214:
199:
2574:
1357:
3311:
3092:
2495:
2484:
1692:
180:
1711:
1673:
2712:
2740:
1598:
559:
1785:
640:
1208:
3170:
3143:
164:
1652:
1526:
1104:
3405:
1769:
2632:
2833:
2698:
198:
587:
573:
50:
2585:
2550:
1846:
3131:
1800:
1818:
1746:
996:
2600:
157:
612:
3119:
2646:
3155:
2726:
1450:
3032:
1726:
2611:
2670:
1464:. The French were forced to withdraw in 1689 but before doing so, destroyed much of Heidelberg, another 20 substantial towns and numerous villages. This destruction was systematically applied across a large section of the Rhineland but especially the Palatinate, which was raided again in 1693; the devastation shocked much of Europe. France later renounced its claim to the region in the 1697
1353:, one of the most destructive conflicts in human history; it caused over eight million fatalities from military action, violence, famine, and plague in the vast majority in the German states of the Holy Roman Empire. In terms of proportional German casualties and destruction, it was surpassed only by the period January to May 1945 and remains the single greatest war trauma in German memory.
899:
626:
1971:
3042:
2536:
2522:
2684:
938:. Consequently, the Count Palatine of Lotharingia became the most important of the Counts Palatine. Marital alliances meant that, by the Middle Ages, most Count Palatine positions had been inherited by the duke of the associated province, but the importance of the Count Palatine of Lotharingia enabled it to remain as an independent position.
1014:) to a mere feudal magnate over his own territories – along the Upper Rhine in south-western Franconia. From this time on, his territory became known as the County Palatine of the Rhine (not because Palatine authority existed there, but as an acknowledgement that the Count still held the title, if not the authority, of Count Palatine).
1486:
meant the
Protestant majority in the Palatinate was theoretically obliged to convert to Catholicism. The 1705 'Palatine Church Division' compromised by allocating five-sevenths of public church property to the Reformed or Calvinist church and the remainder to Catholicism, while excluding the Lutheran
205:
1: Frankenthal, 2: Mannheim, 3, 17: Heidelberg, 4: Alzey, 5: Bacharach, 6: Germersheim, 7: Kreuznach, 8: Neustadt, 9: Lautern, 10: Lauterecken, 11: Oppenheim, 12: Simmern, 13: Stromberg, 14: Veldenz, 15: Boxberg, 16: Bretten, 18: Ladenburg, 19: Lindenfels, 20: Mosbach, 21: Otzberg, 22:
1629:
By marriage, the
Palatinate's arms also became quartered with those of Welf and later Wittelsbach. The arms of Bavaria were used with reference to the elector's holdings in Bavaria. This was extended to quartering of the lion and the Bavarian Arms upon the ascension of
213:
1510:
in 1777. The title and authority of the two electorates were combined, Charles and his heirs retaining only the vote and precedence of the
Bavarian elector, although continuing to use the title 'Count Palatine of the Rhine'.
910:
was already mentioned about 535. The Counts
Palatine were the permanent representatives of the king in particular geographic areas, in contrast to the semi-independent authority of the dukes (and their successors). Under the
4183:
2472:
2450:
1441:, a Catholic who was the closest male heir in the direct line. Leopold installed his father-in-law as Elector Palatine, ensuring that his electoral vote and this strategic region remained in Imperial control.
4043:
3268:
4074:
3058:
3277:
2465:
1768:
1299:
in the Upper
Palatinate. The Elector Palatine, now based in Heidelberg, adopted Lutheranism in the 1530s; when the senior branch of the family died out in 1559, the electorate passed to
4168:
4198:
4163:
2458:
3169:
1691:
4193:
1010:, Palatinate authority ceased to have any military significance in Lotharingia. In practice, the Count Palatinate's Palatine authority had collapsed, reducing his successor (
3080:
3404:
1460:
When France invaded the
Palatinate in September 1688 to enforce its claim, these wider connections meant the conflict rapidly escalated, leading to the outbreak of the
1279:
Due to the practice of dividing territories among different branches of the family, by the early 16th century junior lines of the
Palatine Wittelsbachs came to rule in
1672:
179:
4060:
3299:
1710:
1651:
1410:
ended the war in 1648, he regained the Lower
Palatinate and the title 'Elector Palatine' but now ranked lower in precedence than the others. He was succeeded by
4173:
1799:
1088:. These backgrounds explain the composition of Upper and Rhenish Palatinate in the inheritance centuries onwards. About 1182, Conrad moved his residence from
3767:
4188:
1241:) of Franconia, Swabia, the Rhine, and southern Germany. From that time forth, the Count Palatine of the Rhine was usually known as the Elector Palatine (
1356:
2196:
275:
2784:
1201:
942:
4158:
3073:
2399:
2366:
2347:
2320:
2301:
2255:
2229:
2042:
1418:
1127:
4008:
3233:
2070:
1745:
4203:
4121:
1994:
1849:
1610:
1499:
1491:
1151:
1123:
722:
718:
354:
4090:
2832:
71:
1434:
1045:
1276:, but he was never crowned as Holy Roman Emperor because he was defeated in Italy while attempting to travel to Rome for a coronation.
4067:
3292:
2282:
1399:
957:, the feudal territories of his family were instead scattered around south-western Franconia, including parts of the Rhineland around
3587:
3066:
1817:
93:
3562:
1916:, which Bavaria returned to Austria. Most of the area remained a part of Bavaria until after the Second World War (after 1918 the
1879:
that was principally known as "the
Palatinate". The right-bank Palatinate remained with Baden while northern parts became part of
1784:
2219:
1631:
1471:
1438:
1384:
1372:
1131:
830:
2014:
3498:
3441:
2390:. The Other Voice in Early Modern Europe: The Toronto Series, 25. Edited and translated by Sean Ward. Toronto: Iter Inc. &
1863:
in 1814 and 1815, southern parts of the left-bank
Palatinate were restored and enlarged by mediatisation (consuming the former
1495:
1403:
1300:
1165:, in 1294, the elder branch of the Wittelsbachs came into possession of both the Rhenish Palatinate and the territories in the
1053:
545:
531:
3926:
3739:
3374:
2246:
Dosquet, Emilie (2016). "The Desolation of the Palatinate as a European News Event in News Networks in Early Modern Europe".
1553:
1529:
1316:
386:
4116:
3045:
1422:
4153:
3977:
3629:
3285:
2927:
1430:
1360:
1338:
842:
2037:]. Regionalgeschichte-fundiert und kompakt (in German) (First ed.). Karlsruhe: G. Braun Buchverlag. p. 17.
1307:, and the Palatinate became one of the major centers of Calvinism in Europe, supporting Calvinist rebellions in both the
3451:
2957:
2777:
2715:
2391:
1429:; on this basis, Louis claimed the Rhineland territories of the Palatinate for France. However, he was outmaneuvered by
1411:
1379:. Over the period 1621–1622, the Palatinate was occupied by Spanish and Bavarian troops and Frederick was exiled to the
1376:
1193:
834:
3734:
3537:
3426:
1925:
1716:
1697:
1395:
31:
1725:
156:
64:
58:
1634:
to the position of elector of the Palatinate in 1623, used concurrently with the arms shown. From 1356 onwards, the
1597:
1525:
1219:, the Palatinate was recognized as one of the secular electorates, and given the hereditary offices of archsteward (
3552:
3384:
3369:
2701:
2673:
1940:
1864:
1269:
1197:
1007:
550:
4178:
3394:
3335:
2997:
2614:
1565:
1162:
1056:. The territories attached to this hereditary office in 1156 started from those held by the Hohenstaufens in the
1038:
846:
1207:
75:
4033:
3508:
3096:
2867:
1976:
1568:
dissolved the Holy Roman Empire; the remaining Wittelsbach territories were united by Maximilian Joseph as the
1143:
1139:
314:
137:
3782:
3017:
163:
3350:
1951:) and Rhenish Hesse. The former Territory of the Saar Basin was reinstated and expanded to create the French
3636:
3379:
3204:
3035:
2882:
2822:
2770:
2200:
1944:
1859:
was raised to a grand duchy and parts of the former Palatinate including Mannheim became part of it. At the
1549:
1312:
1288:
1147:
1103:
339:
Elector: Catholic (to 1530s, from 1685), Lutheran (1530s–1559, 1575–1583), Calvinist (1559–1575, 1583–1685).
2029:
Kohnle, Armin (2005). "Mittelalterliche Grundlagen; Pfalzgraftenamt, Territorialentwicklung und KurwĂĽrde".
1552:, uniting all the Wittelsbach lands. The loss of the left bank territories was accepted by the new Elector
915:, the position had been a purely appointed one, but by the Middle Ages had evolved into an hereditary one.
3906:
2932:
2872:
2687:
1845:
1619:
1557:
1537:
1498:
become the first non-Habsburg emperor in over 300 years. He died in December and the Palatinate passed to
1189:
477:
3646:
2977:
4111:
4106:
3989:
3653:
3436:
3123:
2912:
2649:
2635:
2553:
1936:
1917:
1832:
1623:
1541:
1507:
1258:
1155:
1119:
1049:
1030:
977:
870:
633:
464:
3673:
3668:
3624:
3315:
3229:
3184:
2857:
2603:
1932:
1888:
1856:
1775:
1678:
1520:
1350:
1308:
1135:
874:
850:
787:
767:
730:
219:
1158:, in 1222. The Bavarian House of Wittelsbach eventually held the Palatinate territories until 1918.
3757:
3641:
3607:
3159:
3135:
3002:
2987:
2942:
2897:
2743:
2729:
2539:
2525:
1909:
1876:
1662:
1503:
1407:
1332:
1296:
1216:
1069:
931:
912:
882:
878:
858:
854:
763:
748:
605:
578:
564:
494:
451:
438:
347:
4052:
4029:
4016:
3865:
3823:
3772:
3663:
3658:
3614:
3547:
3254:
3241:
2577:
2261:
1948:
1899:
1880:
1860:
1569:
1548:
department. In 1799 Elector Charles Theodore died and the territory was inherited by the Duke of
1342:
1292:
1284:
1280:
1273:
1185:) became common from the early 16th century in contrast to the Lower Palatinate along the Rhine.
1034:
1018:
726:
592:
409:
3789:
3717:
2982:
1461:
866:
995:
949:, is mentioned as count palatine of Lotharingia (which by then had been divided into Upper and
4025:
4012:
3809:
3804:
3777:
3729:
3619:
3602:
3468:
3319:
3310:
3250:
3237:
3100:
3091:
2917:
2413:
2405:
2395:
2383:
2362:
2343:
2316:
2297:
2278:
2251:
2225:
2038:
1952:
1622:, brother of Emperor Frederick Barbarossa, became Count Palatine. The old coat of arms of the
1483:
1465:
1453:
1388:
1383:. His territories and electoral rights were transferred to the distantly related but Catholic
988:
dynasty governed several counties on both banks of the river. The southernmost point was near
954:
950:
714:
536:
234:
38:
3794:
2339:
2332:
2158:
3962:
3911:
3702:
3478:
2862:
1989:
1639:
1561:
1320:
1174:
1166:
1077:
1022:
733:
provided the Counts Palatine or Electors. These counts palatine of the Rhine would serve as
4126:
4021:
3996:
3799:
3557:
3542:
3461:
3340:
3246:
3221:
3209:
3199:
3194:
2421:
1921:
1913:
1872:
1635:
1364:
1242:
1220:
1178:
1089:
1073:
782:
from 1418 to 1766) to the opposite territory on the east bank of the Rhine in present-day
682:
310:
230:
123:
2812:
1414:, in 1680, but the Simmern branch became extinct in the male line after he died in 1685.
1871:, and others) up to the new border with France, and given (temporarily) to the Habsburg
17:
4000:
3946:
3532:
3503:
3483:
3473:
3431:
3345:
3225:
3108:
3007:
2887:
2817:
2793:
2488:
2265:
1984:
1884:
1380:
1250:
1237:
1228:
1085:
1081:
1011:
810:
734:
710:
373:
325:
1449:
4147:
3707:
3690:
3685:
3456:
3446:
3364:
3327:
2992:
2952:
2892:
1892:
1759:
1581:
1545:
1475:
1346:
1115:
1026:
999:
619:
255:
3680:
3520:
3515:
3421:
2075:
1657:
970:
907:
744:
3355:
1371:
Frederick was evicted from Bohemia in 1620 following his defeat by the forces of
1072:
and Kraichgau regions (other branches of the Hohenstaufens received lands in the
3890:
3880:
3850:
3832:
3389:
3012:
2962:
2807:
1057:
935:
921:
838:
759:
755:
425:
404:
1173:. As this region was politically connected to the Rhenish Palatinate, the name
918:
Up to the tenth century, the Frankish empire was centered at the royal palace (
3712:
3189:
2972:
2967:
2922:
1966:
1097:
799:
490:
247:
2417:
290:
277:
4101:
3885:
3525:
3493:
2947:
2907:
2877:
2437:
2425:
1426:
1304:
1093:
1017:
Various noble dynasties competed to be enfeoffed with the Palatinate by the
898:
862:
826:
818:
814:
795:
333:
203:
Map of the districts of the western part of Palatinate-Bavaria around 1789:
2221:
Immigrant and Entrepreneur: The Atlantic World of Caspar Wistar, 1650–1750
881:
on 27 April 1803 and the rest eventually to the Kingdom of Bavaria as the
3860:
3845:
3762:
3724:
3413:
3359:
2852:
1956:
1479:
946:
803:
791:
775:
329:
263:
2071:"Der Dreißigjährige Krieg – die Urkatastrophe der deutschen Geschichte?"
1494:
succeeded his brother as elector and in January 1742, helped his cousin
1006:
From about 1085/86, after the death of the last Ezzonian count palatine
3941:
3875:
3870:
3488:
2902:
1605:
1487:
Church, whose membership exceeded 40% of the population in some areas.
1262:
1169:(Bavaria north of the Danube river) with the centre around the town of
1061:
985:
966:
958:
661:
1931:
In September 1946 the territory was made part of the federal state of
725:
in 1085. From 1214 until the Electoral Palatinate was merged into the
3969:
3936:
3921:
3855:
3840:
2937:
2294:
The New Cambridge Modern History: Volume 7, The Old Regime, 1713–1763
1868:
1170:
1080:, and so forth). Much of this was from their imperial ancestors, the
1065:
927:
841:. Their climax and decline is marked by the rule of Elector Palatine
822:
771:
666:
1084:
emperors, and apart from Conrad's maternal ancestry, the Counts of
906:
The comital office of Count Palatine at the Frankish court of King
3697:
3597:
2847:
2409:
1844:
1524:
1482:
in 1720. Like his father, he was a Catholic, which under the 1555
1448:
1355:
1206:
1108:
1102:
994:
989:
981:
897:
783:
779:
2762:
3931:
3916:
3576:
3572:
1898:
In 1816, the Palatinate became a formal part of the Wittelsbach
1827:
1823:
1790:
1755:
1751:
1732:
962:
4056:
3281:
3062:
2766:
2454:
2441:
1402:, worked tirelessly to have the Palatinate restored to her son
4184:
Countries and territories where German is an official language
1474:
succeeded as elector in 1690, changing his residence first to
873:
from 1777, the Palatinate was finally disestablished with the
43:
30:
This article is about the former country. For other uses, see
1161:
During a later division of territory among the heirs of Duke
1196:, a son of Louis II, returned the Palatinate to his nephews
717:. The electorate had its origins under the rulership of the
218:
Territory of the Electoral Palatinate in 1618, prior to the
2224:. The Pennsylvania State University Press. pp. 60–61.
1955:, which returned to Germany in 1956 as the modern state of
1939:(southern part of the Rhine Province, including the former
953:). While his Palatine authority operated over the whole of
1626:, the single lion, became coat of arms of the Palatinate.
1114:
Upon Conrad's death in 1195, the Palatinate passed to the
2296:. Cambridge University Press; New edition. p. 420.
980:, he changed the emphasis of his rule to the southern
743:) from "time immemorial", and were noted as such in a
1044:
The first hereditary Count Palatine of the Rhine was
129:
1778:
who inherited the Palatinate in the mid-14th century
809:
The counts palatine of the Rhine held the office of
37:"Kurpfalz" redirects here. For the modern area, see
3899:
3831:
3822:
3750:
3584:
3571:
3412:
3326:
3177:
3107:
2840:
2800:
2359:
Europe's Tragedy: A History of the Thirty Years War
2161:[Dissolution of the Electoral Palatinate].
1604:
1588:
1456:, destroyed by the French in 1689 and never rebuilt
654:
487:
474:
461:
448:
435:
422:
397:
380:
367:
353:
343:
320:
306:
240:
226:
110:
2331:
1130:died without heirs in 1214, the Hohenstaufen king
857:, the ravaged lands were further afflicted by the
754:The territory stretched from the left bank of the
984:region and further to the Upper Rhine, where the
829:) and ranked among the most significant secular
770:and the adjacent parts of the French regions of
747:of 1261; they were confirmed as electors by the
4169:1803 disestablishments in the Holy Roman Empire
4083:Constituent coats of arms of Baden-WĂĽrttemberg
2392:Centre for Reformation and Renaissance Studies
1394:After his death in 1632, Frederick's daughter
1118:through the (secret) marriage of his daughter
4199:States and territories disestablished in 1803
4164:1080s establishments in the Holy Roman Empire
4068:
3293:
3074:
2778:
2466:
2199:[The Palatinate Lion]. Archived from
1935:, along with former left bank territories of
1107:Territory of the Palatinate (1329) along the
8:
1903:
1806:
919:
869:(1688–97). Ruled in personal union with the
738:
704:
694:
115:
2491:of the Holy Roman Empire from 1356 to 1806
2275:Devil Land; England under Siege 1588 - 1688
2035:A short history of the Electoral Palatinate
1341:, Elector Palatine, accepted the throne of
721:in 915; it was then restructured under the
4194:States and territories established in 1085
4075:
4061:
4053:
3828:
3581:
3300:
3286:
3278:
3081:
3067:
3059:
2785:
2771:
2763:
2505:
2473:
2459:
2451:
2438:
1257:). In 1386, Rupert I helped establish the
976:In continual conflicts with the rivalling
212:
197:
185:
169:
107:
27:State of the Holy Roman Empire (1085–1803)
798:region, containing the capital cities of
424:• Demotion of the Count Palatine of
94:Learn how and when to remove this message
2182:
57:This article includes a list of general
2145:
2121:
2097:
2006:
1738:
1644:
1560:. Those on the right were taken by the
2133:
2057:
1585:
1478:, then back to Heidelberg and finally
766:region in the German federal state of
2019:, p. 231. Retrieved 29 November 2015.
1947:until 1937, and western parts of the
1544:in 1795, mainly becoming part of the
1419:Elizabeth Charlotte of the Palatinate
486:
473:
460:
447:
434:
421:
417:
379:
366:
362:
352:
7:
4174:Electorates of the Holy Roman Empire
3041:
2248:News Networks in Early Modern Europe
2109:
1995:List of Counts Palatine of the Rhine
1850:Coat of arms of Rhineland-Palatinate
1235:) of the Empire and imperial vicar (
1052:and younger half-brother of Emperor
762:mountain range in what is today the
1638:represented their position as Arch-
1435:Eleonore-Magdalena of Pfalz-Neuburg
1406:and the Protestant cause. When the
4189:History of the Palatinate (region)
2334:Napoleon: A Biographical Companion
1400:Elizabeth Stuart, Queen of Bohemia
63:it lacks sufficient corresponding
25:
4091:Coat of arms of Baden-WĂĽrttemberg
1912:) in a pre-arranged exchange for
1192:in 1329, the Wittelsbach Emperor
3403:
3309:
3168:
3153:
3141:
3129:
3117:
3090:
3040:
3031:
3030:
2831:
2738:
2724:
2710:
2696:
2682:
2668:
2644:
2630:
2609:
2598:
2583:
2572:
2548:
2534:
2520:
2493:
2482:
2313:The Wars of Louis XIV, 1667–1714
1969:
1816:
1798:
1783:
1767:
1744:
1724:
1709:
1690:
1671:
1650:
1596:
1536:The Palatine territories on the
1532:, Elector of Bavaria (1799–1806)
1373:Ferdinand II, Holy Roman Emperor
1291:in the Lower Palatinate, and in
831:Princes of the Holy Roman Empire
638:
624:
610:
585:
571:
557:
543:
529:
178:
162:
155:
48:
1349:. This initiated the 1618–1648
1268:In 1400, the Elector Palatine,
1163:Louis II, Duke of Upper Bavaria
902:Arms of the Duke of Lotharingia
2031:Kleine Geschichte der Kurpfalz
965:, and areas around the rivers
865:of France, culminating in the
719:Counts Palatine of Lotharingia
1:
4159:1085 establishments in Europe
1943:which had been an exclave of
1431:Leopold I, Holy Roman Emperor
1417:In 1670, Charles II's sister
2159:"Die Auflösung der Kurpfalz"
2079:(in German). 21 October 2014
1867:, the Free Imperial City of
1412:Charles II, Elector Palatine
1377:Battle of the White Mountain
1002:, arms of the Count Palatine
723:Counts Palatine of the Rhine
701:Electorate of the Palatinate
112:Electorate of the Palatinate
4204:Former monarchies of Europe
1926:Territory of the Saar Basin
1805:The colors of the country (
1717:House of Palatinate-Simmern
1698:House of Palatinate-Simmern
1261:, the oldest University in
172:Bottom: Flag design of 1604
4220:
1941:Principality of Birkenfeld
1875:; after this time, it was
1865:Prince-Bishopric of Speyer
1731:Greater Coat of arms from
1663:confirmation as Electorate
1642:of the Holy Roman Empire.
1579:
1518:
1330:
551:Margraviate of the Nordgau
36:
29:
4097:
4088:
4009:Lower Rhenish–Westphalian
3959:
3401:
3234:Lower Rhenish–Westphalian
3218:
3166:
3026:
2829:
2664:Added in the 19th century
2626:Added in the 17th century
2503:
2448:
2443:Links to related articles
2357:Wilson, Peter H. (2009).
2218:Beiler, Rosalind (2008).
2016:Palatine & Palatinate
1811:) ensign (alternate flag)
1611:Elector of the Palatinate
1595:
1506:, who also inherited the
1319:became the leader of the
930:, in what had become the
813:in the territories under
508:
504:
418:
393:
363:
211:
196:
151:
146:
3097:Electoral Rhenish Circle
2330:Nicholls, David (1999).
2163:Kurpfalz Regional Archiv
1977:Holy Roman Empire portal
1337:In 1619, the Protestant
1259:University of Heidelberg
457:15 May – 24 October 1648
18:Electorate of Palatinate
4044:Unencircled territories
3269:Unencircled territories
2292:Lindsay, J. O. (1957).
2273:Jackson, Clare (2021).
2266:10.1163/j.ctt1w8h1ng.35
1433:, whose third wife was
1385:Maximilian I of Bavaria
1148:Agnes of the Palatinate
794:range and the southern
439:Confirmed as Electorate
130:
78:more precise citations.
2195:Diemer, Klaus (2007).
1904:
1852:
1807:
1702:(Electoral Palatinate)
1683:(Electoral Palatinate)
1620:Conrad of Hohenstaufen
1538:left bank of the Rhine
1533:
1457:
1368:
1303:of Simmern, a staunch
1254:
1247:KurfĂĽrst von der Pfalz
1246:
1232:
1224:
1212:
1182:
1111:
1096:up the Rhine river to
1003:
978:Archbishops of Cologne
920:
903:
845:, whose coronation as
739:
705:
695:
686:
116:
2013:Ralph Dornfeld Owen,
1924:becoming part of the
1918:Free State of Bavaria
1848:
1658:House of Hohenstaufen
1624:House of Hohenstaufen
1576:Coat of arms and flag
1528:
1508:Electorate of Bavaria
1452:
1437:, eldest daughter of
1425:, younger brother of
1359:
1211:The Palatinate (1505)
1210:
1156:Agnes of Hohenstaufen
1106:
1050:House of Hohenstaufen
998:
901:
871:Electorate of Bavaria
634:Electorate of Bavaria
307:Common languages
4154:Electoral Palatinate
3316:Upper Rhenish Circle
2338:. ABC-CLIO. p.
1933:Rhineland-Palatinate
1774:The variant used by
1679:House of Wittelsbach
1591:Electoral Palatinate
1550:Palatine ZweibrĂĽcken
1521:German mediatisation
1054:Frederick Barbarossa
875:German mediatization
849:in 1619 sparked the
768:Rhineland-Palatinate
731:House of Wittelsbach
679:Electoral Palatinate
170:Top: Flag until 1776
131:Kurferschdendom Palz
4020:Circles est. 1512:
3995:Circles est. 1500:
3318:(1500–1806) of the
3245:Circles est. 1512:
3220:Circles est. 1500:
3099:(1512–1806) of the
2883:Brandenburg-Ansbach
2388:Memoirs (1630–1680)
2311:Lynn, John (1999).
2124:, pp. 643–644.
1928:after World War I.
1910:Circle of the Rhine
1589:Coat of arms of the
1423:Philippe of Orléans
1408:Peace of Westphalia
1333:Palatinate campaign
1217:Golden Bull of 1356
1126:. When Henry's son
913:Merovingian dynasty
883:Circle of the Rhine
855:Peace of Westphalia
749:Golden Bull of 1356
706:KurfĂĽrstentum Pfalz
606:Electorate of Baden
579:Palatinate-Sulzbach
565:Bohemian Palatinate
478:Treaty of Lunéville
463:• Subsumed by
452:Peace of Westphalia
348:Hereditary monarchy
287: /
117:KurfĂĽrstentum Pfalz
4041:
4037:
3986:
3982:
3974:
3967:
3266:
3262:
2509:
2250:. Brill: 643–644.
2197:"Der Pfälzer Löwe"
1949:Province of Nassau
1922:some western parts
1900:Kingdom of Bavaria
1861:Congress of Vienna
1853:
1570:Kingdom of Bavaria
1566:Peace of Pressburg
1534:
1458:
1444:
1396:Princess Elizabeth
1389:Elector of Bavaria
1369:
1326:
1274:King of the Romans
1213:
1152:Henry of Brunswick
1144:Otto II of Bavaria
1140:Louis I of Bavaria
1124:Henry of Brunswick
1112:
1048:, a member of the
1035:House of Babenberg
1019:Holy Roman Emperor
1004:
904:
877:and annexation by
833:. In 1541 elector
727:Kingdom of Bavaria
699:), officially the
593:Palatinate-Neuburg
4141:
4140:
4135:
4134:
4050:
4049:
4034:Electoral Rhenish
3990:Swiss Confederacy
3955:
3954:
3818:
3817:
3630:BĂĽdingen-Birstein
3469:Isenburg-Birstein
3320:Holy Roman Empire
3275:
3274:
3259:Electoral Rhenish
3178:Other territories
3101:Holy Roman Empire
3056:
3055:
2760:
2759:
2755:
2754:
2594:(until 1777)
2401:978-0-7727-2148-8
2384:Sophia of Hanover
2368:978-0-7139-9592-3
2349:978-0-87436-957-1
2322:978-0-582-05629-9
2303:978-0-521-04545-2
2257:978-90-04-27717-5
2231:978-0-271-03595-6
2136:, pp. 60–61.
2044:978-3-7650-8329-7
1953:Saar Protectorate
1762:of the Palatinate
1616:
1615:
1564:, after the 1805
1554:Maximilian Joseph
1530:Maximilian Joseph
1484:Peace of Augsburg
1466:Treaty of Ryswick
1454:Heidelberg Castle
1387:, who now became
1351:Thirty Years' War
1327:Thirty Years' War
1272:, was elected as
1255:Palatinus elector
1128:Henry the Younger
1039:Henry Jasomirgott
1033:in 1040) and the
1021:– among them the
951:Lower Lotharingia
945:, a scion of the
861:launched by King
859:Reunion campaigns
853:. After the 1648
851:Thirty Years' War
788:Baden-WĂĽrttemberg
715:Holy Roman Empire
711:constituent state
675:
674:
650:
649:
646:
645:
598:
597:
537:Rhenish Franconia
387:Maximilian Joseph
382:• 1799–1803
369:• 1085–1095
235:Holy Roman Empire
220:Thirty Years' War
104:
103:
96:
39:Kurpfalz (region)
16:(Redirected from
4211:
4179:Former countries
4077:
4070:
4063:
4054:
4042:
4038:
3987:
3983:
3975:
3968:
3963:Three Bishoprics
3866:MĂĽnster im ElsaĂź
3829:
3582:
3407:
3314:
3313:
3302:
3295:
3288:
3279:
3267:
3263:
3195:Nassau-Beilstein
3172:
3158:
3157:
3156:
3146:
3145:
3144:
3134:
3133:
3132:
3122:
3121:
3120:
3095:
3094:
3083:
3076:
3069:
3060:
3044:
3043:
3034:
3033:
2978:Schwäbisch Gmünd
2835:
2787:
2780:
2773:
2764:
2749:
2748:
2742:
2741:
2735:
2734:
2728:
2727:
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2556:
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2089:
2088:
2086:
2084:
2067:
2061:
2055:
2049:
2048:
2026:
2020:
2011:
1990:German Palatines
1979:
1974:
1973:
1972:
1907:
1820:
1810:
1802:
1787:
1771:
1748:
1728:
1713:
1704:
1703:
1694:
1685:
1684:
1675:
1666:
1654:
1600:
1586:
1562:Elector of Baden
1540:were annexed by
1500:Charles Theodore
1321:Protestant Union
1175:Upper Palatinate
1167:Bavarian Nordgau
1023:House of Ascania
925:
742:
708:
698:
642:
641:
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627:
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575:
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470:30 December 1777
332:(1556–1563) and
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74:this article by
65:inline citations
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4127:Further Austria
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3543:Solms-Braunfels
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3210:Thurn and Taxis
3200:Nieder-Isenburg
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2379:
2377:Further reading
2369:
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2068:
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2056:
2052:
2045:
2028:
2027:
2023:
2012:
2008:
2003:
1975:
1970:
1968:
1965:
1877:this new region
1873:Austrian Empire
1843:
1836:
1830:
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1660:
1655:
1590:
1584:
1578:
1558:Treaty of Paris
1523:
1517:
1502:, then Duke of
1462:Nine Years' War
1447:
1445:Nine Years' War
1365:King of Bohemia
1335:
1329:
1190:Treaty of Pavia
1090:Stahleck Castle
1074:Duchy of Swabia
896:
891:
867:Nine Years' War
847:king of Bohemia
811:imperial vicars
735:prince-electors
671:
639:
625:
611:
586:
572:
558:
544:
530:
497:
483:9 February 1801
480:
467:
454:
444:10 January 1356
441:
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370:
338:
337:
315:Palatine German
313:
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138:Palatine German
135:
128:
121:
113:
100:
89:
83:
80:
70:Please help to
69:
53:
49:
42:
35:
28:
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3328:Ecclesiastical
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2818:Franconian War
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2798:
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2794:Swabian League
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2434:External links
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2373:
2367:
2361:. Allen Lane.
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2284:978-0241285817
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2277:. Allen Lane.
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2203:on 2 May 2008.
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2100:, p. 463.
2090:
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1574:
1519:Main article:
1516:
1513:
1496:Charles Albert
1492:Charles Philip
1472:Johann Wilhelm
1446:
1443:
1439:Philip William
1381:Dutch Republic
1331:Main article:
1328:
1325:
1285:Kaiserslautern
1238:Reichsverweser
1150:, daughter of
1134:enfeoffed the
1031:Otto I of Salm
1012:Henry of Laach
955:Upper Lorraine
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445:
442:
436:
433:
432:
429:
423:
420:
419:
416:
415:
413:
412:
407:
401:
399:
398:Historical era
395:
394:
391:
390:
384:
381:
378:
377:
374:Henry of Laach
371:
368:
365:
364:
361:
360:
357:
351:
350:
345:
341:
340:
326:Roman Catholic
322:
318:
317:
308:
304:
303:
270:
269:
266:
261:
258:
253:
250:
244:
242:
238:
237:
228:
224:
223:
217:
209:
208:
202:
194:
193:
186:Electoral arms
184:
177:
176:
168:
161:
154:
153:
152:
149:
148:
144:
143:
114:
111:
102:
101:
56:
54:
47:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4216:
4205:
4202:
4200:
4197:
4195:
4192:
4190:
4187:
4185:
4182:
4180:
4177:
4175:
4172:
4170:
4167:
4165:
4162:
4160:
4157:
4155:
4152:
4151:
4149:
4128:
4125:
4123:
4120:
4118:
4115:
4113:
4110:
4108:
4105:
4103:
4100:
4099:
4096:
4092:
4087:
4078:
4073:
4071:
4066:
4064:
4059:
4058:
4055:
4045:
4035:
4031:
4027:
4023:
4018:
4017:(Lower) Saxon
4014:
4010:
4006:
4005:Upper Rhenish
4002:
3998:
3991:
3979:
3971:
3964:
3958:
3948:
3945:
3943:
3940:
3938:
3935:
3933:
3930:
3928:
3925:
3923:
3920:
3918:
3915:
3913:
3910:
3908:
3905:
3904:
3902:
3898:
3892:
3889:
3887:
3884:
3882:
3879:
3877:
3874:
3872:
3869:
3867:
3864:
3862:
3859:
3857:
3854:
3852:
3849:
3847:
3844:
3842:
3839:
3838:
3836:
3834:
3830:
3827:
3825:
3821:
3811:
3808:
3806:
3803:
3801:
3798:
3796:
3793:
3791:
3788:
3784:
3781:
3779:
3776:
3775:
3774:
3771:
3769:
3766:
3764:
3761:
3759:
3756:
3755:
3753:
3749:
3741:
3738:
3736:
3733:
3732:
3731:
3728:
3726:
3723:
3719:
3716:
3714:
3711:
3709:
3706:
3704:
3701:
3700:
3699:
3696:
3692:
3689:
3687:
3684:
3683:
3682:
3679:
3675:
3672:
3670:
3667:
3665:
3662:
3661:
3660:
3657:
3655:
3652:
3648:
3645:
3643:
3640:
3639:
3638:
3635:
3631:
3628:
3626:
3623:
3621:
3618:
3617:
3616:
3613:
3609:
3606:
3604:
3601:
3600:
3599:
3596:
3595:
3593:
3589:
3583:
3580:
3578:
3574:
3570:
3564:
3561:
3559:
3556:
3554:
3551:
3549:
3546:
3544:
3541:
3539:
3536:
3534:
3531:
3527:
3524:
3522:
3519:
3518:
3517:
3514:
3510:
3507:
3505:
3502:
3500:
3497:
3495:
3492:
3490:
3487:
3486:
3485:
3482:
3480:
3477:
3475:
3472:
3470:
3467:
3463:
3460:
3458:
3455:
3453:
3450:
3448:
3445:
3443:
3440:
3439:
3438:
3435:
3433:
3430:
3428:
3425:
3423:
3420:
3419:
3417:
3415:
3411:
3406:
3396:
3393:
3391:
3388:
3386:
3383:
3381:
3378:
3376:
3373:
3371:
3368:
3366:
3363:
3361:
3357:
3354:
3352:
3349:
3347:
3344:
3342:
3339:
3337:
3334:
3333:
3331:
3329:
3325:
3321:
3317:
3312:
3303:
3298:
3296:
3291:
3289:
3284:
3283:
3280:
3270:
3260:
3256:
3252:
3248:
3243:
3242:(Lower) Saxon
3239:
3235:
3231:
3230:Upper Rhenish
3227:
3223:
3217:
3211:
3208:
3206:
3203:
3201:
3198:
3196:
3193:
3191:
3188:
3186:
3183:
3182:
3180:
3176:
3171:
3161:
3151:
3149:
3139:
3137:
3127:
3125:
3115:
3114:
3112:
3110:
3106:
3102:
3098:
3093:
3084:
3079:
3077:
3072:
3070:
3065:
3064:
3061:
3049:
3048:
3039:
3037:
3029:
3028:
3025:
3019:
3016:
3014:
3011:
3009:
3006:
3004:
3001:
2999:
2996:
2994:
2991:
2989:
2986:
2984:
2981:
2979:
2976:
2974:
2971:
2969:
2966:
2964:
2961:
2959:
2956:
2954:
2951:
2949:
2946:
2944:
2941:
2939:
2936:
2934:
2931:
2929:
2926:
2924:
2921:
2919:
2916:
2914:
2911:
2909:
2906:
2904:
2901:
2899:
2896:
2894:
2891:
2889:
2886:
2884:
2881:
2879:
2876:
2874:
2871:
2869:
2866:
2864:
2861:
2859:
2856:
2854:
2851:
2849:
2846:
2845:
2843:
2839:
2834:
2824:
2823:Peasants' War
2821:
2819:
2816:
2814:
2811:
2809:
2806:
2805:
2803:
2799:
2795:
2788:
2783:
2781:
2776:
2774:
2769:
2768:
2765:
2745:
2731:
2717:
2703:
2689:
2675:
2665:
2659:
2651:
2637:
2627:
2621:
2616:
2605:
2590:
2579:
2569:
2563:
2555:
2541:
2527:
2517:
2511:
2508:
2507:
2502:
2490:
2476:
2471:
2469:
2464:
2462:
2457:
2456:
2453:
2447:
2440:
2433:
2427:
2423:
2419:
2415:
2411:
2407:
2403:
2397:
2393:
2389:
2385:
2381:
2380:
2376:
2370:
2364:
2360:
2355:
2351:
2345:
2341:
2336:
2335:
2328:
2324:
2318:
2314:
2309:
2305:
2299:
2295:
2290:
2286:
2280:
2276:
2271:
2267:
2263:
2259:
2253:
2249:
2244:
2233:
2227:
2223:
2222:
2216:
2215:
2211:
2202:
2198:
2191:
2188:
2185:, p. 18.
2184:
2183:Nicholls 1999
2179:
2176:
2164:
2160:
2154:
2151:
2147:
2142:
2139:
2135:
2130:
2127:
2123:
2118:
2115:
2111:
2106:
2103:
2099:
2094:
2091:
2078:
2077:
2072:
2066:
2063:
2059:
2054:
2051:
2046:
2040:
2036:
2032:
2025:
2022:
2018:
2017:
2010:
2007:
2000:
1996:
1993:
1991:
1988:
1986:
1983:
1982:
1978:
1967:
1962:
1960:
1958:
1954:
1950:
1946:
1942:
1938:
1934:
1929:
1927:
1923:
1919:
1915:
1911:
1906:
1901:
1896:
1894:
1893:Rhenish Hesse
1890:
1886:
1882:
1878:
1874:
1870:
1866:
1862:
1858:
1851:
1847:
1840:
1834:
1831:(merged with
1829:
1825:
1819:
1814:
1809:
1801:
1796:
1792:
1786:
1781:
1777:
1770:
1765:
1761:
1760:Heraldic flag
1757:
1753:
1747:
1742:
1739:
1734:
1727:
1722:
1718:
1712:
1707:
1699:
1693:
1688:
1680:
1674:
1669:
1664:
1659:
1653:
1648:
1645:
1643:
1641:
1637:
1633:
1627:
1625:
1621:
1612:
1609:
1607:
1603:
1599:
1594:
1587:
1583:
1582:Palatine Lion
1575:
1573:
1571:
1567:
1563:
1559:
1555:
1551:
1547:
1546:Mont-Tonnerre
1543:
1539:
1531:
1527:
1522:
1515:Mediatisation
1514:
1512:
1509:
1505:
1501:
1497:
1493:
1488:
1485:
1481:
1477:
1473:
1469:
1467:
1463:
1455:
1451:
1442:
1440:
1436:
1432:
1428:
1424:
1420:
1415:
1413:
1409:
1405:
1404:Charles Louis
1401:
1397:
1392:
1390:
1386:
1382:
1378:
1374:
1366:
1362:
1358:
1354:
1352:
1348:
1347:Bohemian Diet
1344:
1340:
1334:
1324:
1322:
1318:
1314:
1310:
1306:
1302:
1301:Frederick III
1298:
1294:
1290:
1286:
1282:
1277:
1275:
1271:
1266:
1264:
1260:
1256:
1252:
1248:
1244:
1240:
1239:
1234:
1230:
1226:
1222:
1218:
1209:
1205:
1203:
1199:
1195:
1191:
1186:
1184:
1180:
1176:
1172:
1168:
1164:
1159:
1157:
1153:
1149:
1145:
1142:, whose son,
1141:
1137:
1133:
1129:
1125:
1121:
1117:
1116:House of Welf
1110:
1105:
1101:
1099:
1095:
1091:
1087:
1083:
1079:
1078:Franche-Comté
1075:
1071:
1067:
1063:
1059:
1055:
1051:
1047:
1042:
1041:in 1140/41).
1040:
1036:
1032:
1028:
1027:House of Salm
1024:
1020:
1015:
1013:
1009:
1001:
1000:Palatine Lion
997:
993:
991:
987:
983:
979:
974:
972:
968:
964:
960:
956:
952:
948:
944:
939:
937:
933:
929:
924:
923:
916:
914:
909:
900:
893:
888:
886:
884:
880:
876:
872:
868:
864:
860:
856:
852:
848:
844:
840:
837:converted to
836:
832:
828:
824:
820:
816:
812:
807:
805:
801:
797:
793:
789:
785:
781:
777:
773:
769:
765:
761:
757:
752:
750:
746:
741:
736:
732:
729:in 1805, the
728:
724:
720:
716:
712:
707:
702:
697:
692:
688:
684:
680:
668:
665:
663:
660:
659:
657:
655:Today part of
653:
637:
635:
632:
631:
623:
621:
620:Mont-Tonnerre
618:
617:
609:
607:
604:
603:
600:
594:
591:
584:
583:
580:
577:
570:
569:
566:
563:
556:
555:
552:
549:
542:
541:
538:
535:
528:
527:
524:
523:
520:
517:
515:
512:
511:
507:
503:
500:27 April 1803
499:
496:
492:
482:
479:
469:
466:
456:
453:
443:
440:
430:
427:
411:
408:
406:
403:
402:
400:
396:
392:
388:
385:
375:
372:
358:
356:
349:
346:
342:
335:
331:
327:
323:
319:
316:
312:
309:
305:
300:
291:49.5°N 8.02°E
267:
265:
262:
259:
257:
254:
251:
249:
246:
245:
243:
239:
236:
232:
229:
225:
221:
215:
210:
200:
195:
189:
181:
173:
165:
158:
150:
145:
139:
132:
125:
118:
109:
106:
98:
95:
87:
77:
73:
67:
66:
60:
55:
46:
45:
40:
33:
19:
4107:Hohenzollern
4004:
3961:Part of the
3881:Schlettstadt
3783:Wächtersbach
3740:Wittgenstein
3730:Wittgenstein
3258:
3147:
3046:
2813:Knights' War
2663:
2625:
2588:
2567:
2558:(until 1803)
2544:(until 1803)
2530:(until 1803)
2515:
2387:
2358:
2333:
2312:
2293:
2274:
2247:
2235:. Retrieved
2220:
2201:the original
2190:
2178:
2168:11 September
2166:. Retrieved
2162:
2153:
2146:Lindsay 1957
2141:
2129:
2122:Dosquet 2016
2117:
2105:
2098:Jackson 2021
2093:
2081:. Retrieved
2076:Der Teckbote
2074:
2065:
2053:
2034:
2030:
2024:
2015:
2009:
1930:
1897:
1854:
1808:Landesfarben
1776:Wittelsbachs
1632:Maximilian I
1628:
1617:
1535:
1489:
1470:
1459:
1416:
1393:
1370:
1336:
1317:Frederick IV
1278:
1267:
1236:
1233:Archidapifer
1214:
1187:
1160:
1132:Frederick II
1113:
1043:
1016:
1005:
975:
940:
917:
908:Childebert I
905:
815:Frankish law
808:
753:
745:papal letter
700:
690:
678:
676:
519:Succeeded by
518:
513:
336:(from 1563).
324:Population:
105:
90:
81:
62:
4117:WĂĽrttemberg
4030:Upper Saxon
3984:until 1736.
3972:after 1737.
3871:Oberehnheim
3851:Kaisersberg
3768:Falkenstein
3758:Bretzenheim
3654:Kriechingen
3603:Lichtenberg
3563:ZweibrĂĽcken
3499:SaarbrĂĽcken
3427:Heitersheim
3255:Upper Saxon
3109:Electorates
3018:WĂĽrttemberg
2963:Pfullendorf
2888:DinkelsbĂĽhl
2808:Swabian War
2747:(1803–1806)
2733:(1803–1806)
2719:(1803–1806)
2716:WĂĽrttemberg
2705:(1805–1806)
2691:(1803–1805)
2678:(1803–1806)
2615:Brandenburg
2315:. Longman.
2134:Beiler 2008
2058:Wilson 2009
1367:(1619–1620)
1361:Frederick I
1339:Frederick V
1309:Netherlands
1289:ZweibrĂĽcken
1225:ErztruchseĂź
1136:Wittelsbach
1086:SaarbrĂĽcken
1058:Donnersberg
936:Lotharingia
934:kingdom of
932:Carolingian
843:Frederick V
839:Lutheranism
758:, from the
756:Upper Rhine
514:Preceded by
426:Lotharingia
410:Renaissance
405:Middle Ages
328:(to 1556),
294: /
268:(1720–1803)
260:(1690–1720)
252:(1085–1690)
188:(1356–1803)
84:August 2018
76:introducing
4148:Categories
4122:Palatinate
4026:Burgundian
4013:Franconian
3891:WeiĂźenburg
3810:Wartenberg
3805:Salm-Dhaun
3790:Mensfelden
3703:Hohensolms
3686:Grehweiler
3674:Westerburg
3669:Hardenburg
3637:Königstein
3608:MĂĽnzenberg
3390:WeiĂźenburg
3251:Burgundian
3238:Franconian
3190:Gelnhausen
3148:Palatinate
2993:Ăśberlingen
2973:Reutlingen
2968:Ravensburg
2958:Palatinate
2953:Nördlingen
2923:Kaufbeuren
2893:Donauwörth
2674:Regensburg
2589:Palatinate
2410:2013496220
2237:28 October
2001:References
1905:Rheinkreis
1580:See also:
1476:DĂĽsseldorf
1315:. Elector
1270:Rupert III
1146:, married
1098:Heidelberg
1070:BergstraĂźe
894:Background
835:Otto Henry
800:Heidelberg
790:up to the
764:Palatinate
740:KurfĂĽrsten
691:Palatinate
344:Government
296:49.5; 8.02
256:DĂĽsseldorf
248:Heidelberg
59:references
32:Palatinate
4102:Franconia
3978:Reichstag
3927:StraĂźburg
3912:Friedberg
3907:Frankfurt
3861:MĂĽlhausen
3735:Berleburg
3718:Rödelheim
3659:Leiningen
3588:Imp. Diet
3494:Ottweiler
3462:Rheinfels
3442:Darmstadt
3375:StraĂźburg
2948:Memmingen
2933:Leutkirch
2908:Heilbronn
2898:Esslingen
2878:Bopfingen
2516:Spiritual
2426:31002050M
2418:857794451
2110:Lynn 1999
1945:Oldenburg
1855:In 1806,
1719:(variant)
1490:In 1716,
1427:Louis XIV
1398:and wife
1375:, at the
1345:from the
1323:in 1608.
1305:Calvinist
1188:With the
1183:Oberpfalz
1094:Bacharach
1008:Herman II
863:Louis XIV
827:Rhineland
819:Franconia
796:Kraichgau
709:), was a
689:) or the
334:Calvinist
321:Religion
147:1085–1803
4022:Austrian
3997:Bavarian
3992:in 1515.
3976:without
3886:TĂĽrkheim
3833:DĂ©capole
3778:Meerholz
3773:Isenburg
3763:Dagstuhl
3725:Wetterau
3691:Grumbach
3664:Dagsburg
3647:Stolberg
3625:BĂĽdingen
3620:Birstein
3615:Isenburg
3548:Sponheim
3509:Weilburg
3479:Lorraine
3432:Hersfeld
3360:Bruchsal
3356:Odenheim
3346:Hersfeld
3247:Austrian
3222:Bavarian
3205:Rheineck
3036:Category
2873:Biberach
2868:Bayreuth
2853:Augsburg
2702:WĂĽrzburg
2688:Salzburg
2489:Electors
2386:(2013).
1963:See also
1957:Saarland
1920:), with
1661:(before
1618:In 1156
1504:Sulzbach
1480:Mannheim
1421:married
1297:Sulzbach
1202:Rupert I
1194:Louis IV
947:Ezzonids
943:Herman I
941:In 985,
825:and the
804:Mannheim
792:Odenwald
776:Lorraine
760:HunsrĂĽck
687:Kurpfalz
330:Lutheran
264:Mannheim
4001:Swabian
3988:Joined
3942:Wetzlar
3876:Rosheim
3846:Hagenau
3795:OlbrĂĽck
3751:Without
3708:Laubach
3558:Waldeck
3553:Veldenz
3538:Simmern
3521:Kyrburg
3504:Usingen
3489:Idstein
3474:Lautern
3457:Marburg
3447:Homburg
3414:Secular
3226:Swabian
3185:Koblenz
3124:Cologne
3047:Commons
3013:Wimpfen
2928:Kempten
2903:Giengen
2863:Bavaria
2841:Members
2801:History
2650:Hanover
2636:Bavaria
2578:Bohemia
2568:Secular
2554:Cologne
2212:Sources
2083:23 July
1937:Prussia
1881:Prussia
1833:Bavaria
1640:Steward
1606:Armiger
1556:in the
1343:Bohemia
1293:Neuburg
1281:Simmern
1263:Germany
1215:In the
1062:Nahegau
1029:(Count
986:Ezzonid
967:Moselle
959:Cologne
889:History
713:of the
662:Germany
491:Annexed
489:•
476:•
465:Bavaria
450:•
437:•
376:(first)
355:Elector
279:49°30′N
241:Capital
233:of the
206:Umstadt
72:improve
3970:Nomeny
3937:Verdun
3922:Speyer
3900:Others
3856:Landau
3841:Colmar
3824:Cities
3573:Counts
3484:Nassau
3452:Kassel
3385:Verdun
3370:Speyer
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2938:Lindau
2654:(1692)
2640:(1623)
2604:Saxony
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1542:France
1313:France
1287:, and
1243:German
1221:German
1198:Rudolf
1179:German
1171:Amberg
1082:Salian
1066:Haardt
1046:Conrad
1025:, the
928:Aachen
823:Swabia
772:Alsace
683:German
667:France
389:(last)
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311:German
282:8°01′E
227:Status
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4112:Baden
3980:seat.
3947:Worms
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3642:Mainz
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3591:seats
3577:Lords
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3395:Worms
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3160:Trier
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2988:Trier
2943:Mainz
2913:Hesse
2858:Baden
2848:Aalen
2744:Hesse
2730:Baden
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2526:Mainz
2262:JSTOR
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1914:Tyrol
1902:(the
1889:Hesse
1857:Baden
1251:Latin
1229:Latin
1138:Duke
1122:with
1120:Agnes
1109:Rhine
1092:near
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780:Seltz
696:Pfalz
495:Baden
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3365:PrĂĽm
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3008:Weil
2918:Isny
2414:OCLC
2406:LCCN
2396:ISBN
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2298:ISBN
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2252:ISBN
2239:2018
2226:ISBN
2170:2021
2085:2018
2039:ISBN
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963:Bonn
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