Eleanor of Castile

999:, Eleanor emphasised comfort and made changes to residences to reflect her taste. She commissioned piped bath works at Leeds Caste and tiled bathrooms elsewhere, echoing the bathroom culture of Castile. Eleanor popularised the use of tapestries and carpets; the use of hangings and especially floor coverings was noted as a Spanish extravagance on her arrival in London but by the time of her death, it was much in vogue among rich magnates. Eleanor also promoted the use of fine tableware, elegantly decorated knives, and forks, though it is uncertain whether forks were used as personal eating utensils or as serving pieces from the common bowls or platters. She also had considerable influence on the development of garden design in the royal estates. Extensive spending on gardens, including the use of water features – a common feature of Castilian garden design feature – is in evidence at her properties and in most places she stayed. The picturesque Gloriette at Leeds Castle was developed during Eleanor's ownership; she also introduced fishponds, aviaries with song birds, and Spanish flora to her gardens and grounds. Her household food supplies appear to have reflected her Spanish upbringing; they include olive oil, French cheese and fresh fruit. She also kept a connection with Acre and her time in the Crusades, ordering foodstuffs and other items from Acre throughout her time in England. 805:

acquired was sufficient to fund future purchases. Eleanor's selection of lands was judicious, and aimed at consolidation of her estates. Neighbouring rather than isolated lands were chosen, and the price of the potential acquisitions was less important than whether it would make sense for her estate's management. Eleanor was able to seek lands because of the intelligence gathered by her advisors, and had tremendous advantages and wealth in being able to choose such strategies. She was also able to compromise with those whose lands were being purchased. It was not necessarily important to her strategy whether lands were immediately handed to her, or for the lowest possible price, for instance, which distinguished her from other courtiers, whose acquisitions tended to be more straightforwardly immediately profitable. There is evidence Eleanor's managers could impose very strict terms, and that she would have known of their actions. She paid close attention to her property dealings.

1391: 1375:. The first version of this, written in the early 1590s, is thought to have presented a positive depiction of the relationship between Eleanor and Edward. If so, it disappeared with little trace. The surviving revised version, which was printed in 1593, depicts Eleanor as a haughty "villainess capable of unspeakable treachery, cruelty, and depravity"; she is also depicted as intransigent and hubristic, "concerned primarily with enhancing the reputation of her native nation, and evidently accustomed to a tyrannous and quite un-English exercise of royal prerogative"; delaying her coronation for twenty weeks so she can have Spanish dresses made, and proclaiming she shall keep the English under a "Spanish yoke". The misdeeds attributed to her in 1045:

it was impossible for them to spend much time in one place; when the children were very young, they could not tolerate the rigours of constant travel with their parents. The children had a household that was staffed with attendants who were carefully chosen for competence and loyalty, and with whom the parents regularly corresponded. The children lived in this comfortable establishment until they were about seven years old, after which they began to accompany their parents on important occasions. By the time they were 13, the children spent much of their time with their parents. In 1290, Eleanor sent one of her scribes to join her children's household, probably to help with their education.

1327: 902: 1366:. The song depicts Eleanor as vain and violent: she demands of the king "that ev'ry man / That ware long lockes of hair, / Might then be cut and polled all"; she orders "That ev'ry womankind should have / Their right breast cut away"; she imprisons and tortures the Lady Mayoress of London, eventually murdering the Mayoress with poisonous snakes; she blasphemes against God on the common ground at Charing, causing the ground to swallow her up; and finally, miraculously spat up by the ground at Queen's Hithe, and now on her death-bed, she confesses to murder of the Mayoress and to committing infidelity with a friar, by whom she has borne a child. 748:

taxed well beyond its means, leading to a reduction in the capital the small number of rich Jewish moneylenders had to support their lending. Jews were also disallowed from holding land assets. Bonds for lands could be sold to recoup against a defaulted debt but these could only be traded by royal permission, meaning Eleanor and a select group of very wealthy courtiers were the exclusive beneficiaries of these sales. The periodic excessive taxes of the Jews called "tallages" would force them to sell their bonds very cheaply, and these would be bought by courtiers. Access to these cut-price land bonds can be viewed as a form of royal patronage.

1406: – which was reprinted in 1628, 1629, 1658, and 1664, testifying to its continuing popularity – meant that by the time of the Civil War, this hostile portrait of Eleanor was probably more-widely known than the positive depictions by Camden and Hollingshed. The loss of most of the crosses can be documented or inferred to have occurred between 1643 and 1646; for example, Parliament's Committee for the Demolition of Monuments of Superstition and Idolatry ordered the removal of the Charing Cross in 1643. Eleanor's reputation began to become more positive following the 1643 publication of Sir Richard Baker's 568: 401:, founding priories in England, and supporting their work at Oxford and Cambridge universities. Notwithstanding the sources of her wealth, Eleanor's financial independence had a lasting impact on the institutional standing of English queens, establishing their future independence of action. After her death, Eleanor's reputation was shaped by conflicting fictitious accounts – both positive and negative – portraying her as either the dedicated companion of Edward I or as a scheming Spaniard. These accounts influenced the fate of the 988: 4252: 740: 5528: 984:, which bears the arms of Alphonso and his prospective wife. Eleanor's accounts reveal he corresponding in 1290 with an Oxford master about one of her books. There is also evidence Eleanor she exchanged books with her brother Alfonso X. Eleanor is assumed to have spoken French, which was her mother's language and the dominant language of the English court. All of the extant literary works created for Eleanor are in French. 948: 809:

the heavy-handed tactics of her administrators because she was regularly notified of activities regarding her estates. Notwithstanding the manner by which she acquired her estates and income, Eleanor of Castile's queenship is significant in English history for the evolution of a stable financial system for the king's wife and for the honing this process gave the queen-consort's prerogatives.

1171: 49: 1238:. Only three of these monuments have survived, none in their entirety. The cross at Geddington is the best-preserved example. All three monuments have lost their crosses "of immense height" that originally surmounted them; only the lower stages remain. The Waltham cross has been heavily restored and to prevent further deterioration, its original statues of Eleanor are now in the 1387:, in adultery; this revelation prompts her unfortunate daughter Joan of Acre, who is fathered by a French friar, to drop dead of shame. This portrait of Eleanor owes little to historicity, and much to the then-current war with Spain and English fears of another attempt at invasion, and is one of a number of anti-Spanish polemics of the period. 1418:

recent decades, historians have studied queenship in its own right and regarded medieval queens as worthy of attention. Eleanor of Castile's career can now be examined as the achievement of an intelligent and determined woman who was able to meet the challenges of a demanding life, though her qualities were often expressed in unpleasant ways.

893:, from whom the queen was demanding the repayment of a debt the bishop owed her, he would speak with the queen and that the business would end happily for the bishop. As queen, Eleanor's major opportunity for power and influence would have come later in her life, when her sons grew older, by promoting their political and military careers. 1182:, through the heartland of Eleanor's properties, and accompanied for most of the way by Edward and a substantial cortege of mourners. Edward ordered the erection of memorial crosses at the site of each overnight stop between Lincoln and Westminster. These artistically significant monuments, which were based on crosses in France marking 1081:, for example. Her taste in everyday clothes and emphasis on repairing rather than replacing where possible, contrasting with her predecessors and successors, suggests some practicality in her nature. With those outside her inner circle, Eleanor was frequently harsh and manipulative, and is known to have frequently lost her temper. 1306: 910:

heiresses, which would put English wealth in foreign hands, Eleanor arranged marriages to English barons for her female cousins. Edward strongly supported Eleanor in these endeavours, which provided him and his family – alongside Eleanor in her potential widowhood – with an expanded network of potential supporters.

626:; Eleanor appears to have been very committed to the church's call to arms, and took a vow to participate. Women were not obliged to travel to fulfil their vow and if not prohibited from doing so were discouraged. Although other women members of her family had travelled on crusade, it was an unusual thing to do. 1298:, along with that of her son Alphonso. The accounts of her executors show the monument constructed at the priory to commemorate her heart burial was richly elaborate, and included wall paintings and a metallic angelic statue that stood under a carved stone canopy. It was destroyed in the 16th century during the 1069:(1274–1278) in Ponthieu; the practice of fostering noble children in other dignified households was common. Edward and Eleanor regretted allowing Joan of Ponthieu to foster Joan; when six-year-old Joan travelled to England in 1278, they found she had been spoilt; she was a spirited child and at times defiant. 1313:

Eleanor's funeral took place in Westminster Abbey on 17 December 1290. Eleanor's tomb, which she had probably ordered before her death, consists of a marble chest with carved mouldings and shields – originally painted – of the arms of England, Castile and Ponthieu. The chest is surmounted

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Eleanor birthed between 14 and 17 children, only six of whom survived into adulthood. Most of Eleanor's children were born at Windsor, although she gave birth to three while on travels. It has been suggested Eleanor and Edward were more devoted to each other than to their children. As king and queen,

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of Friars, to whom she was a patron, founding several priories in England and supporting their work at Oxford and Cambridge Universities. Eleanor's piety was intellectual and reinforced the idea the higher powers were in Eleanor's favour. Apart from her religious foundations, Eleanor was not given to

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and Eleanor's great-grandmother Eleanor of England were the son and daughter of King Henry II and Eleanor of Aquitaine. Following the marriage, they spent nearly a year in Gascony and Edward ruled as lord of Aquitaine. During this time Eleanor, aged thirteen and a half, almost certainly gave birth to

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Eleanor of Castile had birthed at least 16 children, suggesting she was not frail. Shortly after the birth of her last child, financial accounts from Edward's household and her own show frequent payments for medicines for the queen's use. The nature of the medicines is not specified so the nature of

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Eleanor's executors' financial accounts record the payments of reparations to many of those who brought actions before the judicial proceedings in 1291, done on Eleanor's request shortly before her death to provide redress for wrongdoings in her property dealings. She is likely to have been aware of

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The majority of the lands Eleanor acquired were not acquired through the cheap acquisition of Jewish bonds. This method declined after 1275, and especially after 1281, because the Crown had largely removed the wealth of the Jewish community. By the late 1280s, Eleanor's income from the lands she had

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was worried by Edward's presence at Acre and in June 1272, an assassination attempt was made on Edward. Edward was wounded in the arm by a dagger that is thought to have been poisoned. The wound quickly became seriously inflamed and a surgeon saved Edward by excising the diseased flesh after Eleanor

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For the ceremonies in 1291 marking the first anniversary of Eleanor's death, 49 candle-bearers were paid to walk in a public procession to commemorate each year of her life. The tradition was to have one candle for each year of the deceased's life so 49 candles would date Eleanor's birth to 1240 or

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Although she was allowed no overt political role, Eleanor found other satisfying outlets. She was an active patron of literature, maintaining the only royal scriptorium known to have existed at the time in Northern Europe, with scribes and at least one illuminator to copy books for her. Some of the

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in 1287 against charges of incompetence, arguing they were unjustified. Eleanor was a "clever operator" at court with "unique influence" due to Edward's love for her. She appears to have limited her role to avoid the wide criticism her mother-in-law had experienced, and perhaps due to her immediate

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Eleanor was given little overt political role; even in diplomatic matters her role was minor. Edward heeded her advice on the age at which their daughters could marry foreign rulers, preventing her 12-year-old daughter Eleanor from leaving England in 1282. Eleanor of Castile was in part educated in

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A rumour is waxing strong throughout the kingdom and has generated much scandal. It is said that the illustrious lady queen, whom you serve, is occupying many manors, lands, and other possessions of nobles, and has made them her own property – lands which the Jews have extorted with usury from

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Eleanor's acquisition of lands was unprecedented for an English queen: between 1274 and 1290, she acquired estates worth about £2,600 yearly. This provided a majority of her expenditure, which amounted to £8,000 a year at the time of her death, while income from her dower lands was worth £4,500, to

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swiftly countered Alfonso's claims with both diplomatic and military moves. Early in 1253, the two kings began to negotiate; after haggling over the financial provision for Eleanor, Henry and Alfonso agreed she would marry Henry's son Edward, who was now the titular duke, and Alfonso would transfer

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show some people thought Eleanor urged Edward to rule harshly, and that she could be a severe woman who did not take it lightly if anyone crossed her, contravening contemporaneous expectations that queens should intercede with their husbands on behalf of the needy, the oppressed and the condemned.

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Eleanor patronised many of her relatives, though as queen, given the unpopularity of foreigners in England, and the criticism of Henry III and Eleanor of Provence's generosity to them, Eleanor of Castile was cautious to choose which cousins to support. Rather than marry her male cousins to English

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offences. Although the evidence was largely fictional, around ten percent of the Jewish population – over 300 individuals – was sentenced to death; their assets were seized and forfeit to the Crown, together with fines for those who escaped hanging. Over £16,500 was collected, from which

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in 1265, Edward took a major role in reforming the government, and Eleanor rose to prominence. In July 1266, after she had birthed three short-lived daughters, Eleanor gave birth to a son John, who was followed in early 1268 by a second boy named Henry, and in June 1269 by a healthy daughter named

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Such documents began to become widely available in the late 19th century, but when historians began to cite them to suggest Eleanor was not the perfect queen Strickland depicted, many rejected the correction and frequently expressed indignant disbelief anything negative was said about Eleanor. In

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in France, in which he sought prayers for the soul of the wife "whom living we dearly cherished, and whom dead we cannot cease to love". Edward ordered the construction of twelve elaborate stone crosses between 1291 and 1294, marking the route of her funeral procession between Lincoln and London.

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Eleanor and Edward left Acre in September 1272. In Sicily that December, they learnt of Henry III's death on 16 November. Following a trip to Gascony, where their next child Alphonso – named for Eleanor's half-brother Alfonso X – was born, Edward and Eleanor returned to England and were

1093:, who agreed to allow Eleanor to hold one of his manors for a term of years to clear his debt to her, thought it well to demand official assurances from the King's Exchequer the manor would be restored to him as soon as the queen had recovered the exact amount of the debt. A chronicle written at 747:

Between 1270 and 1281, a significant method for Eleanor to acquire land was the cheap purchase of debts owed by Christian landlords to Jewish moneylenders. In exchange for cancelling the debts, she received the lands pledged against the debts. Since the early 1200s, the Jewish community had been

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stayed in England for three years, hoping Henry III would help him reconcile with his father Alphonso. While Eleanor was still young and childless, the prospect of a new Castilian family faction at court would have been troubling for those surrounding Henry, making Eleanor's position precarious.

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tended to Henry. Henry had lived with his grandmother while his parents were absent on crusade, and because he was just two years old when they left England in 1270, he could not have had substantial memories of them when they returned to England in August 1274, only weeks before his death. The

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were known for their literary atmosphere. Both kings encouraged extensive education of the royal children so it is likely Eleanor was educated to a standard higher than the norm, a likelihood that is reinforced by her later literary activities as queen. Eleanor was at her father's deathbed in

834:, with which the whole Jewish population was expelled from England, their houses, debts and other property was forfeit to the Crown. Around £2,000 was raised for the Crown from sales but much was given away in about 85 grants to courtiers, friends and family; Eleanor gave the synagogue at 445:

Eleanor was the second of five children; her elder brother Ferdinand was born in 1239/40, her younger brother Louis in 1242/43, and two sons who were born after Louis's death in childhood. Because her parents were separated for 13 months while King Ferdinand was on a military campaign in

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made against Jews. It is likely the association with Eleanor was made to help improve her posthumous reputation because she had been closely associated with the abuse of Jewish loans. according to historians Caroline and Joe Hillaby, the crosses and tomb amounted to a "propaganda coup",

756:", which contributed to a rise in anti-Semitic beliefs. Eleanor's participation in Jewish usury and dispossession of middling landowners caused her to be criticised, both by members of the landed classes and by the church. An example of a cheaply-purchased estate is the release of 1350:

described Eleanor as "the jewel most esteemed ... a godly and modest princess, full of pity, and one that showed much favour to the English nation, ready to relieve every man's grief that sustained wrong and to make them friends that were at discord, so far as in her lay."

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Contemporaneous monastic chroniclers are noticeably silent on Eleanor's piety, which was considered an important quality of a queen. The lack of material may be due to Eleanor's distance from the English Bishops, who represented traditional hierarchy, and her preference for the

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which she would be entitled in the event of Edward's death. Edward initiated this process; He wanted the queen to hold lands sufficient for her financial needs without drawing on funds needed for government, and to be independent if she was widowed. The process began after the

1156:, the foundations of which can still be seen near Harby's parish church. After piously receiving the Church's last rites, Eleanor died there on the evening of 28 November 1290, aged 49 and after 36 years of marriage. Edward was at Eleanor's bedside to hear her final requests. 1619:

Later storytellers embellished this incident, creating a popular story of Eleanor saving Edward's life by sucking poison out of his wound, but this has long been discredited. The initial account from the early 1300s gives it as a story that was later recounted as fact by

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Edward warned a convent of nuns: "if they knew what was good for them", they would accede to the queen's wishes and accept into their house a woman the convent had refused, whose vocation Eleanor had decided to sponsor. Records from the king's administrations shows

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was paid as an additional sum of ten percent on taxes. She also benefited from revenues from vacant estates, and could be granted income from trials and seizures, but the income she received from these sources was at the king's discretion rather than being a right.

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works produced were vernacular romances and saints' lives but Eleanor's tastes were wider than that and were not limited to the products of her own writing office. The number and variety of new works written for her show her interests were broad and sophisticated.

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Available evidence indicates Eleanor and Edward were devoted to each other, and it appears that Edward was faithful to her in the marriage. The couple were rarely apart; Eleanor accompanied Edward on military campaigns in Wales, giving birth to their son Edward at

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In a few cases, Eleanor's marriage projects for her female cousins provided Edward, as well as her father-in-law Henry III, with opportunities to sustain healthy relations with other realms. The marriage of Eleanor's kinswoman Marguerite de Guînes to the

694:; this custom was so important Edward that in 1291, on the first Easter Monday after Eleanor's death, he gave her ladies the money he would have given them if she had been alive. Edward disliked ceremonies; in 1290, he refused to attend the marriage of 1339:

first published in England the tale of Eleanor saving Edward's life at Acre by sucking his wound. Camden ascribed the construction of the Eleanor crosses to Edward's grief at the loss of a heroic wife, who had risked her own life to save his. In 1587,

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Edward was prepared to resist Eleanor's demands or to stop her if he felt she was excessive in her activities, and he expected his ministers to restrain her if her actions threatened to inconvenience important people in his realm; on one occasion, the

1410:, which retold the myth of Eleanor saving her husband at Acre. Thereafter, Eleanor's reputation was largely positive and ultimately derived from Camden, whose work was uncritically repeated by historians. In the 19th century the self-styled historian 1334:

Despite her negative reputation in her lifetime, the St Albans Chronicle and the Eleanor Crosses assured Eleanor of Castile a romantic and flattering, if slightly obscure, standing in the two centuries following her death. In 1586, the antiquarian

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rather than in London. Eleanor's children were summoned to visit her in Clipstone, despite warnings travel might endanger their health. Following the conclusion of the Parliament, Eleanor and Edward set out on the short distance from Clipstone to

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his Gascon claims to Edward. Henry was anxious for the marriage to take place; he willingly abandoned the already-made, elaborate preparations for the knighting of Edward in England and agreed Alfonso would knight Edward on or before the next

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In the 13th century, embalming involving evisceration and separate burial of heart and body was not unusual. Eleanor was afforded an unusual triple burial; her viscera, heart and body were separately buried. Eleanor's viscera were buried in

851:. While Edward honoured his obligations to Eleanor's father Alfonso X, his support may be seen as relatively limited. When Alfonso's need was desperate in the early 1280s, Edward did not send English knights to Castile but sent knights from 575:

There is little record of Eleanor's life in England until the 1260s, when the Second Barons' War between Henry III and his barons divided the kingdom. During this time, Eleanor actively supported Edward's interests, importing archers from

1120:. Malaria is not directly fatal but weakens its victims and makes them vulnerable to opportunistic infections. Among other complications, the liver and spleen become enlarged, brittle and susceptible to injury, which may cause death from 3829:—— (1998). "Que nos lactauit in infancia': The Impact of Childhood Care-givers on Plantagenet Family Relationships in the Thirteenth and Early Fourteenth Centuries". In Rousseau and, Constance M.; Rosenthal, Joel T. (eds.). 396:

Eleanor exerted a strong cultural influence. She was a keen patron of literature and encouraged the use of tapestries, carpets and tableware in the Spanish style, as well as innovative garden designs. She was a generous patron of the

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Only one of Eleanor's four sons survived childhood, and even before she died, Edward worried over the succession: if that son died, their daughters' husbands might cause a succession war. Edward therefore married again, in 1299 to

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Eleanor played a role in Edward's counsels but she did not overtly exercise power except on occasions when she was appointed to mediate disputes of a between nobles in England and Gascony. Eleanor directed Edward's attention to

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in 1279, a romance about the life of a fictional, ninth-century count of Ponthieu was written for her. Eleanor commissioned an Arthurian romance with a Northumbrian theme, possibly for the marriage of the Northumbrian lord

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By the 1270s, this situation had led the Jewish community into a desperate position while Edward, Eleanor and a few others gained vast new estates. According to contemporaries, however, the problem resulted from Jewish

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From the time of the return from Gascony, Eleanor may have been aware of her impending death. Arrangements were made for the marriage of her daughters Margaret and Joan, and negotiations for the marriage of young

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from the middling landed classes after they went into arrears on loan repayments to Jewish moneylenders, and the Crown forced them to sell their bonds. These transactions associated Eleanor with the abuse of

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kingdom afforded passage from Castile to Gascony; and Theobald II was not yet of age so an opportunity to rule or potentially annex Navarre into Castile existed. To avoid Castilian control, in August 1253,

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in England had officially ended the practice of praying for the souls of the dead so Camden ascribed Edward's commemoration of his wife to her supposed heroism in saving Edward's life at the risk of her

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family, Henry III's highly favoured maternal relatives, strengthening the king's ties with that family and creating a new tie between the English king and a powerful family in Poitou, northern Gascony.

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diplomatic practices – such as giving gifts to visiting princes and envoys, as a means to win influence, and in the art of interceding to reduce friction from disputes – by Edward's mother

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Eleanor received a significant portion. Other income from Jews came from seizures of their property at death, particularly if Eleanor had close financial relationships with them. Following the 1290

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The first printing of this ballad is from 1600, ten years after George Peele's Edward I was first performed; but the ballad in oral form is considered likely to date to the reign of Mary.

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in 1307–1308 includes the first positive assessment of Eleanor's character, though the chronicler may have been writing to flatter her son Edward II, who had succeeded his father in 1307.

1136:, heiress of Scotland, were hurried on. In mid 1290, a tour north through Eleanor's properties began, but proceeded much more slowly than usual, and the autumn Parliament was convened in 1077:

To her immediate friends and family, Eleanor appears to have been kind, loyal and considerate, and although not overtly charming; she appears to have had a sense of humour, employing two

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It is likely Peele's play and the ballad associated with it had a significant effect on the survival of the Eleanor Crosses in the 17th century. Performances of the play and reprints of

405:, for which she is probably best known today. Historians have generally neglected Eleanor and her reign as a topic of serious study, but she has received more attention since the 1980s. 548:

Henry III resolved the Gascon crisis but Eleanor's position in England would have been difficult; some of her relatives travelled to England soon after her marriage. Eleanor's brother

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used Camden to write the most-positive account of Eleanor. None of these writers used contemporaneous chronicles or records to provide accurate information about Eleanor's life.

1673:, p. 52 Camden's discussion of the crosses reflected the religious history of his time. The crosses were intended to induce passers-by to pray for Eleanor's soul but the 1390: 5641: 4534: 4233: 6544: 726: 5444: 5183: 5406: 4987: 1371: 764:; it became a favourite residence. Through these acquisitions, Eleanor gained an "unsavoury reputation". Records of her unpopularity are common: for instance, 1358:, a popular ballad sung to the popular tune "Gentle and Courteous", is thought to date from the 1550s, and to be an indirect attack on the half-Spanish queen 3474:

Cocke, Thomas (1986). "The Architectural History at Lincoln Cathedral from the Dissolution to the Twentieth Century". In Heslop, T.A.; Sekules, V.A. (eds.).

1037: 918:, one of the most-influential English noblemen in Ireland, gave Edward a new family connection in Ireland and also with Scotland because Marguerite's cousin 6589: 5610: 3968:

Rokéah, Zefira Entin (1988). "Money and the hangman in late thirteenth century England: Jews, Christians and coinage offences alleged and real (Part I)".

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Eleanor was granted significant income from hidden or unclaimed assets resulting from trials. For instance, during the late 1270s, Jews were targeted for

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Armstrong, A.S. (2023). "Eleanor of Castile: A Consort of Contradictions". In Norrie, A.; Harris, C.; Laynesmith, J.; Messer, D.R.; Woodacre, E (eds.).

393: – who was falsely believed to have been ritually murdered by Jews – to bolster her reputation as an opponent of supposed Jewish criminality. 873:

while on Crusade in Acre in 1272. She also intervened in disputes, for instance to limit the consequences of the Baronial rebellions and to defend the

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Eleanor's children were frequently cared for by relatives and other trusted families. In 1274, when their six-year-old son Henry lay dying at

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and the supposed exploitation of Jews, bringing her into conflict with the church. She profited from the hanging of over 300 Jewish alleged

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are repeated and expanded upon; Eleanor is now also shown to box her husband's ears. Eleanor confesses to adultery with her brother-in-law

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queen was a more familiar and comforting presence to her grandson than his parents would have been. Edward and Eleanor allowed her mother

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rehabilitating Eleanor's image and portraying her as the protector of Christians against the supposed criminality of Jews following the

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Parsons, John Carmi (1997). "Mothers, Daughters, Marriage, Power: Some Plantagenet Evidence, 1150-1500". In Parsons, John Carmi (ed.).

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was not the only marriage her family planned for her. The kings of Castile had long made a tenuous claim to be paramount lords of the

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her first child, a short-lived daughter. Eleanor travelled to England alone in mid 1255 and Edward followed her a few months later.

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are two statues often identified as Edward and Eleanor; these images were heavily restored and given new heads in the 19th century.

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direct good works; she left her chaplains to distribute alms for her. Eleanor gave significant funds to charitable foundations.

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on 25 April 1284. Their household records narrate incidents that imply a comfortable, even humorous, relationship. Each year on

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A counter-narrative that was driven by rising anti-Spanish feeling in England from the Reformation may have begun to emerge.

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Eleanor had a keen interest in hunting, particularly with dogs. The royal family appears to have stayed each February at

6634: 6584: 6185: 4973: 4690: 4462: 549: 390: 1186:'s funeral procession, enhanced the image of Edward's kingship and bear witness to his grief. Eleanor crosses stood at 1010:

for hunting. She was a keen horse rider and employed Spanish horse-breeders. Eleanor enthusiastically played chess and

6614: 6609: 6559: 6514: 6494: 6047: 4228: 3444: 1152:, less than seven miles (11 km) from Lincoln. The journey was abandoned and the queen was lodged in the house of 145: 4457: 4452: 4105:

Stokes, H. P. (1915). "The relationship between the Jews and the Royal family of England in the Thirteenth century".

1253:, was built in 1865 to publicise the railway hotel at Charing station. The original Charing cross was at the top of 567: 483: – Eleanor's half-brother – appears to have stalled negotiations with England in the hope she would marry 4910: 4780: 4675: 4347: 1239: 1112:

Eleanor's illness cannot be deduced until in late 1287, while she was in Gascony with Edward, Eleanor had a double

1062: 427: 286: 105: 987: 6344: 5908: 5490: 5250: 4838: 4447: 1504: 1449: 1346: 923: 717:. He delighted in the sons his new wife bore, but attended memorial services for Eleanor to the end of his life. 584:

and baronial prisoners for Edward. Rumours Eleanor was seeking fresh troops from Castile led the baronial leader

231: 4890: 4853: 4387: 4296: 4266: 1558: 1445: 1133: 1090: 789: 540:, Burgos, on 1 November 1254. Edward and Eleanor were second cousins once removed because Edward's grandfather 423: 276: 266: 62: 5719: 4545: 3953:"Proxy over Pilgrimage: Queen Eleanor of Castile and the Celebration of Crusade upon her Funerary Monument(s)" 1276:

Also built in the same style as the Eleanor crosses and Eleanor's tomb at Lincoln was the renovated shrine of

613: 743:

Leeds Castle, Kent, was acquired at vast discount by Eleanor through the forced sale of debt bonds from Jews.

6334: 6037: 5999: 5893: 3750: 1551:

Son, born in 1280 or 1281 who died very shortly after birth. There is no contemporary evidence for his name.

1459: 6421: 4695: 1674: 1195: 1149: 1036: 484: 374: 157: 6110: 6018: 5976: 5923: 5707: 5680: 5597: 5344: 5110: 4905: 4843: 4670: 4653: 4540: 1554: 1473: 1187: 765: 541: 246: 5141: 3675:

Hillaby, Joe (1994). "The ritual-child-murder accusation: its dissemination and Harold of Gloucester".

562: 330: 4243: 973: 952: 818: 6504: 6499: 6030: 5986: 5957: 5928: 5850: 5811: 5726: 5668: 5629: 5577: 5567: 5555: 5453: 5360: 5255: 5068: 4920: 4775: 4577: 4528: 4371: 1572: 1262: 1215: 1129: 890: 761: 708:

Edward was greatly affected by Eleanor's death, shown for instance in his January 1291 letter to the

525: 480: 451: 435: 342: 251: 115: 4476: 6456: 6307: 6257: 6238: 6231: 6195: 6146: 5869: 5840: 5835: 5830: 5823: 5754: 5741: 5648: 5543: 5513: 5495: 5485: 5401: 5380: 5052: 4895: 4818: 4765: 4710: 4685: 4622: 4607: 4597: 4557: 4506: 4501: 4363: 4310: 3780:

Parsons, John Carmi (1984). "The Year of Eleanor of Castile's Birth and Her Children by Edward I".

1295: 1053: 848: 784:

noted in a contemporary notice of her death: "a Spaniard by birth, she acquired many fine manors".

617: 588:

to order her removal from Windsor Castle in June 1264 after the defeat of the royalist army at the

530: 468: 439: 302: 185: 125: 3831:

Women, Marriage, and Family in Medieval Christendom: Essays in Memory of Michael M. Sheehan, C.S.B

981: 356:

In her lifetime, Eleanor was disliked for her property dealings; she bought up vast lands such as

6448: 6219: 6190: 6170: 6127: 5969: 5396: 5271: 5188: 5120: 4876: 4720: 4587: 4572: 4551: 4511: 4472: 4114: 4093: 3977: 3684: 3607: 3572: 1583: 1514: 1484: 1363: 1288: 831: 630: 596: 521: 472: 370: 338: 318:) from 1279. After diplomatic efforts to secure her marriage and affirm English sovereignty over 5162: 4467: 4379: 739: 6354: 6314: 6269: 6085: 5991: 5918: 5845: 5370: 4740: 4725: 4617: 4602: 4354: 4194: 4167: 4131: 4062: 4057:

Stocker, David (1986). "The Shrine of Little St Hugh". In Heslop, T.A.; Sekules, V.A. (eds.).

4033: 4002: 3920: 3893: 3834: 3807: 3758: 3728: 3701: 3653: 3597: 3562: 3545: 3535: 3506: 3479: 3452: 3422: 3387: 1657: 1534: 1528: 1521: 1463: 1453: 1438: 1431: 1380: 1359: 1341: 1278: 1270: 1179: 1153: 1121: 960: 733: 683: 600: 497: 334: 306: 241: 205: 171: 87: 54: 17: 1040:

Edward I & II Prince of Wales, portrayed in 1301, some eleven years after Eleanor's death

5688: 5313: 5219: 5010: 4750: 4735: 4642: 4486: 3994: 3863: 3789: 3636: 3414: 1477: 1411: 1330:

Eleanor of Castile sucks the poison out of Edward I of England in a Victorian-era depiction.

1258: 1142: 996: 927: 874: 781: 517: 509: 378: 801:

Peckham also warned Eleanor of complaints against her officials' demands upon her tenants.

500:

instead, and as part of that treaty, solemnly promised Theobald would never marry Eleanor.

6359: 6122: 6067: 5759: 5478: 5193: 4833: 4790: 4582: 4496: 4491: 4204: 4177: 4141: 4072: 4043: 4012: 3930: 3903: 3844: 3817: 3768: 3738: 3711: 3663: 3615: 3580: 3516: 3489: 3462: 3432: 3397: 1211: 1024: 977: 883: 589: 398: 4238: 6324: 5015: 4848: 4760: 4705: 4647: 4637: 4274: 4251: 1621: 1476:, who died in 1291 before the marriage could take place, and in 1293 she married Count 1336: 919: 915: 886: 869: 709: 634: 581: 5527: 353:. Eleanor was capable of influencing politics but died too young to have much effect. 326:, Burgos, on 1 November 1254. She is believed to have birthed a child not long after. 6488: 6158: 6057: 5508: 4940: 4770: 3885: 1566: 1487:). Some sources call her Juliana, but there is no contemporary evidence for her name. 1395: 1315: 1246: 1235: 1227: 1165: 1113: 1106: 965: 826: 687: 665: 402: 386: 382: 346: 4223: 3576: 1145:. By this time, Eleanor was travelling fewer than eight miles (13 km) per day. 653:, where they arrived in May 1271. Eleanor gave birth to a daughter, who is known as 6433: 6319: 5903: 5224: 4925: 4632: 4612: 1490: 1203: 1066: 947: 785: 757: 695: 654: 646: 373:

in 1290, she gifted the former Canterbury Synagogue to her tailor. Eleanor died at

357: 350: 226: 3875: 1318:'s gilt-bronze effigy of Eleanor in the same pose as the image on her great seal. 629:

By 1270, England was at peace, and Edward and Eleanor left to join Edward's uncle

3418: 1052:

neither parent made the short journey from London to see him but Edward's mother

4627: 1538: 1283: 1207: 1170: 537: 323: 48: 1124:. It is also possible that hereditary heart conditions caused Eleanor's death. 341:. Eleanor took an active role in Edward's reign as he began to take control of 3867: 3640: 1578: 1199: 1011: 1003: 864: 835: 366: 77: 3549: 6295: 4181: 4145: 4084:

Stevenson, W. H. (1 January 1888). "The Death of Queen Eleanor of Castile".

4016: 3848: 3772: 3715: 3667: 3619: 3584: 3520: 3436: 3401: 1384: 1254: 1231: 1223: 1219: 1137: 1094: 1049: 1007: 727:

History of the Jews in England (1066–1290) § Edward I and the Expulsion

650: 513: 447: 4208: 4076: 4047: 3934: 3907: 3821: 3742: 3611: 3594:

English Renaissance Drama and the Specter of Spain: Ethnopoetics and Empire

3493: 3466: 1261:; it was destroyed in 1647 by Puritans and later replaced with a statue of 4128:

England's Jews: Finance, Violence, and the Crown in the Thirteenth Century

3793: 3529: 6391: 6329: 1569:. The first marriage was childless; by Bohun, Elizabeth had ten children. 1545: 1191: 1183: 931: 926:. The earliest of Eleanor's recorded marriage projects linked one of her 860: 702: 638: 623: 595:

Edward was captured at Lewes and imprisoned, and Eleanor was confined at

577: 488: 309: 4118: 3981: 3688: 1305: 329:

Fuller records of Eleanor's life with Edward start from the time of the

5422: 4996: 3382:

Alexander, Jonathan; Binski, Paul, eds. (1987). "The Eleanor crosses".

1597: 1117: 1085: 1058: 852: 661: 622:

Eleanor of Castile came from a family who were heavily involved in the

456: 319: 261: 4965: 4097: 3999:

Thirteenth Century England: Proceedings of the Durham Conference, 1995

3991:"Parliamentary Negotiation and the Expulsion of the Jews from England" 3627:

Hamilton, B. (1995). "Eleanor of Castile and the Crusading Movement".

4665: 3952: 1078: 642: 419: 141: 4025: 3990: 599:. After Edward's and Henry's army defeated the baronial army at the 3804:

Eleanor of Castile: Queen and Society in Thirteenth Century England

389:. This series of monuments may have included the renovated tomb of 3449:

The Struggle for Mastery: The Penguin History of Britain 1066–1284

1389: 1325: 1304: 1169: 1035: 986: 969: 946: 900: 753: 738: 736:

when Eleanor received the grant of lands formerly held by rebels.

566: 520:

in France – which he claimed had formed part of the dowry of

362: 1178:

Eleanor's embalmed body was borne in great state from Lincoln to

768:

highlighted her reputation and preserves a contemporaneous poem:

4164:

Memoria Reginae: Das Memorialprogramm für Eleonore von Kastilien

2602: 2600: 1527:

Daughter (December 1277/January 1278 – January 1278), buried in

691: 322:, 13-year-old Eleanor was married to Edward at the monastery of 6419: 6389: 6293: 6255: 6217: 6144: 6108: 6016: 5955: 5867: 5809: 5705: 5666: 5627: 5541: 5464: 5426: 4969: 4383: 3559:

Representing Imperial Rivalry in the Early Modern Mediterranean

2201: 2199: 2197: 2195: 817:

As queen, Eleanor had income other than that from her estates.

3755:

A Great and Terrible King: Edward I and the Forging of Britain

1541: 1383:

and to conceiving all of her children, except Edward I's heir

3361: 3359: 1771: 1769: 5526: 3357: 3355: 3353: 3351: 3349: 3347: 3345: 3343: 3341: 3339: 1647:

Three of the crosses survive, though none of them is intact.

496: – mother and regent to Theobald II – allied with 305:. She was educated at the Castilian court and also ruled as 4001:. Vol. 6. Woodbridge: Boydell Press. pp. 77–102. 2668: 2666: 2617: 2615: 2154: 2152: 2150: 2148: 2146: 2097: 2095: 2070: 2068: 1437:

Joanna (January 1265 – before 7 September 1265), buried in

487:. The marriage would have afforded several advantages: the 385:

at each stopping place on the journey to London, ending at

3159: 3157: 580:, France. Eleanor was in England during the war, and held 3411:

Norman to Early Plantagenet Consorts. Queenship and Power

2984: 2982: 2980: 1520:

Berengaria (1 May 1276 – before 27 June 1278), buried in

878:

concerns with pregnancies and building her landholdings.

508:

In 1252, Alfonso X resurrected an ancestral claim to the

4107:

Transactions of the Jewish Historical Society of England

4061:. British Archaeological Association. pp. 109–117. 3698:

The Palgrave Dictionary of Medieval Anglo-Jewish History

3478:. British Archaeological Association. pp. 148–155. 2707: 2705: 2251: 2249: 2019: 2017: 1582:(25 April 1284 – 21 September 1327). In 1308 he married 972:

and their roles. She almost certainly commissioned the

705:

to play for him while he sat alone during the wedding.

4030:

The Medieval State: Essays Presented to James Campbell

3384:

Age of Chivalry: art in Plantagenet England, 1200–1400

1756: 1754: 1752: 1557:(7 August 1282 – 5 May 1316). She married (1) in 1297 1472:(18 June 1269 – 29 August 1298). She was betrothed to 1294:

Eleanor's heart was buried in the Dominican priory at

905:

Coat of arms of Eleanor of Castile as Queen of England

1715: 1713: 1711: 1709: 1507:(24 November 1273 – 19 August 1284), Earl of Chester. 1493:(April 1272 – 7 April 1307). She married (1) in 1290 430:. She was named after her paternal great-grandmother 980:, and is also thought to be the commissioner of the 641:

before they arrived; the couple spent the winter in

536:

Eleanor and Edward were married at the monastery of

5389: 5353: 5327: 5306: 5280: 5264: 5233: 5202: 5171: 5150: 5134: 5103: 5087: 5061: 5045: 5024: 5003: 991:

Water feature in the Fountain Court at Leeds Castle

797:

Christians under the protection of the royal court.

282: 272: 260: 204: 179: 164: 151: 135: 131: 121: 111: 101: 93: 86: 76: 68: 61: 41: 4130:. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press. 4059:Medieval Art and Architecture at Lincoln Cathedral 3476:Medieval Art and Architecture at Lincoln Cathedral 3386:. London: Royal Academy of Arts. pp. 361–66. 1513:(15 March 1275 – after 1333). In 1290 she married 1430:Katherine (c. 1264 – 5 September 1264), buried in 381:in late 1290; following her death, Edward built a 5210:Isabella, Queen of Aragon and Duchess of Brittany 4817:Royal consorts in England and Scotland after the 4113:. Jewish Historical Society of England: 153–170. 1531:. There is no contemporary evidence for her name. 1462:(before 6 May 1268 – 16 October 1274), buried in 1369:This was followed in the 1590s by George Peele's 669:was led away from his bed "weeping and wailing". 5642:Margaret of France, Queen of England and Hungary 4193:. New York: St. Martin's Press. pp. 63–78. 4032:. London: The Hambledon Press. pp. 163–77. 4028:. In Maddicott, J. R.; Pallister, D. M. (eds.). 3557:Fuchs, Barbara; Weissbourd, Emily, eds. (2015). 1116:, suggesting she was suffering from a strain of 618:Edward I of England § Crusade and accession 4955:Spouses of debatable or disputed rulers are in 3291: 3271: 3124: 955:, believed to have been commissioned by Eleanor 770: 30:For other people named Eleanor of Castile, see 4026:"Anti-Semitism and the Medieval English State" 3413:. Cham: Palgrave Macmillan. pp. 237–255. 3187: 2221: 2205: 5438: 4981: 4395: 1444:John (13 July 1266 – 3 August 1271), died at 1372:The Famous Chronicle of King Edward the First 775:the queen, our manors fair, to hold ... 8: 6625:Prisoners and detainees of England and Wales 3862:(online ed.). Oxford University Press. 1480:, by whom she had one son and two daughters. 1014:, and passed this interest to her children. 5142:Berengaria, Latin Empress of Constantinople 3528:Hilton, Lisa (2008). "Eleanor of Castile". 3233:Chronicles of England, Scotland and Ireland 1347:Chronicles of England, Scotland and Ireland 1148:Eleanor's final stop was at the village of 463:Prospective bride to Theobald II of Navarre 313: 6416: 6386: 6290: 6252: 6214: 6141: 6105: 6013: 5952: 5864: 5806: 5702: 5663: 5624: 5538: 5461: 5445: 5431: 5423: 4988: 4974: 4966: 4867: 4809: 4432: 4427: 4402: 4388: 4380: 4257: 4250: 1309:Eleanor's tomb effigy in Westminster Abbey 922:was the mother of Edward's brother-in-law 47: 38: 5934:Thomas of Brotherton, 1st Earl of Norfolk 5904:Joan, Countess of Hertford and Gloucester 5747:Eleanor of England, Countess of Leicester 3365: 3295: 3275: 3248: 3219: 3100: 3064: 3052: 3040: 3028: 3016: 3004: 2947: 2923: 2823: 2807: 2791: 2775: 2763: 2723: 2696: 2672: 2633: 2621: 2606: 2591: 2571: 2559: 2547: 2523: 2511: 2483: 2471: 2387: 2225: 2186: 2182: 2170: 2158: 2137: 2113: 2101: 2086: 2074: 2047: 2008: 1874: 1862: 1838: 1826: 1802: 1790: 1692: 1501:. She had four children by each marriage. 1499:Ralph de Monthermer, 1st Baron Monthermer 660:The crusade was a militarily failure but 467:Eleanor's marriage in 1254 to the future 4239:2009/10 restoration of Victorian replica 3696:Hillaby, Joe; Hillaby, Caroline (2013). 2751: 2495: 2459: 2035: 1984: 1958: 1946: 1934: 1731: 1615: 1613: 6078:Thomas of Woodstock, Duke of Gloucester 5914:Margaret of England, Duchess of Brabant 5611:William de Longespée, Earl of Salisbury 3859:Oxford Dictionary of National Biography 3531:Queens consort : the autobiography 3330: 3318: 3306: 3279: 3259: 3236: 3215: 3203: 3175: 3163: 3076: 3000: 2988: 2971: 2959: 2911: 2899: 2887: 2875: 2863: 2859: 2847: 2811: 2787: 2739: 2684: 2657: 2645: 2575: 2535: 2499: 2423: 2411: 2399: 2375: 2363: 2351: 2339: 2327: 2315: 2303: 2291: 2279: 2240: 2229: 2125: 2059: 2023: 1996: 1922: 1910: 1898: 1886: 1850: 1814: 1775: 1760: 1743: 1719: 1705: 1688: 1670: 1609: 1563:Humphrey de Bohun, 4th Earl of Hereford 479:in 1134. In 1253, Ferdinand III's heir 6370:Arthur Plantagenet, 1st Viscount Lisle 6277:Edward of Westminster, Prince of Wales 3650:The Plantagenets: History of a Dynasty 3191: 3136: 3112: 3088: 2935: 2835: 2803: 2727: 2711: 2587: 2447: 2435: 2267: 2255: 2217: 1972:The Chronicle of Walter of Guisborough 1586:. They had two sons and two daughters. 1495:Gilbert de Clare, 6th Earl of Hertford 959:After Eleanor succeeded her mother as 6176:Thomas of Lancaster, Duke of Clarence 5939:Edmund of Woodstock, 1st Earl of Kent 5573:Matilda of England, Duchess of Saxony 5397:Eleanor, Queen of Portugal and France 4439:Royal consorts in Scotland until 1603 3148: 1517:, who died in 1318. They had one son. 349:, during which Edward was wounded at 7: 6441:Edward of Middleham, Prince of Wales 6058:John of Gaunt, 1st Duke of Lancaster 5887:Margaret of France, Queen of England 5588:Eleanor of England, Queen of Castile 5467:Geoffrey Plantagenet, Count of Anjou 4436:Royal consorts in England until 1603 4322:20 November 1272 – 28 November 1290 4234:Eleanor Crosses – Photos and History 3725:Expulsion: England's Jewish solution 3596:. University of Pennsylvania Press. 3503:Eleanor of Castile: the shadow queen 1786: 1784: 1497:, who died in 1295, and (2) in 1297 1448:, in the custody of his granduncle, 1377:The Lamentable Fall of Queene Elenor 1356:The Lamentable Fall of Queene Elenor 773:The king would like to get our gold, 673:crowned together on 19 August 1274. 6545:Christians of Lord Edward's crusade 6366:Illegitimate: Elizabeth Plantagenet 6350:George Plantagenet, Duke of Bedford 6340:Richard of Shrewsbury, Duke of York 6063:Edmund of Langley, 1st Duke of York 6053:Lionel of Antwerp, Duke of Clarence 5899:Eleanor of England, Countess of Bar 5184:Beatrice, Marchioness of Montferrat 3856:—— (2004). "Eleanor ". 516: – the last possession of the 72:20 November 1272 – 28 November 1290 32:Eleanor of Castile (disambiguation) 6590:Women in medieval European warfare 6181:John of Lancaster, Duke of Bedford 5737:Joan of England, Queen of Scotland 5504:Hamelin de Warenne, Earl of Surrey 4906:Caroline of Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel 3700:. Basingstok: Palgrave Macmillan. 27:Queen of England from 1272 to 1290 25: 6164:Joan of Navarre, Queen of England 5402:Isabella, Queen of Denmark-Norway 4901:Charlotte of Mecklenburg-Strelitz 4875:British royal consorts after the 4248:National Portrait Gallery, London 3890:The Thirteenth Century, 1216–1307 1537:(11 March 1279 – 29 May 1332), a 1408:A History of the Kings of England 721:Land acquisition and unpopularity 6540:Christians of the Eighth Crusade 5982:John of Eltham, Earl of Cornwall 5593:Joan of England, Queen of Sicily 1160:Procession, burial and monuments 699:Roger Bigod, 5th Earl of Norfolk 337:'s government imprisoned her in 97:16 March 1279 – 28 November 1290 6640:13th-century countesses regnant 6620:English prisoners and detainees 6453:Katherine, Countess of Pembroke 5335:Catherine, Princess of Asturias 5288:Constance, Duchess of Lancaster 5179:Berengaria, Lady of Guadalajara 4916:Albert of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha 4896:Caroline of Brandenburg-Ansbach 4244:Portraits of Eleanor of Castile 3833:. Kalamazoo. pp. 289–324. 3629:Mediterranean Historical Review 3561:. University of Toronto Press. 855:, which was closer to Castile. 247:Elizabeth, Countess of Hereford 194: 6645:13th-century duchesses consort 6073:Margaret, Countess of Pembroke 5371:Joanna I of Castile and Aragon 1300:dissolution of the monasteries 1284:false ritual murder allegation 297:(1241 – 28 November 1290) was 18:Eleanor of Castile (1241–1290) 1: 6575:Women in 13th-century warfare 6202:Illegitimate: Edmund Leboorde 5732:Richard, 1st Earl of Cornwall 5606:Geoffrey (archbishop of York) 5583:Geoffrey II, Duke of Brittany 5563:William IX, Count of Poitiers 5340:Eleanor, Princess of Asturias 5319:Catherine, Duchess of Villena 4086:The English Historical Review 1282:, a cult that was based on a 1251:Charing Cross railway station 1249:" in London, in front of the 1018:Religious views and patronage 930:cousins with a member of the 155:28 November 1290 (aged 48–49) 6555:Burials at Lincoln Cathedral 6550:Burials at Westminster Abbey 6186:Humphrey, Duke of Gloucester 5412:Catherine, Queen of Portugal 5251:Blanche, Princess of Villena 5032:Urraca I of Castile and León 4936:Philip of Greece and Denmark 4891:George of Denmark and Norway 4854:George of Denmark and Norway 3876:UK public library membership 3419:10.1007/978-3-031-21068-6_13 1134:Margaret, the Maid of Norway 939:Cultural and other interests 237:Margaret, Duchess of Brabant 6650:Mothers of English monarchs 6580:13th-century queens consort 6570:13th-century English people 6535:Castilian House of Burgundy 5381:Catherine, Queen of England 5366:Isabella, Queen of Portugal 5220:Constance, Queen of Castile 5215:Beatrice, Queen of Portugal 3942:Prestwich, Michael (1988). 3892:. Oxford University Press. 3292:Fuchs & Weissbourd 2015 3272:Fuchs & Weissbourd 2015 3125:Alexander & Binski 1987 2330:, pp. 132–4, 136, 138. 1394:Illustration of Eleanor by 1245:The monument now known as " 6666: 6630:People of the Barons' Wars 6605:13th-century English women 6600:13th-century Spanish women 5524: 5069:Constance, Queen of France 4911:Adelaide of Saxe-Meiningen 3989:Stacey, Robert C. (1997). 3886:Powicke, Frederick Maurice 3757:. London: Windmill Books. 3723:Huscroft, Richard (2006). 3188:Hillaby & Hillaby 2013 2962:, pp. 44, 163 at 29a. 2222:Hillaby & Hillaby 2013 2206:Hillaby & Hillaby 2013 1427:Stillborn girl (July 1255) 1240:Victoria and Albert Museum 1163: 1104: 1063:Joan, Countess of Ponthieu 897:Promotion of her relatives 724: 611: 560: 428:Joan, Countess of Ponthieu 287:Joan, Countess of Ponthieu 227:Joan, Countess of Hertford 211: 53:Tomb effigy of Eleanor at 29: 6595:High sheriffs of Somerset 6469: 6428: 6415: 6398: 6385: 6345:Anne of York, Lady Howard 6302: 6289: 6264: 6251: 6226: 6213: 6153: 6140: 6117: 6104: 6025: 6012: 5964: 5951: 5909:Alphonso, Earl of Chester 5876: 5863: 5818: 5805: 5714: 5701: 5675: 5662: 5636: 5623: 5550: 5537: 5491:Geoffrey, Count of Nantes 5473: 5460: 5361:Joanna, Queen of Portugal 5298:Eleanor, Queen of Navarre 5293:Isabella, Duchess of York 5158:Eleanor, Queen of England 5116:Urraca, Queen of Portugal 4953: 4886: 4870: 4866: 4839:Henrietta Maria of France 4829: 4812: 4808: 4430: 4426: 4368: 4352: 4344: 4339: 4324: 4315: 4302: 4295: 4260: 4229:The Columbia Encyclopedia 3993:. In Prestwich, Michael; 3970:Jewish Historical Studies 3951:Reynolds, Gordon (2023). 3919:. Studley: Brewin Books. 3677:Jewish Historical Studies 3641:10.1080/09518969508569686 3592:Griffin, Eric J. (2009). 1450:Richard, Earl of Cornwall 863:when she commissioned an 760:to Edward and Eleanor by 475:due to sworn homage from 232:Alphonso, Earl of Chester 46: 6530:French suo jure nobility 5376:Maria, Queen of Portugal 5241:Eleanor, Queen of Aragon 5225:Joanna, Queen of Castile 5126:Eleanor, Queen of Aragon 5121:Blanche, Queen of France 5074:Sancha, Queen of Navarre 4681:Ethelreda of Northumbria 4318:Queen consort of England 4267:Castilian House of Ivrea 3946:. Yale University Press. 3501:Cockerill, Sara (2014). 1701:Citations and references 1559:John I, Count of Holland 1091:Hugh Despenser the Elder 1065:to raise their daughter 790:Archbishop of Canterbury 677:Queen consort of England 424:Ferdinand III of Castile 277:Ferdinand III of Castile 222:Eleanor, Countess of Bar 63:Queen consort of England 6565:13th-century Castilians 6038:Edward the Black Prince 5407:Maria, Queen of Hungary 5189:Violant, Lady of Biscay 5163:Maria, Queen of Castile 5111:Berengaria I of Castile 5079:Sancha, Queen of Aragon 5037:Elvira, Queen of Sicily 4162:Dilba, Carsten (2009). 4024:—— (2001). 3997:; Frame, Robin (eds.). 3802:—— (1995). 3648:Hamilton, J.S. (2010). 2726:, pp. 233–4, 236, 6525:Duchesses of Aquitaine 6520:English royal consorts 6422:Richard III of England 5531: 5314:Maria, Queen of Aragon 5194:Violant, Lady of Elche 5011:Urraca, Lady of Zamora 4696:Ermengarde de Beaumont 4448:Ælfgifu of Shaftesbury 3806:. St. Martin's Press. 1675:Protestant Reformation 1399: 1331: 1310: 1289:expulsion of the Jewry 1175: 1150:Harby, Nottinghamshire 1041: 992: 976:, which is now in the 956: 906: 799: 778: 744: 572: 485:Theobald II of Navarre 314: 158:Harby, Nottinghamshire 6111:Richard II of England 6019:Edward III of England 5977:Edward III of England 5924:Elizabeth of Rhuddlan 5720:Isabella of Angoulême 5708:John, King of England 5681:Berengaria of Navarre 5598:John, King of England 5530: 5345:Isabella I of Castile 4844:Catherine of Braganza 4671:Ingibiorg Finnsdottir 4546:Isabella of Angoulême 4541:Berengaria of Navarre 4453:Æthelflæd of Damerham 3915:Powrie, Jean (1990). 3868:10.1093/ref:odnb/8619 3794:10.1484/J.MS.2.306316 2866:, pp. 293–6, 310 2862:, pp. 38–9, 41, 2402:, pp. 74–5, 123. 1474:Alfonso III of Aragon 1393: 1329: 1322:Historical reputation 1308: 1257:on the south side of 1174:The Northampton Cross 1173: 1164:Further information: 1105:Further information: 1039: 990: 950: 904: 794: 766:Walter of Guisborough 742: 725:Further information: 614:Lord Edward's crusade 612:Further information: 570: 561:Further information: 371:expulsion of the Jews 301:as the first wife of 6510:Irish royal consorts 6031:Philippa of Hainault 5987:Eleanor of Woodstock 5958:Edward II of England 5929:Edward II of England 5851:Katherine of England 5812:Henry III of England 5727:Henry III of England 5669:Richard I of England 5630:Henry the Young King 5578:Richard I of England 5568:Henry the Young King 5556:Eleanor of Aquitaine 5454:House of Plantagenet 5016:Elvira, Lady of Toro 4931:Elizabeth Bowes-Lyon 4921:Alexandra of Denmark 4776:Francis II of France 4578:Philippa of Hainault 4529:Eleanor of Aquitaine 4523:Geoffrey Plantagenet 4355:Countess of Ponthieu 4272:Cadet branch of the 4166:. Hildesheim: Olms. 4126:Tolan, John (2023). 3995:Britnell, Richard H. 3577:10.3138/j.ctt14bth82 3505:. Stroud: Amberley. 3231:Holinshed, Raphael, 2609:, pp. 236, 239. 2318:, pp. 132, 138. 1778:, pp. 246, 248. 1573:Edward II of England 1130:Edward of Caernarfon 961:Countess of Ponthieu 891:Bishop of Winchester 762:William de Leybourne 657:for her birthplace. 542:King John of England 526:Henry III of England 481:Alfonso X of Castile 477:Garcia VI of Navarre 452:Alfonso X of Castile 436:Eleanor of Aquitaine 418:Eleanor was born in 307:Countess of Ponthieu 252:Edward II of England 88:Countess of Ponthieu 6635:Deaths from malaria 6585:Edward I of England 6457:Richard of Eastwell 6403:no consort or issue 6308:Elizabeth Woodville 6258:Henry VI of England 6239:Henry VI of England 6232:Catherine of Valois 6196:Philippa of England 6147:Henry IV of England 5870:Edward I of England 5841:Beatrice of England 5836:Margaret of England 5831:Edward I of England 5824:Eleanor of Provence 5782:Bartholomew FitzRoy 5755:Joan, Lady of Wales 5742:Isabella of England 5649:William Plantagenet 5544:Henry II of England 5514:Mary of Shaftesbury 5496:William FitzEmpress 5486:Henry II of England 4997:Infantas of Castile 4819:Union of the Crowns 4766:Madeleine of Valois 4756:Margaret of Denmark 4711:Margaret of England 4691:Maud of Northumbria 4686:Sybilla of Normandy 4623:Catherine of Aragon 4608:Elizabeth Woodville 4598:Catherine of Valois 4558:Eleanor of Provence 4517:Matilda of Boulogne 4507:Matilda of Scotland 4502:Matilda of Flanders 4311:Eleanor of Provence 4262:Eleanor of Castile 3534:. London: Phoenix. 3451:. London: Penguin. 3091:, pp. 230–231. 3055:, pp. 315–318. 2938:, pp. 229–230. 2810:, pp. 241–45, 2590:, pp. 230–32, 2224:, pp. 360–65, 2011:, pp. 186–188. 1974:. pp. 208–210. 1404:The Lamentable Fall 1296:Blackfriars, London 1054:Eleanor of Provence 1032:Eleanor as a mother 849:Eleanor of Provence 842:Political influence 531:Feast of Assumption 494:Margaret of Bourbon 469:Edward I of England 440:Henry II of England 186:Edward I of England 6615:Counts of Ponthieu 6610:Daughters of kings 6560:People from Burgos 6515:Castilian infantas 6495:Eleanor of Castile 6449:John of Gloucester 6220:Henry V of England 6191:Blanche of England 6171:Henry V of England 6128:Isabella of Valois 5970:Isabella of France 5882:Eleanor of Castile 5532: 4877:Acts of Union 1707 4721:Elizabeth de Burgh 4676:Margaret of Wessex 4588:Isabella of Valois 4573:Isabella of France 4568:Margaret of France 4563:Eleanor of Castile 4552:Blanche of Castile 4535:Margaret of France 4512:Adeliza of Louvain 4473:Sigrid the Haughty 4333:Margaret of France 4329:Title next held by 4307:Title last held by 4191:Medieval Queenship 3917:Eleanor of Castile 3727:. Stroud: Tempus. 3139:, pp. 177–79. 3067:, pp. 342–43. 3031:, pp. 340–41. 3007:, pp. 317, 23 2902:, pp. 313–14. 2890:, pp. 310–12. 2826:, pp. 240–42. 2636:, pp. 240–41. 2550:, pp. 243–44. 2486:, pp. 297–98. 2282:, pp. 120–21. 2220:, pp. 93–94, 1949:, pp. 93–100. 1889:, pp. 23, 32. 1805:, pp. 78, 79. 1656:On the outside of 1584:Isabella of France 1515:John II of Brabant 1400: 1364:Philip II of Spain 1332: 1311: 1176: 1042: 993: 957: 907: 832:Edict of Expulsion 745: 715:Margaret of France 645:then proceeded to 631:Louis IX of France 597:Westminster Palace 573: 563:Second Barons' War 557:Second Barons' War 556: 522:Eleanor of England 473:Kingdom of Navarre 434:, the daughter of 432:Eleanor of England 339:Westminster Palace 331:Second Barons' War 295:Eleanor of Castile 42:Eleanor of Castile 6482: 6481: 6465: 6464: 6411: 6410: 6381: 6380: 6374:Grace Plantagenet 6355:Catherine of York 6315:Elizabeth of York 6285: 6284: 6270:Margaret of Anjou 6247: 6246: 6209: 6208: 6136: 6135: 6100: 6099: 6086:John de Southeray 6043:Isabella de Coucy 6008: 6007: 5992:Joan of the Tower 5947: 5946: 5919:Mary of Woodstock 5859: 5858: 5846:Edmund Crouchback 5801: 5800: 5697: 5696: 5658: 5657: 5651:(died in infancy) 5619: 5618: 5522: 5521: 5420: 5419: 4963: 4962: 4949: 4948: 4862: 4861: 4804: 4803: 4799: 4798: 4741:Anabella Drummond 4731:Margaret Drummond 4726:Joan of the Tower 4618:Elizabeth of York 4603:Margaret of Anjou 4378: 4377: 4369:Succeeded by 3874:(Subscription or 3782:Mediaeval Studies 3541:978-0-7538-2611-9 3333:, pp. 251–3. 3309:, pp. 247–8. 3222:, pp. 347–49 3206:, pp. 94–98. 3115:, pp. 105–6. 3079:, pp. 59–60. 2974:, pp. 216–7. 2926:, pp. 225–9. 2838:, pp. 227–8. 2766:, pp. 235–7. 2594:, pp. 237–42 2578:, pp. 22, 46 2562:, pp. 243–4. 2526:, pp. 245–6. 2462:, pp. 157–9. 2450:, pp. 166–7. 2438:, pp. 91–92. 2426:, pp. 78–79. 2378:, pp. 145–6. 2366:, pp. 132–3. 2354:, pp. 125–6. 2342:, pp. 135–6. 2128:, pp. 297–8. 2116:, pp. 253–4. 1937:, pp. 94–95. 1877:, pp. 20–21. 1865:, pp. 18–20. 1853:, p. 18, 21. 1841:, pp. 87–88. 1817:, pp. 12–14. 1658:Lincoln Cathedral 1529:Westminster Abbey 1522:Westminster Abbey 1464:Westminster Abbey 1454:Westminster Abbey 1439:Westminster Abbey 1432:Westminster Abbey 1381:Edmund Crouchback 1342:Raphael Holinshed 1279:Little Saint Hugh 1271:Lincoln Cathedral 1180:Westminster Abbey 1154:Richard de Weston 1122:internal bleeding 1084:Two letters from 734:Battle of Evesham 684:Caernarfon Castle 601:Battle of Evesham 586:Simon de Montfort 498:James I of Aragon 335:Simon de Montfort 292: 291: 242:Mary of Woodstock 174:, London, England 172:Westminster Abbey 55:Westminster Abbey 16:(Redirected from 6657: 6417: 6387: 6335:Margaret of York 6291: 6253: 6215: 6142: 6106: 6014: 5953: 5865: 5807: 5767:Geoffrey FitzRoy 5703: 5689:Philip of Cognac 5664: 5625: 5539: 5462: 5447: 5440: 5433: 5424: 4990: 4983: 4976: 4967: 4868: 4810: 4751:Mary of Guelders 4736:Euphemia de Ross 4716:Yolande de Dreux 4654:Guildford Dudley 4643:Catherine Howard 4487:Emma of Normandy 4433: 4428: 4404: 4397: 4390: 4381: 4345:Preceded by 4291: 4290:28 November 1290 4284: 4258: 4254: 4224:Encyclopedia.com 4212: 4185: 4149: 4122: 4101: 4080: 4051: 4020: 3985: 3964: 3947: 3938: 3911: 3879: 3871: 3852: 3825: 3797: 3776: 3746: 3719: 3692: 3671: 3644: 3623: 3588: 3553: 3524: 3497: 3470: 3445:Carpenter, David 3440: 3405: 3369: 3363: 3334: 3328: 3322: 3316: 3310: 3304: 3298: 3289: 3283: 3282:, pp. 53–57 3269: 3263: 3257: 3251: 3246: 3240: 3229: 3223: 3213: 3207: 3201: 3195: 3185: 3179: 3173: 3167: 3161: 3152: 3151:, pp. 153–4 3146: 3140: 3134: 3128: 3122: 3116: 3110: 3104: 3098: 3092: 3086: 3080: 3074: 3068: 3062: 3056: 3050: 3044: 3038: 3032: 3026: 3020: 3014: 3008: 2998: 2992: 2986: 2975: 2969: 2963: 2957: 2951: 2945: 2939: 2933: 2927: 2921: 2915: 2909: 2903: 2897: 2891: 2885: 2879: 2873: 2867: 2857: 2851: 2845: 2839: 2833: 2827: 2821: 2815: 2801: 2795: 2785: 2779: 2773: 2767: 2761: 2755: 2749: 2743: 2737: 2731: 2721: 2715: 2709: 2700: 2694: 2688: 2682: 2676: 2670: 2661: 2655: 2649: 2643: 2637: 2631: 2625: 2619: 2610: 2604: 2595: 2585: 2579: 2569: 2563: 2557: 2551: 2545: 2539: 2538:, pp. 43–4. 2533: 2527: 2521: 2515: 2509: 2503: 2493: 2487: 2481: 2475: 2474:, p. 244-5. 2469: 2463: 2457: 2451: 2445: 2439: 2433: 2427: 2421: 2415: 2414:, pp. 77–8. 2409: 2403: 2397: 2391: 2385: 2379: 2373: 2367: 2361: 2355: 2349: 2343: 2337: 2331: 2325: 2319: 2313: 2307: 2301: 2295: 2289: 2283: 2277: 2271: 2265: 2259: 2253: 2244: 2238: 2232: 2215: 2209: 2203: 2190: 2180: 2174: 2168: 2162: 2156: 2141: 2135: 2129: 2123: 2117: 2111: 2105: 2099: 2090: 2084: 2078: 2072: 2063: 2057: 2051: 2045: 2039: 2033: 2027: 2021: 2012: 2006: 2000: 1994: 1988: 1982: 1976: 1975: 1968: 1962: 1956: 1950: 1944: 1938: 1932: 1926: 1925:, pp. 24–5. 1920: 1914: 1908: 1902: 1896: 1890: 1884: 1878: 1872: 1866: 1860: 1854: 1848: 1842: 1836: 1830: 1824: 1818: 1812: 1806: 1800: 1794: 1788: 1779: 1773: 1764: 1758: 1747: 1741: 1735: 1729: 1723: 1717: 1695: 1685: 1679: 1667: 1661: 1654: 1648: 1645: 1639: 1635: 1629: 1617: 1575:, also known as 1478:Henry III of Bar 1412:Agnes Strickland 1362:and her husband 1259:Trafalgar Square 974:Alphonso Psalter 953:Alphonso Psalter 875:Earl of Cornwall 782:Dunstable Priory 780:The annalist of 637:. Louis died at 550:Henry of Castile 518:Kings of England 512:in the south of 510:Duchy of Gascony 399:Dominican friars 317: 310:in her own right 299:Queen of England 215: 198: 196: 168:17 December 1290 51: 39: 21: 6665: 6664: 6660: 6659: 6658: 6656: 6655: 6654: 6485: 6484: 6483: 6478: 6461: 6424: 6407: 6394: 6377: 6360:Bridget of York 6298: 6281: 6260: 6243: 6222: 6205: 6149: 6132: 6123:Anne of Bohemia 6113: 6096: 6068:Mary of Waltham 6048:Joan of England 6021: 6004: 5960: 5943: 5872: 5855: 5814: 5797: 5794:William de Forz 5760:Richard FitzRoy 5710: 5693: 5671: 5654: 5632: 5615: 5546: 5533: 5518: 5479:Empress Matilda 5469: 5456: 5451: 5421: 5416: 5390:18th generation 5385: 5354:17th generation 5349: 5328:16th generation 5323: 5307:15th generation 5302: 5281:13th generation 5276: 5265:12th generation 5260: 5234:11th generation 5229: 5203:10th generation 5198: 5167: 5146: 5130: 5099: 5083: 5057: 5041: 5020: 4999: 4994: 4964: 4959: 4945: 4882: 4858: 4834:Anne of Denmark 4825: 4800: 4795: 4791:Anne of Denmark 4701:Joan of England 4659: 4593:Joan of Navarre 4583:Anne of Bohemia 4497:Edith of Mercia 4492:Edith of Wessex 4468:Ælfgifu of York 4422: 4417: and 4408: 4374: 4360: 4358: 4350: 4330: 4321: 4308: 4297:English royalty 4285: 4279: 4278: 4270: 4263: 4220: 4215: 4201: 4188: 4174: 4161: 4157: 4155:Further reading 4152: 4138: 4125: 4104: 4092:(10): 315–318. 4083: 4069: 4056: 4040: 4023: 4009: 3988: 3967: 3950: 3941: 3927: 3914: 3900: 3884: 3873: 3855: 3841: 3828: 3814: 3801: 3798:esp. 246 n. 3. 3779: 3765: 3749: 3735: 3722: 3708: 3695: 3674: 3660: 3647: 3635:(1–2): 92–103. 3626: 3604: 3591: 3569: 3556: 3542: 3527: 3513: 3500: 3486: 3473: 3459: 3443: 3429: 3408: 3394: 3381: 3377: 3372: 3364: 3337: 3329: 3325: 3321:, pp. 1–3. 3317: 3313: 3305: 3301: 3290: 3286: 3270: 3266: 3258: 3254: 3247: 3243: 3230: 3226: 3218:, p. 208, 3214: 3210: 3202: 3198: 3190:, p. 658, 3186: 3182: 3174: 3170: 3162: 3155: 3147: 3143: 3135: 3131: 3123: 3119: 3111: 3107: 3099: 3095: 3087: 3083: 3075: 3071: 3063: 3059: 3051: 3047: 3039: 3035: 3027: 3023: 3015: 3011: 2999: 2995: 2987: 2978: 2970: 2966: 2958: 2954: 2946: 2942: 2934: 2930: 2922: 2918: 2910: 2906: 2898: 2894: 2886: 2882: 2874: 2870: 2858: 2854: 2846: 2842: 2834: 2830: 2822: 2818: 2806:, p. 232, 2802: 2798: 2786: 2782: 2774: 2770: 2762: 2758: 2750: 2746: 2738: 2734: 2722: 2718: 2710: 2703: 2695: 2691: 2683: 2679: 2671: 2664: 2656: 2652: 2644: 2640: 2632: 2628: 2620: 2613: 2605: 2598: 2586: 2582: 2574:, p. 124, 2570: 2566: 2558: 2554: 2546: 2542: 2534: 2530: 2522: 2518: 2510: 2506: 2498:, p. 101, 2494: 2490: 2482: 2478: 2470: 2466: 2458: 2454: 2446: 2442: 2434: 2430: 2422: 2418: 2410: 2406: 2398: 2394: 2386: 2382: 2374: 2370: 2362: 2358: 2350: 2346: 2338: 2334: 2326: 2322: 2314: 2310: 2302: 2298: 2290: 2286: 2278: 2274: 2266: 2262: 2254: 2247: 2239: 2235: 2228:, p. 490, 2216: 2212: 2204: 2193: 2185:, p. 468, 2181: 2177: 2169: 2165: 2157: 2144: 2136: 2132: 2124: 2120: 2112: 2108: 2100: 2093: 2085: 2081: 2073: 2066: 2058: 2054: 2046: 2042: 2034: 2030: 2022: 2015: 2007: 2003: 1995: 1991: 1983: 1979: 1970: 1969: 1965: 1957: 1953: 1945: 1941: 1933: 1929: 1921: 1917: 1909: 1905: 1897: 1893: 1885: 1881: 1873: 1869: 1861: 1857: 1849: 1845: 1837: 1833: 1825: 1821: 1813: 1809: 1801: 1797: 1789: 1782: 1774: 1767: 1759: 1750: 1742: 1738: 1730: 1726: 1718: 1707: 1703: 1698: 1686: 1682: 1668: 1664: 1655: 1651: 1646: 1642: 1636: 1632: 1618: 1611: 1607: 1593: 1483:Daughter (1271 1424: 1324: 1212:Stony Stratford 1168: 1162: 1109: 1103: 1075: 1034: 1025:Dominican Order 1020: 997:domestic sphere 978:British Library 941: 899: 884:Lord Chancellor 867:translation of 844: 838:to her tailor. 815: 777: 774: 729: 723: 701:; Eleanor paid 679: 620: 610: 590:Battle of Lewes 565: 559: 506: 465: 416: 411: 403:Eleanor crosses 256: 209: 208: 200: 197: 1254) 192: 188: 175: 169: 156: 140: 57: 35: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 6663: 6661: 6653: 6652: 6647: 6642: 6637: 6632: 6627: 6622: 6617: 6612: 6607: 6602: 6597: 6592: 6587: 6582: 6577: 6572: 6567: 6562: 6557: 6552: 6547: 6542: 6537: 6532: 6527: 6522: 6517: 6512: 6507: 6502: 6497: 6487: 6486: 6480: 6479: 6477: 6476: 6470: 6467: 6466: 6463: 6462: 6460: 6459: 6454: 6451: 6447:Illegitimate: 6444: 6443: 6437: 6436: 6429: 6426: 6425: 6420: 6413: 6412: 6409: 6408: 6406: 6405: 6399: 6396: 6395: 6390: 6383: 6382: 6379: 6378: 6376: 6375: 6372: 6367: 6363: 6362: 6357: 6352: 6347: 6342: 6337: 6332: 6327: 6325:Cecily of York 6322: 6317: 6311: 6310: 6303: 6300: 6299: 6294: 6287: 6286: 6283: 6282: 6280: 6279: 6273: 6272: 6265: 6262: 6261: 6256: 6249: 6248: 6245: 6244: 6242: 6241: 6235: 6234: 6227: 6224: 6223: 6218: 6211: 6210: 6207: 6206: 6204: 6203: 6199: 6198: 6193: 6188: 6183: 6178: 6173: 6167: 6166: 6161: 6154: 6151: 6150: 6145: 6138: 6137: 6134: 6133: 6131: 6130: 6125: 6118: 6115: 6114: 6109: 6102: 6101: 6098: 6097: 6095: 6094: 6091: 6090:Jane Northland 6088: 6084:Illegitimate: 6081: 6080: 6075: 6070: 6065: 6060: 6055: 6050: 6045: 6040: 6034: 6033: 6026: 6023: 6022: 6017: 6010: 6009: 6006: 6005: 6003: 6002: 5998:Illegitimate: 5995: 5994: 5989: 5984: 5979: 5973: 5972: 5965: 5962: 5961: 5956: 5949: 5948: 5945: 5944: 5942: 5941: 5936: 5931: 5926: 5921: 5916: 5911: 5906: 5901: 5896: 5890: 5889: 5884: 5877: 5874: 5873: 5868: 5861: 5860: 5857: 5856: 5854: 5853: 5848: 5843: 5838: 5833: 5827: 5826: 5819: 5816: 5815: 5810: 5803: 5802: 5799: 5798: 5796: 5795: 5792: 5791:Philip FitzRoy 5789: 5788:Isabel FitzRoy 5786: 5783: 5780: 5777: 5776:Osbert Gifford 5774: 5771: 5768: 5765: 5764:Oliver FitzRoy 5762: 5757: 5753:Illegitimate: 5750: 5749: 5744: 5739: 5734: 5729: 5723: 5722: 5715: 5712: 5711: 5706: 5699: 5698: 5695: 5694: 5692: 5691: 5687:Illegitimate: 5684: 5683: 5676: 5673: 5672: 5667: 5660: 5659: 5656: 5655: 5653: 5652: 5645: 5644: 5637: 5634: 5633: 5628: 5621: 5620: 5617: 5616: 5614: 5613: 5608: 5604:Illegitimate: 5601: 5600: 5595: 5590: 5585: 5580: 5575: 5570: 5565: 5559: 5558: 5551: 5548: 5547: 5542: 5535: 5534: 5525: 5523: 5520: 5519: 5517: 5516: 5511: 5506: 5502:Illegitimate: 5499: 5498: 5493: 5488: 5482: 5481: 5474: 5471: 5470: 5465: 5458: 5457: 5452: 5450: 5449: 5442: 5435: 5427: 5418: 5417: 5415: 5414: 5409: 5404: 5399: 5393: 5391: 5387: 5386: 5384: 5383: 5378: 5373: 5368: 5363: 5357: 5355: 5351: 5350: 5348: 5347: 5342: 5337: 5331: 5329: 5325: 5324: 5322: 5321: 5316: 5310: 5308: 5304: 5303: 5301: 5300: 5295: 5290: 5284: 5282: 5278: 5277: 5275: 5274: 5268: 5266: 5262: 5261: 5259: 5258: 5253: 5248: 5243: 5237: 5235: 5231: 5230: 5228: 5227: 5222: 5217: 5212: 5206: 5204: 5200: 5199: 5197: 5196: 5191: 5186: 5181: 5175: 5173: 5172:9th generation 5169: 5168: 5166: 5165: 5160: 5154: 5152: 5151:8th generation 5148: 5147: 5145: 5144: 5138: 5136: 5135:7th generation 5132: 5131: 5129: 5128: 5123: 5118: 5113: 5107: 5105: 5104:6th generation 5101: 5100: 5098: 5097: 5091: 5089: 5088:5th generation 5085: 5084: 5082: 5081: 5076: 5071: 5065: 5063: 5062:4th generation 5059: 5058: 5056: 5055: 5049: 5047: 5046:3rd generation 5043: 5042: 5040: 5039: 5034: 5028: 5026: 5025:2nd generation 5022: 5021: 5019: 5018: 5013: 5007: 5005: 5004:1st generation 5001: 5000: 4995: 4993: 4992: 4985: 4978: 4970: 4961: 4960: 4954: 4951: 4950: 4947: 4946: 4944: 4943: 4938: 4933: 4928: 4923: 4918: 4913: 4908: 4903: 4898: 4893: 4887: 4884: 4883: 4881: 4880: 4871: 4864: 4863: 4860: 4859: 4857: 4856: 4851: 4849:Mary of Modena 4846: 4841: 4836: 4830: 4827: 4826: 4824: 4823: 4813: 4806: 4805: 4802: 4801: 4797: 4796: 4794: 4793: 4788: 4783: 4778: 4773: 4768: 4763: 4761:Margaret Tudor 4758: 4753: 4748: 4743: 4738: 4733: 4728: 4723: 4718: 4713: 4708: 4706:Marie de Coucy 4703: 4698: 4693: 4688: 4683: 4678: 4673: 4668: 4662: 4660: 4658: 4657: 4650: 4648:Catherine Parr 4645: 4640: 4638:Anne of Cleves 4635: 4630: 4625: 4620: 4615: 4610: 4605: 4600: 4595: 4590: 4585: 4580: 4575: 4570: 4565: 4560: 4555: 4548: 4543: 4538: 4531: 4526: 4519: 4514: 4509: 4504: 4499: 4494: 4489: 4484: 4479: 4470: 4465: 4460: 4455: 4450: 4444: 4441: 4440: 4437: 4431: 4424: 4423: 4421:royal consorts 4409: 4407: 4406: 4399: 4392: 4384: 4376: 4375: 4370: 4367: 4351: 4346: 4342: 4341: 4340:Regnal titles 4337: 4336: 4328: 4323: 4314: 4306: 4300: 4299: 4293: 4292: 4275:House of Ivrea 4271: 4264: 4261: 4256: 4255: 4241: 4236: 4231: 4226: 4219: 4218:External links 4216: 4214: 4213: 4199: 4186: 4172: 4158: 4156: 4153: 4151: 4150: 4136: 4123: 4102: 4081: 4067: 4054: 4053: 4052: 4038: 4007: 3986: 3965: 3957:Peregrinations 3948: 3939: 3925: 3912: 3898: 3882: 3881: 3880: 3853: 3839: 3826: 3812: 3777: 3763: 3747: 3733: 3720: 3706: 3693: 3672: 3658: 3645: 3624: 3602: 3589: 3567: 3554: 3540: 3525: 3511: 3498: 3484: 3471: 3457: 3441: 3427: 3406: 3392: 3378: 3376: 3373: 3371: 3370: 3368:, p. 573. 3366:Prestwich 1988 3335: 3323: 3311: 3299: 3296:Cockerill 2014 3284: 3276:Cockerill 2014 3264: 3252: 3249:Cockerill 2014 3241: 3224: 3220:Cockerill 2014 3208: 3196: 3180: 3168: 3166:, p. 208. 3153: 3141: 3129: 3127:, p. 363. 3117: 3105: 3103:, p. 351. 3101:Cockerill 2014 3093: 3081: 3069: 3065:Cockerill 2014 3057: 3053:Stevenson 1888 3045: 3043:, p. 342. 3041:Cockerill 2014 3033: 3029:Cockerill 2014 3021: 3019:, p. 343. 3017:Cockerill 2014 3009: 3005:Cockerill 2014 3003:, p. 58, 2993: 2976: 2964: 2952: 2950:, p. 225. 2948:Cockerill 2014 2940: 2928: 2924:Cockerill 2014 2916: 2914:, p. 314. 2904: 2892: 2880: 2868: 2852: 2850:, p. 293. 2840: 2828: 2824:Armstrong 2023 2816: 2808:Cockerill 2014 2796: 2792:Carpenter 2004 2790:, p. 57, 2780: 2778:, p. 237. 2776:Cockerill 2014 2768: 2764:Cockerill 2014 2756: 2754:, p. 103. 2744: 2732: 2724:Cockerill 2014 2716: 2714:, p. 229. 2701: 2699:, p. 232. 2697:Cockerill 2014 2689: 2677: 2675:, p. 230. 2673:Cockerill 2014 2662: 2650: 2638: 2634:Cockerill 2014 2626: 2624:, p. 238. 2622:Cockerill 2014 2611: 2607:Cockerill 2014 2596: 2592:Cockerill 2014 2580: 2572:Cockerill 2014 2564: 2560:Armstrong 2023 2552: 2548:Armstrong 2023 2540: 2528: 2524:Armstrong 2023 2516: 2514:, p. 245. 2512:Armstrong 2023 2504: 2488: 2484:Cockerill 2014 2476: 2472:Armstrong 2023 2464: 2452: 2440: 2428: 2416: 2404: 2392: 2390:, p. 250. 2388:Armstrong 2023 2380: 2368: 2356: 2344: 2332: 2320: 2308: 2306:, p. 142. 2296: 2294:, p. 143. 2284: 2272: 2270:, p. 229. 2260: 2258:, p. 225. 2245: 2243:, p. 123. 2233: 2226:Carpenter 2004 2210: 2191: 2187:Armstrong 2023 2183:Carpenter 2004 2175: 2173:, p. 246. 2171:Armstrong 2023 2163: 2161:, p. 468. 2159:Carpenter 2004 2142: 2140:, p. 358. 2138:Cockerill 2014 2130: 2118: 2114:Armstrong 2023 2106: 2104:, p. 254. 2102:Armstrong 2023 2091: 2089:, p. 338. 2087:Cockerill 2014 2079: 2077:, p. 243. 2075:Armstrong 2023 2064: 2052: 2050:, p. 294. 2048:Cockerill 2014 2040: 2028: 2013: 2009:Cockerill 2014 2001: 1989: 1987:, p. 101. 1977: 1963: 1961:, p. 100. 1951: 1939: 1927: 1915: 1903: 1891: 1879: 1875:Cockerill 2014 1867: 1863:Cockerill 2014 1855: 1843: 1839:Cockerill 2014 1831: 1827:Cockerill 2014 1819: 1807: 1803:Cockerill 2014 1795: 1791:Cockerill 2014 1780: 1765: 1748: 1746:, p. 235. 1736: 1724: 1704: 1702: 1699: 1697: 1696: 1693:Cockerill 2014 1691:, p. 56; 1680: 1662: 1649: 1640: 1630: 1622:William Camden 1608: 1606: 1603: 1602: 1601: 1592: 1589: 1588: 1587: 1570: 1561:, (2) in 1302 1552: 1549: 1532: 1525: 1518: 1508: 1502: 1488: 1481: 1467: 1457: 1442: 1435: 1428: 1423: 1420: 1337:William Camden 1323: 1320: 1161: 1158: 1102: 1099: 1074: 1071: 1033: 1030: 1019: 1016: 940: 937: 920:Marie de Coucy 916:Earl of Ulster 898: 895: 887:Robert Burnell 870:De Re Militari 843: 840: 814: 811: 771: 722: 719: 710:abbot of Cluny 678: 675: 635:Eighth Crusade 609: 606: 582:Windsor Castle 558: 555: 505: 502: 464: 461: 415: 412: 410: 407: 391:Little St Hugh 369:and after the 333:onwards, when 290: 289: 284: 280: 279: 274: 270: 269: 264: 258: 257: 255: 254: 249: 244: 239: 234: 229: 224: 218: 216: 202: 201: 190: 184: 183: 181: 177: 176: 170: 166: 162: 161: 153: 149: 148: 137: 133: 132: 129: 128: 123: 119: 118: 113: 109: 108: 103: 99: 98: 95: 91: 90: 84: 83: 82:19 August 1274 80: 74: 73: 70: 66: 65: 59: 58: 52: 44: 43: 26: 24: 14: 13: 10: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 6662: 6651: 6648: 6646: 6643: 6641: 6638: 6636: 6633: 6631: 6628: 6626: 6623: 6621: 6618: 6616: 6613: 6611: 6608: 6606: 6603: 6601: 6598: 6596: 6593: 6591: 6588: 6586: 6583: 6581: 6578: 6576: 6573: 6571: 6568: 6566: 6563: 6561: 6558: 6556: 6553: 6551: 6548: 6546: 6543: 6541: 6538: 6536: 6533: 6531: 6528: 6526: 6523: 6521: 6518: 6516: 6513: 6511: 6508: 6506: 6503: 6501: 6498: 6496: 6493: 6492: 6490: 6475: 6472: 6471: 6468: 6458: 6455: 6452: 6450: 6446: 6445: 6442: 6439: 6438: 6435: 6431: 6430: 6427: 6423: 6418: 6414: 6404: 6401: 6400: 6397: 6393: 6388: 6384: 6373: 6371: 6368: 6365: 6364: 6361: 6358: 6356: 6353: 6351: 6348: 6346: 6343: 6341: 6338: 6336: 6333: 6331: 6328: 6326: 6323: 6321: 6318: 6316: 6313: 6312: 6309: 6305: 6304: 6301: 6297: 6292: 6288: 6278: 6275: 6274: 6271: 6267: 6266: 6263: 6259: 6254: 6250: 6240: 6237: 6236: 6233: 6229: 6228: 6225: 6221: 6216: 6212: 6201: 6200: 6197: 6194: 6192: 6189: 6187: 6184: 6182: 6179: 6177: 6174: 6172: 6169: 6168: 6165: 6162: 6160: 6159:Mary de Bohun 6156: 6155: 6152: 6148: 6143: 6139: 6129: 6126: 6124: 6120: 6119: 6116: 6112: 6107: 6103: 6092: 6089: 6087: 6083: 6082: 6079: 6076: 6074: 6071: 6069: 6066: 6064: 6061: 6059: 6056: 6054: 6051: 6049: 6046: 6044: 6041: 6039: 6036: 6035: 6032: 6028: 6027: 6024: 6020: 6015: 6011: 6001: 5997: 5996: 5993: 5990: 5988: 5985: 5983: 5980: 5978: 5975: 5974: 5971: 5967: 5966: 5963: 5959: 5954: 5950: 5940: 5937: 5935: 5932: 5930: 5927: 5925: 5922: 5920: 5917: 5915: 5912: 5910: 5907: 5905: 5902: 5900: 5897: 5895: 5892: 5891: 5888: 5885: 5883: 5879: 5878: 5875: 5871: 5866: 5862: 5852: 5849: 5847: 5844: 5842: 5839: 5837: 5834: 5832: 5829: 5828: 5825: 5821: 5820: 5817: 5813: 5808: 5804: 5793: 5790: 5787: 5784: 5781: 5779:Eudes FitzRoy 5778: 5775: 5773:Henry FitzRoy 5772: 5769: 5766: 5763: 5761: 5758: 5756: 5752: 5751: 5748: 5745: 5743: 5740: 5738: 5735: 5733: 5730: 5728: 5725: 5724: 5721: 5717: 5716: 5713: 5709: 5704: 5700: 5690: 5686: 5685: 5682: 5678: 5677: 5674: 5670: 5665: 5661: 5650: 5647: 5646: 5643: 5639: 5638: 5635: 5631: 5626: 5622: 5612: 5609: 5607: 5603: 5602: 5599: 5596: 5594: 5591: 5589: 5586: 5584: 5581: 5579: 5576: 5574: 5571: 5569: 5566: 5564: 5561: 5560: 5557: 5553: 5552: 5549: 5545: 5540: 5536: 5529: 5515: 5512: 5510: 5509:Emma of Anjou 5507: 5505: 5501: 5500: 5497: 5494: 5492: 5489: 5487: 5484: 5483: 5480: 5476: 5475: 5472: 5468: 5463: 5459: 5455: 5448: 5443: 5441: 5436: 5434: 5429: 5428: 5425: 5413: 5410: 5408: 5405: 5403: 5400: 5398: 5395: 5394: 5392: 5388: 5382: 5379: 5377: 5374: 5372: 5369: 5367: 5364: 5362: 5359: 5358: 5356: 5352: 5346: 5343: 5341: 5338: 5336: 5333: 5332: 5330: 5326: 5320: 5317: 5315: 5312: 5311: 5309: 5305: 5299: 5296: 5294: 5291: 5289: 5286: 5285: 5283: 5279: 5273: 5270: 5269: 5267: 5263: 5257: 5254: 5252: 5249: 5247: 5244: 5242: 5239: 5238: 5236: 5232: 5226: 5223: 5221: 5218: 5216: 5213: 5211: 5208: 5207: 5205: 5201: 5195: 5192: 5190: 5187: 5185: 5182: 5180: 5177: 5176: 5174: 5170: 5164: 5161: 5159: 5156: 5155: 5153: 5149: 5143: 5140: 5139: 5137: 5133: 5127: 5124: 5122: 5119: 5117: 5114: 5112: 5109: 5108: 5106: 5102: 5096: 5093: 5092: 5090: 5086: 5080: 5077: 5075: 5072: 5070: 5067: 5066: 5064: 5060: 5054: 5051: 5050: 5048: 5044: 5038: 5035: 5033: 5030: 5029: 5027: 5023: 5017: 5014: 5012: 5009: 5008: 5006: 5002: 4998: 4991: 4986: 4984: 4979: 4977: 4972: 4971: 4968: 4958: 4952: 4942: 4941:Camilla Shand 4939: 4937: 4934: 4932: 4929: 4927: 4924: 4922: 4919: 4917: 4914: 4912: 4909: 4907: 4904: 4902: 4899: 4897: 4894: 4892: 4889: 4888: 4885: 4879: 4878: 4873: 4872: 4869: 4865: 4855: 4852: 4850: 4847: 4845: 4842: 4840: 4837: 4835: 4832: 4831: 4828: 4822: 4820: 4815: 4814: 4811: 4807: 4792: 4789: 4787: 4786:James Hepburn 4784: 4782: 4779: 4777: 4774: 4772: 4771:Mary of Guise 4769: 4767: 4764: 4762: 4759: 4757: 4754: 4752: 4749: 4747: 4746:Joan Beaufort 4744: 4742: 4739: 4737: 4734: 4732: 4729: 4727: 4724: 4722: 4719: 4717: 4714: 4712: 4709: 4707: 4704: 4702: 4699: 4697: 4694: 4692: 4689: 4687: 4684: 4682: 4679: 4677: 4674: 4672: 4669: 4667: 4664: 4663: 4661: 4656: 4655: 4651: 4649: 4646: 4644: 4641: 4639: 4636: 4634: 4631: 4629: 4626: 4624: 4621: 4619: 4616: 4614: 4611: 4609: 4606: 4604: 4601: 4599: 4596: 4594: 4591: 4589: 4586: 4584: 4581: 4579: 4576: 4574: 4571: 4569: 4566: 4564: 4561: 4559: 4556: 4554: 4553: 4549: 4547: 4544: 4542: 4539: 4537: 4536: 4532: 4530: 4527: 4525: 4524: 4520: 4518: 4515: 4513: 4510: 4508: 4505: 4503: 4500: 4498: 4495: 4493: 4490: 4488: 4485: 4483: 4480: 4478: 4474: 4471: 4469: 4466: 4464: 4461: 4459: 4456: 4454: 4451: 4449: 4446: 4445: 4443: 4442: 4438: 4435: 4434: 4429: 4425: 4420: 4416: 4412: 4405: 4400: 4398: 4393: 4391: 4386: 4385: 4382: 4373: 4366: 4365: 4357: 4356: 4349: 4343: 4338: 4335: 4334: 4327: 4320: 4319: 4313: 4312: 4305: 4301: 4298: 4294: 4289: 4282: 4277: 4276: 4269: 4268: 4259: 4253: 4249: 4245: 4242: 4240: 4237: 4235: 4232: 4230: 4227: 4225: 4222: 4221: 4217: 4210: 4206: 4202: 4200:9780312172985 4196: 4192: 4187: 4183: 4179: 4175: 4173:9783487139432 4169: 4165: 4160: 4159: 4154: 4147: 4143: 4139: 4137:9781512823899 4133: 4129: 4124: 4120: 4116: 4112: 4108: 4103: 4099: 4095: 4091: 4087: 4082: 4078: 4074: 4070: 4068:9780907307143 4064: 4060: 4055: 4049: 4045: 4041: 4039:9781852851958 4035: 4031: 4027: 4022: 4021: 4018: 4014: 4010: 4008:9780851156743 4004: 4000: 3996: 3992: 3987: 3983: 3979: 3975: 3971: 3966: 3962: 3958: 3954: 3949: 3945: 3940: 3936: 3932: 3928: 3922: 3918: 3913: 3909: 3905: 3901: 3895: 3891: 3887: 3883: 3877: 3869: 3865: 3861: 3860: 3854: 3850: 3846: 3842: 3840:9781879288652 3836: 3832: 3827: 3823: 3819: 3815: 3809: 3805: 3800: 3799: 3795: 3791: 3787: 3783: 3778: 3774: 3770: 3766: 3764:9780099481751 3760: 3756: 3752: 3748: 3744: 3740: 3736: 3734:9780752437293 3730: 3726: 3721: 3717: 3713: 3709: 3707:9780230278165 3703: 3699: 3694: 3690: 3686: 3682: 3678: 3673: 3669: 3665: 3661: 3659:9781441157126 3655: 3652:. Continuum. 3651: 3646: 3642: 3638: 3634: 3630: 3625: 3621: 3617: 3613: 3609: 3605: 3603:9780812241709 3599: 3595: 3590: 3586: 3582: 3578: 3574: 3570: 3568:9781442649026 3564: 3560: 3555: 3551: 3547: 3543: 3537: 3533: 3532: 3526: 3522: 3518: 3514: 3512:9781445635897 3508: 3504: 3499: 3495: 3491: 3487: 3485:9780907307143 3481: 3477: 3472: 3468: 3464: 3460: 3458:9780140148244 3454: 3450: 3446: 3442: 3438: 3434: 3430: 3428:9783031210679 3424: 3420: 3416: 3412: 3407: 3403: 3399: 3395: 3393:9780297791904 3389: 3385: 3380: 3379: 3374: 3367: 3362: 3360: 3358: 3356: 3354: 3352: 3350: 3348: 3346: 3344: 3342: 3340: 3336: 3332: 3327: 3324: 3320: 3315: 3312: 3308: 3303: 3300: 3297: 3293: 3288: 3285: 3281: 3277: 3273: 3268: 3265: 3262:, p. 56. 3261: 3256: 3253: 3250: 3245: 3242: 3238: 3234: 3228: 3225: 3221: 3217: 3212: 3209: 3205: 3200: 3197: 3194:, p. 174 3193: 3189: 3184: 3181: 3177: 3172: 3169: 3165: 3160: 3158: 3154: 3150: 3145: 3142: 3138: 3133: 3130: 3126: 3121: 3118: 3114: 3109: 3106: 3102: 3097: 3094: 3090: 3085: 3082: 3078: 3073: 3070: 3066: 3061: 3058: 3054: 3049: 3046: 3042: 3037: 3034: 3030: 3025: 3022: 3018: 3013: 3010: 3006: 3002: 2997: 2994: 2991:, p. 58. 2990: 2985: 2983: 2981: 2977: 2973: 2968: 2965: 2961: 2956: 2953: 2949: 2944: 2941: 2937: 2932: 2929: 2925: 2920: 2917: 2913: 2908: 2905: 2901: 2896: 2893: 2889: 2884: 2881: 2878:, p. 41. 2877: 2872: 2869: 2865: 2861: 2856: 2853: 2849: 2844: 2841: 2837: 2832: 2829: 2825: 2820: 2817: 2813: 2809: 2805: 2800: 2797: 2794:, p. 468 2793: 2789: 2784: 2781: 2777: 2772: 2769: 2765: 2760: 2757: 2753: 2752:Hamilton 1995 2748: 2745: 2742:, p. 54. 2741: 2736: 2733: 2730:, p. 229 2729: 2725: 2720: 2717: 2713: 2708: 2706: 2702: 2698: 2693: 2690: 2687:, p. 51. 2686: 2681: 2678: 2674: 2669: 2667: 2663: 2660:, p. 56. 2659: 2654: 2651: 2648:, p. 17. 2647: 2642: 2639: 2635: 2630: 2627: 2623: 2618: 2616: 2612: 2608: 2603: 2601: 2597: 2593: 2589: 2584: 2581: 2577: 2573: 2568: 2565: 2561: 2556: 2553: 2549: 2544: 2541: 2537: 2532: 2529: 2525: 2520: 2517: 2513: 2508: 2505: 2501: 2497: 2496:Hamilton 1995 2492: 2489: 2485: 2480: 2477: 2473: 2468: 2465: 2461: 2460:Huscroft 2006 2456: 2453: 2449: 2444: 2441: 2437: 2432: 2429: 2425: 2420: 2417: 2413: 2408: 2405: 2401: 2396: 2393: 2389: 2384: 2381: 2377: 2372: 2369: 2365: 2360: 2357: 2353: 2348: 2345: 2341: 2336: 2333: 2329: 2324: 2321: 2317: 2312: 2309: 2305: 2300: 2297: 2293: 2288: 2285: 2281: 2276: 2273: 2269: 2264: 2261: 2257: 2252: 2250: 2246: 2242: 2237: 2234: 2231: 2227: 2223: 2219: 2214: 2211: 2208:, p. 13. 2207: 2202: 2200: 2198: 2196: 2192: 2189:, p. 246 2188: 2184: 2179: 2176: 2172: 2167: 2164: 2160: 2155: 2153: 2151: 2149: 2147: 2143: 2139: 2134: 2131: 2127: 2122: 2119: 2115: 2110: 2107: 2103: 2098: 2096: 2092: 2088: 2083: 2080: 2076: 2071: 2069: 2065: 2062:, p. 33. 2061: 2056: 2053: 2049: 2044: 2041: 2038:, p. 62. 2037: 2036:Hamilton 2010 2032: 2029: 2026:, p. 50. 2025: 2020: 2018: 2014: 2010: 2005: 2002: 1999:, p. 31. 1998: 1993: 1990: 1986: 1985:Hamilton 1995 1981: 1978: 1973: 1967: 1964: 1960: 1959:Hamilton 1995 1955: 1952: 1948: 1947:Hamilton 1995 1943: 1940: 1936: 1935:Hamilton 1995 1931: 1928: 1924: 1919: 1916: 1913:, p. 24. 1912: 1907: 1904: 1901:, p. 23. 1900: 1895: 1892: 1888: 1883: 1880: 1876: 1871: 1868: 1864: 1859: 1856: 1852: 1847: 1844: 1840: 1835: 1832: 1829:, p. 90. 1828: 1823: 1820: 1816: 1811: 1808: 1804: 1799: 1796: 1792: 1787: 1785: 1781: 1777: 1772: 1770: 1766: 1762: 1757: 1755: 1753: 1749: 1745: 1740: 1737: 1734:, p. 92. 1733: 1732:Hamilton 1995 1728: 1725: 1721: 1716: 1714: 1712: 1710: 1706: 1700: 1694: 1690: 1684: 1681: 1676: 1672: 1666: 1663: 1659: 1653: 1650: 1644: 1641: 1634: 1631: 1627: 1623: 1616: 1614: 1610: 1604: 1600: 1599: 1595: 1594: 1590: 1585: 1581: 1580: 1574: 1571: 1568: 1567:Earl of Essex 1564: 1560: 1556: 1553: 1550: 1547: 1543: 1540: 1536: 1533: 1530: 1526: 1523: 1519: 1516: 1512: 1509: 1506: 1503: 1500: 1496: 1492: 1489: 1486: 1482: 1479: 1475: 1471: 1468: 1465: 1461: 1458: 1455: 1451: 1447: 1443: 1440: 1436: 1433: 1429: 1426: 1425: 1421: 1419: 1415: 1413: 1409: 1405: 1397: 1396:William Blake 1392: 1388: 1386: 1382: 1378: 1374: 1373: 1367: 1365: 1361: 1357: 1352: 1349: 1348: 1343: 1338: 1328: 1321: 1319: 1317: 1316:William Torel 1307: 1303: 1301: 1297: 1292: 1290: 1285: 1281: 1280: 1274: 1272: 1266: 1264: 1260: 1256: 1252: 1248: 1247:Charing Cross 1243: 1241: 1237: 1233: 1229: 1225: 1221: 1217: 1213: 1209: 1205: 1201: 1197: 1193: 1189: 1185: 1181: 1172: 1167: 1166:Eleanor cross 1159: 1157: 1155: 1151: 1146: 1144: 1139: 1135: 1131: 1125: 1123: 1119: 1115: 1114:quartan fever 1108: 1107:Eleanor cross 1100: 1098: 1096: 1092: 1087: 1082: 1080: 1072: 1070: 1068: 1064: 1060: 1055: 1051: 1046: 1038: 1031: 1029: 1026: 1017: 1015: 1013: 1009: 1005: 1000: 998: 989: 985: 983: 979: 975: 971: 967: 966:John de Vescy 962: 954: 949: 945: 938: 936: 933: 929: 928:Châtellerault 925: 924:Alexander III 921: 917: 911: 903: 896: 894: 892: 888: 885: 879: 876: 872: 871: 866: 862: 856: 854: 850: 841: 839: 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3036: 3024: 3012: 3001:Parsons 1995 2996: 2989:Parsons 1995 2972:Parsons 1995 2967: 2960:Parsons 1995 2955: 2943: 2931: 2919: 2912:Parsons 1998 2907: 2900:Parsons 1998 2895: 2888:Parsons 1998 2883: 2876:Parsons 1995 2871: 2864:Parsons 1998 2860:Parsons 1995 2855: 2848:Parsons 1998 2843: 2831: 2819: 2814:, p. 58 2812:Parsons 1995 2799: 2788:Parsons 1995 2783: 2771: 2759: 2747: 2740:Parsons 1995 2735: 2719: 2692: 2685:Parsons 1995 2680: 2658:Parsons 1995 2653: 2646:Parsons 1995 2641: 2629: 2583: 2576:Parsons 1995 2567: 2555: 2543: 2536:Parsons 1995 2531: 2519: 2507: 2502:, p. 27 2500:Parsons 1995 2491: 2479: 2467: 2455: 2443: 2431: 2424:Parsons 1995 2419: 2412:Parsons 1995 2407: 2400:Parsons 1995 2395: 2383: 2376:Parsons 1995 2371: 2364:Parsons 1995 2359: 2352:Parsons 1995 2347: 2340:Parsons 1995 2335: 2328:Parsons 1995 2323: 2316:Parsons 1995 2311: 2304:Parsons 1995 2299: 2292:Parsons 1995 2287: 2280:Parsons 1995 2275: 2263: 2241:Parsons 1995 2236: 2230:Parsons 2004 2213: 2178: 2166: 2133: 2126:Parsons 1998 2121: 2109: 2082: 2060:Parsons 1995 2055: 2043: 2031: 2024:Parsons 1995 2004: 1997:Parsons 1995 1992: 1980: 1971: 1966: 1954: 1942: 1930: 1923:Parsons 1995 1918: 1911:Parsons 1995 1906: 1899:Parsons 1995 1894: 1887:Parsons 1995 1882: 1870: 1858: 1851:Parsons 1995 1846: 1834: 1822: 1815:Parsons 1995 1810: 1798: 1793:, p. 80 1776:Parsons 1984 1763:, p. 9. 1761:Parsons 1995 1744:Powicke 1991 1739: 1727: 1720:Parsons 2004 1689:Griffin 2009 1683: 1671:Griffin 2009 1665: 1652: 1643: 1633: 1625: 1596: 1576: 1452:. 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Huelgas 383:stone cross 324:Las Huelgas 102:Predecessor 6489:Categories 3976:: 83–109. 3926:0947731792 3899:0192852493 3878:required.) 3813:0312086490 3683:: 69–109. 3149:Cocke 1986 1579:Caernarvon 1577:Edward of 1360:Mary Tudor 1242:, London. 1200:Geddington 1012:backgammon 1004:Quenington 865:Old French 836:Canterbury 409:Early life 78:Coronation 6296:Edward IV 4821:from 1603 4463:Ælfthryth 4372:Edward II 4359:1279–1290 4182:24913542M 4146:39646815M 4017:11596429M 3849:12116082M 3773:22563815M 3716:28086241M 3668:28013041M 3620:23081992M 3585:29255494M 3550:359673870 3521:28551635M 3437:40320999M 3402:46862874M 1626:Britannia 1555:Elizabeth 1485:Palestine 1385:Edward II 1263:Charles I 1255:Whitehall 1232:Westcheap 1224:St Albans 1220:Dunstable 1138:Clipstone 1095:St Albans 1073:Character 1050:Guildford 1008:Cotswolds 703:minstrels 651:Holy Land 604:Eleanor. 514:Aquitaine 459:in 1252. 448:Andalusia 343:Henry III 160:, England 122:Alongside 116:Edward II 112:Successor 6474:Category 6392:Edward V 6330:Edward V 5272:Isabella 4482:Ealdgyth 4415:Scottish 4364:Edward I 4209:1402886M 4119:29777686 4077:2443113M 4048:8976316M 3982:29779864 3944:Edward I 3935:1307649M 3908:1533879M 3888:(1991). 3822:3502870W 3753:(2009). 3743:7982808M 3689:29779954 3494:2443113M 3467:7348814M 3447:(2004). 1628:in 1586. 1591:See also 1565:and 3rd 1546:Amesbury 1511:Margaret 1505:Alphonso 1196:Stamford 1192:Grantham 1184:Louis IX 932:Lusignan 861:Vegetius 639:Carthage 624:Crusades 578:Ponthieu 504:Marriage 489:Pyrenees 315:suo jure 303:Edward I 126:Edward I 6157:Wives: 6121:Wives: 5880:Wives: 5246:Blanche 4957:italics 4458:Ælfgifu 4419:British 4413:, 4411:English 4246:at the 3375:Sources 1624:in his 1598:Infante 1470:Eleanor 1236:Charing 1228:Waltham 1188:Lincoln 1143:Lincoln 1118:malaria 1086:Peckham 1059:dowager 1006:in the 995:In the 853:Gascony 664:of the 662:Baibars 649:in the 633:on the 608:Crusade 571:Eleanor 457:Seville 379:Lincoln 320:Gascony 212:more... 199: 191: 146:Castile 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Eleanor of Castile

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