953:. Then, each state chooses its electors in popular elections. In most states, the party with the plurality of the popular vote gets all of its electors chosen. Once chosen, the electors meet in their respective states to cast ballots for the president and vice president. Originally, each elector cast two votes for president; at least one of the individuals voted for had to be from a state different from the elector's. The individual with the majority of votes became president, and the runner-up became vice president. In case of a tie between candidates who received votes from a majority of electors, the House of Representatives would choose one of the tied candidates; if no person received a majority, then the House could again choose one of the five with the greatest number of votes. When the House voted, each state delegation cast one vote, and the vote of a majority of states was necessary to choose a president. If second-place candidates were tied, then the Senate broke the tie. A quorum in the House consisted of at least one member from two-thirds of the state delegations; there was no special quorum for the Senate. This procedure was followed in 1801 after the electoral vote produced a tie, and nearly resulted in a
998:
1480:
697:
is limited in that he must notify
Congress within 48 hours after the beginning of military operations, explaining the source of his authority for the action. Once proper legal notification is given to the required members of Congress, military action can continue for up to 60 days without further authorization from Congress, or up to 90 days if the president "determines and certifies to the Congress in writing that unavoidable military necessity respecting the safety of United States Armed Forces requires the continued use of such armed forces in the course of bringing about a prompt removal of such forces."
1219:, believed that he had the right to become president. However, many senators argued that he only had the right to assume the powers of the presidency long enough to call for a new election. Because the wording of the clause is so vague, it was impossible for either side to prove its point. Tyler took the Oath of Office as president, setting a precedent that made it possible for later vice presidents to ascend to the presidency unchallenged following the president's death. The "Tyler Precedent" established that if the president dies, resigns or is removed from office, the vice president becomes president.
693:
Nor were they retained by the U.S. Congress as leftovers from the
Articles of Confederation. The Articles of Confederation, Continental Congress and its powers were abolished at the time the new U.S. Congress was seated and the new federal government formally and officially replaced its interim predecessor. And although the president is implicitly denied the power to unilaterally declare war, a declaration of war is not in and of itself a vehicle of executive power since it is literally just a public declaration that the U.S. government considers itself "at war" with a foreign political entity.
1168:
909:
certify, and transmit sealed to the Seat of the
Government of the United States, directed to the President of the Senate. The President of the Senate shall, in the Presence of the Senate and House of Representatives, open all the Certificates, and the Votes shall then be counted. The Person having the greatest Number of Votes shall be the President, if such Number be a Majority of the whole Number of Electors appointed; and if there be more than one who have such Majority, and have an equal Number of Votes, then the House of Representatives shall immediately chuse [
4049:, 677 F.2d 957 (2d. Cir. 19) 84 Ct. Cl. 293, 300 (Ct. Cl. 1936) ("While the Senate in one sense acts as a court on the trial of an impeachment, it is essentially a political body and in its actions is influenced by the views of its members on the public welfare."); Staff of House Committee on the Judiciary, 93D Cong., Constitutional Grounds for Presidential Impeachment 24 (Comm. Print 1974) ("The purpose of impeachment is not personal punishment; its function is primarily to maintain constitutional government.") (citation omitted), reprinted in 3 Lewis Deschler,
53:
1251:
declare the president unable to discharge his or her duties, in which case the vice president becomes Acting president. If the declaration is done by the vice president and
Cabinet, the Amendment permits the president to take control back, unless the vice president and Cabinet challenge the president and two-thirds of both Houses vote to sustain the findings of the vice president and Cabinet. If the declaration is done by the president, the president may take control back without risk of being overridden by the Congress.
2035:, William Maclaine declared that the Faithful Execution Clause was "one of the best provisions." If the president "takes care to see the laws faithfully executed, it will be more than is done in any government on the continent; for I will venture to say that our government, and those of the other states, are, with respect to the execution of the laws, in many respects mere ciphers." President George Washington interpreted this clause as imposing on him a unique duty to ensure the execution of federal law. Discussing
631:
2572:... This power is conferred upon the legislatures of the states by the Constitution of the United States, and cannot be taken from them or modified by their state constitutions any more than can their power to elect Senators of the United States. Whatever provisions may be made by statute, or by the State constitution, to choose electors by the people, there is no doubt of the right of the legislature to resume the power at any time, for it can neither be taken away nor abdicated'". See Kirby, op. cit., p. 500
1294:
2135:, which were claimed to be unconstitutional. The Court found that "he Congress is the legislative department of the government; the president is the executive department. Neither can be restrained in its action by the judicial department; though the acts of both, when performed, are, in proper cases, subject to its cognizance." Thus, the courts cannot bar the passage of a law by Congress, though it may later strike down such a law as unconstitutional. A similar construction applies to the executive branch.
927:] the President, the Votes shall be taken by States, the Representation from each State having one Vote; A quorum for this Purpose shall consist of a Member or Members from two thirds of the States, and a Majority of all the States shall be necessary to a Choice. In every Case, after the Choice of the President, the Person having the greatest Number of Votes of the Electors shall be the Vice President. But if there should remain two or more who have equal Votes, the Senate shall chuse [
2061:, the Supreme Court explained how the president executes the law: "The Constitution does not leave to speculation who is to administer the laws enacted by Congress; the president, it says, "shall take Care that the Laws be faithfully executed," Art. II, §3, personally and through officers whom he appoints (save for such inferior officers as Congress may authorize to be appointed by the "Courts of Law" or by "the Heads of Departments" with other presidential appointees), Art. II, §2."
2232:
1901:
Through his recommendations to
Congress, the president speaks collectively for the People as they petition Government for a redress of grievances, and thus his recommendations embody popular sovereignty. The president tailors his recommendations so that their natural implication is the enactment of new legislation, rather than some other action that Congress might undertake. Finally, the president shall have executive discretion to recommend measures of his choosing.
1426:, declared in his dissent "It would require far more of a discourse than could profitably be included in an opinion such as this to fully describe the preeminent position that the president of the United States occupies with respect to our Republic. Suffice it to say that the president is made the sole repository of the executive powers of the United States, and the powers entrusted to him as well as the duties imposed upon him are awesome indeed."
1646: (1927), the subject of the commutation did not want to accept life in prison but wanted the death penalty restored. The Supreme Court said, " pardon in our days is not a private act of grace from an individual happening to possess power. It is a part of the Constitutional scheme. When granted it is the determination of the ultimate authority that the public welfare will be better served by inflicting less than what the judgment fixed."
418:
1910:
people under the first amendment." Kesavan and Sidak also cited a
Professor Bybee who stated in this context: "The Recommendation Clause empowers the president to represent the people before Congress, by recommending measures for the reform of government, for the general welfare, or for the redress of grievances. The Right of Petition Clause prevents Congress from abridging the right of the people to petition for a redress of grievances."
1582:, it does authorize the president to seek advice from the principal officers of the various departments as they perform their official duties. George Washington found it prudent to organize his principal officers into a Cabinet, and it has been part of the executive branch structure ever since. Presidents have used Cabinet meetings of selected principal officers to widely differing extents and for different purposes. Secretary of State
430:
442:
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1028:. Currently, electors are chosen on the Tuesday following the first Monday in November (the first Tuesday after November 1), in the year before the president's term is to expire. The electors cast their votes on the Monday following the second Wednesday in December (the first Monday after December 12) of that year. Thereafter, the votes are opened and counted by the vice president, as
961:
constraints of eighteenth-century technology there was no practical means for that constituency to resolve deadlocked elections in a timely manner, thus necessitating the involvement of
Congress in resolving deadlocked elections. Obviously, having the electors meet in the national capital or some other single venue could have permitted the electors to choose a president by means of an
979:
five, as before the 12th
Amendment). The Amendment also requires the Senate to choose the vice president from those with the two highest figures if no vice presidential candidate receives a majority of electoral votes (rather than only if there's a tie for second for president). It also stipulates that to be the vice president, a person must be qualified to be the president.
1925:(1952), the Supreme Court noted that the Recommendations Clause serves as a reminder that the president cannot make law by himself: "The power to recommend legislation, granted to the president, serves only to emphasize that it is his function to recommend and that it is the function of the Congress to legislate." The Court made a similar point in striking down the
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3228:
1624:(1915), the court specifically said, "Circumstances may be made to bring innocence under the penalties of the law. If so brought, escape by confession of guilt implied in the acceptance of a pardon may be rejected, preferring to be the victim of the law rather than its acknowledged transgressor, preferring death even to such certain infamy."
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president – since they were to be barred from simultaneously serving in the federal government in any other capacity, electors would likely have no other reason to go there. But probably even more importantly, many framers genuinely feared that if the electors met in a single venue, especially under the initial assumption that they would
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supreme Court, and all other
Officers of the United States, whose Appointments are not herein otherwise provided for, and which shall be established by Law: but the Congress may by Law vest the Appointment of such inferior Officers, as they think proper, in the President alone, in the Courts of Law, or in the Heads of Departments.
1871:
Congress—information uniquely gleaned from the president's perspective in his various roles as commander-in-chief, chief law enforcer, negotiator with foreign powers, and the like—that shall aid the legislature in public deliberation on matters that may justify the enactment of legislation because of their national importance.
840:(1892), the Supreme Court affirmed the ability of a state to appoint its electors based on electoral districts rather than a statewide popular vote, describing the power of state legislatures to determine the method of appointment of electors as "plenary", and suggesting that it was not limited even by state constitutions. In
2994: (1952) (Jackson, J., concurring) ("When the President acts pursuant to an express or implied authorization from Congress," his actions are "supported by the strongest of presumptions and the widest latitude of judicial interpretation, and the burden of persuasion ... rest heavily upon any who might attack it.").
709:
assumption of duties and responsibilities, they are nominees rather than appointees. And again, the president nominates people for specific positions at their pleasure and can do so without or in spite of Senate advice. Senate consent occurs when a majority of senators votes to approve and therefore appoint a nominee.
790:
and are expected to cast their electoral college ballots for the president and vice president who appeared on the ballot. The actual electors being voted for are usually selected by the candidate's party. There have been a few cases where some electors have refused to vote for the designated candidate, termed a
2049:, the Supreme Court and the Attorneys General have long interpreted the Take Care Clause to mean that the president has no inherent constitutional authority to suspend the enforcement of the laws, particularly of statutes. The Take Care Clause demands that the president obey the law, the Supreme Court said in
781:, under a constitutional grant of authority delegated to the legislatures of the several states. The Constitution reserves the choice of the precise manner for selecting electors to the will of the state legislatures. It does not define or delimit what process a state legislature may use to create its
696:
Regardless of the inability to declare war, the president does have the power to unilaterally order military action in defense of the United States pursuant to "a national emergency created by attack upon the United States, its territories or possessions, or its armed forces". By U.S. law, this power
1554:
spoke in such terms when he said that the president, although lacking the power to declare war, would have 'the direction of war when authorized or begun.' The president acting alone was authorized only to repel sudden attacks (hence the decision to withhold from him only the power to 'declare' war,
1391:
I do solemnly swear (or affirm) that I will support and defend the
Constitution of the United States against all enemies, foreign and domestic; that I will bear true faith and allegiance to the same; that I take this obligation freely, without any mental reservation or purpose of evasion; and that I
1250:
explicitly states that if the president dies, resigns or is removed from office, the vice president becomes president, and also establishes a procedure for filling a vacancy in the office of the vice president. The Amendment further provides that the president, or the vice president and Cabinet, can
712:
The head of the Executive Branch is the president. Although also named in this first clause, the vice president is not constitutionally vested with any executive power. Nonetheless, the Constitution dictates that the president and vice president are to be elected at the same time, for the same term,
700:
As treaties are by U.S. law official agreements with foreign governments recognized as such only after the Senate approves or rejects a resolution of ratification, the president obviously cannot make treaties unilaterally. However, the president does determine and decide U.S. foreign policy, and can
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by a majority vote in the Senate. The Appointments Clause also establishes that Congress can, by law, allow the president, the courts, or the heads of departments to appoint "inferior officers" without requiring the advice and consent of the Senate. The final clause of Section 2 grants the president
1918:
of Article I, which limits Congress's discretion to carrying out only its delegated powers, the phrase "necessary and expedient" implies a wider range of discretion for the president. Because this is a political question, there has been little judicial involvement with the president's actions under
1909:
of the 1st Amendment: "Through his performance of the duty to recommend measures to Congress, the president functions as the agent of a diffuse electorate who seek the redress of grievances. To muzzle the president, therefore, is to diminish the effectiveness of this right expressly reserved to the
1900:
The Recommendation Clause also imposes an executive duty on the president. His recommendations respect the equal dignity of Congress and thus embody the anti-royalty sentiment that ignited the American Revolution and subsequently stripped the trappings of monarchy away from the new chief executive.
1678:
The president may enter the United States into treaties, but they are not effective until approved by a two-thirds vote in the Senate. In Article II however, the Constitution is not explicit about the termination of treaties. The first abrogation of a treaty occurred in 1798, when Congress passed a
1443:
by making him commander in chief of the armed forces, or by vesting in him a broad, undefined “executive Power.” Congress has delegated at least 136 distinct statutory emergency powers to the President, each available upon the declaration of an emergency. Only 13 of these require a declaration from
970:
as opposed to being bound to vote for particular candidates, they would be vulnerable to the influence of mobs who might try to ensure a particular result by means of threats and intimidation – this had been a fairly common occurrence in European elections for powerful officials by relatively small
704:
Additionally, since official treaties are specifically created under and by constitutional U.S. law, and are entered into by both government and the people as a whole, in their capacity as head of state and as the single individual representative of the United States and its citizens, the president
1831:
He shall from time to time give to the Congress Information of the State of the Union, and recommend to their Consideration such Measures as he shall judge necessary and expedient; he may, on extraordinary Occasions, convene both Houses, or either of them, and in Case of Disagreement between them,
1190:
In Case of the Removal of the President from Office, or of his Death, Resignation, or Inability to discharge the Powers and Duties of the said Office, the Same shall devolve on the Vice President, and the Congress may by Law provide for the Case of Removal, Death, Resignation or Inability, both of
978:
The 12th Amendment introduced a number of important changes to the procedure. Now, electors do not cast two votes for president; rather, they cast one vote for president and another for vice president. In case no presidential candidate receives a majority, the House chooses from the top three (not
960:
While the Constitution reflects the framers' clear preference for the president to be elected by a constituency independent of the Congress, one of the most palpable limitations created by the stipulation that electors meet in their respective states as opposed to a single venue was that given the
789:
In an indirect popular vote, it is the names of the candidates who are on the ballot to be elected. Most states do not put the names of the electors on the ballot. It is generally understood by the voters and the electors themselves that they are the representative "stand-ins" for the candidates
772:
Each State shall appoint, in such Manner as the Legislature thereof may direct, a Number of Electors, equal to the whole Number of Senators and Representatives to which the State may be entitled in the Congress: but no Senator or Representative, or Person holding an Office of Trust or Profit under
708:
As far as presidential appointments, as with treaties a person is not officially and legally appointed to a position until their appointment is approved by the Senate in office. Prior to Senate approval and publication of that approval along with an official date and time for their swearing-in and
692:
to Congress, and the Vesting Clause does not reassign those powers to the President. In fact, because those actions require legislation passed by Congress which must be signed by the president to take effect, those powers are not strictly executive powers granted to or retained by Congress per se.
591:
Section 3 of Article Two lays out the responsibilities of the president, granting the president the power to convene both houses of Congress, receive foreign representatives, and commission all federal officers. Section 3 requires the president to inform Congress of the "state of the union"; since
965:
without Congressional involvement, but the framers were dissuaded from such an arrangement by two major considerations. First, it would have been quite burdensome for electors from distant states to travel to the national capital using eighteenth century means for the sole purpose of electing the
785:
college of electors. In practice, the state legislatures have generally chosen to select electors through an indirect popular vote, since the 1820s. Most states use a "winner-take-all" system in which all the state's electors are awarded to the candidate gaining the most popular votes. Maine and
527:, the body charged with electing the president and the vice president. Section 1 provides that each state chooses members of the Electoral College in a manner directed by each state's respective legislature, with the states granted electors equal to their combined representation in both houses of
1513:
The President shall be Commander in Chief of the Army and Navy of the United States, and of the Militia of the several States, when called into the actual Service of the United States; he may require the Opinion, in writing, of the principal Officer in each of the executive Departments, upon any
819:
may choose no more electors than the state with the lowest number of electoral votes (in effect, three electors), although since that amendment's ratification the District's population has never reached the threshold that would otherwise entitle it to choose four or more electors. U.S. senators,
1550:, Article II, Section 2 has been interpreted 'The president has the power to initiate hostilities without consulting Congress' But what the framers actually meant by that clause was that once war has been declared, it was the president's responsibility as commander-in-chief to direct the war.
1310:
Before he enter on the Execution of his Office, he shall take the following Oath or Affirmation:—"I do solemnly swear (or affirm) that I will faithfully execute the Office of President of the United States, and will to the best of my Ability, preserve, protect and defend the Constitution of the
908:
The Electors shall meet in their respective States, and vote by Ballot for two Persons, of whom one at least shall not be an Inhabitant of the same State with themselves. And they shall make a List of all the Persons voted for, and of the Number of Votes for each; which List they shall sign and
1870:
The State of the Union Clause imposes an executive duty on the president. That duty must be discharged periodically. The president's assessment of the State of the Union must be publicized to Congress, and thus to the nation. The publication of the president's assessment conveys information to
1662:
He shall have Power, by and with the Advice and Consent of the Senate, to make Treaties, provided two thirds of the Senators present concur; and he shall nominate, and by and with the Advice and Consent of the Senate, shall appoint Ambassadors, other public Ministers and Consuls, Judges of the
1070:
No Person except a natural born Citizen, or a Citizen of the United States, at the time of the Adoption of this Constitution, shall be eligible to the Office of President; neither shall any person be eligible to that Office who shall not have attained to the Age of thirty five Years, and been
1691:
with the consent of the Senate alone. A Senate committee ruled that it was correct procedure for the president to terminate treaties after being authorized by the Senate alone, and not the entire Congress. President Pierce's successors, however, returned to the former procedure of obtaining
2267:
Any official convicted by the Senate is immediately removed from office, and to prevent the President's Article II appointment power from being used as a de facto pardon the Senate may also vote by a simple majority that the removed official be forever disqualified from holding any future
1609:. There is currently no universally accepted interpretation of the impeachment exception. Some argue that the president simply cannot use a pardon to stop an officeholder from being impeached, while others suggest that crimes underlying an impeachment cannot be pardoned by the president.
1319:
added the words "So help me God" during his first inaugural, though this has been disputed. There are no contemporaneous sources for this fact, and no eyewitness sources to Washington's first inaugural mention the phrase at all—including those that transcribed what he said for his oath.
596:. The Recommendation Clause requires the president to recommend measures deemed "necessary and expedient." The Take Care Clause requires the president to obey and enforce all laws, though the president retains some discretion in interpreting the laws and determining how to enforce them.
2006:
The president receives all foreign ambassadors. This clause of the Constitution, known as the Reception Clause, has been interpreted to imply that the president possesses broad power over matters of foreign policy, and to provide support for the president's exclusive authority to grant
1387:(that remains in effect) which provides that "...the oath or affirmation required by the sixth article of the Constitution of the United States… shall be administered to ". Currently, the vice presidential oath is the same as that for members of Congress and members of the Cabinet.
1273:
The President shall, at stated Times, receive for his Services, a Compensation, which shall neither be increased nor diminished during the Period for which he shall have been elected, and he shall not receive within that Period any other Emolument from the United States, or any of
1082:
1594:
advocated use of a parliamentary-style Cabinet while he was a professor, but as president he would have none of it in his administration. In recent administrations, cabinets have grown to include key White House staff in addition to department and agency heads. President
2098:. Article One provides that the privilege may not be suspended save during times of rebellion or invasion, but it does not specify who may suspend the privilege. The Supreme Court ruled that Congress may suspend the privilege if it deems it necessary. During the
1692:
authorization from both Houses. Some presidents have claimed to themselves the exclusive power of terminating treaties. The first unambiguous case of a president terminating a treaty without authorization, granted prior to or after the termination, occurred when
539:
to select the president if no individual wins a majority of the electoral vote. Section 1 also sets forth the eligibility requirements for the office of the president, provides procedures in case of a presidential vacancy, and requires the president to take an
1234:
of the Senate and then the fifteen Cabinet secretaries in order of each department's establishment. There are concerns regarding the constitutionality of having members of Congress in the line of succession, however, as this clause specifies that only an
1944:(1993): "he Recommendation Clause is less an obligation than a right. The president has the undisputed authority to recommend legislation, but he need not exercise that authority with respect to any particular subject or, for that matter, any subject."
2131: (1867), the Supreme Court ruled that the judiciary may not restrain the president in the execution of the laws. In that case the Supreme Court refused to entertain a request for an injunction preventing President Andrew Johnson from executing the
2106:
suspended the privilege, but, owing to the vehement opposition he faced, obtained congressional authorization for the same. Since then, the privilege of the writ has only been suspended upon the express authorization of Congress, except in the case of
1798:
Congress may repeal the legislation that authorizes the appointment of an executive officer. But according to the Supreme Court, it "cannot reserve for itself the power of an officer charged with the execution of the laws except by impeachment."
1832:
with Respect to the Time of Adjournment, he may adjourn them to such Time as he shall think proper; he shall receive Ambassadors and other public Ministers; he shall take Care that the Laws be faithfully executed, and shall Commission all the
820:
representatives and federal government officials are barred from becoming electors; in practice, the two major federal parties frequently select senior state party and government officials (up to and including governors) to serve as electors.
2083:
Some presidents have claimed the authority under this clause to impound money appropriated by Congress. President Jefferson, for example, delayed the expenditure of money appropriated for the purchase of gunboats for over a year. President
1822:, and thus unavailable to provide advice and consent. Such appointments expire at the end of the next Senate session. To continue to serve thereafter, the appointee must be formally nominated by the president and confirmed by the Senate.
2143:
The president commissions "all the Officers of the United States". These include officers in both military and foreign service. (Under Article I, Section 8, the States have authority for "the Appointment of the Officers ... of the
1913:
The Recommendation clause imposes a duty, but its performance rests solely with the president. Congress possesses no power to compel the president to recommend, as he alone is the "judge" of what is "necessary and expedient." Unlike the
580:
1700:. For the first time, judicial determination was sought, but the effort proved futile: the Supreme Court could not find a majority agreeing on any particular principle, and therefore instructed the trial court to dismiss the case.
997:
1448:
declaration with no further Congressional input. Congressionally-authorized emergency presidential powers are sweeping and dramatic and range from seizing control of the Internet to declaring martial law. This led the magazine
2315:. Interim edition: Analysis of cases decided by the Supreme Court of the United States to August 26, 2017. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office. p. 11. 112th Congress, 2nd Session, Senate document no. 112–9
3811:
3234:
1893:: "By the article establishing the executive department it is made the duty of the president 'to recommend to your consideration such measures as he shall judge necessary and expedient.'" This is the Recommendation Clause.
547:
Section 2 of Article Two lays out the powers of the presidency, establishing that the president serves as the commander-in-chief of the military, among many other roles. This section gives the president the power to grant
4662:
625:
The executive Power shall be vested in a President of the United States of America. He shall hold his Office during the Term of four Years, and, together with the Vice President, chosen for the same Term, be elected, as
328:
1133:
prohibits anyone who swore an oath to support the Constitution, and later rebelled against the United States, from becoming president. However, this disqualification can be lifted by a two-thirds vote of each house of
1141:
prohibits anyone from being elected to the presidency more than twice (or once if the person serves as president or acting president for more than two years of a presidential term to which someone else was originally
2178:
took the matter to the Supreme Court, where it held that the commissions were valid, and the courts generally had the power to order them delivered and should have done so (a ruling that established the principle of
1384:
4480:
2165:
put it, " into the judiciary as a stronghold". However, in his haste, Adams' secretary of State neglected to have all the commissions delivered. Incoming President Jefferson was enraged with Adams, and ordered his
4417:
3994:, who was removed as a federal judge in 1989. Despite this, Hastings was not disqualified from serving in another federal office, and was elected to the House of Representatives in 1992, where he currently serves.
4518:
1939:
attempted to shield the records of the President's Task Force on Health Care Reform as essential to his functions under the Recommendations Clause, a federal circuit court rejected the argument and noted in
1331:, while vetoing an Act for the renewal of the charter of the national bank, implied that the president could refuse to execute statutes that he felt were unconstitutional. In suspending the privilege of the
5650:
2567:
The judgment "quoted with approval the following statement made in 1874 by a Senate Committee: 'The appointment of these electors is thus placed absolutely and wholly with the legislatures of the several
1278:
The president's salary, currently $ 400,000 a year, must remain constant throughout the president's term. The president may not receive other compensation from either the federal or any state government.
4887:
1730:
with the advice and consent of the Senate. However, Congress may instead legislate for the appointment of particular inferior officials by the president, heads of executive departments, or the courts.
4657:
5604:
5619:
404:
4490:
4374:
4174:
4106:
2019:
The president must "take care that the laws be faithfully executed." This clause in the Constitution imposes a duty on the president to enforce the laws of the United States and is called the
1416:
271:
117:
2080:(1952).) Finally, the president may not refuse to enforce a constitutional law, or "cancel" certain appropriations, for that would amount to an extra-constitutional veto or suspension power.
1191:
the President and Vice President, declaring what Officer shall then act as President, and such Officer shall act accordingly, until the Disability be removed, or a President shall be elected.
4360:
263:
2279:
While no other punishments may be inflicted pursuant to the impeachment proceeding, the convicted party remains liable to trial and punishment in the courts for civil and criminal charges.
2088:
and his successors sometimes refused outright to expend appropriated money. The Supreme Court, however, has held that impoundments without Congressional authorization are unconstitutional.
1215:
died in office, a debate arose over whether the vice president would become president, or if he would just inherit the powers, thus becoming an acting president. Harrison's vice president,
713:
and by the same constituency. The framers' intent was to preserve the independence of the executive branch should the person who was vice president succeed to the duties of the presidency.
5138:
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1368:
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1049:
760:
682:
248:
236:
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1514:
Subject relating to the Duties of their respective Offices, and he shall have Power to grant Reprieves and Pardons for Offences against the United States, except in Cases of Impeachment.
4355:
4350:
4340:
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the officer. It has not been settled whether the president has the prerogative to withhold a commission after having signed it. This issue played a large part in the seminal court case
1247:
1203:
1154:
812:
764:
756:
472:
258:
253:
243:
231:
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209:
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reported that without the permanent disqualification clause impeachment would have no effect, because the President could simply reinstate his impeached officers "the next morning".
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4315:
4284:
4279:
1814:
The President shall have Power to fill up all Vacancies that may happen during the Recess of the Senate, by granting Commissions which shall expire at the End of their next Session.
1130:
1045:
752:
740:
221:
216:
194:
189:
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3253:
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3190:
3165:
3009:
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1979:
1636:
1327:
administers the oath. It is sometimes asserted that the oath bestows upon the president the power to do whatever is necessary to "preserve, protect and defend the Constitution."
898:
886:
748:
226:
204:
199:
4882:
4256:
2121:
1288:
541:
179:
5645:
5133:
4261:
4225:
941:
882:
184:
157:
5537:
4230:
4210:
4200:
1053:
162:
142:
132:
2948:
2248:
The President, Vice President and all civil Officers of the United States, shall be removed from Office on Impeachment for, and Conviction of, Treason, Bribery, or other
4977:
4942:
4672:
4240:
4235:
4220:
4215:
4205:
4195:
1962:
To allow the government to act quickly in case of a major domestic or international crisis arising when Congress is not in session, the president is empowered to call a
172:
167:
152:
147:
137:
127:
2916:
1998:; however, the President does not have the authority to do so unless either the Senate or the House of Representatives were to alter their scheduled adjournment dates.
1859:
delivered by British monarchs, chose instead to send written messages to Congress for reading by clerks. Jefferson's procedure was followed by future presidents until
1119:
A person who meets the above qualifications, however, may still be constitutionally barred from holding the office of president under any of the following conditions:
915:] by Ballot one of them for President; and if no Person have a Majority, then from the five highest on the List the said House shall in like Manner chuse [
397:
3853:
5063:
4785:
4164:
4144:
4099:
2218:
1763:
At times, the president has asserted the power to remove individuals from office. Congress has often explicitly limited the president's power to remove; during the
1180:
705:
does have Coauthority and Constitutional duty to unilaterally withdraw the United States from treaties when it is in the best interests and well being of the U.S..
662:
516:
107:
87:
3970:
5548:
4987:
4154:
4149:
2196:
1578:
The president may require the "principal officer" of any executive department to tender their advice in writing. While the Constitution nowhere requires a formal
97:
92:
1433:
may be declared and which rights may be suspended, the U.S. Constitution itself includes no comprehensive separate regime for emergencies. However, according to
4967:
4917:
4862:
4159:
4134:
2214:
2210:
1531:
1372:
1223:
1162:
1123:
689:
658:
512:
102:
77:
2308:
Congressional Research Service Library Of Congress (2017). Garcia, Michael J.; Devereaux, Caitlain; Nolan, Lewis Andrew; Totten, Meghan; Tyson, Ashley (eds.).
1882:
The president has the power and duty to recommend, for the consideration of Congress, such measures which the president deems as "necessary and expedient". At
1526:, and ruled that federal courts in the United States must show deference to the executive in assessing threats to the country. The president is the military's
1990:
Congress if the House and Senate cannot agree on the time of adjournment; no president has ever had to exercise this administrative power. In 2020, President
5355:
4407:
3537:
1404:
701:
enter into non-binding discussions and give conditional approval to agreements reached with foreign governments subject to Senate approval at a future date.
465:
308:
5068:
4867:
4005:
1771:, proscribing, without the advice and consent of the Senate, presidential removal of anyone appointed with the advice and consent of the Senate. President
1106:
1033:
1469:, each emergency power "lies about like a loaded weapon, ready for the hand of any authority that can bring forward a plausible claim of an urgent need."
4603:
4129:
4092:
2582:
1747:
proceedings that followed, the Supreme Court ruled that the Senate was not permitted to rescind advice and consent after the officer had been installed.
842:
507:
Section 1 of Article Two establishes the positions of the president and the vice president, and sets the term of both offices at four years. Section 1's
69:
34:
4842:
4812:
4598:
4563:
4543:
2031:. This clause is meant to ensure that a law is faithfully executed by the president even if he disagrees with the purpose of that law. Addressing the
1455:
to observe that "the misuse of emergency powers is a standard gambit among leaders attempting to consolidate power", because, in the words of Justice
340:
335:
318:
1890:
5655:
4847:
2979:
2261:
2192:
2076:
2043:
1921:
1606:
1411:
1086:
954:
902:
600:
5058:
2732:
1983:
1883:
1445:
1098:
1066:
Section 1 of Article Two of the United States Constitution sets forth the eligibility requirements for serving as president of the United States:
678:
638:
497:
458:
3210:
2051:
1787:
383:
374:
5148:
4817:
4695:
3513:
2483:
1995:
1851:" "from time to time." This is called the State of the Union Clause. Originally, presidents personally delivered annual addresses to Congress.
532:
2091:
It has been asserted that the president's responsibility in the "faithful" execution of the laws entitles him to suspend the privilege of the
2064:
The president may not prevent a member of the executive branch from performing a ministerial duty lawfully imposed upon him by Congress. (See
5370:
4460:
4455:
4382:
894:
798:
cast their electoral college ballot for the designated presidential candidate. The constitutionality of such mandates was established by the
279:
2183:), but refused to issue the orders itself on the grounds that the law giving it original jurisdiction over such cases was unconstitutional.
1741:. The officer in question was sworn in, but the Senate, under the guise of a motion to reconsider, rescinded the advice and consent. In the
555:
Section 2 also requires the "principal officer" of any executive department to tender advice. Though not required by Article Two, President
5583:
5103:
4897:
4019:
2685:
2180:
1602:
549:
2039:, Washington observed, "it is my duty to see the Laws executed: to permit them to be trampled upon with impunity would be repugnant to ."
1630:(reduction in prison sentence), unlike pardons (restoration of civil rights after prison sentence had been served) may not be refused. In
5479:
5098:
4690:
1986:
presidents would routinely call the Senate to meet to confirm nominations or ratify treaties. Clause 3 also authorizes the president to
867:
The Supreme Court upheld the power of Congress to regulate political contributions intended to influence the appointment of electors in
726:
2161:
feverishly signed many commissions to the judiciary on his final day in office, hoping to, as incoming Democratic-Republican President
4735:
3897:
1423:
1324:
1260:
799:
352:
3019: (2008) ("ost federal judges begin the day with briefings that describe new and serious threats to our Nation and its people.").
1994:
threatened to use this clause as a justification to prorogue both houses of Congress in order to make recess appointments during the
5078:
4440:
4115:
3140:
2867:
2852:
2815:
2200:
2111:, whose writ was suspended by President Andrew Johnson regarding her alleged involvement in the assassination of President Lincoln.
1126:, gives the U.S. Senate the option of forever disqualifying anyone convicted in an impeachment case from holding any federal office.
778:
60:
42:
2658:
1818:
The president may fill critical federal executive and judicial branch vacancies unilaterally but temporarily when the Senate is in
1046:
Fourteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution § Section 3: Disqualification from office for insurrection or rebellion
3686:
5578:
4922:
2771:
2167:
1466:
504:, lays out the procedures for electing and removing the president, and establishes the president's powers and responsibilities.
4927:
4912:
4066:
2831:
1020:] the Electors, and the Day on which they shall give their Votes; which Day shall be the same throughout the United States.
992:
950:
722:
524:
347:
1750:
After the Senate grants advice and consent, however, the Supreme Court has ruled that the president is under no compulsion to
511:
declares that the executive power of the federal government is vested in the president and, along with the Vesting Clauses of
5334:
2926:
1323:
Also, the president-elect's name is typically added after the "I", for example, "I, George Washington, do...." Normally, the
1267:
1172:
1076:
501:
2720:
1342:
claimed that he acted according to the oath. His action was challenged in court and overturned by the U.S. Circuit Court in
5048:
4637:
3864:
2257:
1833:
1737:
previous decisions. In 1931, the Senate granted advice and consent to the president on the appointment of a member of the
1727:
1361:
3763:"Furious George – The belligerence of the Bush Administration in pursuing expansive power has a long Republican pedigree"
3762:
1775:
ignored the Act, and was later impeached and acquitted. The constitutionality of the Act was not immediately settled. In
5598:
5396:
4827:
4700:
4505:
4387:
4187:
3962:
3552: (1936), characterized the President as the "sole organ of the nation in its external relations," an interpretation
2269:
2249:
2204:
1542:. Nevertheless, the power of the president to initiate hostilities has been subject to question. According to historian
1376:
1236:
1025:
988:
560:
500:, which carries out and enforces federal laws. Article Two vests the power of the executive branch in the office of the
359:
286:
3735:
673:
power solely to the Supreme Court, and other federal courts established by law. These three articles together secure a
5612:
5516:
5474:
5469:
4872:
4558:
4523:
3428:
3405:
1931:
1915:
1768:
1723:
1715:
1599:
formed seven subcabinet councils to review many policy issues, and subsequent presidents have followed that practice.
1227:
1158:
864:
an Ohio law which placed heavy burdens on minor parties seeking to be placed on the ballot for presidential electors.
2074:(1838).) Nor may the president take an action not authorized either by the Constitution or by a lawful statute. (See
5566:
5013:
4982:
4832:
4705:
4470:
4465:
2839:
2530:
2032:
1970:
first did so in 1797, the president has called the full Congress to convene for a special session on 27 occasions.
1848:
1461:
1380:
869:
824:
489:
3963:"Hinds' Precedents, Volume 3 - Chapter 63 - Nature of Impeachment: Accused may be tried after resignation, § 2007"
3339:
2457:
2361:
811:
Each state chooses as many electors as it has representatives and senators representing it in Congress. Under the
599:
Section 4 of Article Two establishes that the president and other officers can be removed from office through the
5314:
5194:
4993:
4725:
4548:
4425:
4271:
1781:, the Supreme Court held that Congress could not limit the president's power to remove an executive officer (the
1680:
1568:
1564:
390:
364:
3663:
52:
5283:
5153:
5017:
4877:
4642:
4632:
4500:
3826:
3483:"Remarks by President Trump, Vice President Pence, and Members of the Coronavirus Task Force in Press Briefing"
2288:
1792:
1738:
1620:
847:
619:
3074:
1795:, an "administrative body cannot in any proper sense be characterized as an arm or an eye of the executive."
2426:
5073:
5021:
4947:
4775:
4652:
4647:
4583:
4553:
4495:
3787:
3659:
3125:
3078:
2309:
2145:
2057:
2046:
1614:
1029:
861:
744:
3092:
1293:
1093:(left) successfully campaigned for a fourth term. He was the only president who served more than two terms.
5236:
5108:
4755:
4680:
4627:
4578:
4402:
3185:
2116:
2008:
1856:
1777:
1555:
not to 'make' war, which was thought to be a necessary emergency power in case of foreign attack)." Since
1212:
1176:
804:
654:
528:
303:
1392:
will well and faithfully discharge the duties of the office on which I am about to enter. So help me God.
5443:
4822:
4790:
4621:
4450:
4397:
3796:
3575:
3546:
3257:
3219:
3194:
3169:
3013:
2988:
2801:
2591:
2510:
2125:
2085:
1751:
1734:
1640:
1579:
1484:
1479:
828:
296:
3455:
2211:
Article One of the United States Constitution § Clause 5: Speaker and other officers; Impeachment
1379:... shall be bound by Oath or Affirmation, to support this Constitution". Pursuant to Article VI, the
5588:
5143:
4857:
4852:
4807:
4780:
4730:
4475:
3121:
2807:
2501:
2273:
1863:
reverted to the former procedure of personally addressing Congress, which has continued to this day.
851:
836:
674:
568:
520:
422:
2231:
1982:(which brought forward the date on which Congress convenes from December to January) in 1933, newly
5571:
5360:
5088:
4952:
4740:
4685:
4588:
4445:
3566:
3160:
2256:
The Constitution also allows for involuntary removal from office of the president, vice president,
2132:
1709:
1002:
890:
572:
536:
5273:
5257:
5118:
4932:
4907:
4892:
4802:
4770:
4760:
4720:
4710:
4024:
3302:
3294:
3004:
2550:
2310:"The Constitution of the United States of America Analysis and Interpretation Centennial Edition"
2153:
2099:
2066:
1975:
1808:
1782:
1764:
1756:
1655:
1632:
1551:
1527:
1498:
1430:
1090:
1006:
856:
642:
593:
585:
576:
3712:
2697:
5593:
5339:
5324:
5304:
5178:
5053:
5032:
4796:
4608:
4435:
3854:"Lincoln's Suspension of the Writ of Habeas Corpus: An Historical and Constitutional Analysis"
3588:
3381:
2811:
2401:
2036:
1886:
1697:
1627:
1583:
1535:
1523:
1522:. The Supreme Court has interpreted that power as reaching its zenith when wielded to protect
1506:
1494:
1456:
1419:
1352:
1316:
967:
962:
791:
734:
730:
634:
630:
556:
3385:
1791:, it upheld Congress's authority to restrict the president's power to remove officers of the
567:
grants the president the power to enter into treaties with the approval of two-thirds of the
5215:
4962:
4837:
4765:
4750:
4485:
4430:
4392:
4074:
3933:
3286:
3248:
2797:
2686:"The Twice and Future President: Constitutional Interstices and the Twenty-Second Amendment"
2542:
2226:
2162:
1852:
1719:
1502:
1440:
1183:
827:
system in their presidential elections. In 2020, Maine switched from first past the post to
493:
291:
3799:
3222:
3016:
2991:
1081:
5500:
5448:
5329:
5288:
5199:
5123:
5027:
5009:
4745:
4715:
4573:
3460:
3146:
Treaties and Conventions Concluded Between the United States of America Since July 4, 1776
3037:
2956:
2240:
2175:
2103:
1963:
1953:
1906:
1819:
1684:
1587:
1572:
1519:
1339:
1058:
816:
650:
508:
446:
2631:
3919:
1559:, every major military action has been technically a U.S. military operation or a U.N. "
1364:. Otherwise, few have seriously asserted that the oath augments the president's powers.
5438:
5417:
5401:
5365:
5309:
5278:
5093:
3991:
3736:"Constitutional Limitations On Federal Government Participation in Binding Arbitration"
3690:
3549:
3487:
3260:
3172:
2883:
2387:
2236:
1926:
1919:
the clause as long as presidents have not tried to extend their legislative powers. In
1860:
1772:
1643:
1591:
1357:
1347:
1328:
1211:
The wording of this clause caused much controversy at the time it was first used. When
972:
3197:
2775:
2594:
2151:
The presidential authority to commission officers had a large impact on the 1803 case
2128:
1429:
Unlike the modern constitutions of many other countries, which specify when and how a
441:
5634:
5543:
5464:
5422:
5391:
5319:
5241:
5113:
5083:
4999:
4902:
4613:
4568:
3617:
3306:
2513:
2171:
2092:
1905:
Sidak explained that there is a connection between the Recommendation Clause and the
1673:
1596:
1560:
1332:
1243:
to the present day have argued that the term "officer" excludes members of Congress.
1240:
575:
grants the president the power to appoint judges and public officials subject to the
564:
4084:
3032:
2334:
1230:
establishes the order as the speaker of the House of Representatives, the president
4079:
3028:
2921:
2215:
Article One of the United States Constitution § Clause 6: Trial of impeachment
2108:
1991:
1971:
1936:
1743:
1693:
1556:
1543:
1488:
1451:
1435:
1302:
1298:
1167:
3689:. Gallagher Library of the University of Washington School of Law. Archived from
2871:
1439:, some legal scholars believe that the Constitution gives the president inherent
949:
In modern practice, parties nominate their electors through various methods, see
5495:
5375:
2848:
2746:
1987:
1957:
1539:
666:
579:
of the Senate, which in practice has meant that presidential appointees must be
429:
2856:
17:
5220:
5004:
4069:
The Constitution of the United States of America: Analysis and Interpretation.
2607:
2158:
2055:, and repudiates any notion that he may dispense with the law's execution. In
1967:
1547:
1315:
According to the Joint Congressional Committee on Presidential Inaugurations,
1239:" may be designated as a presidential successor. Constitutional scholars from
1216:
1199:
531:. Section 1 lays out the procedures of the Electoral College and requires the
434:
3739:
3290:
3051:
2696:(3). Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Law School: 565–635. Archived from
1654:
The president exercises the powers in the Advice and Consent Clause with the
1356:, 17 F. Cas. 144 (C.C.D. Md. 1861). Lincoln ignored Taney's order. Finally,
854:
as circumscribing the legislature's authority under Art. II, § 1, cl. 2". In
786:
Nebraska allow individual congressional districts to each elect one elector.
5128:
2531:"Limitations on the Power of State Legislatures over Presidential Elections"
670:
4972:
1586:
advocated the use of a parliamentary-style Cabinet government to President
1573:
Resolution of The Congress Providing Authorization for Use of Force In Iraq
777:
Under the U.S. Constitution the president and vice president are chosen by
4006:"Congress Should Remove Trump from Office, But Let Him Run Again in 2020"
2219:
Article Three of the United States Constitution § Section 3: Treason
1343:
3863:. Journal of the Abraham Lincoln Association. p. 48. Archived from
3553:
3298:
3274:
1866:
Kesavan and Sidak explain the purpose of the State of the Union clause:
5163:
4593:
3275:"Ignoring Advice and Consent? The Uses of Judicial Recess Appointments"
2554:
2222:
1688:
1475:
Clause 1: Command of military; Opinions of cabinet secretaries; Pardons
850:
the question of "the extent to which the Florida Supreme Court saw the
823:
All states other than Maine (including the District of Columbia) use a
559:
organized the principal officers of the executive departments into the
523:
among the three branches of government. Section 1 also establishes the
2835:
2546:
1896:
Kesavan and Sidak explain the purpose of the Recommendation Clause:
4051:
Deschler's Precedents of the United States House of Representatives
2230:
1605:
and reprieves may be granted by the president, except in cases of
1478:
1305:
for the second time at his first inauguration, on January 21, 2009
1166:
1057:
996:
629:
4937:
2884:"Nixon v. Administrator of General Services, 433 U.S. 425 (1977)"
1259:"Domestic Emoluments Clause" redirects here. For other uses, see
3767:
Legal Affairs – The magazine at the intersection of Law and Life
3498:
3406:"The Heritage Guide to the Constitution: Recommendations Clause"
1563:", which are deemed legally legitimate by Congress, and various
4088:
2953:
Brennan Center for Justice at New York University School of Law
1115:
an inhabitant of the United States for at least fourteen years.
1109:, or a person recognized as a citizen before September 17, 1787
3514:"Trump threatens to adjourn Congress to push through nominees"
2484:"Ranked choice voting in Maine a go for presidential election"
2260:, and other executive officers, as well as judges, who may be
1618:(1833), the pardon could be rejected by the convict. Then, in
1538:
gives Congress, and not the president, the exclusive right to
1016:
929:
923:
917:
911:
2772:"Joint Congressional Committee on Presidential Inaugurations"
1487:
as commander-in-chief, with his military subordinates during
27:
Portion of the US Constitution regarding the executive branch
2910:
2908:
2906:
2904:
1948:
Clause 3: Extraordinary sessions and prorogation of Congress
592:
1913 this has taken the form of a speech referred to as the
3921:
Lincoln's Suspension of Habeas Corpus as Viewed by Congress
3372:
Sidak, Gregory (August 1989). "The Recommendation Clause".
2659:"Articles on Amendment XIV: Disqualification for Rebellion"
975:) from the Middle Ages up to the Constitution's creation.
971:
constituencies (for example, and perhaps in particular, in
588:
to fill vacancies that occur when the Senate is in recess.
563:, a practice that subsequent presidents have followed. The
3093:"The President’s Pardon Power May Be Weaker Than It Seems"
2433:. Philadelphia, Pennsylvania: National Constitution Center
1974:
was the most recent to do so in July 1948 (the so called "
2264:
by the House of Representatives and tried in the Senate.
1847:
The president must give the Congress information on the "
1050:
Twenty-second Amendment to the United States Constitution
761:
Twenty-fourth Amendment to the United States Constitution
3812:
public domain material from this U.S government document
3235:
public domain material from this U.S government document
2917:"The Alarming Scope of the President's Emergency Powers"
2174:, to refrain from delivering the remaining commissions.
1155:
Twenty-fifth Amendment to the United States Constitution
1014:
The Congress may determine the Time of chusing [
765:
Twenty-sixth Amendment to the United States Constitution
757:
Twenty-third Amendment to the United States Constitution
5651:
Executive branch of the government of the United States
3685:
Prepared by Devotion Garner. Updated by Cheryl Nyberg.
1301:
being administered the oath of office by Chief Justice
657:
power upon the president. Similar clauses are found in
3273:
Graves, Scott E.; Howard, Robert M. (September 2010).
2015:
Clause 5: Caring for the faithful execution of the law
1942:
Ass'n of American Physicians & Surgeons v. Clinton
1733:
The Senate has a long-standing practice of permitting
753:
Nineteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution
741:
Fourteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution
685:
on the operation and power of the other two branches.
3738:. United States Department of Justice. Archived from
3399:
3397:
3395:
899:
Efforts to reform the United States Electoral College
887:
Twentieth Amendment to the United States Constitution
749:
Fifteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution
669:
power exclusively to Congress, and the latter grants
3052:"Presidential War Powers: The Constitutional Answer"
1289:
Oath of office of the president of the United States
860:(1968), the Court struck down as a violation of the
603:
process, which is further described in Article One.
5557:
5529:
5509:
5488:
5457:
5431:
5410:
5384:
5348:
5297:
5266:
5250:
5229:
5208:
5187:
5171:
5162:
5041:
4671:
4536:
4416:
4373:
4298:
4270:
4249:
4186:
4173:
4122:
4053:, H.R. DOC. NO. 94‒661 ch. 14, app. at 2269 (1977).
2684:Peabody, Bruce G.; Gant, Scott E. (February 1999).
1071:
fourteen Years a Resident within the United States.
883:
Twelfth Amendment to the United States Constitution
5538:Notes of Debates in the Federal Convention of 1787
4067:Kilman, Johnny and George Costello (Eds). (2000).
2840:
2747:"3 U.S. Code § 102. Compensation of the President"
1268:President of the United States § Compensation
1054:United States presidential eligibility legislation
4957:
3367:
3365:
794:. Many states have mandated in law that electors
773:the United States, shall be appointed an Elector.
2925:. No. January/February 2019. Archived from
2235:Depiction of the impeachment trial of President
3333:
3331:
3329:
3327:
3325:
3323:
2608:"3 U.S. Code § 1 - Time of appointing electors"
2246:
1978:"). Additionally, prior to ratification of the
1829:
1812:
1660:
1511:
1308:
1271:
1188:
1068:
1012:
993:United States Electoral College § Meetings
906:
770:
623:
5549:Bibliography of the United States Constitution
3645:
3643:
3641:
3639:
3637:
3635:
3612:
3610:
2751:Legal Information Institute Cornell Law School
2197:Federal impeachment trial in the United States
1444:Congress; the remaining 123 are assumed by an
5641:Article Two of the United States Constitution
4100:
4080:Mount, Steve. (2003). "Presidential Pardons."
3734:Walter E. Dellinger III (September 7, 1995).
3618:"Take Care Clause Law & Legal Definition"
3429:"Essays on Article II: Convening of Congress"
1360:'s counsel referred to the theory during his
1163:United States presidential line of succession
933:] from them by Ballot the Vice President.
921:] the President. But in chusing [
466:
8:
3687:"Popular Names of Constitutional Provisions"
3538:United States v. Curtiss-Wright Export Corp.
3149:. Government Printing Office. p. 1,232.
2731:(4). Philadelphia: Temple University of the
1878:Clause 2: Making recommendations to Congress
1855:, who felt that the procedure resembled the
1405:Powers of the president of the United States
1062:Beginning of the clause in the 1787 document
614:Clause 1: Executive power and term of office
3556:by Louis Fisher of the Library of Congress.
3338:Vasan Kesavan and J. Gregory Sidak (2002).
2949:"A Guide to Emergency Powers and Their Use"
2002:Clause 4: Receiving foreign representatives
1175:John Tyler receiving the news of President
5646:Articles of the United States Constitution
5168:
4183:
4179:
4107:
4093:
4085:
3589:"Article II, Section 3, U.S. Constitution"
2583:Bush v. Palm Beach County Canvassing Board
2452:
2450:
2448:
1518:The Constitution vests the president with
846:(2000), the Supreme Court remanded to the
843:Bush v. Palm Beach County Canvassing Board
473:
459:
29:
3957:
3955:
2980:Youngstown Sheet & Tube Co. v. Sawyer
2335:"Vesting Clause Law and Legal Definition"
2077:Youngstown Sheet & Tube Co. v. Sawyer
1966:of one or both houses of Congress. Since
1922:Youngstown Sheet & Tube Co. v. Sawyer
1369:vice president also has an oath of office
5605:Scene at the Signing of the Constitution
3761:Kinkopf, Neil (September–October 2005).
3713:"Chapter 12 – The Presidency Flashcards"
2193:Federal impeachment in the United States
2044:United States Assistant Attorney General
1826:Section 3: Presidential responsibilities
1412:Nixon v. General Services Administration
1373:Oath or Affirmation Clause of Article VI
1292:
1080:
903:National Popular Vote Interstate Compact
681:, and individually, each one entrenches
4020:"Judgment—Removal and Disqualification"
4004:Foley, Edward B. (September 25, 2019).
2733:Commonwealth System of Higher Education
2300:
2072:Kendall v. United States ex rel. Stokes
1226:beyond the vice president. The current
607:Section 1: President and vice president
373:
317:
116:
59:
41:
3831:The Heritage Guide to the Constitution
3656:The Heritage Guide to the Constitution
3433:The Heritage Guide to the Constitution
3075:"Essays on Article II: Opinion Clause"
2663:The Heritage Guide to the Constitution
2524:
2522:
2157:, where outgoing Federalist President
4075:CRS Annotated Constitution: Article 2
3924:. University of Wisconsin. p. 52
3715:. Flashcard Machine. January 16, 2012
1465:(1944), the decision that upheld the
895:Electoral College abolition amendment
717:Clause 2: Method of choosing electors
7:
5584:Constitution Day and Citizenship Day
3894:, 128 S. Ct. 2229, 2237-2238 (2008)"
3211:Humphrey's Executor v. United States
2272:. Constitutional law expert Senator
2181:judicial review in the United States
2052:Humphrey's Executor v. United States
1788:Humphrey's Executor v. United States
5572:Rotunda for the Charters of Freedom
5099:Incorporation of the Bill of Rights
3595:. Legal Information Institute. 2012
3454:Steinmetz, Katy (August 10, 2010).
3099:, Dec. 5, 2019, Accessed 12/16/2019
2033:North Carolina ratifying convention
1650:Clause 2: Advice and Consent Clause
1181:Chief Clerk of the State Department
1040:Clause 5: Qualifications for office
727:United States presidential election
641:U.S. president, April 30, 1789, by
4663:Drafting and ratification timeline
4408:District of Columbia Voting Rights
2845:Tooltip Public Law (United States)
1325:chief justice of the United States
940:This procedure was changed by the
800:Supreme Court of the United States
329:Drafting and ratification timeline
25:
4116:Constitution of the United States
3512:Bresnahan, John (15 April 2020).
3141:United States Department of State
2612:LII / Legal Information Institute
2366:Constitution USA with Peter Segal
2201:Treason laws in the United States
1612:As ruled by the Supreme Court in
1567:because of decisions such as the
1377:Officers ... of the United States
4519:Convention to propose amendments
3803:
3456:"Congressional Special Sessions"
3226:
1467:internment of Japanese Americans
1149:Clause 6: Vacancy and disability
677:among the three branches of the
440:
428:
416:
51:
5656:Presidency of the United States
3973:from the original on 2021-03-12
3918:Sellery, George Clarke (1907).
2719:Albert, Richard (Winter 2005).
2529:Kirby, James C. (Summer 1962).
2427:"Article Two: Executive Branch"
2139:Clause 6: Officers' commissions
1714:The president may also appoint
1222:The Congress may provide for a
1131:Section 3 of the 14th Amendment
723:United States Electoral College
5134:Separation of church and state
2721:"The Evolving Vice Presidency"
2270:office under the United States
1683:. In 1854, however, President
1399:Section 2: Presidential powers
1124:Article I, Section 3, Clause 7
1077:President of the United States
502:president of the United States
118:Amendments to the Constitution
1:
4638:Virginia Ratifying Convention
2774:. U.S. Senate. Archived from
2535:Law and Contemporary Problems
2402:"U.S. Senate: About Treaties"
2241:Chief Justice Salmon P. Chase
1834:Officers of the United States
1803:Clause 3: Recess appointments
1728:officers of the United States
1696:terminated a treaty with the
1283:Clause 8: Oath or affirmation
1001:Certificate for the vote for
665:; the former bestows federal
5599:National Constitution Center
5397:Daniel of St. Thomas Jenifer
4696:Assemble and Petition Clause
3279:Political Research Quarterly
2250:high Crimes and Misdemeanors
2205:High crimes and misdemeanors
1843:Clause 1: State of the Union
1375:that provides that "all ...
1371:, but it is taken under the
1237:officer of the United States
989:Election Day (United States)
5470:Charles Cotesworth Pinckney
4524:State ratifying conventions
4461:Equal Opportunity to Govern
4456:Electoral College abolition
4383:Congressional Apportionment
3344:William and Mary Law Review
2482:Sharp, David (2020-09-22).
1932:Clinton v. City of New York
1916:Necessary and Proper Clause
1590:, but was rebuffed. Later,
1228:Presidential Succession Act
1159:Presidential Succession Act
877:Clause 3: Electoral College
384:Preamble and Articles I–VII
280:Congressional Apportionment
5672:
3852:Dueholm, James A. (2008).
3810:This article incorporates
3233:This article incorporates
2208:
2190:
2138:
2029:Faithfully Executed Clause
1951:
1806:
1707:
1671:
1565:United Nations Resolutions
1462:Korematsu v. United States
1402:
1381:1st United States Congress
1286:
1265:
1258:
1198:This clause was partially
1152:
1074:
1043:
1009:for the State of Louisiana
986:
880:
870:Burroughs v. United States
738:
720:
617:
490:United States Constitution
4923:Privileges and Immunities
4736:Congressional enforcement
4658:Rhode Island ratification
4549:Articles of Confederation
4514:
4491:Parental Rights amendment
4182:
3833:. The Heritage Foundation
3408:. The Heritage Foundation
3340:"The Legislator-In-Chief"
2665:. The Heritage Foundation
2025:Faithful Execution Clause
2011:to a foreign government.
1687:terminated a treaty with
1681:Treaty of Alliance (1778)
1569:Gulf of Tonkin Resolution
1409:In the landmark decision
1171:1888 illustration of new
1101:, the President must be:
1034:joint session of Congress
1024:Congress sets a national
365:Reconstruction Amendments
5154:Unitary executive theory
4928:Privileges or Immunities
4643:New York Circular Letter
4633:Massachusetts Compromise
3291:10.1177/1065912909333129
2289:Unitary executive theory
1793:Federal Trade Commission
1739:Federal Power Commission
1621:Burdick v. United States
1112:at least 35 years of age
848:Supreme Court of Florida
649:Section 1 begins with a
620:Executive Vesting Clause
533:House of Representatives
423:United States portal
33:This article is part of
5074:Dormant Commerce Clause
4918:Presidential succession
4653:Fayetteville Convention
4648:Hillsborough Convention
4584:Three-fifths Compromise
4564:Philadelphia Convention
4554:Mount Vernon Conference
4441:Campaign finance reform
4047:Ritter v. United States
3788:Printz v. United States
3660:The Heritage Foundation
3079:The Heritage Foundation
3033:Presidential War Powers
2458:"The Electoral College"
2388:"War Powers Resolution"
2058:Printz v. United States
2047:Walter E. Dellinger III
1935:(1998). When President
1726:, ministers, and other
1615:United States v. Wilson
1493:Left to right: General
1385:Oath Administration Act
1030:president of the Senate
862:Equal Protection Clause
745:Equal Protection Clause
637:'s inauguration as the
5237:William Samuel Johnson
5109:Nondelegation doctrine
4681:Admission to the Union
4628:Anti-Federalist Papers
4579:Connecticut Compromise
3990:An example of this is
3374:Georgetown Law Journal
3186:Myers v. United States
3050:Woods, Thomas (2013).
2431:constitutioncenter.org
2254:
2244:
2187:Section 4: Impeachment
2117:Mississippi v. Johnson
1903:
1873:
1857:speech from the throne
1838:
1816:
1778:Myers v. United States
1767:, Congress passed the
1665:
1516:
1509:
1394:
1346:(led by Chief Justice
1313:
1306:
1276:
1213:William Henry Harrison
1209:
1186:
1094:
1073:
1063:
1022:
1010:
983:Clause 4: Election day
947:
805:Chiafalo v. Washington
775:
646:
628:
5444:Richard Dobbs Spaight
4913:Presidential Electors
4888:Original Jurisdiction
4828:Full Faith and Credit
4701:Assistance of Counsel
4622:The Federalist Papers
4451:Crittenden Compromise
3435:. Heritage Foundation
2803:The Federalist Papers
2234:
2086:Franklin D. Roosevelt
1898:
1868:
1735:motions to reconsider
1485:Franklin D. Roosevelt
1482:
1389:
1296:
1287:Further information:
1170:
1084:
1061:
1000:
955:deadlock in the House
653:that confers federal
633:
405:Unratified Amendments
272:Unratified Amendments
61:Preamble and Articles
5613:A More Perfect Union
5589:Constitution Gardens
5510:Convention Secretary
5172:Convention President
5144:Symmetric federalism
5139:Separation of powers
4873:Necessary and Proper
4868:Natural-born citizen
4813:Freedom of the Press
4751:Copyright and Patent
4741:Contingent Elections
4559:Annapolis Convention
3870:on February 24, 2021
3742:on November 29, 2014
3122:United States Senate
3054:. Liberty Classrooom
2915:Goitein, Elizabeth.
2810:. pp. 555–556.
2690:Minnesota Law Review
2502:McPherson v. Blacker
2042:According to former
2023:, also known as the
1769:Tenure of Office Act
1679:law terminating the
1107:natural-born citizen
852:Florida Constitution
837:McPherson v. Blacker
817:District of Columbia
675:separation of powers
521:separation of powers
45:of the United States
5620:Worldwide influence
5361:Gunning Bedford Jr.
5089:Executive privilege
5069:Criminal sentencing
4992:Title of Nobility (
4983:Taxing and Spending
4883:Oath or Affirmation
4843:House Apportionment
4706:Case or Controversy
4589:Committee of Detail
4481:"Liberty" amendment
4446:Christian amendment
3567:Zivotofsky v. Kerry
3161:Goldwater v. Carter
2778:on January 10, 2009
2700:on January 15, 2013
2258:Cabinet secretaries
2133:Reconstruction Acts
1980:Twentieth Amendment
1710:Appointments Clause
1177:William H. Harrison
1003:Rutherford B. Hayes
951:Elector Nominations
891:Contingent election
825:first past the post
683:checks and balances
586:recess appointments
573:Appointments Clause
537:contingent election
447:Politics portal
398:Amendments XI–XXVII
5274:William Livingston
5258:Alexander Hamilton
5064:Criminal procedure
5059:Constitutional law
4994:Foreign Emoluments
4958:State of the Union
4943:Self-Incrimination
4933:Recess appointment
4726:Compulsory Process
4388:Titles of Nobility
4025:Cornell Law School
3892:Boumediene v. Bush
3827:"Take Care Clause"
3652:"Take Care Clause"
3097:The New York Times
3091:Martin H. Redish,
3005:Boumediene v. Bush
2245:
2168:secretary of State
2154:Marbury v. Madison
2100:American Civil War
2067:Marbury v. Madison
1976:Turnip Day Session
1849:State of the Union
1809:Recess appointment
1783:Postmaster General
1765:Reconstruction era
1757:Marbury v. Madison
1656:advice and consent
1633:Biddle v. Perovich
1552:Alexander Hamilton
1546:, "Ever since the
1528:commander-in-chief
1510:
1499:Franklin Roosevelt
1431:state of emergency
1307:
1224:line of succession
1187:
1095:
1091:Franklin Roosevelt
1064:
1011:
1007:William A. Wheeler
857:Williams v. Rhodes
679:federal government
647:
643:Ramon de Elorriaga
594:State of the Union
584:the power to make
577:advice and consent
519:, establishes the
498:federal government
309:D.C. Voting Rights
287:Titles of Nobility
5628:
5627:
5594:Constitution Week
5579:Independence Mall
5567:National Archives
5525:
5524:
5340:Gouverneur Morris
5325:Thomas Fitzsimons
5305:Benjamin Franklin
5179:George Washington
5079:Enumerated powers
5054:Concurrent powers
5049:Balance of powers
4878:No Religious Test
4818:Freedom of Speech
4609:Independence Hall
4532:
4531:
4436:Bricker amendment
4369:
4368:
3666:on April 14, 2013
3499:National Archives
3139:John H. Haswell;
2798:Rossiter, Clinton
2725:Temple Law Review
2390:. Avalon Project.
2274:Matthew Carpenter
1996:COVID-19 pandemic
1891:Inaugural Address
1887:George Washington
1698:Republic of China
1584:William H. Seward
1536:War Powers Clause
1524:national security
1507:Chester W. Nimitz
1495:Douglas MacArthur
1457:Robert H. Jackson
1422:, afterwards the
1420:William Rehnquist
1362:impeachment trial
1353:Ex Parte Merryman
1317:George Washington
1261:Emoluments Clause
968:act independently
963:exhaustive ballot
792:faithless elector
735:Faithless elector
731:Indirect election
688:Article I grants
635:George Washington
557:George Washington
525:Electoral College
483:
482:
16:(Redirected from
5663:
5475:Charles Pinckney
5284:William Paterson
5216:Nathaniel Gorham
5169:
4948:Speech or Debate
4776:Equal Protection
4486:Ludlow amendment
4471:Flag Desecration
4466:Federal Marriage
4431:Blaine amendment
4393:Corwin Amendment
4184:
4180:
4109:
4102:
4095:
4086:
4054:
4043:
4037:
4036:
4034:
4032:
4016:
4010:
4009:
4001:
3995:
3988:
3982:
3981:
3979:
3978:
3959:
3950:
3944:
3938:
3937:
3934:Internet Archive
3931:
3929:
3915:
3909:
3908:
3906:
3905:
3896:. Archived from
3886:
3880:
3879:
3877:
3875:
3869:
3861:lincolngroup.org
3858:
3849:
3843:
3842:
3840:
3838:
3822:
3816:
3807:
3806:
3784:
3778:
3777:
3775:
3773:
3758:
3752:
3751:
3749:
3747:
3731:
3725:
3724:
3722:
3720:
3709:
3703:
3702:
3700:
3698:
3693:on July 30, 2013
3682:
3676:
3675:
3673:
3671:
3662:. Archived from
3647:
3630:
3629:
3627:
3625:
3614:
3605:
3604:
3602:
3600:
3585:
3579:
3563:
3557:
3534:
3528:
3527:
3525:
3524:
3509:
3503:
3502:
3496:
3495:
3479:
3473:
3472:
3470:
3468:
3451:
3445:
3444:
3442:
3440:
3427:Forte, David F.
3424:
3418:
3417:
3415:
3413:
3404:Kesavan, Vasan.
3401:
3390:
3389:
3380:(6): 2079–2135.
3369:
3360:
3359:
3357:
3355:
3335:
3318:
3317:
3315:
3313:
3270:
3264:
3249:Bowsher v. Synar
3245:
3239:
3230:
3229:
3207:
3201:
3182:
3176:
3157:
3151:
3150:
3136:
3130:
3129:
3118:
3112:
3106:
3100:
3089:
3083:
3082:
3070:
3064:
3063:
3061:
3059:
3047:
3041:
3026:
3020:
3001:
2995:
2975:
2969:
2968:
2966:
2964:
2959:on April 1, 2020
2955:. Archived from
2945:
2939:
2938:
2936:
2934:
2929:on April 1, 2020
2912:
2899:
2898:
2896:
2895:
2880:
2874:
2865:
2859:
2846:
2842:
2828:
2822:
2821:
2794:
2788:
2787:
2785:
2783:
2768:
2762:
2761:
2759:
2757:
2743:
2737:
2736:
2716:
2710:
2709:
2707:
2705:
2681:
2675:
2674:
2672:
2670:
2654:
2648:
2647:
2645:
2643:
2628:
2622:
2621:
2619:
2618:
2604:
2598:
2579:
2573:
2571:
2565:
2559:
2558:
2526:
2517:
2498:
2492:
2491:
2479:
2473:
2472:
2470:
2468:
2454:
2443:
2442:
2440:
2438:
2423:
2417:
2416:
2414:
2412:
2398:
2392:
2391:
2384:
2378:
2377:
2375:
2373:
2357:
2351:
2350:
2348:
2346:
2331:
2325:
2324:
2322:
2320:
2314:
2305:
2227:High misdemeanor
2163:Thomas Jefferson
2021:Take Care Clause
1889:declared in his
1884:his inauguration
1853:Thomas Jefferson
1720:U.S. ambassadors
1503:William D. Leahy
1441:emergency powers
1255:Clause 7: Salary
1184:Fletcher Webster
494:executive branch
492:establishes the
475:
468:
461:
445:
444:
433:
432:
421:
420:
419:
55:
30:
21:
5671:
5670:
5666:
5665:
5664:
5662:
5661:
5660:
5631:
5630:
5629:
5624:
5559:
5553:
5521:
5517:William Jackson
5505:
5501:Abraham Baldwin
5484:
5453:
5449:Hugh Williamson
5427:
5406:
5380:
5371:Richard Bassett
5344:
5330:Jared Ingersoll
5293:
5289:Jonathan Dayton
5262:
5246:
5225:
5204:
5200:Nicholas Gilman
5183:
5158:
5124:Reserved powers
5104:Judicial review
5037:
4833:General Welfare
4756:Double Jeopardy
4667:
4594:List of Framers
4574:New Jersey Plan
4528:
4510:
4506:Victims' Rights
4426:Balanced budget
4412:
4365:
4294:
4266:
4245:
4169:
4118:
4113:
4063:
4058:
4057:
4044:
4040:
4030:
4028:
4018:
4017:
4013:
4003:
4002:
3998:
3989:
3985:
3976:
3974:
3967:www.govinfo.gov
3961:
3960:
3953:
3945:
3941:
3927:
3925:
3917:
3916:
3912:
3903:
3901:
3888:
3887:
3883:
3873:
3871:
3867:
3856:
3851:
3850:
3846:
3836:
3834:
3824:
3823:
3819:
3804:
3785:
3781:
3771:
3769:
3760:
3759:
3755:
3745:
3743:
3733:
3732:
3728:
3718:
3716:
3711:
3710:
3706:
3696:
3694:
3684:
3683:
3679:
3669:
3667:
3649:
3648:
3633:
3623:
3621:
3616:
3615:
3608:
3598:
3596:
3593:law.cornell.edu
3587:
3586:
3582:
3578:___ (2015).
3564:
3560:
3535:
3531:
3522:
3520:
3511:
3510:
3506:
3493:
3491:
3481:
3480:
3476:
3466:
3464:
3453:
3452:
3448:
3438:
3436:
3426:
3425:
3421:
3411:
3409:
3403:
3402:
3393:
3371:
3370:
3363:
3353:
3351:
3337:
3336:
3321:
3311:
3309:
3272:
3271:
3267:
3246:
3242:
3227:
3208:
3204:
3183:
3179:
3158:
3154:
3138:
3137:
3133:
3120:
3119:
3115:
3107:
3103:
3090:
3086:
3073:Gaziano, Todd.
3072:
3071:
3067:
3057:
3055:
3049:
3048:
3044:
3038:LewRockwell.com
3031:(July 7, 2005)
3027:
3023:
3002:
2998:
2976:
2972:
2962:
2960:
2947:
2946:
2942:
2932:
2930:
2914:
2913:
2902:
2893:
2891:
2882:
2881:
2877:
2866:
2862:
2844:
2829:
2825:
2818:
2808:Signet Classics
2796:
2795:
2791:
2781:
2779:
2770:
2769:
2765:
2755:
2753:
2745:
2744:
2740:
2718:
2717:
2713:
2703:
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2636:US Legal System
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2362:"We the People"
2360:Monk, Linda R.
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2207:
2191:Main articles:
2189:
2176:William Marbury
2141:
2104:Abraham Lincoln
2037:a tax rebellion
2017:
2004:
1964:special session
1960:
1954:Special session
1952:Main articles:
1950:
1907:Petition Clause
1880:
1845:
1828:
1811:
1805:
1712:
1706:
1685:Franklin Pierce
1676:
1670:
1658:of the Senate.
1652:
1588:Abraham Lincoln
1520:executive power
1492:
1477:
1407:
1401:
1340:Abraham Lincoln
1311:United States."
1291:
1285:
1270:
1264:
1257:
1192:
1165:
1151:
1097:At the time of
1079:
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985:
973:papal elections
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479:
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18:Electors Clause
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5439:William Blount
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5429:
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5402:Daniel Carroll
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5149:Taxation power
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5094:Implied powers
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5042:Interpretation
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4938:Recommendation
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4791:Excessive Bail
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4691:Appropriations
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4272:Reconstruction
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4188:Bill of Rights
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4061:External links
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3992:Alcee Hastings
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3488:whitehouse.gov
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3285:(3): 640–653.
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2800:, ed. (2003).
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2657:Moreno, Paul.
2649:
2623:
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2560:
2541:(3): 495–509.
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2239:in 1868, with
2237:Andrew Johnson
2188:
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2140:
2137:
2016:
2013:
2003:
2000:
1949:
1946:
1927:line-item veto
1879:
1876:
1861:Woodrow Wilson
1844:
1841:
1827:
1824:
1807:Main article:
1804:
1801:
1773:Andrew Johnson
1716:federal judges
1708:Main article:
1705:
1702:
1672:Main article:
1669:
1666:
1651:
1648:
1592:Woodrow Wilson
1476:
1473:
1459:'s dissent in
1403:Main article:
1400:
1397:
1358:Andrew Johnson
1348:Roger B. Taney
1329:Andrew Jackson
1284:
1281:
1256:
1253:
1248:25th Amendment
1204:25th Amendment
1179:'s death from
1150:
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1144:
1143:
1139:22nd Amendment
1135:
1127:
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1116:
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1038:
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942:12th Amendment
878:
875:
813:23rd Amendment
718:
715:
690:certain powers
651:vesting clause
618:Main article:
615:
612:
608:
605:
542:oath of office
509:Vesting Clause
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435:Law portal
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391:Amendments I–X
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360:Bill of Rights
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5544:Jacob Shallus
5542:
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5480:Pierce Butler
5478:
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5465:John Rutledge
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5392:James McHenry
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5320:George Clymer
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5315:Robert Morris
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5242:Roger Sherman
5240:
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5209:Massachusetts
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5188:New Hampshire
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5114:Plenary power
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5084:Equal footing
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5005:Trial by Jury
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4858:Ineligibility
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4797:Ex Post Facto
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4781:Establishment
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4731:Confrontation
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3900:on 2021-04-01
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3225: (1935).
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3128:. senate.gov.
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3029:Woods, Thomas
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2868:5 U.S.C.
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2853:2 U.S.C.
2850:
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2095:habeas corpus
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2014:
2012:
2010:
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1989:
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1969:
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1667:
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1638:
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1597:Ronald Reagan
1593:
1589:
1585:
1581:
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1570:
1566:
1562:
1561:police action
1558:
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565:Treaty Clause
562:
558:
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545:
543:
538:
534:
530:
526:
522:
518:
517:Article Three
514:
510:
505:
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358:
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354:
353:Republicanism
351:
349:
346:
345:
342:
339:
337:
334:
333:
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327:
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320:
316:
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5298:Pennsylvania
5195:John Langdon
4953:Speedy Trial
4795:
4686:Appointments
4620:
4403:Equal Rights
4299:20th century
4139:
4068:
4050:
4046:
4041:
4029:. Retrieved
4023:
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3986:
3975:. Retrieved
3966:
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3920:
3913:
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3898:the original
3891:
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3872:. Retrieved
3865:the original
3860:
3847:
3835:. Retrieved
3830:
3820:
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3782:
3770:. Retrieved
3766:
3756:
3744:. Retrieved
3740:the original
3729:
3717:. Retrieved
3707:
3697:November 23,
3695:. Retrieved
3691:the original
3680:
3668:. Retrieved
3664:the original
3655:
3622:. Retrieved
3597:. Retrieved
3592:
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3536:
3532:
3521:. Retrieved
3517:
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3437:. Retrieved
3432:
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3377:
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3352:. Retrieved
3347:
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3310:. Retrieved
3282:
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3268:
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3232:
3209:
3205:
3200: (1926).
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3058:September 6,
3056:. Retrieved
3045:
3036:
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2978:
2973:
2961:. Retrieved
2957:the original
2952:
2943:
2931:. Retrieved
2927:the original
2922:The Atlantic
2920:
2892:. Retrieved
2890:. 2020-12-14
2887:
2878:
2863:
2826:
2802:
2792:
2782:November 10,
2780:. Retrieved
2776:the original
2766:
2754:. Retrieved
2750:
2741:
2728:
2724:
2714:
2702:. Retrieved
2698:the original
2693:
2689:
2679:
2667:. Retrieved
2662:
2652:
2640:. Retrieved
2635:
2626:
2615:. Retrieved
2611:
2602:
2581:
2577:
2563:
2538:
2534:
2500:
2496:
2487:
2477:
2465:. Retrieved
2461:
2437:November 24,
2435:. Retrieved
2430:
2421:
2409:. Retrieved
2405:
2396:
2382:
2372:November 24,
2370:. Retrieved
2365:
2355:
2345:November 24,
2343:. Retrieved
2338:
2329:
2319:November 24,
2317:. Retrieved
2303:
2278:
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2255:
2247:
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2150:
2148: ...")
2142:
2115:
2113:
2109:Mary Surratt
2102:, President
2094:
2090:
2082:
2075:
2071:
2070:(1803); and
2065:
2063:
2056:
2050:
2041:
2028:
2024:
2020:
2018:
2005:
1992:Donald Trump
1972:Harry Truman
1961:
1941:
1937:Bill Clinton
1930:
1920:
1912:
1904:
1899:
1895:
1881:
1874:
1869:
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1830:
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1813:
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1786:
1776:
1762:
1755:
1749:
1744:quo warranto
1742:
1732:
1713:
1704:Appointments
1694:Jimmy Carter
1677:
1661:
1653:
1631:
1628:Commutations
1626:
1619:
1613:
1611:
1601:
1577:
1557:World War II
1544:Thomas Woods
1517:
1512:
1497:, President
1489:World War II
1471:
1460:
1452:The Atlantic
1450:
1436:The Atlantic
1434:
1428:
1410:
1408:
1395:
1390:
1366:
1351:
1338:, President
1334:
1322:
1314:
1309:
1303:John Roberts
1299:Barack Obama
1277:
1272:
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1231:
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1026:Election Day
1023:
1015:
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937:
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624:
610:
598:
590:
554:
546:
506:
485:
484:
304:Equal Rights
270:
82:
43:Constitution
5496:William Few
5376:Jacob Broom
5356:George Read
5230:Connecticut
5164:Signatories
5014:Legislative
4988:Territorial
4908:Presentment
4893:Origination
4848:Impeachment
4803:Extradition
4771:Engagements
4761:Due Process
4711:Citizenship
4398:Child Labor
4008:. Politico.
3670:October 12,
3412:October 27,
3263: (1986)
3175: (1979)
2872:§ 3331
2632:"Article I"
2597: (2000)
2516: (1892)
2339:uslegal.com
2009:recognition
1984:inaugurated
1958:Prorogation
1607:impeachment
1540:declare war
1532:Article One
1530:; however,
1383:passed the
1232:pro tempore
1087:1944 poster
667:legislative
663:Article III
601:impeachment
513:Article One
486:Article Two
297:Child Labor
5635:Categories
5608:(painting)
5560:and legacy
5418:John Blair
5267:New Jersey
5221:Rufus King
5119:Preemption
5033:War Powers
4968:Suspension
4786:Exceptions
4476:Human Life
4375:Unratified
4175:Amendments
4031:5 November
3977:2021-03-03
3904:2018-07-08
3837:August 27,
3554:criticized
3523:2020-04-22
3494:2020-04-22
3126:"Treaties"
2963:January 7,
2894:2020-12-15
2888:Justia Law
2735:: 812–893.
2617:2020-11-05
2406:Senate.gov
2295:References
2209:See also:
2159:John Adams
1968:John Adams
1785:), but in
1752:commission
1548:Korean War
1505:, Admiral
1501:, Admiral
1483:President
1297:President
1266:See also:
1217:John Tyler
1200:superseded
1153:See also:
1075:See also:
1044:See also:
881:See also:
739:See also:
535:to hold a
348:Federalism
336:Convention
5129:Saxbe fix
5018:Executive
4973:Take Care
4963:Supremacy
4838:Guarantee
4766:Elections
4537:Formation
4250:1795–1804
3599:August 7,
3467:April 14,
3439:April 14,
3307:154534476
2857:§ 22
2638:. USLegal
2341:. USLegal
2262:impeached
2243:presiding
1446:executive
1206:in 1967.)
1173:President
1142:elected).
1134:Congress.
944:in 1804.)
659:Article I
655:executive
581:confirmed
375:Full text
5411:Virginia
5385:Maryland
5349:Delaware
5251:New York
5028:Vicinage
5022:Judicial
4746:Contract
4716:Commerce
4604:Printing
4418:Proposed
4130:Preamble
4123:Articles
3971:Archived
3949:, at 500
3800:898, 922
3518:POLITICO
3354:June 28,
3312:June 11,
3299:25747964
3223:602, 628
3143:(1889).
3111:, at 486
3017:723, 797
2992:579, 637
2704:June 12,
2669:June 15,
2642:June 15,
2462:ncsl.org
2411:29 April
2283:See also
2093:writ of
1988:prorogue
1668:Treaties
1415:(1977),
1344:Maryland
1333:writ of
1085:In this
873:(1934).
808:(2020).
779:electors
671:judicial
626:follows:
529:Congress
70:Preamble
35:a series
5558:Display
5530:Related
5489:Georgia
5010:Vesting
4978:Takings
4863:Militia
4721:Compact
4673:Clauses
4599:Signing
4544:History
3947:Johnson
3928:July 7,
3874:July 7,
3772:July 5,
3746:July 5,
3719:July 5,
3624:July 5,
2933:1 April
2841:Pub. L.
2830:1
2555:1190592
2488:AP News
2467:May 17,
2223:Bribery
2146:Militia
1724:consuls
1689:Denmark
1603:Pardons
1580:Cabinet
1571:or the
1417:Justice
1202:by the
1032:, in a
561:Cabinet
550:pardons
496:of the
488:of the
341:Signing
319:History
5616:(film)
5000:Treaty
4903:Postal
4898:Pardon
3808:
3791:,
3386:296114
3384:
3305:
3297:
3231:
3214:,
3189:,
3109:Biddle
3008:,
2983:,
2870:
2855:
2847:
2834:
2814:
2756:13 May
2586:,
2570:
2568:states
2553:
2505:,
2225:, and
2203:, and
1820:recess
1161:, and
1052:, and
901:, and
815:, the
763:, and
733:, and
645:(1889)
571:. The
569:Senate
292:Corwin
37:on the
3868:(PDF)
3857:(PDF)
3795:
3574:
3545:
3303:S2CID
3295:JSTOR
3256:
3218:
3193:
3168:
3012:
2987:
2832:Stat.
2590:
2551:JSTOR
2509:
2368:. PBS
2313:(PDF)
2124:
1639:
1350:) in
1274:them.
1196:Note:
938:Note:
796:shall
783:state
639:first
264:XXVII
244:XXIII
217:XVIII
4045:Cf.
4033:2019
3930:2018
3876:2018
3839:2012
3797:U.S.
3774:2012
3748:2012
3721:2012
3699:2013
3672:2012
3626:2012
3601:2012
3576:U.S.
3547:U.S.
3469:2019
3461:Time
3441:2019
3414:2012
3382:SSRN
3356:2012
3314:2022
3258:U.S.
3220:U.S.
3195:U.S.
3170:U.S.
3060:2013
3014:U.S.
2989:U.S.
2977:Cf:
2965:2019
2935:2020
2812:ISBN
2784:2006
2758:2019
2706:2015
2671:2018
2644:2018
2592:U.S.
2511:U.S.
2469:2017
2439:2019
2413:2022
2374:2019
2347:2019
2321:2019
2126:U.S.
1956:and
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