31:
790:, there were 221 intrastate armed conflicts in the period from 1946 to 2019, involving more than 100 countries worldwide. While there has been a general decline in fatalities from such conflicts, the number of active conflicts in 2019 matched its highest record from 2016. In 2019, UCDP recorded 54 state-based conflicts, 28 of which involved transnational jihadist groups. This compares to 40 active armed conflicts in 2014. The three countries with the highest total fatalities in the 1989–2019 period were
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655:, or other parties typified by extreme aggression, social disruption, and usually high mortality. War should be understood as an actual, intentional and widespread armed conflict between political communities, and therefore is defined as a form of political violence. Three of the ten most costly wars, in terms of loss of life, have been waged in the last century: the death toll of
725:(UCDP), another project that collects armed conflict data, defines armed conflict as conflict that involves the government of a state which "results in at least 25 battle-related deaths in one calendar year." In their overview of data on armed conflict, UCDP also found that the number of armed conflicts in the world decreased following the end of the Cold War.
4187:
246:. While at times a specific ethnic group may have the backing (whether formal or informal) of the state (or conversely, a specific ethnic group may be targeted by the state), ethnic conflict can also take place between two groups without the direct intervention of the state, or despite the state's attempts to mediate between groups.
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Individuals are said to be motivated by grievance when they fight over "high inequality, a lack of political rights or ethnic and religious divisions in society." In "Greed and
Grievance in Civil War", Paul Collier and Anke Hoeffler argue that greed is a better predictor of participating in violence than grievance.
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of a region or expressing dissatisfaction with the government. There is typically a desire to overthrow the existing power or at least change some of their policies. In many cases, an outside power may intervene on behalf of one side if they share their ideology or condemn the methods/motives of their opponents.
1403:. The data can be used for medium- and long-term analysis and mapping of political violence across developing countries through use of historical data from 1997, as well as informing humanitarian and development work in crisis and conflict-affected contexts through real time data updates and reports.
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is a theory on social movement that emphasizes the capacity of competing groups to organize and use adequate resources to achieve their goals. The resources can be time, money, organizational skills, and certain social or political opportunities. Political violence occurs when individuals are able to
760:
Bear F. Braumoeller argues that looking at data on per-capita death is a "misleading and irrelevant statistic" because it does not tell us how wars actually happen. A decrease in battle-related deaths can mean that population growth is outpacing war deaths or that "fewer people are exposed to risk of
584:
A civil war, also known as an intrastate war, is a war fought within the same state or country between organized groups. Less commonly, it can also be fought between two countries that have been created from one previously unified state. Often these conflicts involve one group wishing to take control
1199:
Charles Tilly argues that "war making", eliminating rivals outside a territory, "state making", eliminating rivals within a territory, "protection", protecting subjects within a territory, and "extraction", extracting resources to " out the first three activities", are what defines a state. All four
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which states that social systems reflect the vested interests of those who own and control resources. The people in power use the political and economic institutions to exploit groups with less power. This causes the rest of society to become alienated or psychologically separated from the people in
524:
Riots have been analyzed in a number of ways but most recently in the context of the frustration-aggression model theory, expressing that the aggression seen in most riots is a direct result of a groups frustration with a particular aspect of their lives. Widespread and prolonged rioting can lead to
468:
Police brutality is another form of political violence. It is most commonly described in juxtaposition with the term excessive force. Police brutality can be defined as "a civil rights violation that occurs when a police officer acts with excessive force by using an amount of force with regards to a
200:
is through violent means, which they regard as not only justified but also necessary in order to achieve their political and/or religious objectives. Similarly, many governments around the world believe that they need to use violence in order to intimidate their populaces into acquiescence. At other
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There are a growing number of social science studies that examine how political violence affects individuals and households. It is important to keep in mind that what happens at the individual and household level can affect what happens at the macro level. For example, political violence effects an
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provides two lines of explanations as to why individuals will fight. Individuals are said to be motivated by greed when they decide to join a conflict in an effort to better their situation and find that benefits of joining a rebellion or any kind of collective violence is greater than not joining.
399:
have officially agreed not to torture prisoners in armed conflicts. National and international legal prohibitions on torture derive from a consensus that torture and similar ill-treatment are immoral, as well as impractical. Despite international conventions, torture cases continue to arise such as
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ACLED defines "political violence" as "the use of force by a group with a political purpose or motivation." The database uses this definition to catalog a number of what it refers to as political events across Africa and
Southeast Asia. Political events are described as "a single altercation where
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occurs when there is disproportionate percentage of a state population being between the ages of 15 and 24 years old. It occurs when infant mortality rates decrease and fertility rate increase. This youth bulge increases the working-age population; however, it does not translate to more jobs being
853:
Out of the 40 conflicts in 2014, 11 have been classified at the level of war, which means that there were at least 1,000 deaths in one calendar year. The conflict between India and
Pakistan was the only interstate conflict, conflict between two or more states. Out of the remaining 39 conflicts, 13
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However, more recent scholarship questions the conclusion that violence is decreasing world-wide, based on the measures used and the statistical basis for such interpretations. In addition indicators show a rise in violence in the 2010s, heavily driven by conflicts involving transnational jihadist
632:
Electoral violence includes any acts or threats of coercion, intimidation, or physical harm perpetrated to affect an electoral process or that arise in the context of electoral competition. It is used to influence the outcome of elections; to delay, disrupt or derail polls; and to protest election
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argues that wars have become less fatal because of medical advancements that help keep more people alive during wars. Therefore, the battle death threshold used by the UCDP and other organizations to determine cases of armed conflict is misleading. A conflict "that produced 1,000 battle deaths in
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taken up against it. There are many different doctrines, theories, and tactics espoused regarding counter-insurgency that aim to protect the authority of the government and to reduce or eliminate the supplanting authority of the insurgents. Because it may be difficult or impossible to distinguish
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to explain why men commit acts of violence. As Gurr explains, relative deprivation "is defined as actors' perception of discrepancy between their value expectations and their value capabilities." In other words, relative deprivation is the gap between the wants and needs people feel they deserve
1047:. "Interethnic differences based on racial, language, religious, regional characteristics, and other visible markers produce interethnic conflicts because members of that same group emotionally identify with their in-group, but feel no such identify with those outside their ethnic group."
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reported 13,463 terrorist attacks in the world. These attacks resulted in at least 32,700 deaths and 34,700 injuries. In addition, more than 9,400 people were kidnapped or taken hostage. Compared to 2013, the number of terrorist attacks increased by 35% and the total fatalities increased by 81%.
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A riot can be described as a violent disturbance by a group of individuals formed to protest perceived wrongs and/or injustice. These can range from poverty and inequality to unemployment and government oppression. They can manifest themselves in a number of ways but most commonly in the form of
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However, more recent upward trends show that armed conflict is increasing as political violence in the Middle East and Africa increases. In the past ten years, the UCDP has found an upward trend in the number of internationalized armed conflicts, "a conflict between a government of a state and
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results or suppress protests against election results. Electoral violence is used to influence the outcome of elections because parties cannot win through fraud alone and because candidates cannot rely on fraud agents to perpetrate fraud for them because fraud is hidden and violence is not.
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however defines terrorism as, "the calculated use of unlawful violence or threat of unlawful violence to inculcate fear; intended to coerce or to intimidate governments or societies in the pursuit of goals that are generally political, religious, or ideological." What is and is not considered
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available, which leads to severe unemployment. This will cause the young adult male population to "prolong dependency on parents, diminish self-esteem and fuel frustrations". This leads the youth to "seek social and economic advancement by alternative, extralegal means", which means that the
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Braumoeller creates another metric called "uses of force per relevant dyad", which is the use of force between neighboring states or states with one major power. Using this metric he finds that there is no downward trend in the rates of conflict initiation since the post-World War II period.
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found that victimized households, household whose members were killed, injured, maimed, captured, or made refugees, were more likely to register to vote, attend community meetings, and participate in local political and community groups than households that did not experience violence.
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were internationalized, a conflict between a government and internal opposition group where other states intervene. The percentage of internationalized conflict is 33% (13/39), which is the largest proportion of external actors in intrastate conflicts since the post-World War II era.
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varies, but according to
Amnesty International 58 countries still actively use the death penalty, and in 2010, 23 countries carried out executions and 67 imposed death sentences. Methods of execution in 2010 included beheading, electrocution, hanging, lethal injection and shooting.
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is a decision-making approach in which the decisions makers compare the expected utility of competing options and select the option that produces the most favorable outcome. Political violence occurs when the benefits in participating in political violence outweighs the costs.
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group", although what constitutes enough of a "part" to qualify as genocide has been subject to much debate by legal scholars. Genocide is typically carried out with either the overt or covert support of the governments of those countries where genocidal activities take place.
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groups and individuals are convinced that the states and political systems under which they live will never respond to their demands, and they thus believe that the only way to overthrow and/or reshape the government or state accordingly to their political and/or religious
1425:(HSRP) catalogs global and regional trends in organized violence, their causes and consequences. Research findings and analyses are published in the Human Security Report, Human Security Brief series, and the miniAtlas of Human Security based in Vancouver, Canada.
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targets. People may be collectively targeted based on the perception that they are part of a social, ethnic, religious, or political group; or selectively, targeting specific individuals for actions that are perceived as challenging someone or aiding an opponent.
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1820 will likely produce many fewer overall casualties (where casualties, properly understood, include the dead and wounded) than a conflict with 1,000 battle deaths today." The current data makes it seem like war is becoming less frequent, when it is not.
1085:. Ethnic and national identities are socially constructed and are formed through social, economic and political processes, like colonization and conquest. Ethnic conflict is a product of the factors shaping ethnic identity and not from ethnicity itself.
993:, he asserts war is costly and that creates an incentive to bargain with the other side. However, states do not bargain and instead go to war because of private information on the capability to fight and the incentives to misrepresent this information.
555:, a revolution is a fundamental and relatively sudden change in political power and political organization which occurs when the population revolts against the government, typically due to perceived oppression (political, social, economic) or political
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death from war". Instead, we should examine the willingness of a state to go to war. Braumoeller creates a new metric for conflicted called the "use of force", which is the number of militarized disputes that reach at least a level 4 on the 5-point
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identifies eleven types of political violence: Interstate war, Civil war, Terrorism, Political assassination, Military coup, Mass protest/Rebellion, Intercommunal violence, Organized crime/Cartels, Ethnic cleansing, Genocide, and State repression.
213:, a common organizing framework is to consider the types of violence which are used by the relevant actors: violence between non-state actors, one-sided violence which is perpetrated by a state actor against civilians, and violence between states.
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individual's income, health, and education attainment, but these individual consequences combined can effect a state or nation's economic growth. In other words, the macro and micro consequences of political violence do not occur in a vacuum.
671:. Based on battle deaths, one of the most frequently used measures of the Intensity of armed conflict, there was a decline in conflict from 1946 to 2013. Another indicator, the number of civil conflicts, has gradually declined since the
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monitor abuses of human rights and reports widespread violations of human torture by states in many regions of the world. Amnesty
International estimates that at least 81 world governments currently practice torture, some of them openly.
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sees society as "an organism whose entire system has to be in good working order for systemic equilibrium to be maintained." However, when there is a shock to the system, society becomes disorientated allowing for collective violence.
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291:
terrorism is itself a controversial political question, as states have often used the label of terrorism to exclusively demonize the actions of their enemies while obscuring "legal" violence administered by the state (e.g.
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is a violent uprising against one's government. A rebel is a person who engages in a rebellion. A rebel group is a consciously coordinated group that seeks to gain political control over an entire state or a portion of a
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found that victimized households, household whose members were killed, injured, maimed, captured, or displaced, did not have long-term impacts on owning assets, child nutrition, consumption expenditures and earnings.
805:
As of 2014, regionally, Asia had the largest number of violent conflicts at 14, followed by Africa at 12, Europe at six, Middle East at six, and the
Americas at two. In 2014, four new conflicts began, all of them in
378:
Torture is the act of inflicting severe pain (whether physical or psychological) as a means of punishment, revenge, forcing information or confession, or simply as an act of cruelty. Torture is prohibited under
707:. Longer term statistical analysis suggests that this pattern is not unusual given the variability involved in a long-term datasets of historical wars, and that conclusions of a downward trend are premature.
691:, there was a decline in worldwide battle deaths. Since 1946, battle death rates have not matched World War II levels. However, there have been oscillations, with sizable peaks in deaths corresponding the
1851:, and an upsurge in the use of politically motivated violence and an upsurge in the use of repressive measures by a state. The increasing militarization and the increasing use of political violence, from
901:, and Maoists. Fifty-five percent of the targets were either private citizens, private property, or police. 66% of attacks in Nigeria and 41% of attacks in Iraq targeted private citizens and property.
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argues that violent social movements come from people who are isolated socially and from political institutions. People who are alienated are easily convinced to join radical or extremist movements.
920:
poll found that 23% of those surveyed in 2023 believed that "American patriots may have to resort to political violence to save our country" in 2024, up from 15% of those surveyed in 2021.
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This spiral of strategic violence is not merely a theoretical possibility: some of the leading empirical work on revolutions indicates that it is typical of the revolutionary environment.
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were characterized by the persistence and prolongation of political and social unrest that many
Western countries experienced during the late 1960s. The decade saw the multiplication of
413:
835:
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estimates that that between 2004 and 2013, about 50% of all terrorist attacks, and 60% of fatalities due to terrorist attacks, took place in Iraq, Afghanistan and
Pakistan.
659:, estimated at more than 60 million, surpasses all other war death tolls by a factor of two. It is estimated that 378,000 people died due to war each year between 1985 and 1994.
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Miller, Martin A. (2022). "The
Dynamics of Entangled Political Violence: From the Greensboro Massacre (1979) to the War on Terror (2001)". In Larres, Klaus; Hof, Tobias (eds.).
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explains why people participate in rebellions. A person decides to participate or not participate in a rebellion based on the benefits and costs. Generally, people decide to be
773:
Additionally, he finds that the rates of conflict have remained steady over the past two hundred years and the slight increases and decreases in use of force are random.
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The use of force by an organized armed group, be it a government or a non-state group, which results in the deaths of civilians is considered one-sided. According to the
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versus what they are capable of "getting and keeping." The collective discontent, the gap between the expected and achieved welfare, leads people to resort to violence.
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power. Revolutions occur to break down the social and economic separation between the people in power and the exploited people and "to achieve equity and social unity".
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847:
718:, from the 1990s to the early 2000s, there was a decline in this measure of conflict. Between 1992 and 2005, violent conflict around the world dropped by 40 percent.
321:, a campaign of one-sided violence is recorded whenever violence against civilians committed by one group results in at least 25 reported deaths in a calendar year.
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times, governments use force in order to defend their countries from outside invasions or other threats of force and coerce other governments or conquer territory.
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are characterized by their lack of predictability and the anonymity of their participants. Both make it difficult for authorities to identify those participating.
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810:. Three conflicts were restarted by new actors in Egypt, Lebanon, and Libya. Additionally, six conflicts were restarted by previously registered actors in "
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where neither side is able to directly assault the other, instead relying on tactics such as guerrilla warfare and terrorism. It can often include attacks on
599:
Counter-insurgency, another form of political violence, describes a spectrum of actions taken by the recognized government of a state to contain or quell an
2490:
945:
discuss political violence processes that involve individuals and households, like who participates in violence and what motivates people to participate
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Famine can be initiated or prolonged in order to deny resources, compel obedience, or to depopulate a region with a recalcitrant or untrusted populace.
3624:
Balcells, Laia (December 2014). "Bridging Micro and Macro
Approaches on Civil Wars and Political Violence: Issues, Challenges, and the Way Forward".
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In a revolution political violence is usually common. The use of political violence is usually to fulfill a revolutionary objective, and in times of
799:
279:). Because terrorism is a tactic often used by the weaker side of a conflict, it may also fall under violence between a state and non-state actor.
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1066:. Ethnicity is not inherent in human nature. Conflict occurs when leaders manipulate ethnicity for the sake of political power or economic gain.
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608:, and entirely uninvolved members of the population, counter-insurgency operations have often rested on a confused, relativistic, or otherwise
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on political participation. An abducted male Ugandan youth, or in other words a former child soldier, had a greater probability of voting for
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second edition 1989 "insurgent B. n. One who rises in revolt against constituted authority; a rebel who is not recognized as a belligerent.")
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1992:
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1391:, from 1997 to the present. As of early 2016, ACLED has recorded over 100,000 individual events, with ongoing data collection focused on
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Chevigny, P. (2008). "Police Brutality", In Encyclopedia of Violence, Peace and Conflict. oxford: Elsevier Science and Technology, 2008.
1863:, were justified by left-wing groups both as necessary means to achieve a revolutionary project and as defences against the threat of a
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43:
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and/or produce rebellion or revolution. There are also a number of different types of riots including but not limited to police riots,
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alone, 4,861 incidents of police misconduct were reported during 2010. Of these, there were 6,826 victims involved and 247 fatalities.
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435:, which is the killing of a person by governmental authorities without the sanction of any judicial proceeding or legal process. The
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2986:. 44(1): 149-179; Fjelde, Hanne and Kristine Hoglund. 2016. "Electoral Institutions and Electoral Violence in Sub-Saharan Africa."
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civilian that is more than necessary". Police brutality and the use of excessive force are present throughout the world and in the
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is cataloged as international conflicts and civil wars—in which at least one of the warring parties is the government of a state.
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1777:"The failed amnesty of the 'years of lead' in Italy: Continuity and transformations between (de)politicization and punitiveness"
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and not to participate in the rebellion. These people will still receive the benefits of the rebellion since the benefits are a
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570:. The goals of political violence can be varied such as to strengthen the position of a group, or to weaken an opposing side.
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Capital punishment is the sentence of death upon a person by the state as a punishment for an offense. This does not include
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Due to the imbalances of power which exist between state and non-state actors, political violence often takes the form of
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Emile M. Hafner-Burton and Susan D. Hyde and Ryan S. Jablonski. 2014. "Why Do Governments Resort to Election Violence."
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often force is used by one or more groups for a political end. The data project catalogs nine different types of events.
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In the aftermath of political violence, there are many changes that occur within the state, society, and the individual.
152:) or it can describe violence which is used against other non-state actors and/or civilians. Non-action on the part of a
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3509:
Fazal, Tanisha (Summer 2014). "Dead Wrong? Battle Deaths, Military Medicine, and Exaggerated Reports of War's Demise".
1963:
Galland, Olivier (2020). "Religious Radicalism: from Absolutism to Violence". In Galland, Olivier; Muxel, Anne (eds.).
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3301:"Statistical sightings of better angels: Analysing the distribution of battle-deaths in interstate conflict over time"
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argued that this decline has not occurred over the past 60 years, but has been going on for over the past millennia.
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Wada, George, and James C. Davies. "Riots and Rioters". The Western Political Quarterly 10.4 (1957): 864–874. Web...
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3089:"Fifty years of violent war deaths from Vietnam to Bosnia: analysis of data from the world health survey programme"
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2165:
1907:
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Fox, Jonathan (2021). "Chapter 1: FUNDAMENTALIST EXTREMISM AND POLITICS". In Mathew, Mathews; Tay, Melvin (eds.).
136:). It can also describe politically motivated violence which is used by violent non-state actors against a state (
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1204:. In other words, politically and non-politically motivated violence is necessary in state-building and building
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The Center for Systemic Peace reports that armed conflict in the post-World War II era was at its peak when the
1501:"Part 2: The Mechanisms of Violence – Chapter 5: "Industrial repression" and Operation Condor in Latin America"
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are conflicts which consist of fighting between two armed groups, neither of which is the government of a state
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Social science literature that examines how political violence affects the region, state, nation, and society.
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30:
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Weede, Erich; Muller, Edward N. (1998). "Rebellion, Violence and Revolution: A Rational Choice Perspective".
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Kalyvas, Stathis N. (2019), Chenoweth, Erica; English, Richard; Gofas, Andreas; Kalyvas, Stathis N. (eds.),
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Militarized Interstate Dispute scale. He finds that use of force has held steady from the 1800s through the
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Some scholars argue that data focusing on the number of battle deaths per country per year are misleading.
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Blattman, Christopher (2009-05-01). "From Violence to Voting: War and Political Participation in Uganda".
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Human security report 2013 : the decline in global violence: evidence, explanation, and contestation
2077:"A comparison of extreme religious and political ideologies: Similar worldviews but different grievances"
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However, this effect is not just contained to Uganda. Another natural experiment on the effects of the
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groups in the Middle East. The numbers of active conflicts in 2016 and 2019 were the highest recorded.
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Fighting between non-state actors without state security forces playing a direct role in the conflict.
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Muller, Edward N.; Opp, Karl-Dieter (1986-01-01). "Rational Choice and Rebellious Collective Action".
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Just like armed conflict, there was an increase in fatalities associated with terrorism. In 2014, the
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which is perpetrated in order to achieve political goals. It can include violence which is used by a
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UNDP. 2009. "Elections and Conflict Prevention: A Guide to Analysis, Planning and Programming,"p. 4.
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Political terrorism: a new guide to actors, authors, concepts, data bases, theories, and literature
1894:"Violence Against Civilians During Armed Conflict: Moving Beyond the Macro- and Micro-Level Divide"
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distinction between insurgents and non-combatants. Counter-insurgency operations are common during
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Terrorism can be directed by non-state actors against political targets other than the state (e.g.
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2786:"Rebel Governance – Constructing a Field of Inquiry: Definitions, Scope, Patterns, Order, Causes"
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Schoenberger, Robert A. (September 1968). "Conservatism, Personality, and Political Extremism".
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Bellows, John; Miguel, Edward (2009-12-01). "War and local collective action in Sierra Leone".
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There are empirical studies that link violence with increases in political participation. One
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is commonly defined as "the deliberate and systematic destruction, in whole or in part, of an
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Collective Political Violence: An Introduction to the Theories and Cases of Violent Conflicts
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or otherwise denying resources to politically identifiable groups within their territory.
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834:". Finally, seven conflicts in 2013 were no longer active in 2014. The conflicts were in
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can also be characterized as a form of political violence, such as refusing to alleviate
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and being a community mobilizer/leader than a male Ugandan youth who was not abducted.
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3381:"Definitions - Department of Peace and Conflict Research - Uppsala University, Sweden"
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3259:
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2704:
2296:
2232:
2217:
2161:
2132:
2061:
2010:
1949:
1885:
1828:
1739:
1701:
1668:
1614:
1512:
970:
753:
735:
605:
357:
172:
50:
3724:
3530:
2911:
against a constituted authority (for example an authority recognized as such by the
647:
War is a state of organized, armed, and often prolonged conflict carried on between
4130:
4028:
3380:
3358:
2999:
Dawn Brancati and Elizabeth M. Penn. 2023.Stealing an Election: Violence or Fraud?
2075:
van Prooijen, Jan-Willem; Kuijper, Sophia M.H.C. (June 2020). Colin, Cooper (ed.).
1160:
1013:
986:
885:
In 2013 and 2014, the perpetrators responsible for the most terrorist attacks were
870:
In 2014, the five countries that experienced the most terrorist attacks were Iraq,
688:
668:
656:
563:
534:
530:
340:
292:
243:
4058:
3925:
17:
2834:
667:
Considerable scholarship and data has suggested that violence has declined since
3886:
Collier, Paul; Hoeffler, Anke (2004-10-01). "Greed and grievance in civil war".
3041:
2916:
2874:
2784:
Kasfir, Nelson (2015), Arjona, Ana; Kasfir, Nelson; Mampilly, Zachariah (eds.),
1864:
1790:
1650:
1275:
1230:
766:
696:
609:
383:
and the domestic laws of most countries in the 21st century. It is considered a
352:
312:
3607:"More Americans say they support political violence ahead of the 2024 election"
2099:
2076:
2042:
1555:"How is Political Violence Gendered? Disentangling Motives, Forms, and Impacts"
4012:
3708:
2960:
2943:
1984:
1856:
1811:
1776:
1534:
1396:
939:
explain how political, economic, and social processes cause political violence
898:
815:
692:
600:
567:
546:
526:
184:
153:
113:
4020:
3985:
3917:
3637:
3431:
3414:
3316:
3250:
3233:
2969:
2759:
2272:
2209:
2185:
2108:
2002:
1967:. Youth in a Globalizing World. Vol. 11. Translated by Hamilton, Peter.
1925:
1820:
1731:
1590:
1581:
1554:
1387:(ACLED) is a project that collates data on political violence and protest in
802:, with Afghanistan accounting for 40% of all fatalities worldwide in 2019.
4173:
Talking terrorism: a dictionary of the loaded language of political violence
3004:
2908:
2288:
2241:"Why We Kill: The Political Science of Political Violence against Civilians"
2157:
2124:
2029:
1941:
1553:
Bardall, Gabrielle; BjarnegĂĄrd, Elin; Piscopo, Jennifer M. (November 2020).
1516:
621:
579:
497:
491:
260:
197:
188:
137:
121:
35:
3274:
3122:
2410:. Vancouver: Human Security Research Group, Simon Fraser University. 2014.
1713:
1606:
481:
At least one of the warring parties involved is the government of a state.
4186:
3063:
3909:
3522:
2823:
Third Edition (1999), Allan Bullock and Stephen Trombley, Eds. pp. 754–46
2090:
1852:
1845:
1637:. Security, Conflict, and Cooperation in the Contemporary World (SCCCW).
1163:, like material rewards or power, then that person is expected to rebel.
715:
672:
330:
180:
168:
105:
73:
61:
2468:(Reprint, revised ed.). New Brunswick, NJ: Transaction Publishers.
3977:
3859:
3716:
3325:
3020:
2767:
2735:
2193:
1503:. In Esparza, Marcia; Huttenbach, Henry R.; Feierstein, Daniel (eds.).
966:
890:
373:
145:
141:
125:
97:
4099:"Armed Conflict Location and Event Data Project (ACLED) Codebook 2016"
3152:. Coping with Crisis Working Paper Series. International Peace Academy
2882:
1690:
Terrorism in Asymmetrical Conflict: Ideological and Structural Aspects
3299:
Cunen, CĂ©line; Hjort, Nils Lid; NygĂĄrd, HĂĄvard Mokleiv (March 2020).
3104:
1972:
1968:
1794:
1697:
1508:
1392:
652:
449:
209:
Political violence varies widely in form, severity, and practice. In
157:
3851:
2751:
2177:
878:, and Nigeria. In 2013, Iraq, Pakistan, Afghanistan, India, and the
721:
Other datasets on political violence have shown similar trends. The
1965:
Radical Thought among the Young: A Survey of French Lycée Students
1598:
769:, but after World War I the use of force has steadily increased.
29:
3964:
Blattman, Christopher; Miguel, Edward (2010-03-01). "Civil War".
3695:
Fearon, James (Summer 1995). "Rationalist Explanations for War".
2833:
Buchanan, Allen (2017). "Revolution". In Zalta, Edward N. (ed.).
2026:
Religion and Identity Politics: Global Trends and Local Realities
742:
internal opposition groups with intervention from other states."
2915:) when those taking part in the rebellion are not recognized as
2492:
Victims' Rights and Advocacy at the International Criminal Court
2280:
2201:
2116:
1933:
1505:
State Violence and Genocide in Latin America: The Cold War Years
882:
were the countries that experienced the most terrorist attacks.
518:
511:
3173:
Winning the War on War: The Decline of Armed Conflict Worldwide
3146:
Global Political Violence: Explaining the Post-Cold War Decline
1269:
642:
613:
69:
3553:
Braumoeller, Bear (August 27, 2013). "Is War Disappearing?".
1635:
Terrorism and Transatlantic Relations: Threats and Challenges
4072:
2692:
China's War with Japan, 1937–1945: The Struggle for Survival
1463:
is thought of as targeted attacks against unarmed civilians.
985:
explains why states go to war even though war is costly. In
604:
between an insurgent, a supporter of an insurgency who is a
3363:
See "Figure 3: Global Trends in Armed Conflict, 1946-2019"
2944:"Introducing the Deadly Electoral Conflict Dataset (DECO)"
949:
Some research does not fit clearly into this dichotomy.
928:
Theories of political violence can be organized by their
414:
International Rehabilitation Council for Torture Victims
1507:. Routledge Critical Terrorism Studies (1st ed.).
4073:"The Armed Conflict Location & Event Data Project"
3062:
Lazar, Seth (2020). "War". In Zalta, Edward N. (ed.).
1373:
Armed Conflict Location and Event Data Project (ACLED)
404:
scandal committed by military police personnel of the
3413:
Pettersson, Therése; Wallensteen, Peter (July 2015).
2736:"Dependency and Rebellion: A Cross-National Analysis"
4040:
4038:
3199:
Cederman, Lars-Erik; Pengl, Yannick (May 21, 2019).
3490:"The reports of war's demise have been exaggerated"
1775:Rossi, Federica (April 2021). Treiber, Kyle (ed.).
3455:
2640:"Famine Is Being Used as a Weapon of War in Syria"
2540:"Torture and Ill-Treatment in the 'War on Terror'"
273:Stabbing attacks at gay pride parades in Jerusalem
3778:"The Effects of 'Youth Bulge' on Civil Conflicts"
1548:
1546:
1544:
1200:actives depend on the state's ability to use and
387:and is declared unacceptable by Article 5 of the
3592:Center for Strategic & International Studies
3232:Pettersson, Therése; Öberg, Magnus (July 2020).
1884:Balcells, Laia; Stanton, Jessica A. (May 2021).
1682:
1680:
1678:
3087:Obermeyer Z, Murray CJ, Gakidou E (June 2008).
2779:
2777:
2397:
2395:
2393:
2391:
3941:War Making and State Making as Organized Crime
2705:"Police Brutality Law & Legal Definitions"
2312:"Necessity, Political Violence, and Terrorism"
1385:Armed Conflict Location and Event Data Project
1379:Armed Conflict Location and Event Data Project
1028:mobilize sufficient resources to take action.
477:Violence between a state and a non-state actor
3202:Global Conflict Trends and their Consequences
1628:
1626:
1624:
1159:. However, if people are expected to receive
72:), violence which is used by a state against
8:
3585:"BROAD PATTERNS IN GLOBAL TERRORISM IN 2014"
2821:The New Fontana Dictionary of Modern Thought
2495:. Oxford, England: Oxford University Press.
1770:
1768:
1766:
1764:
335:One form of political violence is genocide.
3194:
3192:
2464:Schmid, Alex Peter; Jongman, A. J. (2005).
2367:, Oxford University Press, pp. 10–33,
2990:46(2):297–320; Princeton University Press.
2792:, Cambridge University Press, p. 24,
2734:Boswell, Terry; Dixon, William J. (1990).
1879:
1877:
1875:
1451:happen within a state such as a civil war.
4127:"Human Security Report Project: About Us"
3899:
3430:
3324:
3249:
3112:
3005:https://doi.org/10.1177/00220027221120595
2959:
2942:Fjelde, Hanne; Höglund, Kristine (2021).
2262:
2098:
2041:
1915:
1810:
1580:
1432:, the report tracks 5 types of violence:
1360:Learn how and when to remove this message
1229:examines the effect of being abducted by
3227:
3225:
3223:
838:, Ethiopia (Oromiya), Malaysia (Sabah),
3065:The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy
2836:The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy
1696:. SIPRI Research Report. Vol. 23.
1488:
27:Violence conducted with political goals
3881:
3879:
3877:
3833:
3831:
3805:
3803:
3015:
3013:
2170:American Political Science Association
2082:Personality and Individual Differences
1296:Please improve this section by adding
297:communist rebellion in the Philippines
250:One-sided violence by non-state actors
3840:The American Political Science Review
3771:
3769:
3736:
3734:
3665:
3663:
3661:
3659:
3657:
3655:
3578:
3576:
3574:
3572:
3570:
3568:
3548:
3546:
3544:
3542:
3540:
3483:
3481:
3479:
3408:
3406:
3404:
3402:
3400:
3398:
3396:
3394:
3375:
3373:
3371:
3353:
3351:
3138:
3136:
3134:
3132:
2361:"The Landscape of Political Violence"
2340:from the original on 28 February 2022
2264:10.1146/annurev-polisci-082112-141937
1917:10.1146/annurev-polisci-041719-102229
1749:from the original on 28 February 2022
402:Abu Ghraib torture and prisoner abuse
242:An ethnic conflict is fought between
7:
4162:: Belief, Behavior, and Legitimation
4097:Raleigh, Clionadh; Dowd, Caitriona.
3583:Cordesman, Anthony (June 19, 2015).
2988:British Journal of Political Science
2984:British Journal of Political Science
2373:10.1093/oxfordhb/9780198732914.013.1
1468:Uppsala Conflict Data Program (UCDP)
1411:Human Security Report Project (HSRP)
437:use of capital punishment by country
4175:, Greenwood Publishing Group, 2003.
3042:"Merriam Webster's Dictionary: War"
3021:"American Heritage Dictionary: War"
2231:Valentino, Benjamin A. (May 2014).
977:
288:United States Department of Defense
3776:Beehner, Lionel (April 27, 2007).
3605:Lopez, Ashley (October 25, 2023).
2246:Annual Review of Political Science
1899:Annual Review of Political Science
40:military dictatorship of Argentina
25:
4001:American Political Science Review
3044:. Merriam-webster.com. 2010-08-13
2331:Stetson University College of Law
2149:American Political Science Review
1842:extra-parliamentary organizations
1445:are conflicts between two states.
1102:to join armed movements are low.
224:Violence between non-state actors
108:), and violence which is used by
4185:
2365:The Oxford Handbook of Terrorism
1274:
991:Rationalist Explanations for War
490:This section is an excerpt from
3743:"Ethnicity and Ethnic Conflict"
3458:The Better Angels of Our Nature
3234:"Organized violence, 1989–2019"
2310:Cohan, John A. (January 2006).
1803:European Society of Criminology
1782:European Journal of Criminology
731:The Better Angels of Our Nature
307:One-sided violence by the state
3966:Journal of Economic Literature
3943:. Cambridge University Press.
3626:Journal of Conflict Resolution
3001:Journal of Conflict Resolution
2948:Journal of Conflict Resolution
2667:"Famine becomes Mugabe weapon"
1257:A study on the effects of the
864:United States State Department
389:UN Declaration of Human Rights
362:historical example of genocide
112:against states and civilians (
34:Photographs of victims of the
1:
4059:10.1016/j.jpubeco.2009.07.012
2790:Rebel Governance in Civil War
2694:. London: Allen Lane. p. 268.
2665:Peter Beaumont (2002-11-10).
1687:Stepanova, Ekaterina (2008).
1573:Political Studies Association
1474:Uppsala Conflict Data Program
1430:Uppsala Conflict Data Program
1423:Human Security Report Project
1417:Human Security Report Project
1298:secondary or tertiary sources
812:Azerbaijan (Nagorno-Karabakh)
723:Uppsala Conflict Data Program
319:Human Security Report Project
282:While there lacks a concrete
3782:Council on Foreign Relations
3670:Conteh-Morgan, Earl (2003).
3415:"Armed conflicts, 1946–2014"
2740:American Sociological Review
313:Mass murder § By states
4047:Journal of Public Economics
2875:10.1177/0022343398035001004
2618:"The Death Penalty in 2010"
1855:and damage to property, to
1651:10.1007/978-3-030-83347-3_3
1137:relative deprivation theory
179:Many politically motivated
4233:
3697:International Organization
3171:Goldstein, Joshua (2012).
2166:Cambridge University Press
2100:10.1016/j.paid.2020.109888
2043:10.1142/9789811235504_0001
1471:
1437:State-based armed conflict
1414:
1376:
640:
592:
577:
544:
509:
489:
461:
447:
424:
371:
328:
310:
264:
258:
235:
4013:10.1017/S0003055409090212
3709:10.1017/s0020818300033324
3419:Journal of Peace Research
3305:Journal of Peace Research
3238:Journal of Peace Research
2961:10.1177/00220027211021620
2921:Oxford English Dictionary
2863:Journal of Peace Research
1985:10.1163/9789004432369_003
1812:10.1177/14773708211008441
1455:Non-state armed conflicts
983:War's inefficiency puzzle
978:War's inefficiency puzzle
906:Global Terrorism Database
301:2014 Israel–Gaza conflict
42:(1976–1983), part of the
3638:10.1177/0022002714547905
3432:10.1177/0022343315595927
3317:10.1177/0022343319896843
3251:10.1177/0022343320934986
2589:"Report 08: At a Glance"
2489:Funk, T. Marcus (2010).
2443:U.S. Fire Administration
1582:10.1177/0032321719881812
1239:Uganda's 2005 referendum
1149:Collective action theory
1144:Collective action theory
836:Central African Republic
408:. Organizations such as
397:Fourth Geneva Convention
110:violent non-state actors
3939:Tilly, Charles (1985).
3454:Pinker, Steven (2011).
3023:. Thefreedictionary.com
2620:. Amnesty International
2525:McGill Faculty of Law (
1861:targeted assassinations
1706:Oxford University Press
786:Based on data from the
393:Third Geneva Convention
284:definition of terrorism
118:targeted assassinations
94:targeted assassinations
3888:Oxford Economic Papers
3511:International Security
3068:(Spring 2020 ed.)
2595:. 2008. Archived from
1714:10.1037/e549992011-001
1285:relies excessively on
1259:Sierra Leone civil war
1246:Sierra Leone civil war
1172:Greed versus grievance
1167:Greed versus grievance
1116:Rational choice theory
1111:Rational choice theory
963:Social conflict theory
958:Social conflict theory
712:Soviet Union collapsed
385:human rights violation
277:Charlie Hebdo shooting
68:against other states (
54:
4198:Political Risk Report
3143:Mack, Andrew (2007).
2593:Amnesty International
2564:Amnesty International
2544:Amnesty International
1395:and ten countries in
1077:is an explanation of
1058:is an explanation of
1039:is an explanation of
1025:Resource mobilization
1020:Resource mobilization
433:extrajudicial killing
410:Amnesty International
391:. Signatories of the
311:Further information:
86:psychological warfare
33:
4194:at Wikimedia Commons
4053:(11–12): 1144–1157.
3741:Varshney, Ashutosh.
3523:10.1162/ISEC_a_00166
2839:(Fall 2017 ed.)
2690:Rana Mitter (2013).
1844:, the presence of a
1497:McSherry, J. Patrice
1483:Notes and references
1449:Intrastate Conflicts
1443:Interstate Conflicts
1428:Using data from the
1389:developing countries
1309:"Political violence"
1123:Relative deprivation
267:Stochastic terrorism
82:forced disappearance
3495:The Washington Post
3273:Roser, Max (2016).
2237:Rosenblum, Nancy L.
1890:Rosenblum, Nancy L.
1202:monopolize violence
4217:Political violence
4192:Political violence
4166:Palgrave Macmillan
4160:Political Violence
3978:10.1257/jel.48.1.3
3910:10.1093/oep/gpf064
3810:Gurr, Ted (2011).
2572:2005-06-01 at the
2521:2007-05-05 at the
2319:Stetson Law Review
1979:. pp. 24–62.
1849:far right movement
1645:. pp. 33–42.
1643:Palgrave Macmillan
1461:One-sided violence
1227:natural experiment
848:Turkey (Kurdistan)
846:, Mozambique, and
824:Israel (Palestine)
637:War between states
628:Electoral violence
595:Counter-insurgency
589:Counter-insurgency
427:Capital punishment
421:Capital punishment
406:United States Army
360:is the most cited
165:asymmetric warfare
58:Political violence
55:
18:Electoral violence
4190:Media related to
3950:978-0-521-31313-1
3821:978-1-59451-914-7
3788:on March 12, 2017
3681:978-0-415-94743-5
3469:978-0-670-02295-3
3359:"Conflict Trends"
3279:Our World in Data
3182:978-0-452-29859-0
2799:978-1-107-10222-4
2527:McGill University
2516:What is Genocide?
2502:978-0-19-973747-5
2475:978-1-4128-0469-1
2417:978-0-9917111-1-6
2382:978-0-19-873291-4
2327:Gulfport, Florida
2168:on behalf of the
2053:978-981-123-551-1
2036:. pp. 3–26.
1994:978-90-04-43236-9
1801:on behalf of the
1799:SAGE Publications
1723:978-0-19-953356-5
1660:978-3-030-83347-3
1639:Cham, Switzerland
1571:on behalf of the
1569:SAGE Publications
1560:Political Studies
1526:978-0-415-49637-7
1370:
1369:
1362:
1344:
1221:Political impacts
1100:opportunity costs
930:level of analysis
763:Correlates of War
714:. Following the
705:Soviet–Afghan War
566:to challenge the
553:political science
517:property damage.
381:international law
211:political science
134:guerrilla warfare
122:terrorist attacks
16:(Redirected from
4224:
4189:
4142:
4141:
4139:
4138:
4129:. Archived from
4123:
4117:
4116:
4114:
4112:
4103:
4094:
4088:
4087:
4085:
4083:
4069:
4063:
4062:
4042:
4033:
4032:
3996:
3990:
3989:
3961:
3955:
3954:
3936:
3930:
3929:
3903:
3883:
3872:
3871:
3835:
3826:
3825:
3807:
3798:
3797:
3795:
3793:
3784:. Archived from
3773:
3764:
3763:
3761:
3760:
3754:
3748:. Archived from
3747:
3738:
3729:
3728:
3692:
3686:
3685:
3667:
3650:
3649:
3632:(8): 1343–1359.
3621:
3615:
3614:
3602:
3596:
3595:
3589:
3580:
3563:
3562:
3550:
3535:
3534:
3506:
3500:
3499:
3488:Fazal, Tanisha.
3485:
3474:
3473:
3461:
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3445:
3444:
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3410:
3389:
3388:
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3162:
3161:
3159:
3157:
3151:
3140:
3127:
3126:
3116:
3105:10.1136/bmj.a137
3099:(7659): 1482–6.
3084:
3078:
3077:
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3052:
3050:
3049:
3038:
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2781:
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2452:
2450:
2445:. 21 August 2020
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2137:
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2102:
2072:
2066:
2065:
2045:
2034:World Scientific
2021:
2015:
2014:
1977:Brill Publishers
1960:
1954:
1953:
1919:
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1538:
1493:
1365:
1358:
1354:
1351:
1345:
1343:
1302:
1278:
1270:
1253:Economic impacts
832:Myanmar (Kokang)
464:Police brutality
458:Police brutality
232:Ethnic conflicts
102:ethnic cleansing
90:police brutality
78:non-state actors
47:Operation Condor
21:
4232:
4231:
4227:
4226:
4225:
4223:
4222:
4221:
4207:
4206:
4182:
4171:Philip Herbst,
4151:
4146:
4145:
4136:
4134:
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4108:
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4044:
4043:
4036:
3998:
3997:
3993:
3963:
3962:
3958:
3951:
3938:
3937:
3933:
3885:
3884:
3875:
3852:10.2307/1958269
3837:
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3808:
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3477:
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3448:
3412:
3411:
3392:
3379:
3378:
3369:
3357:
3356:
3349:
3339:
3337:
3298:
3297:
3293:
3283:
3281:
3275:"War and Peace"
3272:
3271:
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3231:
3230:
3221:
3211:
3209:
3205:
3198:
3197:
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3130:
3086:
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3019:
3018:
3011:
2998:
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2977:
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2927:
2902:
2898:
2860:
2859:
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2827:
2819:
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2810:
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2800:
2783:
2782:
2775:
2752:10.2307/2095806
2733:
2732:
2728:
2723:
2719:
2710:
2708:
2703:
2702:
2698:
2689:
2685:
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2673:
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2659:
2649:
2647:
2638:
2637:
2633:
2623:
2621:
2616:
2615:
2611:
2602:
2600:
2599:on July 8, 2008
2587:
2586:
2582:
2574:Wayback Machine
2562:
2558:
2549:
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2538:
2537:
2533:
2523:Wayback Machine
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2309:
2308:
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2230:
2229:
2225:
2178:10.2307/1953436
2145:
2144:
2140:
2074:
2073:
2069:
2054:
2023:
2022:
2018:
1995:
1962:
1961:
1957:
1883:
1882:
1873:
1774:
1773:
1762:
1752:
1750:
1746:
1724:
1693:
1686:
1685:
1676:
1661:
1632:
1631:
1622:
1552:
1551:
1542:
1527:
1519:. p. 107.
1495:
1494:
1490:
1485:
1476:
1470:
1419:
1413:
1381:
1375:
1366:
1355:
1349:
1346:
1303:
1301:
1295:
1291:primary sources
1279:
1268:
1255:
1223:
1214:
1206:fiscal capacity
1197:
1189:
1181:
1169:
1146:
1133:Ted Robert Gurr
1125:
1113:
1108:
1091:
1083:ethnic conflict
1079:ethnic violence
1072:
1064:ethnic conflict
1060:ethnic violence
1056:Instrumentalism
1053:
1051:Instrumentalist
1045:ethnic conflict
1041:ethnic violence
1034:
1022:
1011:
999:
980:
960:
955:
926:
914:
874:, Afghanistan,
860:
840:Myanmar (Karen)
784:
782:Armed conflicts
779:
767:First World War
748:
685:
683:Long-run trends
665:
645:
639:
630:
597:
591:
582:
576:
549:
543:
514:
508:
503:
502:
495:
487:
479:
466:
460:
452:
446:
429:
423:
376:
370:
333:
327:
315:
309:
269:
263:
257:
252:
240:
238:Ethnic conflict
234:
226:
217:Stathis Kalyvas
207:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
4230:
4228:
4220:
4219:
4209:
4208:
4205:
4204:
4202:Marsh McLennan
4195:
4181:
4180:External links
4178:
4177:
4176:
4169:
4155:Paul Hollander
4150:
4147:
4144:
4143:
4118:
4089:
4064:
4034:
4007:(2): 231–247.
3991:
3956:
3949:
3931:
3901:10.1.1.17.7530
3894:(4): 563–595.
3873:
3846:(2): 471–488.
3827:
3820:
3799:
3765:
3730:
3703:(3): 379–414.
3687:
3680:
3651:
3616:
3597:
3564:
3536:
3501:
3475:
3468:
3446:
3425:(4): 536–550.
3390:
3367:
3347:
3311:(2): 221–234.
3291:
3265:
3244:(4): 597–613.
3219:
3188:
3181:
3163:
3128:
3079:
3054:
3033:
3009:
3003:67(5)858-892.
2992:
2975:
2934:
2925:
2913:United Nations
2896:
2853:
2825:
2813:
2804:
2798:
2773:
2746:(4): 540–559.
2726:
2717:
2696:
2683:
2657:
2631:
2609:
2580:
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2531:
2508:
2501:
2481:
2474:
2456:
2430:
2416:
2387:
2381:
2351:
2302:
2255:Annual Reviews
2233:Levi, Margaret
2223:
2138:
2067:
2052:
2016:
1993:
1955:
1908:Annual Reviews
1886:Levi, Margaret
1871:
1835:1970s in Italy
1760:
1722:
1674:
1659:
1620:
1540:
1525:
1487:
1486:
1484:
1481:
1480:
1479:
1472:Main article:
1469:
1466:
1465:
1464:
1458:
1452:
1446:
1440:
1415:Main article:
1412:
1409:
1401:Southeast Asia
1377:Main article:
1374:
1371:
1368:
1367:
1282:
1280:
1273:
1267:
1264:
1254:
1251:
1222:
1219:
1213:
1210:
1196:
1195:State-building
1193:
1188:
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1177:
1168:
1165:
1145:
1142:
1124:
1121:
1112:
1109:
1107:
1104:
1090:
1087:
1075:Constructivist
1071:
1070:Constructivist
1068:
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1049:
1033:
1030:
1021:
1018:
1010:
1007:
998:
995:
979:
976:
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951:
947:
946:
943:Micro theories
940:
937:Macro theories
925:
922:
913:
910:
859:
856:
844:Myanmar (Shan)
820:India–Pakistan
783:
780:
778:
777:Current trends
775:
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744:
684:
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641:Main article:
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193:fundamentalist
26:
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14:
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2:
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4148:
4133:on 2016-05-26
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3853:
3849:
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3828:
3823:
3817:
3814:. Routledge.
3813:
3812:Why Men Rebel
3806:
3804:
3800:
3787:
3783:
3779:
3772:
3770:
3766:
3755:on 2018-03-29
3751:
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3674:. Routledge.
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1982:
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1970:
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1311: –
1310:
1306:
1305:Find sources:
1299:
1293:
1292:
1288:
1283:This section
1281:
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1272:
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1164:
1162:
1161:private goods
1158:
1154:
1150:
1143:
1141:
1138:
1134:
1130:
1129:Why Men Rebel
1122:
1120:
1117:
1110:
1105:
1103:
1101:
1096:
1088:
1086:
1084:
1080:
1076:
1069:
1067:
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1057:
1050:
1048:
1046:
1042:
1038:
1037:Primordialism
1032:Primordialism
1031:
1029:
1026:
1019:
1017:
1015:
1008:
1006:
1003:
1002:Functionalism
997:Functionalism
996:
994:
992:
988:
984:
975:
972:
971:social theory
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837:
833:
829:
828:Mali (Azawad)
825:
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813:
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803:
801:
797:
793:
789:
781:
776:
774:
770:
768:
764:
758:
755:
754:Tanisha Fazal
751:
745:
743:
739:
737:
736:Steven Pinker
733:
732:
726:
724:
719:
717:
713:
708:
706:
702:
701:Iran–Iraq War
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636:
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606:non-combatant
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471:United States
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358:The Holocaust
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244:ethnic groups
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173:non-combatant
171:or otherwise
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3175:. Penguin.
2954:: 162–185.
2624:22 November
2577:Report 2006
2567:Report 2005
2439:"Terrorism"
2333:: 903–982.
2172:: 868–877.
1865:neo-fascist
1857:kidnappings
1805:: 381–400.
1791:Los Angeles
1575:: 916–935.
1231:Joseph Kony
1157:public good
1153:free riders
1095:youth bulge
1089:Youth bulge
891:the Taliban
880:Philippines
800:Afghanistan
697:Vietnam War
610:situational
150:coup d'etat
114:kidnappings
44:U.S.-backed
4137:2016-05-13
4106:ACLED Data
4077:ACLED Data
3759:2022-10-18
3517:: 95–125.
3462:. Viking.
3048:2011-01-24
3027:2011-01-24
2905:insurgency
2711:2011-11-20
2603:2008-10-22
2550:2008-10-22
2449:August 17,
2257:: 89–103.
2093:: 109888.
2089:(109888).
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1535:1120355660
1350:April 2024
1320:newspapers
1287:references
899:Boko Haram
895:al-Shabaab
699:, and the
693:Korean War
687:Following
622:rebellions
620:and armed
618:occupation
601:insurgency
568:status quo
547:Revolution
541:Revolution
535:sport riot
265:See also:
154:government
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4111:18 August
4082:18 August
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3918:0030-7653
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2843:18 August
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2423:18 August
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485:Rebellion
400:the 2004
349:religious
261:Terrorism
255:Terrorism
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