1145:
in all domains. Even so, Madelung views this decision of Ali as politically naive. His view is in turn rejected by Ali
Bahramian, who suggests that replacing the governors was the only available course of action, both on principle and in practice. He writes that injustice was the main grievance of the provincial rebels and they would have turned against Ali had he confirmed Uthman's governors. Ayoub says that the idealism of Ali in time became an example for the pious but also led to war in the short term. He adds that political flexibility was a quality of Muhammad, absent in Ali. In contrast, Tabatabai asserts that Islam never allows for compromising on a just cause, quoting verse 68:9, "They wish that thou might compromise and that they might compromise." To support his view, Tabatabai notes that Muhammad repeatedly rejected calls for peace from his enemies in return for leaving their gods alone. Shah-Kazemi too challenges the view of Ayoub, saying that Muhammad appointed some of his erstwhile enemies to leadership positions to give them an opportunity to prove their conversion to Islam, without compromising his principles. In contrast, confirming those whom Ali dismissed would have been tantamount to overlooking their corruption and undermining the moral basis of his caliphate. Among the incumbent governors was Uthman's cousin
301:
731:
846:
811:) writes, " shrank from drama in which religion had been displaced by politics, and devotion by intrigue." For Jafri, Ali must have been wary of implicating himself in Uthman's regicide by becoming the next caliph. For Veccia Vaglieri, however, that Ali allowed himself to be nominated by the rebels was an error, because it left him exposed to accusations of complicity in the assassination. Alternatively, M.A. Shaban and Anthony believe that Ali stepped in to prevent chaos and fill the power vacuum created by the regicide. The opinion of Ayoub is close. Soon after, possibly when it became clear that he enjoyed popular support, Ali accepted the caliphate, demanding a public pledge at the mosque, according to al-Tabari and al-Baladhuri. Shah-Kazemi and Jafri maintain that Ali was compelled by popular pressure to accede, with the latter author presenting as evidence an address in
1002:) views the claims about coercion as an invented justification for the later violation of the pacts made by Talha and Zubayr. Gleave similarly dismisses the (Sunni) reports that Talha and Zubayr did not pledge or did so under duress, saying that these reports reflect their authors' attempts to provide a fuller context for their subsequent rebellion against Ali in the Battle of the Camel. Madelung argues that the election of Ali could have not happened without the pledge of Talha, as Ali's main rival, but he also suggests that Talha did not come to the ceremony voluntarily and was dragged there by al-Ashtar. Alternatively, Hamid Mavani refers to a letter in
35:
825:
488:). These wanted to see Ali as the next caliph, though there is no evidence that he communicated or coordinated with them. Ali is also said to have rejected the requests to lead the rebels, although he might have sympathized with their grievances, and was thus considered a natural focus for the opposition, at least morally. It is also likely that some companions supported the protests with the hope of either deposing Uthman, or changing his policies, thus underestimating the severity of the opposition to Uthman.
1076:). Madelung considers the latter group as the majority within the Quraysh. Kennedy similarly writes that the Quraysh challenged Ali to preserve the status of their tribe, while Jafri suggests that the Meccan elites were threatened by the ascetic Ali who represented the Ansar and the lower classes of the society. Ali was also vocal about the divine and exclusive right of Muhammad's kin to succeed him, which would have jeopardized the future ambitions of other Qurayshites for leadership.
727:, who was allegedly among those who killed Uthman. Some authors have rejected this accusation, though most seem to agree that Muhammad visited Uthman shortly before his death and rebuked him for his conduct. These two men and some other supporters of Ali were implicated by Mu'awiya in the assassination of Uthman. As such, some authors suggest that Ali was unwilling or unable to punish these individuals. The revenge for Uthman soon became the pretext for two revolts against Ali.
1124:(council), whereas Ali emphasized the general public's endorsement of his caliphate. Some authors maintain that Ali unequivocally viewed himself as the most qualified person to lead the Muslim community after Muhammad by virtue of his merits and his kinship with Muhammad. Mavani, Madelung, and Shah-Kazemi add that Ali further considered himself as the designated successor of Muhammad through a divine decree at the
300:
1107:, despite the pleas of Uthman, who believed her presence in Medina would restrain the rebels from attack. After learning about the accession of Ali, she began to mobilize the rebel party in favor of her close relatives, Talha and Zubayr. She did so ostensibly to seek justice for Uthman, although some have questioned her motives because she had earlier actively opposed Uthman.
250:
923:), even though many broke with Ali later, claiming that they had pledged under duress. At the same time, that the majority favored Ali in Medina might have created an intimidating atmosphere for those opposed to him. McHugo suggests that Malik al-Ashtar and some others may have contributed to this atmosphere, probably without the approval of Ali.
687:. Madelung sides with this judgement of Ali from a judicial point of view, saying that Uthman probably did not sanction the murder of Niyar ibn Iyad Aslami, which triggered the deadly raid on his residence, but he obstructed justice by preventing an investigation into the murder, fearing that his aide Marwan was behind it. Still, in his letters to
1137:
Ansar. Ibn Abbas and al-Mughira advised Ali to initially confirm these governors, in order to consolidate his caliphate, even though some of them were unpopular. Ali rejected this and replaced nearly all the governors who had served Uthman, saying that the likes of those men should not be appointed to any office. The only exemption was
1136:
Ali acceded to the caliphate in a difficult period, inheriting a troubled state of affairs. At the time of the assassination, the key governorships were distributed among the tribesmen of Uthman, the
Umayyads, the late conversion of most of whom to Islam might have suggested expediency to Ali and the
1049:
and Veccia
Vaglieri write that the election of Ali faced little opposition, and this is also implied by Shaban. Jafri and Momen further suggest that Ali was elected by a near-consensus, adding that he was the only popularly-elected caliph in Muslim history. The latter part is also echoed by Ayoub. In
523:
convinced him that repentance would only embolden the opposition. On their way back home, some
Egyptian rebels intercepted an official letter ordering their punishment. They now returned to Medina and laid siege to Uthman's residence for a second time, demanding that he abdicates. The caliph refused
1152:
Ali also distributed the treasury funds equally among
Muslims, which might have also been the method of Muhammad. Shaban suggests that this change made Ali the rallying point of underprivileged groups. In doing so, Ayoub suggests that Ali wanted to abolish the social hierarchies established by Umar
1144:
In this and other decisions, Ali was driven by his sense of religious mission, suggests
Madelung, while Poonawala writes that Ali changed the governors to please the rebels. Donner has a similar view to Madelung and Shah-Kazemi maintains that justice was the key principle that molded Ali's policies
1119:
and other sources, Mavani argues that Ali saw the general pledge of allegiance as a pivotal component in the legitimacy of his caliphate, and thus distinguished between his election and that of the first caliph Abu Bakr: In the words of Ali and the second caliph Umar, the caliphate of Abu Bakr was
1010:
As for the motives of Talha and Zubayr, the duo revolted after Ali refused to grant them favors. In particular, Ali did not offer the two any posts in his government, specifically the governorships of Basra and Kufa. There is, however, one report by al-Ya'qubi where Ali offered the governorship of
624:
and Robert Gleave suggest that Ali was the immediate beneficiary of Uthman's death. This is challenged by
Madelung, who argues that Aisha would have not actively opposed Uthman if Ali had been the prime mover of the rebellion and its future beneficiary. He and others observe the hostility of Aisha
518:
opposition to avoid violence, which was heeded. He also acted as a mediator between Uthman and the provincial dissidents more than once to address their economical and political grievances. In particular, he negotiated and guaranteed on behalf of Uthman the promises that persuaded the rebels to
678:
Ali was openly critical of the conduct of Uthman, though he generally neither justified his violent death nor condemned the killers. While he did not condone the assassination, Ali probably held Uthman responsible through his injustice for the protests which led to his death, a view for which
845:
1054:, some of whom aspired to the title of caliph. Within the Quraysh, Madelung identifies two camps opposed to Ali: the Umayyads, who believed that the caliphate was their right after Uthman, and those who wished to restore the caliphate of Quraysh on the same principles laid by Abu Bakr (
619:
writes that Ali mediated between Uthman and the rebels, urging the former to alter his policies and refusing the requests from the latter to lead them. This is similar to the view of John McHugo, who adds that Ali withdrew in frustration when his peace efforts where thwarted by Marwan.
435:, and he was joined in this criticism by most of the senior companions. Uthman was also widely accused of nepotism, corruption, and injustice, and Ali is known to have protested his conduct, including his lavish gifts for his kinsmen. Ali also protected outspoken companions, such as
577:
was injured while guarding Uthman's besieged residence at the request of Ali. He also convinced the rebels not to prevent the delivery of water to Uthman's house during the siege. Beyond this, historians disagree about his measures to protect the third caliph. Ali is represented by
1128:. Mavani also speculates that Ali would have not sought the title of caliph had Muslims withheld their support. However, when the Muslim community favored him, suggests Madelung, Ali no longer considered the caliphate as his right, but also as his duty.
954:) too said that he saw Talha and Zubayr pledging to Ali with a sword over their head in a walled garden. Alternatively, a report by the Sunni al-Baladhuri implies that Talha voluntarily paid his allegiance to Ali, while other reports by
912:, claiming that those opposed to Ali are often guilty in the historical sources of religious transgressions. On the whole, Madelung suggests that there is less evidence for any violence here than in the case of the first caliph
723:, who had led the Kufan delegation against Uthman, even though they heeded Ali's call for nonviolence, and did not participate in the siege of Uthman's residence. A leading Egyptian rebel with links to Ali was his stepson,
931:
Talha and Zubayr, both companions of
Muhammad with ambitions for the high office, voluntarily gave their pledges to Ali but later broke them, although some early sources say that they pledged under duress from the rebels.
443:, against the wrath of the caliph. Ali appears in early sources as a restraining influence on Uthman without directly opposing him. Some supporters of Ali were part of the opposition to Uthman, joined in their efforts by
1006:
where Ali rebukes Talha and Zubayr before the Battle of the Camel for breaking their oaths after voluntarily offering them. Madelung also dismisses as legendary the report by al-Tabari about Zubayr's refusal to pledge.
1084:
The
Umayyads fled Medina after the assassination of Uthman, notable among them Marwan. Some Qurayshite figures also left Medina without paying allegiance to Ali or after breaking their oaths. Most of them gathered in
864:
in Medina, possibly the day after Uthman's murder, though
Poonawala and a report by al-Tabari place the ceremony several days later. It appears that Ali personally did not force anyone for pledge. Among others,
524:
and claimed he was unaware of the letter, for which Marwan is often blamed in the early sources. Ali and another companion sided with Uthman about the letter, and suspected Marwan, while a report by the Sunni
730:
1038:
suggests that the two jumped ship when Ali began to reverse the excessive entitlements of the ruling elite during the caliphate of Uthman, under whom Talha and Zubayr had amassed considerable wealth.
565:
holds Uthman responsible for the letter. The caliph was assassinated soon afterward in the final days of 35 AH (June 656) by the Egyptian rebels during a raid on his residence in Medina.
713:, Ayoub suggests that a mob from various tribes murdered Uthman and that Ali could have not punished them without risking widespread tribal conflict, even if he could identify them. Here,
877:
refused to give their oaths, though the case of Usama is challenged by Madelung who concludes that he pledged allegiance to Ali but did not fight in his battles. To this list Ayoub adds
535:) suggests that the caliph accused Ali of forging the letter. This is likely when Ali refused to further intercede for Uthman. That Ali was behind the letter is also the opinion of
717:
says that the actual murderers soon fled Medina after the assassination, a view for which Jafri cites al-Tabari. Closely associated with Ali was Malik al-Ashtar, a leader of the
561:
strongly rejects the accusation, saying that it "stretches the imagination" in the absence of any evidence. In turn, he accuses Marwan, the bellicose secretary of Uthman, while
519:
return home and ended the first siege. Ali then urged Uthman to publicly repent, which he did. The caliph soon retracted his statement, however, possibly because his secretary
758:) fled Medina, and the rebels and Medinans thus controlled the city. While Talha may have enjoyed some support among the Egyptian rebels, Ali was preferred by most of the
754:, though some suggest that Talha lacked any popular support, and that Ali was thus the obvious choice. After the assassination of Uthman, his tribesmen (the
394:
by provincial rebels who had grievances about injustice and corruption, the prophet's cousin and son-in-law was elected to the caliphate by the rebels, the
762:(early Medinan Muslims) and the Iraqi rebels, who had earlier heeded Ali's call against violence. Alternatively, a report by al-Tabari suggests that the
659:) believe that Ali remained neutral, while Caetani labels Ali as the chief culprit in the murder of Uthman, even though the evidence suggests otherwise.
3342:
698:) and elsewhere, Ali insisted that he would bring the murderers to justice in due course, probably after establishing his authority. Quoting the Shia
3824:
1177:), which was also used earlier by Umar. He rejected the title of caliph, which he perhaps found to be depreciated and tainted by his predecessor.
3867:
Ali and Mu'awiya in Early Arabic Tradition: Studies on the Genesis and Growth of Islamic Historical Writing Until the End of the Ninth Century
770:
opposition supported Talha and Zubayr, respectively. After the assassination, the report continues, both groups supported Ali. Poonawala,
790:
The caliphate was offered by these groups to Ali, who was initially reluctant to accept it, saying that he preferred to be a minister (
414:(Uthman's tribesmen) and some others thereby left Medina––some thus breaking their oaths of allegiance––and soon rebelled against Ali.
34:
3353:
3226:
Veccia Vaglieri, Laura (1970). "The Patriarchal and Umayyad Caliphates". In Holt, Peter M.; Lambton, Ann K.S.; Lewis, Bernard (eds.).
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885:, and Marwan, suggesting that these three withheld their pledge because of their personal grudges against Ali. The Shia scholar
72:
640:) notes that Ali refused to lead the rebellion but sympathized with them and possibly agreed with their calls for abdication.
280:
778:(early Meccan Muslims) to the above list of Ali's supporters. The key tribal chiefs also favored Ali at the time, writes
824:
3962:
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opposition sought the advice of Ali, who urged them to send a delegation to negotiate with Uthman, unlike Talha and
3845:
1024:
943:) writes that Talha told some in Basra that he pledged to Ali with a sword over his head in a walled garden, and
886:
87:
1101:(lesser pilgrimage). Muhammad's widow Aisha was already in Mecca, having left Medina earlier ostensibly for the
163:
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866:
670:) notes the often pro-Umayyad stance of the Western classical orientalists, with the exception of Madelung.
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383:
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reality, even though underprivileged groups rallied around Ali, he had limited support among the powerful
1035:
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168:
153:
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1034:), the equal distribution of the treasury funds among Muslims by Ali antagonized Talha and Zubayr, while
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97:
3344:
The Prophet and the Age of the Caliphates: The Islamic Near East from the Sixth to the Eleventh Century
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attributes this reluctance to the polarizing impact of the assassination on the community, while
3800:
3720:
3629:
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750:
In the aftermath of the assassination, the potential candidates for the caliphate were Ali and
406:
Muslims). While the election of Ali faced little opposition, his support was limited among the
3912:
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3806:
3785:
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3705:
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3555:
3531:
3468:
3463:
Shah-Kazemi, Reza (2015). "Imam Ali". In Daftary, Farhad; Sajoo, Amyn; Jiwa, Shainool (eds.).
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612:
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54:
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514:, who might have encouraged the Egyptians to advance on the town. Ali similarly asked the
511:
456:
440:
196:
130:
115:
3683:. In Bearman, P.; Bianquis, Th.; Bosworth, C.E.; van Donzel, E.; Heinrichs, W.P. (eds.).
3483:
3262:. In Bearman, P.; Bianquis, Th.; Bosworth, C.E.; van Donzel, E.; Heinrichs, W.P. (eds.).
3241:. In Bearman, P.; Bianquis, Th.; Bosworth, C.E.; van Donzel, E.; Heinrichs, W.P. (eds.).
615:
points to Ali's "constructive criticism" of Uthman and his opposition to violence, while
3930:. In Fleet, Kate; Krämer, Gudrun; Matringe, Denis; Nawas, John; Rowson, Everett (eds.).
3570:
3820:
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Religious Authority and Political Thought in Twelver Shi'ism: From Ali to Post-Khomeini
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1149:, who soon launched a campaign against Ali on the pretext of vengeance for Uthman.
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395:
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158:
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856:, folio from a manuscript by Ottoman Sufi writer and poet Lāmiʿī, late 16th century
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616:
601:
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266:
254:
242:
502:
As their grievances mounted, discontented groups from provinces began arriving in
3905:
Nasr, S.H.; Dagli, C.K.; Dakake, M.M.; Lumbard, J.E.B.; Rustom, M., eds. (2015).
1197:
1073:
955:
801:
621:
77:
1093:. In particular, Talha and Zubayr left Medina on the pretext of performing the
3508:
966:
909:
797:
699:
371:
1016:
775:
579:
399:
120:
991:) place Talha and Zubayr among the first who (voluntarily) pledged to Ali.
853:
305:
600:) and Madelung highlight multiple attempts by Ali for reconciliation, and
1090:
913:
833:
520:
379:
219:
125:
3887:
Divine Guide in Early Shi'ism, The: The Sources of Esotericism in Islam
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1020:
407:
3890:. Translated by Streight, David. State University of New York Press.
503:
432:
428:
391:
387:
375:
337:
3869:. Translated by Christensen, P. Lampe. Acls History E Book Project.
1786:
1784:
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toward Ali, which resurfaced immediately after his accession in the
3722:
The Crisis of Muslim History: Religion and Politics in Early Islam
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611:) believes that Ali could not have done anything more for Uthman.
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92:
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1936:
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and Uthman. As his official designation, Ali adopted the title
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1919:
1917:
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No god but God: The Origins, Evolution, and Future of Islam
3232:. Vol. 1. Cambridge University Press. pp. 57–103.
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The Charismatic Community: Shi'ite Identity in Early Islam
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The Succession to Muhammad: A Study of the Early Caliphate
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1811:
1771:
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1767:
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1141:, a companion of Muhammad elected in Kufa by the rebels.
774:, Jafri, Donner, and Sean Anthony add the majority of the
589:) as an honest negotiator genuinely concerned for Uthman.
3674:. Translated by Weir, Margaret G. University of Calcutta.
3495:
Hinds, Martin (1972). "The Murder of the Caliph'Uthman".
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to Zubayr, but the two asked for even more. For the Shia
451:, who were both companions of Muhammad, and by his widow
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1428:
3575:
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1072:) (rather than the caliphate of Muhammad's clan, the
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Ali played no role in the deadly attack, and his son
3465:
The Shi'i World: Pathways in Tradition and Modernity
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1242:
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1094:
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Ali received the public pledge of allegiance in the
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718:
467:
3366:
Muhammad and the Believers: At the Origins of Islam
354:
344:
333:
325:
3908:The Study Quran: A New Translation and Commentary
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3482:Nasr, Seyyed Hossein; Afsaruddin, Asma (2021).
2067:
1703:
1313:
1925:
3577:. Princeton University Press. pp. 30–2.
410:, some of whom aspired to the caliphate. The
274:
8:
3702:Imam 'Ali: Concise History, Timeless Mystery
3497:International Journal of Middle East Studies
3390:. New York: Simon and Schuster. p. 191.
832:depicts Ali killing a dragon with his sword
293:
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3387:The Story of Civilization: The Age of Faith
3355:Origins and Early Development of Shia Islam
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3032:
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1981:
1325:
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737:may have been the first male to convert to
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3679:Levi Della Vida, G.; Khoury, R.G. (2012).
2079:
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281:
267:
17:
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1115:Listing multiple pieces of evidence from
3782:'Uthman ibn 'Affan: Legend or Liability?
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1643:
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1464:
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1392:
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1301:
1277:
427:Ali frequently accused the third caliph
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2300:
1908:
1843:
1679:
1440:
1209:
506:in 35/656. On their first attempt, the
25:
3653:. State University of New York Press.
3446:A Concise History of Sunnis and Shi'is
3429:. State University of New York Press.
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3398:Islamic History: A New Interpretation
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2800:
2788:
2718:
2706:
2610:
2576:
2546:
2527:
2503:
2437:
2387:
2363:
2315:
2273:
2261:
2207:
2156:
2106:
2035:
1957:
1879:
1802:
1553:
1524:
1509:
1476:
1419:
1380:
1361:
1289:
7:
2399:
431:of deviating from the Quran and the
3554:. London: Oxford University Press.
455:. Among the supporters of Ali were
3884:Amir-Moezzi, Mohammad Ali (2016).
3600:. AltaMira Press. pp. 422–8.
14:
3571:"'Ali b. Abi Talib (ca. 599-661)"
3417:Tabatabai, Sayyid Mohammad Hosayn
1791:Levi Della Vida & Khoury 2012
398:(early Medinan Muslims), and the
136:Ghurar al-Hikam wa Durar al-Kalim
3742:"ʿAlī b. Abī Ṭālib 3. Caliphate"
3693:10.1163/1573-3912_islam_COM_1315
3272:10.1163/1573-3912_islam_SIM_1962
3251:10.1163/1573-3912_islam_COM_0046
1089:, though some made their way to
569:Role of Ali in the assassination
466:) and other religiously-learned
299:
294:Election of Ali to the caliphate
248:
33:
3940:10.1163/1573-3912_ei3_COM_26324
3754:10.1163/1875-9831_isla_COM_0252
3551:Muhammad: Prophet and Statesman
3448:. Georgetown University Press.
1067:
1056:
918:
693:
3847:Historical Dictionary of Islam
3634:. Cambridge University Press.
3631:A History of Islamic Societies
3573:. In Bowering, Gerhard (ed.).
3324:An Introduction to Shi'i Islam
3286:. Cambridge University Press.
3229:The Cambridge History of Islam
674:Ali and retribution for Uthman
320:of the late 16th/17th century)
1:
3865:Petersen, Erling L. (2008) .
3671:The Arab Kingdom and Its Fall
3598:The new encyclopedia of Islam
3258:Veccia Vaglieri, L. (2012b).
3237:Veccia Vaglieri, L. (2012a).
3850:. Rowman & Littlefield.
3744:. In Daftary, Farhad (ed.).
3649:Dakake, Maria Massi (2012).
3369:. Harvard University Press.
1029:
997:
986:
971:
960:
949:
938:
891:
806:
704:
665:
654:
635:
606:
595:
584:
552:
541:
530:
461:
3805:. Oxford University Press.
3780:Keaney, Heather N. (2021).
3668:Wellhausen, Julius (1927).
3617:"ʿALĪ B. ABĪ ṬĀLEB I. Life"
3592:Glassé, Cyril, ed. (2003).
1156:
1120:decided hastily by a small
1103:
1095:
817:, attributed to Ali at the
792:
719:
468:
3979:
3926:Gleave, Robert M. (2008).
3844:Adamec, Ludwig W. (2016).
3799:Esposito, John L. (1992).
3719:Ayoub, Mahmoud M. (2014).
3700:Shah-Kazemi, Reza (2022).
1926:Nasr & Afsaruddin 2021
495:
3784:. Oneworld Publications.
3765:. Yale University Press.
3725:. Oneworld Publications.
3569:Anthony, Sean W. (2013).
3509:10.1017/S0020743800025216
3467:. Bloomsbury Publishing.
3326:. Yale University Press.
1172:commander of the faithful
1015:to Talha and the rule of
828:A Persian miniature from
298:
3826:A History of Shi'i Islam
3802:Islam: The Straight Path
3628:Lapidus, Ira M. (2014).
3615:Poonawala, I.K. (1982).
3546:Watt, Montgomery William
3363:Donner, Fred M. (2010).
380:Islamic prophet Muhammad
164:The Fourteen Infallibles
3740:Bahramian, Ali (2015).
3488:Encyclopedia Britannica
648:, Levi della Vida, and
548:Giorgio Levi della Vida
498:Assassination of Uthman
492:Assassination of Uthman
378:after the death of the
314:Assassination of Uthman
3932:Encyclopaedia of Islam
3761:Abbas, Hassan (2021).
3746:Encyclopaedia Islamica
3685:Encyclopaedia of Islam
3341:Kennedy, Hugh (2015).
3322:Momen, Moojan (1985).
3301:Mavani, Hamid (2013).
3264:Encyclopaedia of Islam
3243:Encyclopaedia of Islam
2750:, pp. 141, 144–5.
857:
837:
742:
310:electing him as caliph
225:Succession to Muhammad
154:Military career of Ali
88:Timeline of Ali's life
3681:"ʿUt̲h̲mān b. ʿAffān"
3621:Encyclopaedia Iranica
3444:McHugo, John (2018).
3395:Shaban, M.A. (1971).
3384:Durant, Will (1950).
3352:Jafri, S.H.M (1979).
2276:, pp. 64, 99n32.
1943:Veccia Vaglieri 2012b
1230:Veccia Vaglieri 2012a
1110:
1025:Muhammad H. Tabatabai
993:Laura Veccia Vaglieri
980:(ninth century), and
887:Muhammad H. Tabatabai
848:
827:
733:
725:Muhammad ibn Abi Bakr
631:Laura Veccia Vaglieri
370:was acclaimed in 656
98:Event of Ghadir Khumm
3524:Aslan, Reza (2011).
3011:, pp. 114, 117.
2963:, pp. 141, 253.
2068:Veccia Vaglieri 1970
1834:, pp. 127, 135.
1718:, pp. 111, 119.
1704:Veccia Vaglieri 1970
1314:Veccia Vaglieri 1970
867:Sa'ad ibn Abi Waqqas
423:Opposition to Uthman
386:of the third caliph
340:, Rashidun Caliphate
230:Great Mosque of Kufa
3928:"ʿAlī b. Abī Ṭālib"
3687:(Second ed.).
3427:Sayyid Hossein Nasr
3266:(Second ed.).
3245:(Second ed.).
3239:"ʿAlī b. Abī Ṭālib"
1139:Abu Musa al-Ash'ari
819:Battle of the Camel
627:Battle of the Camel
557:) is unsure, while
295:
21:Part of a series on
3963:Rashidun Caliphate
3934:(Third ed.).
3911:. Harper Collins.
3623:(Online ed.).
3358:. London: Longman.
3125:, pp. 149–50.
2924:, pp. 106–13.
2762:, pp. 109–10.
2330:, p. 139n195.
902:Busr ibn Abi Artat
871:Abd-Allah ibn Umar
858:
838:
743:
711:Ibn A'tham al-Kufi
318:Ottoman manuscript
3280:Madelung, Wilferd
2661:, pp. 144–5.
1646:, pp. 118–9.
1491:, pp. 107–8.
1467:, pp. 100–2.
906:Samura ibn Jundab
883:al-Walid ibn Uqba
786:Reluctance of Ali
650:Julius Wellhausen
384:656 assassination
368:Ali ibn Abi Talib
365:
364:
349:Ali ibn Abi Talib
308:is given to Ali,
291:
290:
50:Sunni view of Ali
3970:
3943:
3922:
3901:
3880:
3861:
3840:
3816:
3795:
3776:
3757:
3736:
3715:
3696:
3675:
3664:
3645:
3624:
3611:
3588:
3565:
3541:
3530:. Random House.
3520:
3491:
3478:
3459:
3440:
3425:. Translated by
3412:
3391:
3380:
3359:
3348:
3337:
3318:
3297:
3275:
3254:
3233:
3213:
3207:
3201:
3198:Shah-Kazemi 2022
3195:
3189:
3186:Nasr et al. 2015
3183:
3177:
3171:
3165:
3159:
3150:
3144:
3138:
3132:
3126:
3120:
3111:
3105:
3099:
3093:
3087:
3081:
3072:
3066:
3060:
3057:Amir-Moezzi 2016
3054:
3048:
3042:
3036:
3033:Shah-Kazemi 2022
3030:
3024:
3018:
3012:
3006:
3000:
2994:
2988:
2982:
2976:
2975:, p. 113-4.
2970:
2964:
2958:
2952:
2946:
2937:
2931:
2925:
2919:
2913:
2907:
2898:
2892:
2879:
2873:
2867:
2861:
2855:
2849:
2843:
2837:
2831:
2825:
2816:
2815:, pp. 55–6.
2810:
2804:
2798:
2792:
2791:, pp. 85–6.
2786:
2780:
2774:
2763:
2757:
2751:
2745:
2739:
2733:
2722:
2716:
2710:
2704:
2689:
2683:
2677:
2671:
2662:
2656:
2650:
2649:, pp. 44–5.
2644:
2638:
2632:
2626:
2620:
2614:
2608:
2599:
2593:
2580:
2579:, pp. 63–4.
2574:
2565:
2562:Shah-Kazemi 2015
2559:
2550:
2544:
2531:
2525:
2519:
2513:
2507:
2501:
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2489:
2472:
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2435:
2424:
2418:
2403:
2397:
2391:
2385:
2379:
2373:
2367:
2361:
2355:
2354:, pp. 56–7.
2349:
2343:
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2319:
2313:
2304:
2298:
2292:
2286:
2277:
2271:
2265:
2259:
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2247:
2238:
2235:Shah-Kazemi 2022
2232:
2226:
2220:
2211:
2205:
2196:
2190:
2184:
2178:
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2166:
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2110:
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2095:
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2083:
2077:
2071:
2065:
2054:
2048:
2039:
2033:
2027:
2021:
2002:
1996:
1985:
1982:Shah-Kazemi 2022
1979:
1973:
1967:
1961:
1955:
1946:
1940:
1929:
1923:
1912:
1906:
1895:
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1326:Shah-Kazemi 2022
1323:
1317:
1311:
1305:
1299:
1293:
1287:
1281:
1275:
1262:
1256:
1233:
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1193:Caliphate of Ali
1176:
1173:
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1167:
1164:
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1157:amir al-mu'minin
1106:
1100:
1071:
1069:
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975:
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942:
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927:Talha and Zubayr
922:
920:
895:
893:
862:Prophet's Mosque
810:
808:
795:
722:
708:
706:
697:
695:
681:Ismail Poonawala
669:
667:
661:Mahmoud M. Ayoub
658:
656:
639:
637:
613:Reza Shah-Kazemi
610:
608:
599:
597:
588:
586:
559:Wilferd Madelung
556:
554:
545:
543:
534:
532:
487:
484:
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478:
475:
471:
465:
463:
382:. Following the
312:, following the
303:
296:
283:
276:
269:
255:Islam portal
253:
252:
251:
214:Related articles
202:Hazrat Ali Mazar
179:Ali in the Quran
173:The Twelve Imams
55:Shia view of Ali
37:
18:
3978:
3977:
3973:
3972:
3971:
3969:
3968:
3967:
3948:
3947:
3946:
3925:
3919:
3904:
3898:
3883:
3877:
3864:
3858:
3843:
3837:
3829:. I.B. Tauris.
3821:Daftary, Farhad
3819:
3813:
3798:
3792:
3779:
3773:
3760:
3739:
3733:
3718:
3712:
3704:. I.B. Tauris.
3699:
3678:
3667:
3661:
3648:
3642:
3627:
3614:
3608:
3591:
3585:
3568:
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3294:
3278:
3257:
3236:
3225:
3221:
3216:
3208:
3204:
3196:
3192:
3188:, p. 3203.
3184:
3180:
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3168:
3160:
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3145:
3141:
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3114:
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2155:
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2105:
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2080:Wellhausen 1927
2078:
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2005:
1997:
1988:
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1202:
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1174:
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1134:
1117:Nahj al-balagha
1113:
1082:
1066:
1055:
1047:Hugh N. Kennedy
1044:
1028:
1004:Nahj al-balagha
996:
985:
970:
959:
948:
937:
929:
917:
896:) further adds
890:
879:Sa'id ibn al-As
843:
814:Nahj al-balagha
805:
788:
748:
703:
692:
676:
664:
653:
646:Asma Afsaruddin
634:
605:
594:
591:Husain M. Jafri
583:
571:
563:Hugh N. Kennedy
551:
540:
529:
500:
494:
485:
482:
479:
476:
460:
457:Malik al-Ashtar
425:
420:
321:
287:
249:
247:
235:
234:
220:Rashidun Caliph
215:
207:
206:
197:Imam Ali Shrine
192:
184:
183:
149:
141:
140:
131:Imam Ali Mosque
116:Nahj al-Balagha
111:
103:
102:
68:
60:
59:
45:
12:
11:
5:
3976:
3974:
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3332:
3319:
3313:
3298:
3292:
3276:
3255:
3234:
3222:
3220:
3217:
3215:
3214:
3202:
3190:
3178:
3174:Tabatabai 1975
3166:
3162:Tabatabai 1975
3151:
3139:
3127:
3112:
3110:, p. 149.
3100:
3088:
3086:, p. 160.
3073:
3061:
3049:
3047:, p. 115.
3037:
3025:
3023:, p. 253.
3013:
3001:
2989:
2977:
2965:
2953:
2951:, p. 111.
2938:
2936:, p. 106.
2926:
2914:
2912:, p. 133.
2899:
2897:, p. 148.
2880:
2878:, p. 115.
2868:
2856:
2844:
2832:
2817:
2805:
2803:, p. 132.
2793:
2781:
2777:Tabatabai 1975
2764:
2752:
2740:
2738:, p. 147.
2723:
2711:
2690:
2678:
2676:, p. 144.
2663:
2651:
2647:Tabatabai 1975
2639:
2637:, p. 146.
2627:
2625:, p. 145.
2615:
2600:
2598:, p. 143.
2581:
2566:
2551:
2532:
2520:
2518:, p. 191.
2508:
2506:, p. 132.
2496:
2492:Bahramian 2015
2473:
2461:
2442:
2425:
2423:, p. 141.
2404:
2392:
2380:
2368:
2366:, p. 134.
2356:
2344:
2332:
2320:
2305:
2293:
2278:
2266:
2254:
2239:
2227:
2225:, p. 407.
2212:
2197:
2195:, p. 206.
2185:
2183:, p. 256.
2173:
2161:
2140:
2128:
2126:, p. 151.
2111:
2096:
2094:, p. 106.
2084:
2072:
2055:
2040:
2028:
2026:, p. 158.
2003:
2001:, p. 107.
1986:
1974:
1962:
1947:
1930:
1913:
1896:
1894:, p. 152.
1884:
1872:
1860:
1858:, p. 423.
1848:
1836:
1824:
1822:, p. 126.
1807:
1795:
1780:
1778:, p. 127.
1763:
1761:, p. 112.
1744:
1742:, p. 123.
1732:
1730:, p. 122.
1720:
1708:
1696:
1694:, p. 111.
1684:
1665:
1663:, p. 128.
1648:
1636:
1634:, p. 121.
1624:
1620:Poonawala 1982
1583:
1581:, p. 157.
1558:
1546:
1529:
1514:
1493:
1481:
1469:
1457:
1445:
1424:
1397:
1395:, p. 109.
1385:
1383:, p. 467.
1366:
1354:
1352:, p. 113.
1342:
1330:
1318:
1306:
1294:
1282:
1280:, p. 108.
1263:
1234:
1208:
1206:
1203:
1201:
1200:
1195:
1190:
1184:
1182:
1179:
1133:
1130:
1112:
1109:
1081:
1078:
1070: 634–644
1059: 632–634
1043:
1040:
982:Ibn Abd Rabbih
965:), al-Tabari,
945:Hasan al-Basri
934:Ibn Abi Shayba
928:
925:
921: 632–634
875:Usama ibn Zayd
852:receiving the
842:
839:
787:
784:
780:Ira M. Lapidus
747:
744:
715:Farhad Daftary
696: 661–680
675:
672:
570:
567:
496:Main article:
493:
490:
424:
421:
419:
416:
374:as the fourth
363:
362:
356:
352:
351:
346:
342:
341:
335:
331:
330:
327:
323:
322:
304:
289:
288:
286:
285:
278:
271:
263:
260:
259:
258:
257:
245:
237:
236:
233:
232:
227:
222:
216:
213:
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209:
208:
205:
204:
199:
193:
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189:
186:
185:
182:
181:
176:
166:
161:
156:
150:
147:
146:
143:
142:
139:
138:
133:
128:
123:
118:
112:
109:
108:
105:
104:
101:
100:
95:
90:
85:
80:
75:
69:
66:
65:
62:
61:
58:
57:
52:
46:
43:
42:
39:
38:
30:
29:
23:
22:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3975:
3964:
3961:
3959:
3956:
3955:
3953:
3941:
3937:
3933:
3929:
3924:
3920:
3918:9780062227621
3914:
3910:
3909:
3903:
3899:
3897:9780791494790
3893:
3889:
3888:
3882:
3878:
3876:9781597404716
3872:
3868:
3863:
3859:
3857:9781442277243
3853:
3849:
3848:
3842:
3838:
3836:9780755608669
3832:
3828:
3827:
3822:
3818:
3814:
3812:9780195074727
3808:
3804:
3803:
3797:
3793:
3791:9781786076984
3787:
3783:
3778:
3774:
3772:9780300252057
3768:
3764:
3759:
3755:
3751:
3747:
3743:
3738:
3734:
3732:9781780746746
3728:
3724:
3723:
3717:
3713:
3711:9781784539368
3707:
3703:
3698:
3694:
3690:
3686:
3682:
3677:
3673:
3672:
3666:
3662:
3660:9780791480342
3656:
3652:
3647:
3643:
3641:9780521514309
3637:
3633:
3632:
3626:
3622:
3618:
3613:
3609:
3607:9780759101890
3603:
3599:
3595:
3590:
3586:
3584:9780691134840
3580:
3576:
3572:
3567:
3563:
3561:9780198810780
3557:
3553:
3552:
3547:
3543:
3539:
3537:9780812982442
3533:
3529:
3528:
3522:
3518:
3514:
3510:
3506:
3503:(4): 450–69.
3502:
3498:
3493:
3489:
3485:
3480:
3476:
3474:9780857727633
3470:
3466:
3461:
3457:
3455:9781626165885
3451:
3447:
3442:
3438:
3436:0-87395-390-8
3432:
3428:
3424:
3423:
3422:Shi'ite Islam
3418:
3414:
3410:
3408:9780521291316
3404:
3400:
3399:
3393:
3389:
3388:
3382:
3378:
3376:9780674064140
3372:
3368:
3367:
3361:
3357:
3356:
3350:
3346:
3345:
3339:
3335:
3333:9780853982005
3329:
3325:
3320:
3316:
3314:9780415624404
3310:
3307:. Routledge.
3306:
3305:
3299:
3295:
3293:0-521-64696-0
3289:
3285:
3281:
3277:
3273:
3269:
3265:
3261:
3260:"al-D̲j̲amal"
3256:
3252:
3248:
3244:
3240:
3235:
3231:
3230:
3224:
3223:
3218:
3212:, p. 83.
3211:
3206:
3203:
3200:, p. 89.
3199:
3194:
3191:
3187:
3182:
3179:
3176:, p. 64.
3175:
3170:
3167:
3164:, p. 46.
3163:
3158:
3156:
3152:
3149:, p. 91.
3148:
3143:
3140:
3137:, p. 84.
3136:
3131:
3128:
3124:
3123:Madelung 1997
3119:
3117:
3113:
3109:
3108:Madelung 1997
3104:
3101:
3098:, p. 54.
3097:
3092:
3089:
3085:
3080:
3078:
3074:
3070:
3065:
3062:
3059:, p. 63.
3058:
3053:
3050:
3046:
3041:
3038:
3035:, p. 79.
3034:
3029:
3026:
3022:
3021:Madelung 1997
3017:
3014:
3010:
3005:
3002:
2999:, p. 24.
2998:
2993:
2990:
2987:, p. 62.
2986:
2981:
2978:
2974:
2969:
2966:
2962:
2961:Madelung 1997
2957:
2954:
2950:
2945:
2943:
2939:
2935:
2930:
2927:
2923:
2918:
2915:
2911:
2910:Madelung 1997
2906:
2904:
2900:
2896:
2895:Madelung 1997
2891:
2889:
2887:
2885:
2881:
2877:
2872:
2869:
2866:, p. 72.
2865:
2864:Madelung 1997
2860:
2857:
2853:
2848:
2845:
2842:, p. 69.
2841:
2836:
2833:
2830:, p. 72.
2829:
2824:
2822:
2818:
2814:
2809:
2806:
2802:
2797:
2794:
2790:
2785:
2782:
2779:, p. 45.
2778:
2773:
2771:
2769:
2765:
2761:
2756:
2753:
2749:
2748:Madelung 1997
2744:
2741:
2737:
2736:Madelung 1997
2732:
2730:
2728:
2724:
2721:, p. 70.
2720:
2715:
2712:
2709:, p. 24.
2708:
2703:
2701:
2699:
2697:
2695:
2691:
2688:, p. 52.
2687:
2682:
2679:
2675:
2674:Madelung 1997
2670:
2668:
2664:
2660:
2659:Madelung 1997
2655:
2652:
2648:
2643:
2640:
2636:
2635:Madelung 1997
2631:
2628:
2624:
2623:Madelung 1997
2619:
2616:
2613:, p. 88.
2612:
2607:
2605:
2601:
2597:
2596:Madelung 1997
2592:
2590:
2588:
2586:
2582:
2578:
2573:
2571:
2567:
2564:, p. 41.
2563:
2558:
2556:
2552:
2549:, p. 81.
2548:
2543:
2541:
2539:
2537:
2533:
2530:, p. 85.
2529:
2524:
2521:
2517:
2512:
2509:
2505:
2500:
2497:
2493:
2488:
2486:
2484:
2482:
2480:
2478:
2474:
2471:, p. 56.
2470:
2465:
2462:
2459:, p. 71.
2458:
2453:
2451:
2449:
2447:
2443:
2440:, p. 64.
2439:
2434:
2432:
2430:
2426:
2422:
2421:Madelung 1997
2417:
2415:
2413:
2411:
2409:
2405:
2402:, p. 34.
2401:
2396:
2393:
2390:, p. 68.
2389:
2384:
2381:
2378:, p. 37.
2377:
2376:Esposito 1992
2372:
2369:
2365:
2360:
2357:
2353:
2348:
2345:
2342:, p. 67.
2341:
2336:
2333:
2329:
2328:Madelung 1997
2324:
2321:
2318:, p. 74.
2317:
2312:
2310:
2306:
2303:, p. 66.
2302:
2297:
2294:
2290:
2285:
2283:
2279:
2275:
2270:
2267:
2264:, p. 82.
2263:
2258:
2255:
2252:, p. 56.
2251:
2246:
2244:
2240:
2237:, p. 90.
2236:
2231:
2228:
2224:
2219:
2217:
2213:
2210:, p. 94.
2209:
2204:
2202:
2198:
2194:
2193:Madelung 1997
2189:
2186:
2182:
2181:Madelung 1997
2177:
2174:
2171:, p. 10.
2170:
2169:Petersen 2008
2165:
2162:
2159:, p. 65.
2158:
2153:
2151:
2149:
2147:
2145:
2141:
2138:, p. 53.
2137:
2132:
2129:
2125:
2124:Madelung 1997
2120:
2118:
2116:
2112:
2109:, p. 64.
2108:
2103:
2101:
2097:
2093:
2092:Madelung 1997
2088:
2085:
2082:, p. 49.
2081:
2076:
2073:
2070:, p. 69.
2069:
2064:
2062:
2060:
2056:
2052:
2047:
2045:
2041:
2038:, p. 28.
2037:
2032:
2029:
2025:
2020:
2018:
2016:
2014:
2012:
2010:
2008:
2004:
2000:
1999:Madelung 1997
1995:
1993:
1991:
1987:
1984:, p. 85.
1983:
1978:
1975:
1972:, p. §3.
1971:
1970:Madelung 1997
1966:
1963:
1960:, p. 76.
1959:
1954:
1952:
1948:
1944:
1939:
1937:
1935:
1931:
1927:
1922:
1920:
1918:
1914:
1911:, p. 65.
1910:
1905:
1903:
1901:
1897:
1893:
1888:
1885:
1881:
1876:
1873:
1870:, p. 81.
1869:
1868:Madelung 1997
1864:
1861:
1857:
1852:
1849:
1846:, p. 64.
1845:
1840:
1837:
1833:
1832:Madelung 1997
1828:
1825:
1821:
1820:Madelung 1997
1816:
1814:
1812:
1808:
1805:, p. 71.
1804:
1799:
1796:
1792:
1787:
1785:
1781:
1777:
1776:Madelung 1997
1772:
1770:
1768:
1764:
1760:
1759:Madelung 1997
1755:
1753:
1751:
1749:
1745:
1741:
1740:Madelung 1997
1736:
1733:
1729:
1728:Madelung 1997
1724:
1721:
1717:
1716:Madelung 1997
1712:
1709:
1706:, p. 68.
1705:
1700:
1697:
1693:
1692:Madelung 1997
1688:
1685:
1682:, p. 31.
1681:
1676:
1674:
1672:
1670:
1666:
1662:
1661:Madelung 1997
1657:
1655:
1653:
1649:
1645:
1644:Madelung 1997
1640:
1637:
1633:
1632:Madelung 1997
1628:
1625:
1621:
1616:
1614:
1612:
1610:
1608:
1606:
1604:
1602:
1600:
1598:
1596:
1594:
1592:
1590:
1588:
1584:
1580:
1575:
1573:
1571:
1569:
1567:
1565:
1563:
1559:
1556:, p. 62.
1555:
1550:
1547:
1544:, p. 49.
1543:
1538:
1536:
1534:
1530:
1527:, p. 62.
1526:
1521:
1519:
1515:
1512:, p. 22.
1511:
1506:
1504:
1502:
1500:
1498:
1494:
1490:
1489:Madelung 1997
1485:
1482:
1479:, p. 59.
1478:
1473:
1470:
1466:
1465:Madelung 1997
1461:
1458:
1455:, p. 98.
1454:
1453:Madelung 1997
1449:
1446:
1443:, p. 30.
1442:
1437:
1435:
1433:
1431:
1429:
1425:
1422:, p. 63.
1421:
1416:
1414:
1412:
1410:
1408:
1406:
1404:
1402:
1398:
1394:
1393:Madelung 1997
1389:
1386:
1382:
1377:
1375:
1373:
1371:
1367:
1364:, p. 53.
1363:
1358:
1355:
1351:
1350:Madelung 1997
1346:
1343:
1340:, p. 52.
1339:
1334:
1331:
1328:, p. 84.
1327:
1322:
1319:
1316:, p. 67.
1315:
1310:
1307:
1304:, p. 87.
1303:
1302:Madelung 1997
1298:
1295:
1292:, p. 21.
1291:
1286:
1283:
1279:
1278:Madelung 1997
1274:
1272:
1270:
1268:
1264:
1260:
1255:
1253:
1251:
1249:
1247:
1245:
1243:
1241:
1239:
1235:
1231:
1226:
1224:
1222:
1220:
1218:
1216:
1214:
1210:
1204:
1199:
1196:
1194:
1191:
1189:
1186:
1185:
1180:
1178:
1160:
1158:
1150:
1148:
1142:
1140:
1131:
1129:
1127:
1123:
1118:
1108:
1105:
1099:
1098:
1092:
1088:
1079:
1077:
1075:
1064:
1053:
1048:
1041:
1039:
1037:
1026:
1022:
1018:
1014:
1008:
1005:
994:
983:
979:
968:
957:
946:
935:
926:
924:
915:
911:
907:
903:
899:
898:Amr ibn al-As
888:
884:
880:
876:
872:
868:
863:
855:
851:
847:
840:
835:
831:
830:Khawran Namah
826:
822:
820:
816:
815:
803:
799:
794:
785:
783:
781:
777:
773:
769:
765:
761:
757:
753:
745:
740:
736:
732:
728:
726:
721:
716:
712:
701:
690:
686:
685:Waq'at Siffin
682:
673:
671:
662:
651:
647:
643:
632:
628:
623:
618:
614:
603:
592:
581:
576:
568:
566:
564:
560:
549:
538:
537:Leone Caetani
527:
522:
517:
513:
509:
505:
499:
491:
489:
483:Quran readers
470:
458:
454:
450:
446:
442:
438:
434:
430:
422:
417:
415:
413:
409:
405:
401:
397:
393:
389:
385:
381:
377:
373:
369:
361:became caliph
360:
357:
353:
350:
347:
343:
339:
336:
332:
328:
324:
319:
315:
311:
307:
302:
297:
284:
279:
277:
272:
270:
265:
264:
262:
261:
256:
246:
244:
241:
240:
239:
238:
231:
228:
226:
223:
221:
218:
217:
211:
210:
203:
200:
198:
195:
194:
191:Burial places
188:
187:
180:
177:
174:
170:
167:
165:
162:
160:
159:Ali as Caliph
157:
155:
152:
151:
145:
144:
137:
134:
132:
129:
127:
124:
122:
119:
117:
114:
113:
107:
106:
99:
96:
94:
91:
89:
86:
84:
83:Assassination
81:
79:
76:
74:
71:
70:
64:
63:
56:
53:
51:
48:
47:
41:
40:
36:
32:
31:
28:
24:
20:
19:
16:
3931:
3907:
3886:
3866:
3846:
3825:
3801:
3781:
3762:
3745:
3721:
3701:
3684:
3670:
3650:
3630:
3620:
3597:
3574:
3550:
3526:
3500:
3496:
3487:
3464:
3445:
3421:
3397:
3386:
3365:
3354:
3347:. Routledge.
3343:
3323:
3303:
3283:
3263:
3242:
3228:
3205:
3193:
3181:
3169:
3142:
3130:
3103:
3091:
3064:
3052:
3040:
3028:
3016:
3004:
2992:
2980:
2968:
2956:
2929:
2917:
2871:
2859:
2847:
2835:
2808:
2796:
2784:
2755:
2743:
2714:
2681:
2654:
2642:
2630:
2618:
2523:
2511:
2499:
2469:Lapidus 2014
2464:
2395:
2383:
2371:
2359:
2347:
2340:Kennedy 2015
2335:
2323:
2301:Kennedy 2015
2296:
2269:
2257:
2230:
2188:
2176:
2164:
2131:
2087:
2075:
2031:
1977:
1965:
1909:Kennedy 2015
1887:
1875:
1863:
1851:
1844:Kennedy 2015
1839:
1827:
1798:
1735:
1723:
1711:
1699:
1687:
1680:Anthony 2013
1639:
1627:
1549:
1484:
1472:
1460:
1448:
1441:Daftary 2013
1388:
1357:
1345:
1333:
1321:
1309:
1297:
1285:
1151:
1143:
1135:
1126:Ghadir Khumm
1121:
1116:
1114:
1083:
1045:
1036:Hassan Abbas
1009:
1003:
974: 897-8
930:
859:
829:
812:
789:
772:Moojan Momen
749:
707: 897-8
684:
677:
642:Hossein Nasr
617:Moojan Momen
602:Martin Hinds
572:
526:al-Baladhuri
501:
426:
366:
345:Participants
148:Perspectives
15:
3096:McHugo 2018
3084:Donner 2010
3069:McHugo 2018
3045:Mavani 2013
3009:Mavani 2013
2973:Mavani 2013
2949:Mavani 2013
2934:Mavani 2013
2922:Mavani 2013
2852:Keaney 2021
2828:Shaban 1971
2760:Mavani 2013
2686:McHugo 2018
2516:Durant 1950
2457:Shaban 1971
2352:McHugo 2018
2289:McHugo 2018
2250:McHugo 2018
2223:Adamec 2016
2136:McHugo 2018
2051:McHugo 2018
2024:Donner 2010
1892:Donner 2010
1856:Glassé 2003
1579:Donner 2010
1542:McHugo 2018
1338:Dakake 2012
1259:Gleave 2008
1198:First Fitna
1111:Ali's views
1074:Banu Hashim
1032: 1981
1000: 1989
894: 1981
809: 1981
802:Will Durant
668: 2021
657: 1918
638: 1989
622:Fred Donner
609: 1988
598: 2019
555: 1967
544: 1935
78:First Fitna
3952:Categories
3210:Ayoub 2014
3147:Ayoub 2014
3135:Ayoub 2014
2997:Ayoub 2014
2985:Momen 1985
2876:Abbas 2021
2840:Jafri 1979
2813:Jafri 1979
2801:Abbas 2021
2789:Ayoub 2014
2719:Ayoub 2014
2707:Momen 1985
2611:Ayoub 2014
2577:Jafri 1979
2547:Ayoub 2014
2528:Ayoub 2014
2504:Aslan 2011
2438:Jafri 1979
2388:Jafri 1979
2364:Ayoub 2014
2316:Ayoub 2014
2274:Jafri 1979
2262:Ayoub 2014
2208:Ayoub 2014
2157:Jafri 1979
2107:Ayoub 2014
2036:Jafri 1979
1958:Ayoub 2014
1880:Hinds 1972
1803:Ayoub 2014
1554:Ayoub 2014
1525:Jafri 1979
1510:Momen 1985
1477:Jafri 1979
1420:Jafri 1979
1381:Hinds 1972
1362:Jafri 1979
1290:Momen 1985
1205:References
1132:First acts
1042:Legitimacy
989: 940
967:al-Ya'qubi
963: 845
952: 728
941: 849
910:al-Mughira
798:Reza Aslan
700:al-Ya'qubi
587: 923
533: 892
464: 657
418:Background
306:Allegiance
73:Birthplace
3594:"Shi'ism"
3517:159763369
2400:Watt 1961
2053:, §1.III.
1017:al-Yamama
776:Muhajirun
580:al-Tabari
437:Abu Dharr
400:Muhajirun
316:(from an
121:Al-Ghadir
3823:(2013).
3548:(1961).
3419:(1975).
3282:(1997).
2291:, §2.II.
1181:See also
1147:Mu'awiya
1091:Damascus
956:Ibn Sa'd
914:Abu Bakr
834:Zulfiqar
756:Umayyads
689:Mu'awiya
508:Egyptian
412:Umayyads
334:Location
329:June 656
243:Category
126:Zulfiqar
3219:Sources
3071:, §2.I.
2854:, §3.5.
1166:
1052:Quraysh
1021:Bahrain
978:al-Kufi
841:Pledges
746:Support
629:(656).
477:
408:Quraysh
402:(early
355:Outcome
3915:
3894:
3873:
3854:
3833:
3809:
3788:
3769:
3729:
3708:
3657:
3638:
3604:
3581:
3558:
3534:
3515:
3471:
3452:
3433:
3405:
3373:
3330:
3311:
3290:
1080:Exodus
1061:) and
908:, and
873:, and
854:Bay'ah
764:Basran
709:) and
683:cites
521:Marwan
504:Medina
449:Zubayr
429:Uthman
404:Meccan
392:Medina
388:Uthman
376:caliph
338:Medina
110:Legacy
3513:S2CID
3484:"Ali"
1122:shura
1104:umrah
1097:umrah
1087:Mecca
1013:Yemen
793:wazir
768:Kufan
760:Ansar
752:Talha
739:Islam
720:qurra
575:Hasan
516:Iraqi
512:Ammar
469:qurra
453:Aisha
445:Talha
441:Ammar
433:Sunna
396:Ansar
93:Alids
44:Views
3913:ISBN
3892:ISBN
3871:ISBN
3852:ISBN
3831:ISBN
3807:ISBN
3786:ISBN
3767:ISBN
3727:ISBN
3706:ISBN
3655:ISBN
3636:ISBN
3602:ISBN
3579:ISBN
3556:ISBN
3532:ISBN
3469:ISBN
3450:ISBN
3431:ISBN
3403:ISBN
3371:ISBN
3328:ISBN
3309:ISBN
3288:ISBN
1163:lit.
1063:Umar
1019:and
766:and
644:and
474:lit.
447:and
439:and
326:Date
169:Imam
67:Life
3958:Ali
3936:doi
3750:doi
3689:doi
3505:doi
3268:doi
3247:doi
1188:Ali
976:),
850:Ali
796:).
735:Ali
546:).
390:in
359:Ali
27:Ali
3954::
3748:.
3619:.
3596:.
3511:.
3499:.
3486:.
3154:^
3115:^
3076:^
2941:^
2902:^
2883:^
2820:^
2767:^
2726:^
2693:^
2666:^
2603:^
2584:^
2569:^
2554:^
2535:^
2476:^
2445:^
2428:^
2407:^
2308:^
2281:^
2242:^
2215:^
2200:^
2143:^
2114:^
2099:^
2058:^
2043:^
2006:^
1989:^
1950:^
1933:^
1916:^
1899:^
1810:^
1783:^
1766:^
1747:^
1668:^
1651:^
1586:^
1561:^
1532:^
1517:^
1496:^
1427:^
1400:^
1369:^
1266:^
1237:^
1212:^
1068:r.
1057:r.
1030:d.
998:d.
987:d.
972:d.
961:d.
950:d.
939:d.
919:r.
904:,
900:,
892:d.
881:,
869:,
807:d.
782:.
705:d.
694:r.
666:d.
655:d.
636:d.
607:d.
596:d.
585:d.
553:d.
542:d.
531:d.
462:d.
372:CE
3942:.
3938::
3921:.
3900:.
3879:.
3860:.
3839:.
3815:.
3794:.
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3756:.
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3507::
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3490:.
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282:e
275:t
268:v
175:)
171:(
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