cross as being fashioned of "marble"; and it is likely that it was similar to the Hardingstone and Waltham Crosses, but even more ornate and boasting some

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in about 1590 described it as the "most stately" of the series, but by this date so "defaced by antiquity" as to have become "an old weather-beaten monument". It was also noted by

264:. Her heart burial at the Blackfriars was marked by another elaborate monument, but probably not with a life-sized effigy. The Blackfriars monument was lost following the priory's 4945: 2673: 526:, but had disappeared by the early 18th century. The only surviving piece is the lower half of one of the statues, rediscovered in the 19th century and now in the grounds of 1461:

The cross came to be regarded as something of a public hazard, both as a traffic obstruction and because of concerns about fragments of stone falling off; while in the post-

1011:(now the High Street), although its exact location is debated. It is said to have been of a tall elegant design (perhaps similar to that at Geddington). It was described by 589:. The master mason for the cross here is not known: it was probably constructed in 1294 or 1295. It stood at the upper end of the High Street. It was pulled down during the 325: 6350: 5145: 3404: 5392: 911: 2092: 5236: 4668: 4733: 2049: 1861: 658:

The cross was in decay by the early 17th century, and in 1621 the town council ordered some restoration work, although it is unknown whether this was carried out.

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Historical Sketches of Old Charing: The Hospital and Chapel of Saint Mary Roncevall: Eleanor of Castile, Queen of England, and the Monuments Erected in her Memory

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on 3 December. Eleanor's other remains were carried to London, a journey of about 180 miles (290 km), that lasted 12 days. Her body was buried in

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It was ordered to be taken down by Parliament in 1643, and was eventually demolished in 1647. Following the demolition, a contemporary ballad ran:

442:(a campaign that in 1297 succeeded). Eleanor's crosses never aspired to this last purpose, but in design were even larger and more ornate than the 6325: 5638: 5344: 5289: 5971: 4695: 1142:. No part survives, although some of the foundations are reported to have been discovered during roadworks at the beginning of the 20th century. 311:

and William of Ireland, both of whom had worked at Westminster Abbey, who were paid £3 6s. 8d. apiece for the statues; and Ralph of Chichester.

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in November 1290. The crosses, erected in her memory, marked the nightly resting-places along the route taken when her body was transported to

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During the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries several replica Eleanor crosses, or monuments more loosely inspired by them, were erected.

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priory on 19 December. The Cheapside cross was built from 1291 onwards by Michael of Canterbury at a total recorded cost of £226 13s. 4d.

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was erected on the site by philanthropist Isabella Worley in 1874: this was relocated to Victoria Square nearby in the late 20th century.

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A link to a short article with images describing the likely circumstances surrounding the transfer of Queen Eleanor's body to Westminster

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A modern monument inspired by (but not directly modelled on) the lost medieval cross was erected in Stamford in 2009. It was designed by

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cross was built between 1291 and 1293 by Richard of Stow at a total recorded cost of over £120, with sculptures by William of Ireland.

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in 1271. These were elaborate structures incorporating sculptural representations of the King, and were erected in part to promote his

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to be constructed in the middle ages, although they were normally isolated instances and relatively simple in design. A cross in the

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Boulting, Nikolaus (1976). "The law's delays: conservationist legislation in the British Isles". In Fawcett, Jane (ed.).

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The closest precedent for the Eleanor crosses, and almost certainly their model, was the series of nine crosses known as

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reported in 1645: "In the hill before ye come into the towne, stands a lofty large crosse built by Edward III [

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Both the burial of Eleanor's body at Westminster and her visceral burial at Lincoln were subsequently marked by ornate

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Crook, David (1990). "The last days of Eleanor of Castile: the death of a queen in Nottinghamshire, November 1290".

2062: 754:. The master mason for the cross here is not known: it was probably constructed in 1294 or 1295. It was recorded by 518:, in the early 1540s, noted that "a litle without Barre is a very fair crosse and large". It stood at Swine Green, 6400: 6355: 6168: 6082: 6052: 5895: 5819: 5718: 5713: 5677: 5483: 5410: 4649: 4479: 4013: 3792: 2259: 1784: 1659: 922:

encompasses it with other carvings as garnish, and so it rises less and less to the top like a tower or Piramidy."

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The Eleanor's Cross Shopping Precinct in High Street North contains a modern statue of Eleanor, erected in 1985.

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were erected "to secure Waltham Cross from injury by carriages". The bollards were subsequently removed by the

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Liversidge, M. J. H. (1989). "Alexander of Abingdon". In Liversidge, W. J. H.; Liversidge, M. J. H. (eds.).

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rose, was rediscovered in about 1976, and identified as part of the cross in 1993. Following the closure of

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Hillaby, Joe (1994). "The ritual-child-murder accusation: its dissemination and Harold of Gloucester".

1322:, and in 1757 Stukeley arranged for a protective brick plinth to be erected instead, at the expense of 1224:. This was demolished in turn in 1810, although the town pump it contained survived a little longer. A 235:(a house that she and Edward had heavily patronised) on 19 December, along with those of her young son 4703: 1486:, and it was demolished on 2 May 1643. The downfall of the Cheapside Cross is an important episode of 1153: 6001: 5991: 5966: 5738: 5682: 5186: 4996: 4873: 4138: 1922: 1857: 1846: 1732: 1478: 1372: 1067: 523: 400: 368:

Eleanor's crosses appear to have been intended in part as expressions of royal power; and in part as

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Company for their newly opened Charing Cross Hotel. The cross was designed by the hotel architect,

1709: 1501:, were recovered in 1838 during reconstruction of the sewer in Cheapside. They are now held by the 1498: 1462: 1435: 1428: 1213: 424: 416: 396: 232: 63: 3265: 3151: 2803: 2220:

The Cathedral Church of Lincoln: a history and description of its fabric and a list of the bishops

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from 1291 onwards by Richard of Crundale, the senior royal mason, with the sculptures supplied by

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in 2011, this fragment is now displayed in the Discover Stamford area at the town's library.

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on 17 December; while her heart was buried in the church of the London Dominicans' priory at

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passing the Cheapside cross in 1547: a 19th-century wood engraving based on a lost mural at

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Eleanor's bier spent the night of 5 December 1290, and possibly also that of 6 December, in

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Eleanor's bier spent the night of 8 December 1290, and perhaps also that of 7 December, at

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as still standing in 1586. It is said to have been demolished in 1643 by troops under the

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The Eleanor Crosses: the story of King Edward I's lost queen and her architectural legacy

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Mackay, Charles, ed. (1863). "The lawyers' lamentation for the loss of Charing-Cross".

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Eleanor of Castile 1290–1990: essays to commemorate the 700th anniversary of her death

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St Stephen's Chapel and its Place in the Development of Perpendicular Style in England

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A late 19th-century ceramic plaque on the Clock Tower commemorates the Eleanor cross.

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Eleanor's bier spent the night of either 6 or 7 December 1290, or possibly both, in

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Manners and Household Expenses of England in the Thirteenth and Fifteenth Centuries

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Two Purbeck marble fragments of the original cross, displaying shields bearing the

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A modern monument was erected in Stamford in 2009 in commemoration of Eleanor: see

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St Albans and Hertfordshire Architectural and Archaeological Society Transactions

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Drawing of the Shrine of Little St Hugh, Lincoln Cathedral, William Dugdale, 1641

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were a series of twelve tall and lavishly decorated stone monuments topped with

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Eleanor's bier spent the final night of its journey, 16 December 1290, in the

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allegation against the Jewish community of Lincoln, and was revived after the

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on 14 December 1290, and a site for the cross was selected in Westcheap (now

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and Eleanor as protectors of Christians against supposed Jewish criminality.

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The cross is commemorated by a brass plaque on the wall of 157 High Street.

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had them built between 1291 and about 1295 in memory of his beloved wife

43:, the best-preserved of the original crosses, and the only triangular one 4390: 4332: 4309:(1963). "Royal tombs and monuments, 1066–1485". In Colvin, H. M. (ed.). 4018:

The old forms show that the traditional association of the name with Fr

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in Essex, which was clearly visible from its site. The sculpture was by

888:, and this work included the fitting of a new terminal in the form of a 680:, Oxford. A single small fragment from among Stukeley's finds, a carved 5743: 4240:

Alexander, Jonathan; Binski, Paul, eds. (1987). "The Eleanor crosses".

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Smith, John F. H. (1994). "A fragment of the Stamford Eleanor Cross".

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Zukowsky, John (1974). "Montjoies and Eleanor Crosses reconsidered".

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Eleanor's bier spent the night of 13 December 1290 in the parish of

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leading out of Northampton, and just north of the junction with the

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Eleanor of Castile: queen and society in thirteenth-century England

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Eleanor of Castile: queen and society in thirteenth-century England

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Essays in the History of Architecture presented to Rudolf Wittkower

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The cross stood outside the Royal Mews, at the top of what is now

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The Society of Antiquaries published an engraving of the cross by

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in the High Street, opposite the Waxhouse Gateway entrance to the

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from travellers. On the pedestal of each was inscribed the phrase

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in the south of the city, or at the priory of the Dominicans. Her

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Diary of the Marches of the Royal Army during the Great Civil War

1126:. It rested first in the market place, before being carried into 1686: 1571:. The cross here was the most expensive of the twelve, built of 1442:

included a detailed account of the cross and its history in his

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The National Memorial to His Royal Highness the Prince Consort

3152:"Eleanor Cross: Conservation of Northampton monument complete" 2119:

A Great and Terrible King: Edward I and the Forging of Britain

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A modern relief stone plaque to Eleanor was installed at the

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Following her death the body of Queen Eleanor was carried to

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The Future of the Past: attitudes to conservation, 1174–1974

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The Itinerary of John Leland in or about the years 1535–1543

2577:

The Itinerary of John Leland in or about the years 1535–1543

2466:(1967). "The Montjoies of Saint Louis". In Fraser, Douglas; 2366:

Stocker, 1986, quoted in Hillaby & Hillaby, 2013 p. 329.

2246:

Galloway 1914, pp. 68–69 (gives the erroneous date of 1901).

3930:

The Cavalier Songs and Ballads of England from 1642 to 1684

1640:, in legislation and when measuring distances from London. 522:, an area just outside the city at the southern end of the 4010:

The Place-Names of Middlesex apart from the City of London

291:–1416) depicting a cross possibly representing one of the 3004:(2nd ed.). Harmondsworth: Penguin. pp. 353–54. 2320: 2318: 4574:. British Archaeological Association. pp. 109–117. 4400:

The Palgrave Dictionary of Medieval Anglo-Jewish History

4372:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 20–27. 4022:, with reference to Queen Eleanor, has no justification. 3797:. Vol. 1. Oxford: Clarendon Press. pp. 265–67. 4320:

Transactions of the Thoroton Society of Nottinghamshire

3676:

Vetusta Monumenta: Ancient Monuments: A Digital Edition

3205:(2nd ed.). London: Cresset Press. pp. 118–19. 4570:

David Stocker (1986). "The Shrine of Little St Hugh".

4563:

The Medieval State: Essays Presented to James Campbell

4313:. Vol. 1. London: HMSO. pp. 477–90 (479–85). 4242:

Age of Chivalry: art in Plantagenet England, 1200–1400

2341: 2339: 1200:

Eleanor's bier spent the night of 12 December 1290 at

1118:

Eleanor's bier spent the night of 11 December 1290 at

1066:

Eleanor's bier spent the night of 10 December 1290 at

784:

series in 1791. It was "discreetly" restored in 1892.

4337:. London: John Bale, Sons & Danielsson. pp. 4113:"Renovated Eleanor's Cross in Charing Cross unveiled" 3477:, ed. (1908). "The City of St Albans: Introduction". 3183:. Vol. 1. London: George Bell and Sons. p. 2580:. Vol. 1. London: George Bell and Sons. p. 1811:. It was restored to a substantial extent in 2009–10. 995:

Eleanor's bier spent the night of 9 December 1290 at

581:

Eleanor's bier spent the night of 4 December 1290 in

6331:

Religious buildings and structures completed in 1295

3450:"The Clock Tower, St Albans: its origin and history" 1818:, Lancashire, was erected in 1868 to the designs of 1647:, several hundred yards from the original site: see 502:

Eleanor rested on the first night of the journey at

219:, less her heart, were buried in the Angel Choir of 62:

erected in a line down part of the east of England.

6239: 6198: 6182: 6146: 6045: 5954: 5868: 5772: 5691: 5670: 5631: 5588: 5565: 5532: 5474: 5391: 5343: 5235: 5167: 5144: 5093: 5072: 5056: 5035: 4984: 4928: 4912: 4831: 4795: 4774: 4669:

Adrian Fletcher's Paradoxplace – Eleanor Cross Page

4593: 4572:Medieval Art and Architecture at Lincoln Cathedral 4244:. London: Royal Academy of Arts. pp. 361–66. 4057: 1742:, Somerset, was erected in 1846 to the designs of 2098:The modern sculpture to Eleanor in Stamford, 2009 925:An engraving of the Hardingstone cross (drawn by 880:. The monument was restored in 1713, to mark the 446:, being of at least three rather than two tiers. 4561:. In Maddicott, J. R.; Pallister, D. M. (eds.). 4035:"Charing Cross – Britannica Online Encyclopedia" 2891:"Queen Eleanor's Cross (Grade I) (1286992)" 1676:holds that the name Charing derives from French 1643:A new Eleanor cross was erected in 1865 outside 1130:church, where the canons prayed in an overnight 391:, near London, was said to have been erected by 4565:. London: The Hambledon Press. pp. 163–77. 2353: 2351: 1862:Edith Rawdon-Hastings, 10th Countess of Loudoun 766:An engraving of the Geddington cross (drawn by 193:Eleanor of Castile died on 28 November 1290 at 4559:"Anti-Semitism and the Medieval English State" 2745: 2743: 2741: 2739: 2262:(1949). "A prototype of the Eleanor crosses". 1822:to commemorate Harriet (d. 1866), wife of the 1712:, was built in 1840 by Jesse Watts-Russell of 321:Little Saint Hugh of Lincoln § Veneration 5830:Panshanger orangery, conservatory and stables 5580:The Mrs Elizabeth Fuller Free School building 4734: 4161:"Loudoun Monument (Grade II*) (1073662)" 3577: 3575: 3573: 2940: 2938: 1731:, was erected in 1841–1843 to the designs of 504:The Priory of Saint Katherine without Lincoln 341:The cult of Little St Hugh venerated a false 8: 3933:. London: Griffin Bohn & Co. p. 55. 3768: 3766: 3125:"The Eleanor Cross (Grade I) (1039797)" 3028:, ed. (1930). "The Borough of Northampton". 2431: 2429: 2290: 2288: 1678: 1648: 912:Tour thro' the Whole Island of Great Britain 692: 4894:St Mary the Virgin's Church, Little Hormead 3556:. London: Thames & Hudson. p. 13. 2961: 2959: 2650: 2203: 2201: 2182: 2180: 463:The surviving fragment of the Lincoln cross 5667: 5656: 5141: 5128: 4771: 4758: 4741: 4727: 4719: 4461:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher ( 4145:. London: John Murray. pp. 16, 35–36. 4102:. Network Rail. Retrieved 22 January 2011. 3747: 3745: 3743: 3493:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher ( 3105:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher ( 3044:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher ( 2881: 2879: 2648: 2646: 2644: 2642: 2640: 2638: 2636: 2634: 2632: 2630: 2620: 2551: 2549: 2547: 2545: 2543: 2541: 2539: 2537: 2535: 6351:Grade I listed buildings in Hertfordshire 4971:St Mary and St Thomas's Church, Knebworth 4449:Abingdon Essays: Studies in Local History 3434: 3432: 3422: 3420: 3344: 3342: 3340: 3281: 3279: 3277: 2975: 2973: 2971: 2618: 2616: 2614: 2612: 2610: 2608: 2606: 2604: 2602: 2600: 2152: 2150: 2148: 1343:series in 1721; and another, engraved by 161:crosses have been erected, including the 5613:Old St Lawrence Church, Ayot St Lawrence 5446:St Margaret of Antioch's Church, Bygrave 5111:New St Lawrence Church, Ayot St Lawrence 4398:Hillaby, Joe; Hillaby, Caroline (2013). 3782: 3780: 3778: 3645:"Eleanor Cross, Waltham Cross (1017471)" 3614:"Eleanor Cross (Grade I) (1173222)" 3305:"Stony Stratford: Queen Eleanor's Cross" 2703: 2701: 2699: 2697: 2695: 2254: 2252: 434:erected along the funeral route of King 227:, at the feet of her father-in-law King 31: 27:English stone crosses erected in 1291–95 5290:Haileybury and Imperial Service College 4702:. Stamford Survey Group. Archived from 3672:"Plate 1.7: Engraving of Waltham Cross" 2844:Cockerill 2014, pp. 355, 367, plate 46. 2802:. Westminster: Camden Society. p. 2108: 1933: 1586:, and on the south side of what is now 6174:Trigg's Barn/37 High Street, Stevenage 5997:Letchworth Garden City railway station 4454: 3486: 3098: 3092:A History of the County of Northampton 3037: 3031:A History of the County of Northampton 2174:Alexander and Binski 1987, pp. 364–66. 1856:, Leicestershire, was designed by Sir 1775:in London was erected in 1865 outside 6406:Royal monuments in the United Kingdom 5456:St Mary Magdalene's Church, Caldecote 5358:Dyrham Park lodges and arched gateway 5222:St Peter's Church, Great Berkhamstead 4946:St John the Baptist's Church, Royston 4596:Sculpture in Britain: the Middle Ages 4291:. Stroud: Amberley. pp. 342–59. 4188:"Eleanor Cross, 2009, Stamford, U.K." 2223:. London: G. Bell and Sons. pp. 1654:A 100-metre-long (330-foot) mural by 1330:, 1885–1892, 1950–1953, and 1989–90. 7: 6386:Scheduled monuments in Hertfordshire 4289:Eleanor of Castile: the shadow queen 3307:. Milton Keynes Heritage Association 2122:. Windmill Books. pp. 230–231. 1791:, who is also known for his work on 872:, Archbishop of Canterbury, watched 189:, Queen Consort of England 1272–1290 6396:Stone crosses in the United Kingdom 5265:Chapel at St Edmund's College, Ware 4879:St James' Church, Stanstead Abbotts 4600:. Harmondsworth: Penguin. pp. 4402:. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan. 3483:. Vol. 2. London. p. 470. 3480:A History of the County of Hertford 3095:. Vol. 4. London. p. 253. 2084:Queen Victoria Monument, Birkenhead 1904:Queen Victoria Monument, Birkenhead 1860:and erected in 1879 to commemorate 6336:Monuments and memorials in England 4904:Woodhall Park (Heath Mount School) 4270:; Turner, T. Hudson, eds. (1841). 4166:National Heritage List for England 3843:Alexander and Binski 1987, p. 364. 3650:National Heritage List for England 3619:National Heritage List for England 3581:Alexander and Binski 1987, p. 363. 3130:National Heritage List for England 2944:Alexander and Binski 1987, p. 362. 2896:National Heritage List for England 2474:. London: Phaidon. pp. 13–16. 2375:Hillaby & Hillaby 2013, p. 658 1337:from a drawing by Stukeley in its 411:(d. 1240). Another was erected at 282:Très Riches Heures du Duc de Berry 25: 5012:St Helen's Church, Wheathampstead 4823:St Mary's Church, Hemel Hempstead 3177:Toulmin Smith, Lucy, ed. (1907). 3034:. Vol. 3. London. p. 3. 2574:Toulmin Smith, Lucy, ed. (1907). 1727:, commemorating the 16th-century 1666:in 1978, depicts, in the form of 1660:Charing Cross underground station 4951:St Katharine's Church, Ickleford 3945:"Where is the centre of London?" 3702:. Vol. 3. 1791. p. 16. 3250:. Vol. 3. 1791. p. 12. 3225:A Vision of Britain through Time 2931:. Vol. 3. 1791. p. 14. 2091: 2076: 2061: 2042: 2027: 2011: 1996: 1981: 1966: 1951: 1936: 1866:Charles Frederick Abney-Hastings 1606:Undone! undone! the lawyers cry, 6287:Statue of Robert Gascoyne-Cecil 6247:The Beehive, Welwyn Garden City 6221:Watford Grammar School for Boys 4818:Berkhamsted School Old Building 4311:The History of the King's Works 4282:. pp. lvii–lxxxiv, 93–145. 4004:Gover, J. E. B.; Mawer, Allen; 3509:"Image of the cross at Waltham" 3221:"1697 Tour: Coventry to London" 1899:to turn it into a war memorial. 1427:). Her heart was buried in the 1294:because it stood at the way to 506:and her viscera were buried in 239:, who had died in 1284, and of 6326:1925 establishments in England 6022:St George's Church, Letchworth 5855:The White Horse, Burnham Green 5729:Old Town Hall, Hemel Hempstead 5683:Cheshunt Great House (remains) 5519:St Stephen's Church, St Albans 5504:St Leonard's Church, Sandridge 5416:St Nicholas' Church, Hinxworth 5022:St Michael's Church, St Albans 4997:Old Gorhambury House (remains) 4493:10.1080/00665983.1892.10852513 3089:, ed. (1937). "Hardingstone". 1716:to commemorate his wife, Mary. 1630:equestrian statue of Charles I 1446:of 1598, updating it in 1603. 1351:, in the same series in 1791. 1: 6376:Monumental crosses in England 6272:The Horse and Groom, Hatfield 6267:Hope and Anchor, Welham Green 5845:St John's Church, Letty Green 5780:All Saints' Church, Hockerill 5509:St Nicholas Church, Harpenden 5451:St Martin's Church, Knebworth 5245:All Nations Christian College 5217:The Old Bell, Hemel Hempstead 3789:Kingsford, Charles Lethbridge 3414:on the Bedfordshire website.] 3203:The Journeys of Celia Fiennes 1883:, in 1896–8, commissioned by 1807:stone (a fine sandstone) and 1777:Charing Cross railway station 1645:Charing Cross railway station 1371:The coronation procession of 886:War of the Spanish Succession 407:, Surrey, for his cousin the 285: 6346:Medieval European sculptures 6032:St Mary's Church, Letchworth 5941:The White Horse, Potters Bar 5825:Little Munden Primary School 5514:St Peter's Church, St Albans 5466:St Vincent's Church, Newnham 5320:St Andrew's Church, Buckland 5250:All Saints' Church, Hertford 5177:173 High Street, Berkhamsted 4694:Coles, Ken (February 1980). 4519:Parsons, John Carmi (1995). 4500:Parsons, David, ed. (1991). 4451:. Abingdon. pp. 89–111. 4353:. London: London Transport. 4214:Parsons, John Carmi (1995). 4064:. London: Batsford. p. 3067:Warrington 2018, pp. 110–12. 2470:; Lewine, Milton J. (eds.). 1769:Queen Eleanor Memorial Cross 1357:Victoria & Albert Museum 860:. The King stayed nearby at 335:Little Saint Hugh of Lincoln 163:Queen Eleanor Memorial Cross 149:in London; and Charing (now 49:Sites of the Eleanor crosses 6366:History of Northamptonshire 6103:The Queen's Head, Sandridge 6027:St Nicholas' Church, Norton 5936:The White Hart, South Mimms 5810:Hertford Museum Tooke House 4941:Holy Trinity Church, Weston 4884:St Leonard's Church, Bengeo 2414:Cockerill 2014, pp. 351–52. 1758:Prince Frederick of Prussia 1509:Charing (now Charing Cross) 1434:Under a licence granted by 1419:Eleanor's bier reached the 1235:Waltham (now Waltham Cross) 6427: 6169:The Thomas Alleyne Academy 5896:The Green Man, Potters Bar 5719:Inns of Court War Memorial 5714:The Green Dragon, Flaunden 5678:Broxbourne railway station 5608:Mill Green Museum and Mill 5484:All Saints Pastoral Centre 5406:All Saints Church, Willian 5401:All Saints Church, Radwell 5017:St Mary's Church, Redbourn 4899:Waytemore Castle (remains) 4849:Benington Castle (remains) 4650:Courtauld Institute of Art 4609:Warrington, Decca (2018). 4523:. Basingstoke: Macmillan. 4504:. Stamford: Paul Watkins. 4368:Hastings, Maurice (1955). 4218:. Basingstoke: Macmillan. 4056:Bebbington, Helen (1972). 4014:English Place-Name Society 1910:, Merseyside, designed by 1837:, London, commissioned by 1814:The Ellesmere Memorial at 1310:and at the expense of the 357: 318: 6262:The Eight Bells, Hatfield 6216:St John's Church, Watford 5886:Duke of York, Potters Bar 5881:The Chequers, Potters Bar 5860:The White Horse, Hertford 5759:St John's Church, Boxmoor 5666: 5655: 5623:Templewood Primary School 5411:The Cloisters, Letchworth 5192:The Bury, Hemel Hempstead 5140: 5127: 5106:Hatfield House/Old Palace 5085:St Mary's Church, Watford 5080:Holy Rood Church, Watford 4966:St Mary's Church, Hitchin 4961:St Mary's Church, Baldock 4956:St Mary's Church, Ashwell 4854:Hertford Castle Gatehouse 4770: 4757: 4542:. Studley: Brewin Books. 4472:"Queen Eleanor's Crosses" 4440:10.1017/S0261340900001983 4379:Jewish Historical Studies 3870:Galloway 1914, pp. 77–78. 3816:Galloway 1914, pp. 76–77. 3386:Galloway 1914, pp. 73–74. 2953:Galloway 1914, pp. 72–73. 2722:10.1017/S0003581500024471 2444:Parsons 1991, pp. 18, 60. 2303:Hastings 1955, pp. 20–21. 2282:Botfield and Turner 1841. 2207:Galloway 1914, pp. 79–80. 1959:Martyrs' Memorial, Oxford 1841:in memory of her husband 1658:on the platform walls of 1638:official centre of London 1626:Restoration of Charles II 1473:, the ancient god of the 1363:Westcheap (now Cheapside) 955:Plaque in Stony Stratford 788:Hardingstone, Northampton 395:in memory of his mother, 237:Alphonso, Earl of Chester 6371:History of Hertfordshire 5916:Potters Bar War Memorial 5891:Dyrham Park Country Club 5724:The Mansion, Berkhamsted 5330:Yeomanry House, Hertford 4808:Ashridge Business School 4675:"Stamford Eleanor Cross" 4613:. Oxford: Signal Books. 4331:Galloway, James (1914). 4287:Cockerill, Sara (2014). 4191:www.wolfgangbuttress.com 3947:. BBC. 24 September 2014 3908:Powrie 1990, pp. 177–79. 3861:Hunter 1842, pp. 184–85. 3852:Powrie 1990, pp. 177–78. 3772:Powrie 1990, pp. 165–66. 3599:Powrie 1990, pp. 151–52. 3542:Powrie 1990, pp. 149–50. 3533:Powrie 1990, pp. 148–49. 3395:Powrie 1990, pp. 135–36. 3294:Powrie 1990, pp. 129–30. 2965:Powrie 1990, pp. 124–26. 2916:Liversidge 1989, p. 100. 2751:"Stamford Eleanor Cross" 2435:Colvin 1963, pp. 484–85. 2217:Kendrick, A. F. (1917). 2195:Hunter 1842, pp. 186–87. 2186:Colvin 1963, pp. 482–83. 2165:Colvin 1963, pp. 481–82. 1974:Glastonbury Market Cross 1881:East Riding of Yorkshire 1795:. It was constructed by 1754:Victoria, Princess Royal 1740:Glastonbury Market Cross 1608:They ramble up and down; 876:'s flight following the 510:on 3 December 1290. The 315:Shrine of Little St Hugh 243:, who had died in 1289. 6361:History of Lincolnshire 6297:The Wrestlers, Hatfield 6277:The Green Man, Hatfield 6128:Sopwell Nunnery (ruins) 5850:The Tilbury, Datchworth 5820:The Horns, Bull's Green 5795:Buntingford Manor House 5436:Princess Helena College 5335:Youngsbury Stable Block 5315:Pishiobury Park Mansion 5255:Almshouses, Buntingford 4696:"Queen Eleanor's Cross" 4681:. Lincolnshire Archives 4557:Stacey, Robert (2001). 4470:Lovell, Walter (1892). 3825:Cockerill 2014, p. 368. 3807:Cockerill 2014, p. 356. 3334:Cockerill 2014, p. 347. 3058:Lovell 1892, pp. 27–28. 2825:Powrie 1990, pp. 82–84. 2757:. Lincolnshire Archives 2663:Powrie 1990, pp. 80–81. 2654:Cockerill 2014, p. 345. 2594:Powrie 1990, pp. 65–67. 2529:Cockerill 2014, p. 351. 2384:Hillaby, 1994 pp. 90-98 2324:Cockerill 2014, p. 357. 2294:Colvin 1963, pp. 483–4. 2156:Cockerill 2014, p. 344. 2142:Powrie 1990, pp. 32–34. 1914:, was unveiled in 1905. 1889:Temple Lushington Moore 1700:Replicas and imitations 1687: 1649:Replicas and imitations 1610:We know not the way to 933:) was published by the 774:) was published by the 693:Replicas and imitations 542:2015 plaque in Grantham 383:It was not unknown for 201:stopped for the night. 6282:The Red Lion, Hatfield 6226:Watford Palace Theatre 6190:Croxley Green Windmill 6098:Ye Olde Fighting Cocks 5977:British Schools Museum 5835:Red House, Buntingford 5785:Benson Memorial Church 5368:Knightsland Farm House 4889:St Mary's Church, Ware 4700:The Stamford Historian 4646:Art & Architecture 4480:Archaeological Journal 3898:. London. p. 311. 3734:2 October 2011 at the 3717:2 October 2011 at the 3448:Kitton, F. G. (1901). 3367:. London. p. 286. 3270:. London. p. 280. 2863:. London. p. 377. 2394:Chronicle of St Albans 1852:The Loudoun Monument, 1679: 1622: 1522: 1380: 1320:turnpike commissioners 1312:Society of Antiquaries 1244: 1161: 1159:Clock Tower, St Albans 956: 935:Society of Antiquaries 839:, on the outskirts of 797: 796:The Hardingstone cross 776:Society of Antiquaries 708: 649:Stamford, Lincolnshire 543: 464: 415:for Edward I's sister 330: 299: 280:Illumination from the 213:priory of St Catherine 195:Harby, Nottinghamshire 190: 178:Procession and burials 44: 6211:The Old Station House 6164:Stevenage Clock Tower 5972:Breachwood Green Mill 5906:The Lion, Potters Bar 5790:Brent Pelham Windmill 5704:Berkhamsted Town Hall 5461:St Paul's Walden Bury 4538:Powrie, Jean (1990). 4139:Scott, George Gilbert 3976:"The Eleanor Crosses" 3917:Galloway 1914, p. 79. 3879:Galloway 1914, p. 78. 3834:Galloway 1914, p. 77. 3590:Galloway 1914, p. 75. 3438:Galloway 1914, p. 74. 3285:Galloway 1914, p. 73. 3076:Galloway 1914, p. 72. 2816:Galloway 1914, p. 69. 2564:Galloway 1914, p. 68. 2453:Parsons 1995, p. 209. 2237:Parsons 1995, p. 208. 2116:Morris, Marc (2009). 1921:and sponsored by the 1824:1st Earl of Ellesmere 1785:South Eastern Railway 1760:: it was designed by 1603: 1577:Alexander of Abingdon 1516: 1495:royal arms of England 1452:Walter of Guisborough 1370: 1304:Alexander of Abingdon 1242: 1156: 954: 878:Battle of Northampton 852:, on the side of the 795: 706: 541: 462: 423:for Edward's mother, 354:Purpose and parallels 347:Expulsion of the Jews 328: 309:Alexander of Abingdon 279: 185: 167:Charing Cross Station 85:The crosses stood at 35: 6002:Letchworth Town Hall 5992:Lannock Mill, Weston 5967:Ashwell War Memorial 5494:New Gorhambury House 5187:Bridgewater Monument 4874:Shire Hall, Hertford 4803:130–136 Piccotts End 4749:Listed buildings in 4640:Sadraei, Agnieszka. 4119:. BBC. 9 August 2010 3787:Stow, John (1908) . 3760:Powrie 1990, p. 166. 3751:Powrie 1990, p. 165. 3426:Powrie 1990, p. 141. 3410:15 July 2006 at the 3348:Hunter 1842, p. 184. 3325:Powrie 1990, p. 130. 3002:Buildings of England 2979:Hunter 1842, p. 183. 2790:Long, Charles Edward 2624:Powrie 1990, p. 194. 2555:Colvin 1963, p. 483. 2423:Hunter 1842, p. 180. 2405:Colvin 1963, p. 485. 2018:Ellesmere Memorial, 1923:Smith of Derby Group 1891:. Sir Tatton's son, 1733:George Gilbert Scott 1545:51.50722°N 0.12750°W 1490:in English history. 1403:51.51417°N 0.09472°W 1267:51.68583°N 0.03306°W 1184:51.75111°N 0.34056°W 1102:51.88611°N 0.52111°W 1050:51.98889°N 0.61944°W 979:52.05889°N 0.85667°W 820:52.21722°N 0.89722°W 731:52.43750°N 0.68528°W 707:The Geddington cross 632:52.65611°N 0.49361°W 566:52.91028°N 0.64028°W 487:53.21417°N 0.54639°W 380:("Pray for soul"). 374:prayers for her soul 6381:Edward I of England 6063:Childwickbury Manor 5955:North Hertfordshire 5876:Bhaktivedanta Manor 5805:Christ Church, Ware 5489:St Albans Town Hall 5426:Homewood, Knebworth 5393:North Hertfordshire 5202:Dean Incent's House 5048:St Nicholas' Church 5007:St Albans Cathedral 4929:North Hertfordshire 4864:Rye House Gatehouse 4706:on 19 February 2014 4642:"Eleanor's Crosses" 4060:London Street Names 3980:Eleanor of Castille 3377:Lovell 1892, p. 32. 3199:Morris, Christopher 2873:Powrie 1990, 105–6. 2775:Powrie 1990, p. 83. 2710:Antiquaries Journal 2345:David Stocker, 1986 2312:Powrie 1990, p. 65. 2265:Burlington Magazine 1864:(d. 1874), wife of 1710:Ilam, Staffordshire 1541: / 1465:period some of its 1399: / 1263: / 1180: / 1098: / 1046: / 975: / 884:and the end of the 816: / 727: / 628: / 562: / 483: / 425:Eleanor of Provence 6411:Eleanor of Castile 6093:The Old Kings Arms 6088:The Lower Red Lion 5840:Rowneybury Cottage 5773:East Hertfordshire 5764:Tring Market House 5310:Much Hadham Palace 5237:East Hertfordshire 5227:Tring Park Mansion 4920:Tyttenhanger House 4832:East Hertfordshire 4540:Eleanor of Castile 4037:. library.eb.co.uk 3794:A Survey of London 3158:. 15 November 2019 1835:Kensington Gardens 1662:, commissioned by 1550:51.50722; -0.12750 1523: 1408:51.51417; -0.09472 1381: 1347:from a drawing by 1272:51.68583; -0.03306 1245: 1189:51.75111; -0.34056 1162: 1107:51.88611; -0.52111 1055:51.98889; -0.61944 1031:(approximately at 984:52.05889; -0.85667 957: 862:Northampton Castle 825:52.21722; -0.89722 798: 736:52.43750; -0.68528 709: 637:52.65611; -0.49361 602:Grantham Guildhall 571:52.91028; -0.64028 544: 492:53.21417; -0.54639 465: 436:Louis IX of France 331: 300: 258:effigial monuments 191: 187:Eleanor of Castile 74:, she died in the 68:Eleanor of Castile 45: 6401:Lost works of art 6356:British sculpture 6313: 6312: 6309: 6308: 6305: 6304: 6231:Watford Town Hall 6073:Colney Heath Mill 5982:Hitchin Town Hall 5651: 5650: 5647: 5646: 5499:Redbournbury Mill 5441:Spirella Building 5305:Marden Hill House 5295:Hare Street House 5123: 5122: 5119: 5118: 4679:Lincs To The Past 4620:978-1-909930-65-0 4581:978-0-907307-14-3 4409:978-0-23027-816-5 3699:Vetusta Monumenta 3563:978-0-8230-7184-5 3247:Vetusta Monumenta 2990:Pevsner, Nikolaus 2928:Vetusta Monumenta 2755:Lincs To The Past 2129:978-0-09-948175-1 2054:Ashby-de-la-Zouch 1919:Wolfgang Buttress 1854:Ashby-de-la-Zouch 1721:Martyrs' Memorial 1558: 1484:Sir Robert Harley 1416: 1349:Jacob Schnebbelie 1340:Vetusta Monumenta 1280: 1243:The Waltham cross 1226:drinking fountain 1197: 1115: 1063: 992: 940:Vetusta Monumenta 927:Jacob Schnebbelie 874:Margaret of Anjou 833: 781:Vetusta Monumenta 768:Jacob Schnebbelie 744: 645: 579: 508:Lincoln Cathedral 500: 338:alongside them." 225:Westminster Abbey 221:Lincoln Cathedral 137:and Waltham (now 80:Westminster Abbey 16:(Redirected from 6418: 6252:The Brocket Arms 6118:St Albans School 6007:Lytton Mausoleum 5901:Ladbrooke School 5668: 5657: 5603:Digswell Viaduct 5524:Westwick Cottage 5212:Golden Parsonage 5142: 5129: 5043:Rooks Nest House 5002:Rothamsted Manor 4839:Aston Bury Manor 4772: 4759: 4743: 4736: 4729: 4720: 4715: 4713: 4711: 4690: 4688: 4686: 4665: 4663: 4661: 4652:. Archived from 4624: 4605: 4599: 4585: 4566: 4553: 4534: 4515: 4496: 4476: 4466: 4460: 4452: 4443: 4413: 4394: 4373: 4364: 4347:Gentleman, David 4342: 4327: 4314: 4302: 4283: 4268:Botfield, Beriah 4263: 4229: 4202: 4201: 4199: 4197: 4184: 4178: 4177: 4175: 4173: 4157:Historic England 4153: 4147: 4146: 4135: 4129: 4128: 4126: 4124: 4109: 4103: 4097: 4091: 4086: 4080: 4079: 4063: 4053: 4047: 4046: 4044: 4042: 4031: 4025: 4024: 4001: 3995: 3994: 3992: 3990: 3984:Museum of London 3972: 3966: 3963: 3957: 3956: 3954: 3952: 3941: 3935: 3934: 3924: 3918: 3915: 3909: 3906: 3900: 3899: 3886: 3880: 3877: 3871: 3868: 3862: 3859: 3853: 3850: 3844: 3841: 3835: 3832: 3826: 3823: 3817: 3814: 3808: 3805: 3799: 3798: 3784: 3773: 3770: 3761: 3758: 3752: 3749: 3738: 3727: 3721: 3710: 3704: 3703: 3694: 3688: 3687: 3685: 3683: 3668: 3662: 3661: 3659: 3657: 3641:Historic England 3637: 3631: 3630: 3628: 3626: 3610:Historic England 3606: 3600: 3597: 3591: 3588: 3582: 3579: 3568: 3567: 3549: 3543: 3540: 3534: 3531: 3525: 3524: 3522: 3520: 3511:. Archived from 3505: 3499: 3498: 3492: 3484: 3471: 3465: 3464: 3463:: 298–319 (308). 3454: 3445: 3439: 3436: 3427: 3424: 3415: 3402: 3396: 3393: 3387: 3384: 3378: 3375: 3369: 3368: 3355: 3349: 3346: 3335: 3332: 3326: 3323: 3317: 3316: 3314: 3312: 3301: 3295: 3292: 3286: 3283: 3272: 3271: 3258: 3252: 3251: 3242: 3236: 3235: 3233: 3231: 3213: 3207: 3206: 3195: 3189: 3188: 3174: 3168: 3167: 3165: 3163: 3148: 3142: 3141: 3139: 3137: 3121:Historic England 3117: 3111: 3110: 3104: 3096: 3083: 3077: 3074: 3068: 3065: 3059: 3056: 3050: 3049: 3043: 3035: 3022: 3016: 3015: 2998:Northamptonshire 2986: 2980: 2977: 2966: 2963: 2954: 2951: 2945: 2942: 2933: 2932: 2923: 2917: 2914: 2908: 2907: 2905: 2903: 2887:Historic England 2883: 2874: 2871: 2865: 2864: 2851: 2845: 2842: 2836: 2832: 2826: 2823: 2817: 2814: 2808: 2807: 2786:Symonds, Richard 2782: 2776: 2773: 2767: 2766: 2764: 2762: 2747: 2734: 2733: 2705: 2690: 2689: 2687: 2685: 2680:. 15 August 2015 2678:Grantham Journal 2670: 2664: 2661: 2655: 2652: 2625: 2622: 2595: 2592: 2586: 2585: 2571: 2565: 2562: 2556: 2553: 2530: 2527: 2521: 2520: 2482: 2476: 2475: 2460: 2454: 2451: 2445: 2442: 2436: 2433: 2424: 2421: 2415: 2412: 2406: 2403: 2397: 2391: 2385: 2382: 2376: 2373: 2367: 2364: 2358: 2355: 2346: 2343: 2334: 2333:Liversidge 1989. 2331: 2325: 2322: 2313: 2310: 2304: 2301: 2295: 2292: 2283: 2280: 2274: 2273: 2256: 2247: 2244: 2238: 2235: 2229: 2228: 2214: 2208: 2205: 2196: 2193: 2187: 2184: 2175: 2172: 2166: 2163: 2157: 2154: 2143: 2140: 2134: 2133: 2113: 2095: 2080: 2065: 2050:Loudoun Memorial 2046: 2031: 2015: 2000: 1985: 1970: 1955: 1940: 1897:engraved brasses 1887:and designed by 1885:Sir Tatton Sykes 1809:Aberdeen granite 1799:of Lambeth from 1690: 1682: 1664:London Transport 1588:Trafalgar Square 1556: 1555: 1553: 1552: 1551: 1546: 1542: 1539: 1538: 1537: 1534: 1525: 1503:Museum of London 1499:Castile and León 1444:Survay of London 1414: 1413: 1411: 1410: 1409: 1404: 1400: 1397: 1396: 1395: 1392: 1383: 1308:William Stukeley 1278: 1277: 1275: 1274: 1273: 1268: 1264: 1261: 1260: 1259: 1256: 1247: 1195: 1194: 1192: 1191: 1190: 1185: 1181: 1178: 1177: 1176: 1173: 1164: 1128:Dunstable Priory 1113: 1112: 1110: 1109: 1108: 1103: 1099: 1096: 1095: 1094: 1091: 1082: 1061: 1060: 1058: 1057: 1056: 1051: 1047: 1044: 1043: 1042: 1039: 1030: 990: 989: 987: 986: 985: 980: 976: 973: 972: 971: 968: 959: 943:series in 1791. 929:and engraved by 882:Peace of Utrecht 870:Thomas Bourchier 831: 830: 828: 827: 826: 821: 817: 814: 813: 812: 809: 800: 770:and engraved by 752:Northamptonshire 742: 741: 739: 738: 737: 732: 728: 725: 724: 723: 720: 711: 678:Bodleian Library 673:William Stukeley 653:Great North Road 643: 642: 640: 639: 638: 633: 629: 626: 625: 624: 621: 612: 595:William Stukeley 577: 576: 574: 573: 572: 567: 563: 560: 559: 558: 555: 546: 498: 497: 495: 494: 493: 488: 484: 481: 480: 479: 476: 467: 385:memorial crosses 290: 287: 111:Northamptonshire 41:Northamptonshire 21: 6426: 6425: 6421: 6420: 6419: 6417: 6416: 6415: 6391:Wayside crosses 6316: 6315: 6314: 6301: 6240:Welwyn Hatfield 6235: 6206:High Elms Manor 6194: 6178: 6154:Barclay Academy 6142: 6083:Hare and Hounds 6053:The Blue Anchor 6041: 6017:Putteridge Bury 5950: 5946:Wyllyotts Manor 5864: 5768: 5687: 5662: 5643: 5627: 5590:Welwyn Hatfield 5584: 5561: 5528: 5470: 5431:Knebworth House 5421:Hinxworth Place 5387: 5363:Hilfield Castle 5339: 5275:Cromer Windmill 5231: 5207:Gaddesden Place 5163: 5159:Theobalds House 5136: 5115: 5094:Welwyn Hatfield 5089: 5068: 5052: 5031: 4980: 4924: 4908: 4827: 4791: 4766: 4753: 4747: 4709: 4707: 4693: 4684: 4682: 4673: 4659: 4657: 4656:on 20 June 2017 4639: 4631: 4621: 4608: 4590:Stone, Lawrence 4588: 4582: 4569: 4556: 4550: 4537: 4531: 4518: 4512: 4499: 4474: 4469: 4453: 4446: 4416: 4410: 4397: 4376: 4367: 4361: 4345: 4330: 4317: 4305: 4299: 4286: 4266: 4252: 4239: 4236: 4234:Further reading 4226: 4213: 4210: 4205: 4195: 4193: 4186: 4185: 4181: 4171: 4169: 4155: 4154: 4150: 4137: 4136: 4132: 4122: 4120: 4111: 4110: 4106: 4100:"Charing Cross" 4098: 4094: 4089:Ilam photograph 4087: 4083: 4076: 4055: 4054: 4050: 4040: 4038: 4033: 4032: 4028: 4003: 4002: 3998: 3988: 3986: 3974: 3973: 3969: 3965:Gentleman 1979. 3964: 3960: 3950: 3948: 3943: 3942: 3938: 3926: 3925: 3921: 3916: 3912: 3907: 3903: 3890:Camden, William 3888: 3887: 3883: 3878: 3874: 3869: 3865: 3860: 3856: 3851: 3847: 3842: 3838: 3833: 3829: 3824: 3820: 3815: 3811: 3806: 3802: 3786: 3785: 3776: 3771: 3764: 3759: 3755: 3750: 3741: 3736:Wayback Machine 3728: 3724: 3719:Wayback Machine 3711: 3707: 3696: 3695: 3691: 3681: 3679: 3670: 3669: 3665: 3655: 3653: 3639: 3638: 3634: 3624: 3622: 3608: 3607: 3603: 3598: 3594: 3589: 3585: 3580: 3571: 3564: 3551: 3550: 3546: 3541: 3537: 3532: 3528: 3518: 3516: 3515:on 20 June 2017 3507: 3506: 3502: 3485: 3473: 3472: 3468: 3452: 3447: 3446: 3442: 3437: 3430: 3425: 3418: 3412:Wayback Machine 3405:Dunstable cross 3403: 3399: 3394: 3390: 3385: 3381: 3376: 3372: 3359:Camden, William 3357: 3356: 3352: 3347: 3338: 3333: 3329: 3324: 3320: 3310: 3308: 3303: 3302: 3298: 3293: 3289: 3284: 3275: 3262:Camden, William 3260: 3259: 3255: 3244: 3243: 3239: 3229: 3227: 3215: 3214: 3210: 3197: 3196: 3192: 3176: 3175: 3171: 3161: 3159: 3150: 3149: 3145: 3135: 3133: 3119: 3118: 3114: 3097: 3085: 3084: 3080: 3075: 3071: 3066: 3062: 3057: 3053: 3036: 3024: 3023: 3019: 3012: 2994:Cherry, Bridget 2988: 2987: 2983: 2978: 2969: 2964: 2957: 2952: 2948: 2943: 2936: 2925: 2924: 2920: 2915: 2911: 2901: 2899: 2885: 2884: 2877: 2872: 2868: 2855:Camden, William 2853: 2852: 2848: 2843: 2839: 2833: 2829: 2824: 2820: 2815: 2811: 2784: 2783: 2779: 2774: 2770: 2760: 2758: 2749: 2748: 2737: 2707: 2706: 2693: 2683: 2681: 2672: 2671: 2667: 2662: 2658: 2653: 2628: 2623: 2598: 2593: 2589: 2573: 2572: 2568: 2563: 2559: 2554: 2533: 2528: 2524: 2484: 2483: 2479: 2468:Hibbard, Howard 2464:Branner, Robert 2462: 2461: 2457: 2452: 2448: 2443: 2439: 2434: 2427: 2422: 2418: 2413: 2409: 2404: 2400: 2392: 2388: 2383: 2379: 2374: 2370: 2365: 2361: 2356: 2349: 2344: 2337: 2332: 2328: 2323: 2316: 2311: 2307: 2302: 2298: 2293: 2286: 2281: 2277: 2258: 2257: 2250: 2245: 2241: 2236: 2232: 2216: 2215: 2211: 2206: 2199: 2194: 2190: 2185: 2178: 2173: 2169: 2164: 2160: 2155: 2146: 2141: 2137: 2130: 2115: 2114: 2110: 2106: 2099: 2096: 2087: 2081: 2072: 2066: 2057: 2047: 2038: 2035:Albert Memorial 2032: 2023: 2016: 2007: 2001: 1992: 1986: 1977: 1971: 1962: 1956: 1947: 1941: 1932: 1875:was erected in 1831:Albert Memorial 1744:Benjamin Ferrey 1702: 1668:wood engravings 1656:David Gentleman 1634:Hubert Le Sueur 1621: 1614: 1609: 1607: 1549: 1547: 1543: 1540: 1535: 1532: 1530: 1528: 1527: 1511: 1407: 1405: 1401: 1398: 1393: 1390: 1388: 1386: 1385: 1365: 1281: 1271: 1269: 1265: 1262: 1257: 1254: 1252: 1250: 1249: 1237: 1188: 1186: 1182: 1179: 1174: 1171: 1169: 1167: 1166: 1151: 1106: 1104: 1100: 1097: 1092: 1089: 1087: 1085: 1084: 1080: 1054: 1052: 1048: 1045: 1040: 1037: 1035: 1033: 1032: 1028: 1017:minus elegantem 1001:Buckinghamshire 997:Stony Stratford 983: 981: 977: 974: 969: 966: 964: 962: 961: 949: 947:Stony Stratford 834: 824: 822: 818: 815: 810: 807: 805: 803: 802: 790: 745: 735: 733: 729: 726: 721: 718: 716: 714: 713: 701: 686:Stamford Museum 660:Richard Symonds 646: 636: 634: 630: 627: 622: 619: 617: 615: 614: 610: 580: 570: 568: 564: 561: 556: 553: 551: 549: 548: 536: 501: 491: 489: 485: 482: 477: 474: 472: 470: 469: 457: 452: 403:erected one at 378:Orate pro anima 366: 364:preaching cross 356: 323: 317: 288: 274: 254: 249: 180: 175: 119:Buckinghamshire 115:Stony Stratford 56:Eleanor crosses 52: 51: 50: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 6424: 6422: 6414: 6413: 6408: 6403: 6398: 6393: 6388: 6383: 6378: 6373: 6368: 6363: 6358: 6353: 6348: 6343: 6338: 6333: 6328: 6318: 6317: 6311: 6310: 6307: 6306: 6303: 6302: 6300: 6299: 6294: 6289: 6284: 6279: 6274: 6269: 6264: 6259: 6257:Digswell House 6254: 6249: 6243: 6241: 6237: 6236: 6234: 6233: 6228: 6223: 6218: 6213: 6208: 6202: 6200: 6196: 6195: 6193: 6192: 6186: 6184: 6180: 6179: 6177: 6176: 6171: 6166: 6161: 6159:Shephall Manor 6156: 6150: 6148: 6144: 6143: 6141: 6140: 6138:The White Lion 6135: 6130: 6125: 6120: 6115: 6110: 6108:Rose and Crown 6105: 6100: 6095: 6090: 6085: 6080: 6075: 6070: 6065: 6060: 6055: 6049: 6047: 6043: 6042: 6040: 6039: 6034: 6029: 6024: 6019: 6014: 6012:Minsden Chapel 6009: 6004: 5999: 5994: 5989: 5984: 5979: 5974: 5969: 5964: 5958: 5956: 5952: 5951: 5949: 5948: 5943: 5938: 5933: 5928: 5923: 5918: 5913: 5908: 5903: 5898: 5893: 5888: 5883: 5878: 5872: 5870: 5866: 5865: 5863: 5862: 5857: 5852: 5847: 5842: 5837: 5832: 5827: 5822: 5817: 5812: 5807: 5802: 5797: 5792: 5787: 5782: 5776: 5774: 5770: 5769: 5767: 5766: 5761: 5756: 5751: 5749:Shendish Manor 5746: 5741: 5736: 5731: 5726: 5721: 5716: 5711: 5709:Goldfield Mill 5706: 5701: 5699:Ashlyns School 5695: 5693: 5689: 5688: 5686: 5685: 5680: 5674: 5672: 5664: 5663: 5660: 5653: 5652: 5649: 5648: 5645: 5644: 5642: 5641: 5635: 5633: 5632:Other boroughs 5629: 5628: 5626: 5625: 5620: 5615: 5610: 5605: 5600: 5594: 5592: 5586: 5585: 5583: 5582: 5577: 5571: 5569: 5563: 5562: 5560: 5559: 5554: 5549: 5544: 5538: 5536: 5530: 5529: 5527: 5526: 5521: 5516: 5511: 5506: 5501: 5496: 5491: 5486: 5480: 5478: 5472: 5471: 5469: 5468: 5463: 5458: 5453: 5448: 5443: 5438: 5433: 5428: 5423: 5418: 5413: 5408: 5403: 5397: 5395: 5389: 5388: 5386: 5385: 5380: 5378:Salisbury Hall 5375: 5370: 5365: 5360: 5355: 5353:Aldenham House 5349: 5347: 5341: 5340: 5338: 5337: 5332: 5327: 5322: 5317: 5312: 5307: 5302: 5297: 5292: 5287: 5282: 5277: 5272: 5267: 5262: 5257: 5252: 5247: 5241: 5239: 5233: 5232: 5230: 5229: 5224: 5219: 5214: 5209: 5204: 5199: 5194: 5189: 5184: 5179: 5173: 5171: 5165: 5164: 5162: 5161: 5156: 5150: 5148: 5138: 5137: 5132: 5125: 5124: 5121: 5120: 5117: 5116: 5114: 5113: 5108: 5103: 5097: 5095: 5091: 5090: 5088: 5087: 5082: 5076: 5074: 5070: 5069: 5067: 5066: 5060: 5058: 5054: 5053: 5051: 5050: 5045: 5039: 5037: 5033: 5032: 5030: 5029: 5024: 5019: 5014: 5009: 5004: 4999: 4994: 4988: 4986: 4982: 4981: 4979: 4978: 4973: 4968: 4963: 4958: 4953: 4948: 4943: 4938: 4936:Hitchin Priory 4932: 4930: 4926: 4925: 4923: 4922: 4916: 4914: 4910: 4909: 4907: 4906: 4901: 4896: 4891: 4886: 4881: 4876: 4871: 4869:Scott's Grotto 4866: 4861: 4856: 4851: 4846: 4841: 4835: 4833: 4829: 4828: 4826: 4825: 4820: 4815: 4813:Beechwood Park 4810: 4805: 4799: 4797: 4793: 4792: 4790: 4789: 4784: 4778: 4776: 4768: 4767: 4762: 4755: 4754: 4748: 4746: 4745: 4738: 4731: 4723: 4717: 4716: 4691: 4671: 4666: 4637: 4630: 4629:External links 4627: 4626: 4625: 4619: 4606: 4586: 4580: 4567: 4554: 4548: 4535: 4529: 4516: 4510: 4497: 4467: 4444: 4418:Hunter, Joseph 4414: 4408: 4395: 4374: 4365: 4359: 4343: 4328: 4315: 4303: 4297: 4284: 4280:Roxburghe Club 4264: 4250: 4235: 4232: 4231: 4230: 4224: 4209: 4206: 4204: 4203: 4179: 4148: 4130: 4104: 4092: 4081: 4074: 4048: 4026: 4006:Stenton, F. M. 3996: 3967: 3958: 3936: 3919: 3910: 3901: 3881: 3872: 3863: 3854: 3845: 3836: 3827: 3818: 3809: 3800: 3774: 3762: 3753: 3739: 3722: 3705: 3689: 3663: 3632: 3601: 3592: 3583: 3569: 3562: 3544: 3535: 3526: 3500: 3466: 3440: 3428: 3416: 3397: 3388: 3379: 3370: 3350: 3336: 3327: 3318: 3296: 3287: 3273: 3253: 3237: 3217:Fiennes, Celia 3208: 3201:, ed. (1949). 3190: 3169: 3143: 3112: 3087:Salzman, L. F. 3078: 3069: 3060: 3051: 3017: 3010: 2981: 2967: 2955: 2946: 2934: 2918: 2909: 2875: 2866: 2846: 2837: 2827: 2818: 2809: 2800:Camden Society 2777: 2768: 2735: 2691: 2665: 2656: 2626: 2596: 2587: 2566: 2557: 2531: 2522: 2501:10.2307/766698 2477: 2455: 2446: 2437: 2425: 2416: 2407: 2398: 2386: 2377: 2368: 2359: 2347: 2335: 2326: 2314: 2305: 2296: 2284: 2275: 2248: 2239: 2230: 2209: 2197: 2188: 2176: 2167: 2158: 2144: 2135: 2128: 2107: 2105: 2102: 2101: 2100: 2097: 2090: 2088: 2082: 2075: 2073: 2069:Sledmere Cross 2067: 2060: 2058: 2048: 2041: 2039: 2037:, London, 1872 2033: 2026: 2024: 2017: 2010: 2008: 2006:, London, 1865 2002: 1995: 1993: 1987: 1980: 1978: 1972: 1965: 1963: 1957: 1950: 1948: 1942: 1935: 1931: 1928: 1927: 1926: 1915: 1900: 1895:, later added 1893:Sir Mark Sykes 1873:Sledmere Cross 1869: 1850: 1839:Queen Victoria 1827: 1812: 1801:Portland stone 1765: 1747: 1736: 1729:Oxford Martyrs 1717: 1701: 1698: 1674:Folk etymology 1604: 1596:William Camden 1573:Purbeck marble 1510: 1507: 1456:Purbeck marble 1421:City of London 1364: 1361: 1236: 1233: 1157:Plaque on the 1150: 1147: 1136:William Camden 1079: 1076: 1027: 1024: 1013:William Camden 1009:Watling Street 948: 945: 789: 786: 756:William Camden 700: 697: 682:Purbeck marble 609: 606: 535: 532: 528:Lincoln Castle 520:St Catherine's 456: 453: 451: 448: 409:Earl of Surrey 355: 352: 316: 313: 273: 270: 262:William Torell 253: 252:Tomb monuments 250: 248: 245: 179: 176: 174: 171: 169:(built 1865). 72:royal progress 48: 47: 46: 26: 24: 14: 13: 10: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 6423: 6412: 6409: 6407: 6404: 6402: 6399: 6397: 6394: 6392: 6389: 6387: 6384: 6382: 6379: 6377: 6374: 6372: 6369: 6367: 6364: 6362: 6359: 6357: 6354: 6352: 6349: 6347: 6344: 6342: 6341:Death customs 6339: 6337: 6334: 6332: 6329: 6327: 6324: 6323: 6321: 6298: 6295: 6293: 6290: 6288: 6285: 6283: 6280: 6278: 6275: 6273: 6270: 6268: 6265: 6263: 6260: 6258: 6255: 6253: 6250: 6248: 6245: 6244: 6242: 6238: 6232: 6229: 6227: 6224: 6222: 6219: 6217: 6214: 6212: 6209: 6207: 6204: 6203: 6201: 6197: 6191: 6188: 6187: 6185: 6181: 6175: 6172: 6170: 6167: 6165: 6162: 6160: 6157: 6155: 6152: 6151: 6149: 6145: 6139: 6136: 6134: 6133:Verulam House 6131: 6129: 6126: 6124: 6123:Sopwell House 6121: 6119: 6116: 6114: 6113:The Six Bells 6111: 6109: 6106: 6104: 6101: 6099: 6096: 6094: 6091: 6089: 6086: 6084: 6081: 6079: 6076: 6074: 6071: 6069: 6066: 6064: 6061: 6059: 6056: 6054: 6051: 6050: 6048: 6044: 6038: 6035: 6033: 6030: 6028: 6025: 6023: 6020: 6018: 6015: 6013: 6010: 6008: 6005: 6003: 6000: 5998: 5995: 5993: 5990: 5988: 5985: 5983: 5980: 5978: 5975: 5973: 5970: 5968: 5965: 5963: 5960: 5959: 5957: 5953: 5947: 5944: 5942: 5939: 5937: 5934: 5932: 5929: 5927: 5926:Shenley Lodge 5924: 5922: 5919: 5917: 5914: 5912: 5911:Oakmere House 5909: 5907: 5904: 5902: 5899: 5897: 5894: 5892: 5889: 5887: 5884: 5882: 5879: 5877: 5874: 5873: 5871: 5867: 5861: 5858: 5856: 5853: 5851: 5848: 5846: 5843: 5841: 5838: 5836: 5833: 5831: 5828: 5826: 5823: 5821: 5818: 5816: 5815:Hopper's Hall 5813: 5811: 5808: 5806: 5803: 5801: 5798: 5796: 5793: 5791: 5788: 5786: 5783: 5781: 5778: 5777: 5775: 5771: 5765: 5762: 5760: 5757: 5755: 5752: 5750: 5747: 5745: 5742: 5740: 5737: 5735: 5734:Pendley Manor 5732: 5730: 5727: 5725: 5722: 5720: 5717: 5715: 5712: 5710: 5707: 5705: 5702: 5700: 5697: 5696: 5694: 5690: 5684: 5681: 5679: 5676: 5675: 5673: 5669: 5665: 5658: 5654: 5640: 5637: 5636: 5634: 5630: 5624: 5621: 5619: 5618:Shaw's Corner 5616: 5614: 5611: 5609: 5606: 5604: 5601: 5599: 5596: 5595: 5593: 5591: 5587: 5581: 5578: 5576: 5573: 5572: 5570: 5568: 5564: 5558: 5555: 5553: 5550: 5548: 5545: 5543: 5540: 5539: 5537: 5535: 5531: 5525: 5522: 5520: 5517: 5515: 5512: 5510: 5507: 5505: 5502: 5500: 5497: 5495: 5492: 5490: 5487: 5485: 5482: 5481: 5479: 5477: 5473: 5467: 5464: 5462: 5459: 5457: 5454: 5452: 5449: 5447: 5444: 5442: 5439: 5437: 5434: 5432: 5429: 5427: 5424: 5422: 5419: 5417: 5414: 5412: 5409: 5407: 5404: 5402: 5399: 5398: 5396: 5394: 5390: 5384: 5381: 5379: 5376: 5374: 5371: 5369: 5366: 5364: 5361: 5359: 5356: 5354: 5351: 5350: 5348: 5346: 5342: 5336: 5333: 5331: 5328: 5326: 5325:Stansted Hall 5323: 5321: 5318: 5316: 5313: 5311: 5308: 5306: 5303: 5301: 5300:Hanbury Manor 5298: 5296: 5293: 5291: 5288: 5286: 5283: 5281: 5278: 5276: 5273: 5271: 5268: 5266: 5263: 5261: 5258: 5256: 5253: 5251: 5248: 5246: 5243: 5242: 5240: 5238: 5234: 5228: 5225: 5223: 5220: 5218: 5215: 5213: 5210: 5208: 5205: 5203: 5200: 5198: 5195: 5193: 5190: 5188: 5185: 5183: 5180: 5178: 5175: 5174: 5172: 5170: 5166: 5160: 5157: 5155: 5152: 5151: 5149: 5147: 5143: 5139: 5135: 5130: 5126: 5112: 5109: 5107: 5104: 5102: 5099: 5098: 5096: 5092: 5086: 5083: 5081: 5078: 5077: 5075: 5071: 5065: 5062: 5061: 5059: 5055: 5049: 5046: 5044: 5041: 5040: 5038: 5034: 5028: 5025: 5023: 5020: 5018: 5015: 5013: 5010: 5008: 5005: 5003: 5000: 4998: 4995: 4993: 4990: 4989: 4987: 4983: 4977: 4974: 4972: 4969: 4967: 4964: 4962: 4959: 4957: 4954: 4952: 4949: 4947: 4944: 4942: 4939: 4937: 4934: 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4336: 4335: 4329: 4325: 4321: 4316: 4312: 4308: 4307:Colvin, H. M. 4304: 4300: 4298:9781445635897 4294: 4290: 4285: 4281: 4277: 4273: 4269: 4265: 4261: 4257: 4253: 4251:9780297791904 4247: 4243: 4238: 4237: 4233: 4227: 4221: 4217: 4212: 4211: 4207: 4192: 4189: 4183: 4180: 4168: 4167: 4162: 4158: 4152: 4149: 4144: 4140: 4134: 4131: 4118: 4114: 4108: 4105: 4101: 4096: 4093: 4090: 4085: 4082: 4077: 4075:9780713401400 4071: 4067: 4062: 4061: 4052: 4049: 4036: 4030: 4027: 4023: 4021: 4015: 4011: 4007: 4000: 3997: 3985: 3981: 3977: 3971: 3968: 3962: 3959: 3946: 3940: 3937: 3932: 3931: 3923: 3920: 3914: 3911: 3905: 3902: 3897: 3896: 3891: 3885: 3882: 3876: 3873: 3867: 3864: 3858: 3855: 3849: 3846: 3840: 3837: 3831: 3828: 3822: 3819: 3813: 3810: 3804: 3801: 3796: 3795: 3790: 3783: 3781: 3779: 3775: 3769: 3767: 3763: 3757: 3754: 3748: 3746: 3744: 3740: 3737: 3733: 3730: 3726: 3723: 3720: 3716: 3713: 3709: 3706: 3701: 3700: 3693: 3690: 3677: 3673: 3667: 3664: 3652: 3651: 3646: 3642: 3636: 3633: 3621: 3620: 3615: 3611: 3605: 3602: 3596: 3593: 3587: 3584: 3578: 3576: 3574: 3570: 3565: 3559: 3555: 3548: 3545: 3539: 3536: 3530: 3527: 3514: 3510: 3504: 3501: 3496: 3490: 3482: 3481: 3476: 3475:Page, William 3470: 3467: 3462: 3458: 3451: 3444: 3441: 3435: 3433: 3429: 3423: 3421: 3417: 3413: 3409: 3406: 3401: 3398: 3392: 3389: 3383: 3380: 3374: 3371: 3366: 3365: 3360: 3354: 3351: 3345: 3343: 3341: 3337: 3331: 3328: 3322: 3319: 3306: 3300: 3297: 3291: 3288: 3282: 3280: 3278: 3274: 3269: 3268: 3263: 3257: 3254: 3249: 3248: 3241: 3238: 3226: 3222: 3218: 3212: 3209: 3204: 3200: 3194: 3191: 3186: 3182: 3181: 3173: 3170: 3157: 3153: 3147: 3144: 3132: 3131: 3126: 3122: 3116: 3113: 3108: 3102: 3094: 3093: 3088: 3082: 3079: 3073: 3070: 3064: 3061: 3055: 3052: 3047: 3041: 3033: 3032: 3027: 3026:Page, William 3021: 3018: 3013: 3011:0-300-09632-1 3007: 3003: 2999: 2995: 2991: 2985: 2982: 2976: 2974: 2972: 2968: 2962: 2960: 2956: 2950: 2947: 2941: 2939: 2935: 2930: 2929: 2922: 2919: 2913: 2910: 2898: 2897: 2892: 2888: 2882: 2880: 2876: 2870: 2867: 2862: 2861: 2856: 2850: 2847: 2841: 2838: 2831: 2828: 2822: 2819: 2813: 2810: 2805: 2801: 2797: 2796: 2791: 2787: 2781: 2778: 2772: 2769: 2756: 2752: 2746: 2744: 2742: 2740: 2736: 2731: 2727: 2723: 2719: 2715: 2711: 2704: 2702: 2700: 2698: 2696: 2692: 2679: 2675: 2669: 2666: 2660: 2657: 2651: 2649: 2647: 2645: 2643: 2641: 2639: 2637: 2635: 2633: 2631: 2627: 2621: 2619: 2617: 2615: 2613: 2611: 2609: 2607: 2605: 2603: 2601: 2597: 2591: 2588: 2583: 2579: 2578: 2570: 2567: 2561: 2558: 2552: 2550: 2548: 2546: 2544: 2542: 2540: 2538: 2536: 2532: 2526: 2523: 2518: 2514: 2510: 2506: 2502: 2498: 2494: 2490: 2489: 2481: 2478: 2473: 2469: 2465: 2459: 2456: 2450: 2447: 2441: 2438: 2432: 2430: 2426: 2420: 2417: 2411: 2408: 2402: 2399: 2395: 2390: 2387: 2381: 2378: 2372: 2369: 2363: 2360: 2354: 2352: 2348: 2342: 2340: 2336: 2330: 2327: 2321: 2319: 2315: 2309: 2306: 2300: 2297: 2291: 2289: 2285: 2279: 2276: 2271: 2267: 2266: 2261: 2255: 2253: 2249: 2243: 2240: 2234: 2231: 2226: 2222: 2221: 2213: 2210: 2204: 2202: 2198: 2192: 2189: 2183: 2181: 2177: 2171: 2168: 2162: 2159: 2153: 2151: 2149: 2145: 2139: 2136: 2131: 2125: 2121: 2120: 2112: 2109: 2103: 2094: 2089: 2085: 2079: 2074: 2070: 2064: 2059: 2055: 2051: 2045: 2040: 2036: 2030: 2025: 2021: 2014: 2009: 2005: 2004:Charing Cross 1999: 1994: 1990: 1989:Banbury Cross 1984: 1979: 1975: 1969: 1964: 1960: 1954: 1949: 1945: 1939: 1934: 1929: 1924: 1920: 1916: 1913: 1909: 1905: 1901: 1898: 1894: 1890: 1886: 1882: 1878: 1874: 1870: 1867: 1863: 1859: 1858:Gilbert Scott 1855: 1851: 1848: 1847:Gilbert Scott 1844: 1843:Prince Albert 1840: 1836: 1832: 1828: 1825: 1821: 1820:T. G. Jackson 1817: 1813: 1810: 1806: 1802: 1798: 1794: 1793:Covent Garden 1790: 1786: 1782: 1778: 1774: 1773:Charing Cross 1770: 1766: 1763: 1759: 1755: 1751: 1750:Banbury Cross 1748: 1745: 1741: 1737: 1734: 1730: 1726: 1722: 1718: 1715: 1711: 1708:The cross at 1707: 1706: 1705: 1699: 1697: 1695: 1691: 1689: 1683: 1681: 1675: 1671: 1669: 1665: 1661: 1657: 1652: 1650: 1646: 1641: 1639: 1635: 1631: 1627: 1620: 1618: 1617:Charing-Cross 1613: 1602: 1599: 1597: 1593: 1589: 1585: 1580: 1578: 1574: 1570: 1569:Charing Cross 1566: 1562: 1554: 1521:, Westminster 1520: 1519:Charing Cross 1517:The cross at 1515: 1508: 1506: 1504: 1500: 1496: 1491: 1489: 1485: 1480: 1476: 1472: 1468: 1464: 1459: 1457: 1453: 1447: 1445: 1441: 1437: 1432: 1430: 1426: 1422: 1417: 1412: 1378: 1377:Cowdray House 1374: 1369: 1362: 1360: 1358: 1352: 1350: 1346: 1342: 1341: 1336: 1335:George Vertue 1331: 1329: 1325: 1321: 1317: 1313: 1309: 1305: 1301: 1298:, across the 1297: 1296:Waltham Abbey 1293: 1292:Waltham Cross 1289: 1288:Hertfordshire 1285: 1276: 1241: 1234: 1232: 1229: 1227: 1223: 1217: 1215: 1211: 1207: 1206:Hertfordshire 1203: 1198: 1193: 1160: 1155: 1148: 1146: 1143: 1141: 1140:Earl of Essex 1137: 1133: 1129: 1125: 1121: 1116: 1111: 1077: 1075: 1073: 1069: 1064: 1059: 1025: 1023: 1020: 1018: 1014: 1010: 1006: 1002: 998: 993: 988: 953: 946: 944: 942: 941: 936: 932: 928: 923: 920: 919:Celia Fiennes 916: 914: 913: 908: 904: 900: 897: 895: 891: 890:Maltese cross 887: 883: 879: 875: 871: 865: 863: 859: 855: 851: 850:Delapré Abbey 846: 842: 838: 829: 794: 787: 785: 783: 782: 777: 773: 769: 764: 762: 757: 753: 749: 740: 705: 698: 696: 694: 689: 687: 683: 679: 674: 669: 667: 666: 661: 656: 654: 650: 641: 607: 605: 603: 598: 596: 592: 588: 584: 575: 540: 533: 531: 529: 525: 521: 517: 513: 509: 505: 496: 461: 454: 449: 447: 445: 441: 437: 433: 428: 426: 422: 418: 414: 410: 406: 402: 398: 397:Queen Matilda 394: 390: 386: 381: 379: 375: 372:to encourage 371: 365: 361: 353: 351: 348: 344: 343:ritual murder 339: 336: 327: 322: 314: 312: 310: 306: 298: 294: 283: 278: 271: 269: 267: 263: 259: 251: 247:Commemoration 246: 244: 242: 241:John de Vesci 238: 234: 230: 226: 222: 218: 214: 211: 207: 202: 200: 196: 188: 184: 177: 172: 170: 168: 164: 158: 156: 152: 151:Charing Cross 148: 144: 143:Hertfordshire 140: 139:Waltham Cross 136: 132: 128: 124: 120: 116: 112: 108: 104: 100: 96: 92: 88: 83: 82:near London. 81: 77: 76:East Midlands 73: 69: 65: 64:King Edward I 61: 57: 42: 38: 34: 30: 19: 18:Eleanor Cross 6292:Tolmers Park 6183:Three Rivers 6078:Fleur de Lys 5962:Ashwell Bury 5921:Shenley Hall 5754:Stocks House 5552:Oxhey Chapel 5534:Three Rivers 5383:Wrotham Park 5280:Fanhams Hall 5182:Ashlyns Hall 5154:Rawdon House 5101:Brocket Hall 5057:Three Rivers 4976:Royston Cave 4781: 4708:. Retrieved 4704:the original 4699: 4683:. Retrieved 4678: 4658:. Retrieved 4654:the original 4645: 4610: 4595: 4571: 4562: 4539: 4520: 4501: 4484: 4478: 4448: 4431: 4427:Archaeologia 4425: 4399: 4382: 4378: 4369: 4350: 4333: 4323: 4319: 4310: 4288: 4275: 4241: 4215: 4194:. Retrieved 4190: 4182: 4170:. Retrieved 4164: 4151: 4142: 4133: 4121:. Retrieved 4116: 4107: 4095: 4084: 4059: 4051: 4039:. Retrieved 4029: 4019: 4017: 4009: 3999: 3987:. Retrieved 3979: 3970: 3961: 3949:. Retrieved 3939: 3929: 3922: 3913: 3904: 3894: 3884: 3875: 3866: 3857: 3848: 3839: 3830: 3821: 3812: 3803: 3793: 3756: 3725: 3708: 3698: 3692: 3680:. Retrieved 3675: 3666: 3654:. Retrieved 3648: 3635: 3623:. Retrieved 3617: 3604: 3595: 3586: 3553: 3547: 3538: 3529: 3517:. Retrieved 3513:the original 3503: 3479: 3469: 3460: 3456: 3443: 3400: 3391: 3382: 3373: 3363: 3353: 3330: 3321: 3309:. Retrieved 3299: 3290: 3266: 3256: 3246: 3240: 3228:. Retrieved 3224: 3211: 3202: 3193: 3179: 3172: 3160:. 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M. Barry 1680:chère reine 1612:Westminster 1592:John Norden 1565:Westminster 1548: / 1475:Philistines 1463:Reformation 1429:Blackfriars 1406: / 1324:Lord Monson 1270: / 1210:Clock Tower 1187: / 1105: / 1053: / 1015:in 1607 as 982: / 960:(plaque at 903:John Leland 841:Northampton 823: / 734: / 635: / 569: / 524:High Street 516:John Leland 490: / 399:(d. 1083). 289: 1412 266:dissolution 233:Blackfriars 155:Westminster 6320:Categories 5739:Rex Cinema 5671:Broxbourne 5598:Ayot House 5146:Broxbourne 5027:Verulamium 4844:Balls Park 4775:Broxbourne 4549:0947731792 4530:0333619706 4511:1871615984 4434:: 167–91. 4385:: 69–109. 4278:. 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