133:
fixed potential, at different times since the start of polarisation. Chronoamperometry is typically carried out in unstirred solution and at the fixed electrode, i.e., under experimental conditions avoiding convection as the mass transfer to the electrode. On the other hand, voltammetry is a subclass of amperometry, in which the current is measured by varying the potential applied to the electrode. According to the waveform that describes the way how the potential is varied as a function of time, the different voltammetric techniques are defined.
1854:
875:
1878:
899:
1890:
911:
182:, and the experiment requires a small amount of analyte. A normal experiment may involve 1–10 mL solution with an analyte concentration between 1 and 10 mmol/L. More advanced voltammetric techniques can work with microliter volumes and down to nanomolar concentrations. Chemically modified electrodes are employed for the analysis of organic and inorganic samples.
1866:
887:
147:
In a chronoamperometry, a sudden step in potential is applied at the working electrode and the current is measured as a function of time. Since this is not an exhaustive method, microelectrodes are used and the amount of time used to perform the experiments is usually very short, typically 20 ms to 1
132:
Amperometry indicates the whole of electrochemical techniques in which a current is measured as a function of an independent variable that is, typically, time (in a chronoamperometry) or electrode potential (in a voltammetry). Chronoamperometry is the technique in which the current is measured, at a
88:
and has a constant potential, while the other one is an indicator electrode whose potential changes with the sample's composition. Therefore, the difference in potential between the two electrodes gives an assessment of the sample's composition. In fact, since the potentiometric measurement is a
101:
of this ion of interest. The time that takes the electrode to establish equilibrium with the solution will affect the sensitivity or accuracy of the measurement. In aquatic environments, platinum is often used due to its high
223:
passed. Knowing the number of electrons passed can indicate the concentration of the analyte or when the concentration is known, the number of electrons transferred in the redox reaction. Typical forms of coulometry include
218:
Coulometry uses applied current or potential to convert an analyte from one oxidation state to another completely. In these experiments, the total current passed is measured directly or indirectly to determine the number of
106:
kinetics, although an electrode made from several metals can be used in order to enhance the electron transfer kinetics. The most common potentiometric electrode is by far the glass-membrane electrode used in a
162:
A voltammetry consists in applying a constant and/or varying potential at an electrode's surface and measuring the resulting current with a three-electrode system. This method can reveal the
89:
non-destructive measurement, assuming that the electrode is in equilibrium with the solution, we are measuring the solution's potential. Potentiometry usually uses indicator electrodes made
61:
containing the analyte. These methods can be broken down into several categories depending on which aspects of the cell are controlled and which are measured. The three main categories are
114:
A variant of potentiometry is chronopotentiometry which consists in using a constant current and measurement of potential as a function of time. It has been initiated by
949:
593:
1050:
1055:
822:
170:. This method, in practical terms, is non-destructive since only a very small amount of the analyte is consumed at the two-dimensional surface of the
84:
passively measures the potential of a solution between two electrodes, affecting the solution very little in the process. One electrode is called the
1033:
1077:
845:
633:
561:
538:
519:
500:
481:
451:
339:
312:
287:
262:
1028:
1089:
942:
1916:
586:
167:
1894:
915:
1773:
935:
891:
852:
618:
1216:
970:
879:
579:
355:
Grundl, Tim (1994-02-01). "A review of the current understanding of redox capacity in natural, disequilibrium systems".
329:
94:
1493:
980:
623:
1419:
1390:
1370:
1323:
796:
197:
178:. In practice, the analyte solution is usually disposed of since it is difficult to separate the analyte from the
699:
1763:
1679:
1318:
770:
730:
115:
1701:
1612:
1575:
1459:
1385:
1206:
1189:
1132:
859:
740:
648:
390:
Noyhouzer, T.; Valdinger, I.; Mandler, D. (2013-09-03). "Enhanced
Potentiometry by Metallic Nanoparticles".
62:
531:
Electroanalysis: theory and applications in aqueous and non-aqueous media and in automated chemical control
1619:
1607:
1498:
1363:
1137:
1003:
838:
98:
1768:
1665:
1650:
1580:
1503:
1335:
1285:
1194:
1119:
1018:
638:
1870:
1758:
1713:
1488:
1308:
1238:
995:
975:
694:
658:
610:
602:
364:
58:
34:
1781:
1735:
1660:
1633:
1531:
1513:
1466:
1404:
1300:
1280:
1149:
1144:
1045:
735:
175:
163:
85:
1877:
898:
1858:
1824:
1686:
1655:
1536:
1478:
1176:
1159:
1154:
1109:
1072:
1062:
1023:
765:
760:
755:
628:
1839:
1804:
1787:
1725:
1643:
1638:
1566:
1551:
1521:
1442:
1409:
1380:
1375:
1350:
1340:
1260:
1248:
1127:
1040:
831:
806:
801:
791:
704:
663:
643:
557:
534:
515:
496:
477:
447:
415:
407:
335:
308:
283:
258:
225:
201:
171:
142:
103:
1882:
1799:
1454:
1313:
1290:
1243:
1184:
903:
811:
399:
372:
50:
17:
1740:
1696:
1691:
1585:
1561:
1395:
1358:
1211:
1201:
1084:
280:
Laboratory
Techniques in Electroanalytical Chemistry, Second Edition, Revised and Expanded
368:
1624:
1602:
1597:
1592:
1547:
1543:
1526:
1483:
1414:
1275:
1270:
1255:
1067:
985:
684:
550:
1910:
1829:
1718:
1674:
1399:
1233:
1228:
1221:
1099:
750:
376:
81:
1706:
1556:
1471:
1447:
1437:
1429:
1330:
1265:
1164:
1013:
786:
709:
191:
1104:
679:
179:
157:
127:
66:
1730:
745:
653:
213:
70:
411:
1792:
1094:
959:
714:
419:
1814:
220:
108:
927:
1834:
571:
42:
38:
403:
54:
253:
Skoog, Douglas A.; Donald M. West; F. James Holler (1995-08-25).
1809:
46:
931:
575:
1819:
442:
Bard, Allen J.; Faulkner, Larry R.; White, Henry S. (2022).
444:
Electrochemical methods: fundamentals and applications
305:
Electrochemical
Methods: Fundamentals and Applications
196:
Polarography is a subclass of voltammetry that uses a
93:
sensitive to the ion of interest, such as fluoride in
65:(the difference in electrode potentials is measured),
552:
Modern polarographic methods in analytical chemistry
278:
Kissinger, Peter; William R. Heineman (1996-01-23).
1751:
1512:
1428:
1349:
1299:
1175:
1118:
994:
820:
779:
723:
672:
609:
512:
Recent
Advances in Analytical Electrochemistry 2007
257:(7th ed.). Harcourt Brace College Publishers.
73:(charge passed during a certain time is recorded).
549:
236:, as well as a variety of coulometric titrations.
303:Bard, Allen J.; Larry R. Faulkner (2000-12-18).
97:, so that the potential solely depends on the
69:(electric current is the analytical signal),
943:
587:
8:
950:
936:
928:
594:
580:
572:
493:Analytical and physical electrochemistry
245:
846:Analytical and Bioanalytical Chemistry
446:(Third ed.). Hoboken, NJ: Wiley.
634:High-performance liquid chromatograph
476:. Chichester: John Wiley & Sons.
432:H. F. Weber, Wied. Ann., 7, 536, 1879
7:
1865:
886:
255:Fundamentals of Analytical Chemistry
1889:
910:
148:s, as to not consume the analyte.
25:
510:Ozomwna, Kenneth I., ed. (2007).
1888:
1876:
1864:
1853:
1852:
909:
897:
885:
874:
873:
328:Zoski, Cynthia G. (2007-02-07).
514:. Transworld Research Network.
234:controlled potential coulometry
27:Analytical methods in chemistry
619:Atomic absorption spectrometer
1:
1217:Interface and colloid science
971:Glossary of chemical formulae
95:fluoride selective electrodes
33:are a class of techniques in
529:Dahmen, E. A. M. F. (1986).
377:10.1016/0045-6535(94)90303-4
331:Handbook of Electrochemistry
1494:Bioorganometallic chemistry
981:List of inorganic compounds
624:Flame emission spectrometer
474:Analytical electrochemistry
18:Electroanalytical chemistry
1933:
1420:Dynamic covalent chemistry
1391:Enantioselective synthesis
1371:Physical organic chemistry
1324:Organolanthanide chemistry
491:Hubert H. Girault (2004).
211:
198:dropping mercury electrode
189:
168:electrochemical reactivity
155:
140:
125:
1917:Electroanalytical methods
1848:
1009:Electroanalytical methods
966:
869:
700:Ion mobility spectrometry
690:Electroanalytical methods
230:Potentiostatic coulometry
31:Electroanalytical methods
1764:Nobel Prize in Chemistry
1680:Supramolecular chemistry
1319:Organometallic chemistry
548:Bond, A. Curtis (1980).
472:Wang, Joseph C. (2000).
1702:Combinatorial chemistry
1613:Food physical chemistry
1576:Environmental chemistry
1460:Bioorthogonal chemistry
1386:Retrosynthetic analysis
1207:Chemical thermodynamics
1190:Spectroelectrochemistry
1133:Computational chemistry
860:Analytical Biochemistry
649:Melting point apparatus
556:. New York: M. Dekker.
533:. Amsterdam: Elsevier.
1774:of element discoveries
1620:Agricultural chemistry
1608:Carbohydrate chemistry
1499:Bioinorganic chemistry
1364:Alkane stereochemistry
1309:Coordination chemistry
1138:Mathematical chemistry
1004:Instrumental chemistry
839:Analytica Chimica Acta
166:of an analyte and its
1769:Timeline of chemistry
1666:Post-mortem chemistry
1651:Clandestine chemistry
1581:Atmospheric chemistry
1504:Biophysical chemistry
1336:Solid-state chemistry
1286:Equilibrium chemistry
1195:Photoelectrochemistry
731:Coning and quartering
639:Infrared spectrometer
307:(2 ed.). Wiley.
1759:History of chemistry
1714:Chemical engineering
1489:Bioorganic chemistry
1239:Structural chemistry
976:List of biomolecules
853:Analytical Chemistry
695:Gravimetric analysis
659:Optical spectrometer
603:Analytical chemistry
392:Analytical Chemistry
334:. Elsevier Science.
176:auxiliary electrodes
59:electrochemical cell
35:analytical chemistry
1782:The central science
1736:Ceramic engineering
1661:Forensic toxicology
1634:Chemistry education
1532:Radiation chemistry
1514:Interdisciplinarity
1467:Medicinal chemistry
1405:Fullerene chemistry
1281:Microwave chemistry
1150:Molecular mechanics
1145:Molecular modelling
495:. [Lausanne: EPFL.
369:1994Chmsp..28..613G
282:(2 ed.). CRC.
164:reduction potential
86:reference electrode
1825:Chemical substance
1687:Chemical synthesis
1656:Forensic chemistry
1537:Actinide chemistry
1479:Clinical chemistry
1160:Molecular geometry
1155:Molecular dynamics
1110:Elemental analysis
1063:Separation process
766:Separation process
761:Sample preparation
1904:
1903:
1840:Quantum mechanics
1805:Chemical compound
1788:Chemical reaction
1726:Materials science
1644:General chemistry
1639:Amateur chemistry
1567:Photogeochemistry
1552:Stellar chemistry
1522:Nuclear chemistry
1443:Molecular biology
1410:Polymer chemistry
1381:Organic synthesis
1376:Organic reactions
1341:Ceramic chemistry
1331:Cluster chemistry
1261:Chemical kinetics
1249:Molecular physics
1128:Quantum chemistry
1041:Mass spectrometry
925:
924:
807:Standard addition
802:Internal standard
792:Calibration curve
705:Mass spectrometry
664:Spectrophotometer
644:Mass spectrometer
629:Gas chromatograph
563:978-0-8247-6849-2
540:978-0-444-42534-8
521:978-81-7895-274-1
502:978-0-8247-5357-3
483:978-0-471-28272-3
453:978-1-119-33405-7
404:10.1021/ac401744w
398:(17): 8347–8353.
341:978-0-444-51958-0
314:978-0-471-04372-0
289:978-0-8247-9445-3
264:978-0-03-005938-4
226:bulk electrolysis
202:working electrode
143:Chronoamperometry
137:Chronoamperometry
104:electron transfer
41:by measuring the
16:(Redirected from
1924:
1892:
1891:
1880:
1868:
1867:
1856:
1855:
1800:Chemical element
1455:Chemical biology
1314:Magnetochemistry
1291:Mechanochemistry
1244:Chemical physics
1185:Electrochemistry
1090:Characterization
952:
945:
938:
929:
913:
912:
901:
889:
888:
877:
876:
812:Isotope dilution
596:
589:
582:
573:
567:
555:
544:
525:
506:
487:
458:
457:
439:
433:
430:
424:
423:
387:
381:
380:
352:
346:
345:
325:
319:
318:
300:
294:
293:
275:
269:
268:
250:
228:, also known as
180:bulk electrolyte
21:
1932:
1931:
1927:
1926:
1925:
1923:
1922:
1921:
1907:
1906:
1905:
1900:
1844:
1747:
1741:Polymer science
1697:Click chemistry
1692:Green chemistry
1586:Ocean chemistry
1562:Biogeochemistry
1508:
1424:
1396:Total synthesis
1359:Stereochemistry
1345:
1295:
1212:Surface science
1202:Thermochemistry
1171:
1114:
1085:Crystallography
990:
962:
956:
926:
921:
865:
816:
775:
719:
668:
611:Instrumentation
605:
600:
570:
564:
547:
541:
528:
522:
509:
503:
490:
484:
471:
467:
462:
461:
454:
441:
440:
436:
431:
427:
389:
388:
384:
354:
353:
349:
342:
327:
326:
322:
315:
302:
301:
297:
290:
277:
276:
272:
265:
252:
251:
247:
242:
216:
210:
194:
188:
160:
154:
145:
139:
130:
124:
79:
37:which study an
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
1930:
1928:
1920:
1919:
1909:
1908:
1902:
1901:
1899:
1898:
1886:
1874:
1862:
1849:
1846:
1845:
1843:
1842:
1837:
1832:
1827:
1822:
1817:
1812:
1807:
1802:
1797:
1796:
1795:
1785:
1778:
1777:
1776:
1766:
1761:
1755:
1753:
1749:
1748:
1746:
1745:
1744:
1743:
1738:
1733:
1723:
1722:
1721:
1711:
1710:
1709:
1704:
1699:
1694:
1684:
1683:
1682:
1671:
1670:
1669:
1668:
1663:
1653:
1648:
1647:
1646:
1641:
1630:
1629:
1628:
1627:
1625:Soil chemistry
1617:
1616:
1615:
1610:
1603:Food chemistry
1600:
1598:Carbochemistry
1595:
1593:Clay chemistry
1590:
1589:
1588:
1583:
1572:
1571:
1570:
1569:
1564:
1554:
1548:Astrochemistry
1544:Cosmochemistry
1541:
1540:
1539:
1534:
1529:
1527:Radiochemistry
1518:
1516:
1510:
1509:
1507:
1506:
1501:
1496:
1491:
1486:
1484:Neurochemistry
1481:
1476:
1475:
1474:
1464:
1463:
1462:
1452:
1451:
1450:
1445:
1434:
1432:
1426:
1425:
1423:
1422:
1417:
1415:Petrochemistry
1412:
1407:
1402:
1393:
1388:
1383:
1378:
1373:
1368:
1367:
1366:
1355:
1353:
1347:
1346:
1344:
1343:
1338:
1333:
1328:
1327:
1326:
1316:
1311:
1305:
1303:
1297:
1296:
1294:
1293:
1288:
1283:
1278:
1276:Spin chemistry
1273:
1271:Photochemistry
1268:
1263:
1258:
1256:Femtochemistry
1253:
1252:
1251:
1241:
1236:
1231:
1226:
1225:
1224:
1214:
1209:
1204:
1199:
1198:
1197:
1192:
1181:
1179:
1173:
1172:
1170:
1169:
1168:
1167:
1157:
1152:
1147:
1142:
1141:
1140:
1130:
1124:
1122:
1116:
1115:
1113:
1112:
1107:
1102:
1097:
1092:
1087:
1082:
1081:
1080:
1075:
1068:Chromatography
1065:
1060:
1059:
1058:
1053:
1048:
1038:
1037:
1036:
1031:
1026:
1021:
1011:
1006:
1000:
998:
992:
991:
989:
988:
986:Periodic table
983:
978:
973:
967:
964:
963:
957:
955:
954:
947:
940:
932:
923:
922:
920:
919:
907:
895:
883:
870:
867:
866:
864:
863:
856:
849:
842:
835:
827:
825:
818:
817:
815:
814:
809:
804:
799:
794:
789:
783:
781:
777:
776:
774:
773:
768:
763:
758:
753:
748:
743:
738:
733:
727:
725:
721:
720:
718:
717:
712:
707:
702:
697:
692:
687:
685:Chromatography
682:
676:
674:
670:
669:
667:
666:
661:
656:
651:
646:
641:
636:
631:
626:
621:
615:
613:
607:
606:
601:
599:
598:
591:
584:
576:
569:
568:
562:
545:
539:
526:
520:
507:
501:
488:
482:
468:
466:
463:
460:
459:
452:
434:
425:
382:
363:(3): 613–626.
347:
340:
320:
313:
295:
288:
270:
263:
244:
243:
241:
238:
212:Main article:
209:
206:
190:Main article:
187:
184:
156:Main article:
153:
150:
141:Main article:
138:
135:
126:Main article:
123:
120:
78:
75:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1929:
1918:
1915:
1914:
1912:
1897:
1896:
1887:
1885:
1884:
1879:
1875:
1873:
1872:
1863:
1861:
1860:
1851:
1850:
1847:
1841:
1838:
1836:
1833:
1831:
1830:Chemical bond
1828:
1826:
1823:
1821:
1818:
1816:
1813:
1811:
1808:
1806:
1803:
1801:
1798:
1794:
1791:
1790:
1789:
1786:
1783:
1779:
1775:
1772:
1771:
1770:
1767:
1765:
1762:
1760:
1757:
1756:
1754:
1750:
1742:
1739:
1737:
1734:
1732:
1729:
1728:
1727:
1724:
1720:
1719:Stoichiometry
1717:
1716:
1715:
1712:
1708:
1705:
1703:
1700:
1698:
1695:
1693:
1690:
1689:
1688:
1685:
1681:
1678:
1677:
1676:
1675:Nanochemistry
1673:
1672:
1667:
1664:
1662:
1659:
1658:
1657:
1654:
1652:
1649:
1645:
1642:
1640:
1637:
1636:
1635:
1632:
1631:
1626:
1623:
1622:
1621:
1618:
1614:
1611:
1609:
1606:
1605:
1604:
1601:
1599:
1596:
1594:
1591:
1587:
1584:
1582:
1579:
1578:
1577:
1574:
1573:
1568:
1565:
1563:
1560:
1559:
1558:
1555:
1553:
1549:
1545:
1542:
1538:
1535:
1533:
1530:
1528:
1525:
1524:
1523:
1520:
1519:
1517:
1515:
1511:
1505:
1502:
1500:
1497:
1495:
1492:
1490:
1487:
1485:
1482:
1480:
1477:
1473:
1470:
1469:
1468:
1465:
1461:
1458:
1457:
1456:
1453:
1449:
1446:
1444:
1441:
1440:
1439:
1436:
1435:
1433:
1431:
1427:
1421:
1418:
1416:
1413:
1411:
1408:
1406:
1403:
1401:
1400:Semisynthesis
1397:
1394:
1392:
1389:
1387:
1384:
1382:
1379:
1377:
1374:
1372:
1369:
1365:
1362:
1361:
1360:
1357:
1356:
1354:
1352:
1348:
1342:
1339:
1337:
1334:
1332:
1329:
1325:
1322:
1321:
1320:
1317:
1315:
1312:
1310:
1307:
1306:
1304:
1302:
1298:
1292:
1289:
1287:
1284:
1282:
1279:
1277:
1274:
1272:
1269:
1267:
1264:
1262:
1259:
1257:
1254:
1250:
1247:
1246:
1245:
1242:
1240:
1237:
1235:
1234:Sonochemistry
1232:
1230:
1229:Cryochemistry
1227:
1223:
1222:Micromeritics
1220:
1219:
1218:
1215:
1213:
1210:
1208:
1205:
1203:
1200:
1196:
1193:
1191:
1188:
1187:
1186:
1183:
1182:
1180:
1178:
1174:
1166:
1163:
1162:
1161:
1158:
1156:
1153:
1151:
1148:
1146:
1143:
1139:
1136:
1135:
1134:
1131:
1129:
1126:
1125:
1123:
1121:
1117:
1111:
1108:
1106:
1103:
1101:
1100:Wet chemistry
1098:
1096:
1093:
1091:
1088:
1086:
1083:
1079:
1076:
1074:
1071:
1070:
1069:
1066:
1064:
1061:
1057:
1054:
1052:
1049:
1047:
1044:
1043:
1042:
1039:
1035:
1032:
1030:
1027:
1025:
1022:
1020:
1017:
1016:
1015:
1012:
1010:
1007:
1005:
1002:
1001:
999:
997:
993:
987:
984:
982:
979:
977:
974:
972:
969:
968:
965:
961:
953:
948:
946:
941:
939:
934:
933:
930:
918:
917:
908:
906:
905:
900:
896:
894:
893:
884:
882:
881:
872:
871:
868:
862:
861:
857:
855:
854:
850:
848:
847:
843:
841:
840:
836:
834:
833:
829:
828:
826:
824:
819:
813:
810:
808:
805:
803:
800:
798:
797:Matrix effect
795:
793:
790:
788:
785:
784:
782:
778:
772:
769:
767:
764:
762:
759:
757:
756:Pulverization
754:
752:
749:
747:
744:
742:
739:
737:
734:
732:
729:
728:
726:
722:
716:
713:
711:
708:
706:
703:
701:
698:
696:
693:
691:
688:
686:
683:
681:
678:
677:
675:
671:
665:
662:
660:
657:
655:
652:
650:
647:
645:
642:
640:
637:
635:
632:
630:
627:
625:
622:
620:
617:
616:
614:
612:
608:
604:
597:
592:
590:
585:
583:
578:
577:
574:
565:
559:
554:
553:
546:
542:
536:
532:
527:
523:
517:
513:
508:
504:
498:
494:
489:
485:
479:
475:
470:
469:
464:
455:
449:
445:
438:
435:
429:
426:
421:
417:
413:
409:
405:
401:
397:
393:
386:
383:
378:
374:
370:
366:
362:
358:
351:
348:
343:
337:
333:
332:
324:
321:
316:
310:
306:
299:
296:
291:
285:
281:
274:
271:
266:
260:
256:
249:
246:
239:
237:
235:
231:
227:
222:
215:
207:
205:
203:
199:
193:
185:
183:
181:
177:
173:
169:
165:
159:
151:
149:
144:
136:
134:
129:
121:
119:
117:
112:
110:
105:
100:
96:
92:
87:
83:
82:Potentiometry
77:Potentiometry
76:
74:
72:
68:
64:
63:potentiometry
60:
56:
52:
48:
44:
40:
36:
32:
19:
1893:
1881:
1869:
1857:
1707:Biosynthesis
1557:Geochemistry
1472:Pharmacology
1448:Cell biology
1438:Biochemistry
1266:Spectroscopy
1165:VSEPR theory
1014:Spectroscopy
1008:
958:Branches of
914:
902:
890:
878:
858:
851:
844:
837:
830:
823:publications
787:Chemometrics
771:Sub-sampling
710:Spectroscopy
689:
551:
530:
511:
492:
473:
465:Bibliography
443:
437:
428:
395:
391:
385:
360:
356:
350:
330:
323:
304:
298:
279:
273:
254:
248:
233:
229:
217:
195:
192:Polarography
186:Polarography
161:
146:
131:
113:
90:
80:
30:
29:
1895:WikiProject
1120:Theoretical
1105:Calorimetry
916:WikiProject
780:Calibration
741:Dissolution
680:Calorimetry
357:Chemosphere
158:Voltammetry
152:Voltammetry
128:Amperometry
122:Amperometry
91:selectively
67:amperometry
1731:Metallurgy
1430:Biological
996:Analytical
821:Prominent
746:Filtration
673:Techniques
654:Microscope
240:References
214:Coulometry
208:Coulometry
71:coulometry
1793:Catalysis
1301:Inorganic
1095:Titration
960:chemistry
715:Titration
412:0003-2700
221:electrons
49:) and/or
43:potential
1911:Category
1859:Category
1815:Molecule
1752:See also
1177:Physical
880:Category
736:Dilution
724:Sampling
420:23947748
109:pH meter
99:activity
57:) in an
1871:Commons
1835:Alchemy
1351:Organic
892:Commons
832:Analyst
751:Masking
365:Bibcode
200:as the
172:working
55:amperes
51:current
39:analyte
1883:Portal
1029:UV-Vis
904:Portal
560:
537:
518:
499:
480:
450:
418:
410:
338:
311:
286:
261:
1056:MALDI
1024:Raman
116:Weber
47:volts
1810:Atom
1078:HPLC
558:ISBN
535:ISBN
516:ISBN
497:ISBN
478:ISBN
448:ISBN
416:PMID
408:ISSN
336:ISBN
309:ISBN
284:ISBN
259:ISBN
174:and
1820:Ion
1051:ICP
1034:NMR
400:doi
373:doi
232:or
1913::
1550:/
1546:/
1398:/
1073:GC
1046:EI
1019:IR
414:.
406:.
396:85
394:.
371:.
361:28
359:.
204:.
118:.
111:.
1784:"
1780:"
951:e
944:t
937:v
595:e
588:t
581:v
566:.
543:.
524:.
505:.
486:.
456:.
422:.
402::
379:.
375::
367::
344:.
317:.
292:.
267:.
53:(
45:(
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.