186:. These signals are very robust in the presence of interfering signals. But the signal relies on hand shaking between the transmitter and receiver to identify and determine security settings and method of high-level transmission. If the jamming device sends initiation data packets, the receiver will begin its state machine to establish two-way data transmission. A jammer will loop back to the beginning instead of completing the handshake. This method jams the receiver in an infinite loop where it keeps trying to initiate a connection but never completes it, which effectively blocks all legitimate communication.
825:
there were 4 Singaporeans detained by police under the
Internal Security Act (ISA) when they attempted to move to Syria and join ISIS terrorist group. Radio Hang FM has denied this accusation. Station Manager of Hang FM Radio, Abu Yusuf, firmly rejects Hang FM Radio being linked as a media that triggers radicalism. According to him, the broadcast material is also in accordance with the understanding of Ahlussunnah wal Jamaah, which apart from rejecting radicalism, terrorism, especially
395:
833:, Suyono, said that while under KPID supervision, in its broadcasts Radio Hang FM actually rejected radicalism and terrorism. Hang FM must decrease its transmission power from 10 kW to 2 kW as its service area is only in Batam. In the future, after radio frequency jamming, Singapore may ban Hang FM website, this will cause listeners cannot access Hang FM via online, even mobile app in Singapore.
888:
501:) was affecting the jamming signals but favouring the broadcasts (a phenomenon sometimes dubbed "twilight immunity"). On other days of course the reverse was the case. There were also times when jamming transmitters were (temporarily) off air due to breakdowns or maintenance. The Soviets (and most of their Eastern bloc allies) used two types of jamming transmitter.
1450:
824:
Hang FM 106.0 MHz based
Islamic radio station of Indonesia radio stations has jammed. Somewhat it transmits up to Singapore and Johor Bahru of Malaysia at 10 kW transmission power. Hang FM 106.0 MHz was accused by Singapore authorities for spreading extremists and terrorism propaganda,
368:
without any pauses from
September 4, 1941 to February 2, 1942, as they, to demine the city, needed to block the Soviets from activating the mines through the correct radio wave. The Soviets tried to trigger the mines by changing frequency; the mines had been set up to be able to be triggered by three
541:
may have occasionally considered jamming broadcasts from
Eastern Bloc stations, it was generally accepted that doing so would be a pointless exercise. Ownership of shortwave radios was less common in western countries than in the Soviet Union where, due to the vast physical size of the country, many
189:
Bluetooth and other consumer radio protocols such as WiFi have built-in detectors, so that they transmit only when the channel is free. Simple continuous transmission on a given channel will continuously stop a transmitter transmitting, hence jamming the receiver from ever hearing from its intended
146:
Obvious jamming is easy to detect because it can be heard on the receiving equipment. It is usually some type of noise, such as stepped tones (bagpipes), random-keyed code, pulses, music (often distorted), erratically warbling tones, highly distorted speech, random noise (hiss), and recorded sounds.
631:
Adele Milna (BSEE) of
Continental Electronics (in an audio file held at shortwave.org) claims that China has duplicated his company's 100 kW, 250 kW shortwave transmitters. It is unclear if these products were indeed duplicated or if broadcast jamming (as opposed to future product sales)
509:
jamming was more effective but only over a small area and was thus used only in/near major cities throughout the
Eastern Bloc. Both types of jamming were less effective on higher shortwave frequencies (above 15 MHz); however, many radios sold on the domestic market in the Soviet Union didn't
271:
stations has often been used in wartime (and during periods of tense international relations) to prevent or deter citizens from listening to broadcasts from enemy countries. However, such jamming is usually of limited effectiveness because the affected stations usually change frequencies, put on
1912:
Icasa summarised its position on the issue of cellphone signal jamming as follows: *The use of jamming devices by any entity other than
National Security Cluster Departments is not authorised and/or permitted. *The National Security Cluster departments may, where supported by relevant security
641:
Debates have been raised in Iran regarding the possible health hazards of satellite jamming. Iranian officials including the health minister have claimed that jamming has no health risk for humans. However, the minister of communication has recently admitted that satellite jamming has 'serious
170:
Subtle jamming is jamming during which no sound is heard on the receiving equipment. The radio does not receive incoming signals; yet everything seems superficially normal to the operator. These are often technical attacks on modern equipment, such as "squelch capture". Thanks to the FM
521:
which continued to be jammed for several months into 1988. Previously there had been periods when some individual
Eastern bloc countries refrained from jamming Western broadcasts but this varied widely by time and country. In general outside of the Soviet Union itself
208:
jammers are more expensive and powerful. They usually have a larger jamming radius and wider frequency band. Strong jammers can require additional cooling as they can overheat. Stationary jammers usually have a range of 100 meters and require a power supply of 230
569:(1955–1977) and East Berlin. It was the most important clandestine broadcaster in Spain and the regime considered it a threat, since it allowed its citizens to skip the censorship of the local media. Broadcasts from East Germany to South Africa were also jammed.
71:
Jamming is usually distinguished from interference that can occur due to device malfunctions or other accidental circumstances. Devices that simply cause interference are regulated differently. Unintentional "jamming" occurs when an operator transmits on a busy
1515:("They've defeated communications and GPS systems and are rendering inoperable the most modern weapon systems. Perhaps even the new F-35 fighter aircraft will not stand up against the new technology. Russia's new weapon frightens the Americans and NATO.")
642:
effects' and has called for identification of jamming stations so they can put a stop to this practice. The government has generally denied any involvement in jamming and claimed they are sent from unknown sources. According to some sources,
749:
in all jails across
Pakistan. This decision has led to an outcry from Pakistani cellular operators, who state that most of the jails lie in urban areas with a resultant impact on the cellular service of all operators in the adjacent area of
619:
In 2002, China acquired standard short-wave radio-broadcasting equipment designed for general public radio-broadcasting and technical support from Thales
Broadcast Multimedia, a former subsidiary of the French state-owned company
2670:
162:
The purpose of this type of jamming is to block reception of transmitted signals and to cause a nuisance to the receiving operator. One early Soviet attempt at jamming Western broadcasters used the noise from the
1606:
1579:
546:
were relayed on shortwave as it was the only practical way to cover remote areas. Additionally, western governments were generally less afraid of intellectual competition from the Eastern Bloc.
151:
identification signals to enable individual transmitters to be identified in order to assess their effectiveness. For example, China, which did and does use jamming extensively, plays a loop of
179:
broadcasts may be jammed, unnoticed, by a simple unmodulated carrier. The receiver locks on to the larger carrier signal, and hence will ignore the FM signal that carries the information.
190:
transmitter. Other jammers work by analysing the packet headers and, depending on the source or destination, selectively transmitting over the end of the message, corrupting the packet.
61:
497:
on shortwave can be difficult to predict reliably, listeners sometimes found that there were days/times when the jamming was particularly ineffective because radio fading (due to
810:, the use of wireless signal jammers is illegal. There is a single exception to this rule. South Africa's State Security Cluster may, in certain instances, employ signal jammers.
76:
without first checking whether it is in use, or without being able to hear stations using the frequency. Another form of unintentional jamming occurs when equipment accidentally
517:
In 1987 after decades of generally refusing to acknowledge that such jamming was even taking place the Soviets finally stopped jamming western broadcasts with the exception of
56:
to disrupt information flow. It is a common form of censorship in totalitarian countries, in order to prevent foreign radio stations in border areas from reaching the country.
448:
bands to such an extent that many broadcasters not directly targeted by the jammers (including pro-Soviet stations) suffered from the rising levels of noise and interference.
596:
stations. During the early years of the Northern Ireland troubles the British army regularly jammed broadcasts from both Republican and Loyalist paramilitary groups.
2665:
984:
Enforcement Advisory No. 2012-02 FCC Enforcement Advisory Cell Jammers, GPS Jammers, and Other Jamming Devices Consumer Alert: Using or Importing Jammers is Illegal
614:
440:) jamming of some Western broadcasters led to a "power race" in which broadcasters and jammers alike repeatedly increased their transmission power, utilised highly
2505:
829:, also rejects other ideas or actions that are contrary to the basic principles of the peace-loving Islamic religion. Meanwhile, Deputy Chair of the Riau Islands
1632:
2098:
62:
514:
signals in order to enable (coded) identification of the jamming station in order that Soviet monitoring posts could assess the effectiveness of each station.
96:
use of radio noise or signals in an attempt to disrupt communications (or prevent listening to broadcasts) whereas the term "interference" is used to describe
1410:
1126:
345:
that would enable them to hear the stations through the jamming. In the Netherlands such aerials were nicknamed "moffenzeef" (English: "kraut sieve").
2071:
2185:
2145:
941:
2653:
2490:
2340:
1047:
100:
forms of disruption (which are far more common). However, the distinction is still not universally applied. For inadvertent disruptions, see
2229:
1896:
785:
417:. Western nations had allowed jamming prior to World War II, but in the post-War era the Western view has been that jamming violates the
2706:
2691:
2257:
1715:
902:
1397:"فارسی - ايران - اذعان وزیر ارتباطات ایران به 'عواقب بسیار سوء' پارازیتهای ماهوارهای"
2701:
2393:
830:
406:
1741:
373:
Britain jammed navigation signals used by German aircraft while the Soviets attempted to do likewise to American aircraft during the
2515:
2281:
1847:
444:
antennas and added extra frequencies (known as "barrage" or "frequency diversity" broadcasting) to the already heavily overcrowded
143:, tone, rotary, pulse, spark, recorded sounds, gulls, and sweep-through. These can be divided into two groups: obvious and subtle.
1157:
796:
718:
543:
523:
2177:
1797:
864:
855:, when the Rebel fleet approaches the Galactic Empire's force, believing themselves to be launching a surprise attack, General
414:
405:
Since the Soviet Union started jamming Western radio broadcasts to the Soviet Union in 1948 the primary targets have been the
60:
389:
202:
jammers are phone-sized and low-powered devices. They can block data delivery at a distance up to 15 meters without barriers.
714:
215:
jammers are low-power devices that work over short ranges. However, the coverage can be extended using broadband amplifiers.
781:
304:
101:
670:. It is postulated that this system has defeated communications in parts of that country, including mobile telephony and
2660:
2042:
1323:
1396:
489:
Meanwhile, some listeners in the Soviet Union and Eastern Bloc devised ingenious methods (such as homemade directional
2313:
1640:
916:
577:
338:
1240:
92:
Originally the terms were used interchangeably but nowadays most radio users use the term "jamming" to describe the
63:
1485:
738:) jam shortwave broadcasts (and even occasionally attempt to jam satellite TV signals) targeted at their countries.
316:
1931:
2696:
2592:
2527:
2388:
2195:
385:
67:
Vietnamese siren jammer trying to jam Radio Dap Loi Song Nui, an anti-government and anti-communist radio station
554:
2398:
2222:
936:
921:
628:
Thales jamming technology operates only at power levels below 500 kW (for its shortwave jamming products).
558:
1822:
1525:
365:
320:
2133:
1663:
1134:
369:
different frequencies. The Finns countered this by playing Säkkijärven Polkka on all frequencies. During the
1213:
1187:
34:
1399:[Iran's Minister of Communications acknowledges the 'very bad consequences' of satellite jamming].
2587:
2563:
2485:
961:
956:
683:
610:
418:
1932:"Philip DXing Log Malaysia 飛力浦DX廣播情報局: Batam based radio station Hang FM 106.0MHz is jammed by Singapore"
2648:
2383:
2335:
2323:
2318:
46:
2182:
1554:
112:
Intentional communications jamming is usually aimed at radio signals to disrupt control of a battle. A
1773:
995:
777:
2622:
2612:
2607:
2568:
2553:
2425:
2298:
2269:
2142:
655:
422:
296:
2163:
2558:
2276:
2215:
1871:
946:
394:
370:
288:
176:
2602:
2580:
2330:
1071:
951:
931:
893:
851:
659:
299:. The United Kingdom government used two coordinated, separately located transmitters to jam the
183:
1913:
legislation, deploy the use of jammers in relation to, amongst others, State security functions.
981:
284:
1502:
2520:
2455:
2440:
2403:
2308:
2293:
1511:
1043:
1015:
518:
494:
441:
330:
116:, tuned to the same frequency as the opponents' receiving equipment and with the same type of
42:
1037:
337:
power and adding extra frequencies, attempts were made to counteract the jamming by dropping
2617:
2288:
1082:
1007:
856:
694:
573:
410:
361:
349:
164:
121:
81:
53:
2548:
2495:
2470:
2460:
2445:
2378:
2368:
2264:
2252:
2189:
2167:
2149:
2137:
1748:
996:"Clustered jamming and antenna beam-width fluctuations for UAV-assisted cellular networks"
926:
789:
773:
550:
261:
241:
156:
140:
505:
jamming covered a large area but for the reasons described was of limited effectiveness.
360:
were radio-triggered rather than timer- or pressure-triggered, the Finnish forces played
2072:"Dituding Media Singapura Terlibat ISIS, Ini Jawaban Pihak Radio Hang FM Batam dan KPID"
1506:
1103:"What jamming of a wireless security system is and how to resist it | Ajax Systems Blog"
580:, while there were short lived instances where Britain jammed some Egyptian (during the
526:
was one of the most prolific operators of jamming transmitters in the Eastern bloc with
1978:
Hang FM 106.0MHz dari pemancar Kota Batam Indonesia terima isyarat di Johor Bahru Johor
1165:
859:
realizes the Empire is jamming their signals, and therefore know they are approaching.
754:
667:
589:
462:
Some parts of the world were more impacted by these broadcasting practices than others
374:
300:
229:
172:
17:
1368:
876:
comm officer Lt. Uhura reports that further transmissions are "jammed at the source".
2685:
2632:
826:
245:
1072:"SP 800-97, Establishing Wireless Robust Security Networks: A Guide to IEEE 802.11i"
287:), China, North and South Korea and several Latin American countries, as well as by
2510:
2465:
2363:
2358:
907:
807:
742:
731:
still regularly jam some of each other's radio (and sometimes television) stations.
621:
527:
490:
456:
437:
433:
342:
292:
276:
268:
225:
136:
38:
2172:
1774:"CNN - Radio Free Asia says broadcasts to Vietnam are being jammed - Feb. 7, 1997"
1305:
1279:
1263:
455:
and the Soviet Union jammed each other's programmes. The Soviet Union also jammed
2143:
Audio sample of jamming (c1982) at start of BBC World service (Russian) programme
1011:
2575:
2500:
2450:
2420:
2413:
2373:
1957:
VIDEO: Hang FM 106.0MHz (Batam Indonesia) signal jammed in Singapore (June 2019)
728:
724:
702:
581:
482:
334:
147:
Various combinations of these methods may be used, often accompanied by regular
113:
1526:"UIMC has delivered the first set of Borisoglebsk-2 electronic warfare systems"
887:
2597:
2532:
2475:
2238:
2018:
1955:
1401:
883:
531:
511:
506:
498:
476:
470:
275:
Jamming has also occasionally been used by the governments of Germany (during
148:
117:
1997:
1976:
1342:
1102:
1019:
689:
Since the early 1960s, the practice of radio jamming has been very common in
421:
while the Soviet view has been that under the international law principle of
2430:
2408:
844:
818:
814:
698:
566:
445:
125:
77:
73:
2099:"Batam radio co-founder denied entry to Singapore for alleged Salafi links"
1999:
Hang FM 106.0Mhz from Kota Batam Indonesia reception in Tanjung Piai Johor.
1087:
1265:
Jamming of Western Radio Broadcasts to the Soviet Union and Eastern Europe
572:
In Latin America there were instances of communist radio stations such as
2155:
1689:
593:
429:
353:
257:
237:
2125:
1848:"Vietnamese jamming of Radio Sweden broadcastings causes strong protest"
1432:
2627:
2435:
766:
746:
701:
signals, and stations owned and/or operated by (or selling airtime to)
693:, blocking not only American government funded radio stations (such as
663:
502:
466:
357:
253:
2020:(FM DX)Hang FM 106.0MHz from Batam,Indonesia received in Tebrau,Johor
800:
585:
562:
280:
233:
152:
1664:"Jamming of DW is part of Ethiopia's campaign against press freedom"
1070:
Frankel, Sheila; Eydt, Bernard; Owens, Les; Scarfone, Karen (2007).
510:
tune these higher bands. Skywave jamming was usually accompanied by
1533:
713:
La Poderosa and Cadena Azul. The same practice has been applied to
2480:
2130:
842:
Radio jamming (or "comm jamming") is a common plot element in the
821:
706:
452:
399:
393:
249:
129:
84:
plant that accidentally emits on an aircraft emergency frequency.
58:
762:
735:
710:
690:
643:
538:
352:, after discovering the fact that the mines that the retreating
326:
2211:
1468:
658:
have, since the summer of 2015, begun using a multi-functional
425:
jamming is an acceptable response to foreign radio broadcasts.
139:, random pulse, stepped tones, warbler, random keyed modulated
1406:
758:
671:
2207:
2178:
Aadu Jogiaas: Disturbing soviet transmissions in August 1991.
1391:
1389:
982:
https://apps.fcc.gov/edocs_public/attachmatch/DA-12-347A1.pdf
872:, Captain Kirk attempts to establish communications, but the
784:
programs, mostly in Vietnamese Minority languages as well as
341:
over cities instructing listeners to construct a directional
260:. Modern secure communication techniques use such methods as
272:
additional frequencies and/or increase transmission power.
182:
Digital signals use complex modulation techniques, such as
493:) to hear the Western stations through the noise. Because
1690:"Ethiopia admits jamming VOA radio broadcasts in Amharic"
1324:"Tierra Trágame: R.E.I. - Estación Pirenáica en Bucarest"
868:, after receiving a distress call from the space station
264:
modulation to resist the deleterious effects of jamming.
135:
The most common types of this form of signal jamming are
2160:
2199:, A Glimpse Into Tallainn's Secret History of Espionage
1897:"This is who may jam cellular signals in South Africa"
646:
is the organization behind satellite jamming in Iran.
329:
attempted to jam broadcasts to the continent from the
1241:"Jamming and the Law of International Communications"
120:, can, with enough power, override any signal at the
37:. In some cases, jammers work by the transmission of
1633:"Pakistani army to jam Taliban radio in Swat Valley"
27:
Interference with authorized wireless communications
2641:
2541:
2351:
2245:
2173:
R. Pleikys, D. Vildžiūnas. Empire of Noise (video).
1433:"خطر "سونامی سرطان" ناشی از پارازیتهای "ناشناخته""
479:, Americas and Sub-Saharan Africa (partly affected)
33:is the deliberate blocking of or interference with
1876:The Guardian Nigeria News - Nigeria and World News
831:Regional Indonesian Broadcasting Commission (KPID)
473:frequencies particularly 720 kHz used by RFE)
1607:"UN tells Iran to end Eutelsat satellite jamming"
1451:"اظهارنظر مسوولان درباره امواج موبایلی و پارازیت"
333:and other allied stations. Along with increasing
1716:"US Criticizes Ethiopia for Jamming VOA Signals"
88:Distinction between "jamming" and "interference"
734:Several Middle Eastern countries (particularly
124:. Digital wireless jamming for signals such as
1580:"Global media accuse Iran over signal jamming"
1039:Broadcasting on the Short Waves, 1945 to Today
2223:
1823:"Missionary Radio is being jammed in Veitnam"
1639:. Radio Netherlands Worldwide. Archived from
1555:"Cuba Jamming Ham Radio? Listen For Yourself"
1480:
1478:
994:Arif, Mohammad; Shakoor, Abdul (2024-02-01).
788:with a "siren" jammer and "bubble" jammer on
8:
2194:Words: Matt Bolton, Photographs: Matt Munro
2161:Ultra Fast Folloow Jammer Description (2007)
2131:Article on recent jammers with audio samples
1798:"Đài "Đáp Lời Sông Núi" sẽ phát thanh về VN"
615:Censorship in the People's Republic of China
356:forces had scattered throughout the city of
167:that was powering the jamming transmitter.
2230:
2216:
2208:
1031:
1029:
1507:"Putin's new super weapon frightens NATO"
1133:. Dutch Resistance Museum. Archived from
1086:
1872:"NBC jams Radio Biafra signals in Lagos"
974:
772:Vietnam jams the Vietnamese service of
942:Eastern Bloc information dissemination
709:, such as La Cubanisima, Radio Mambi,
2093:
2091:
2065:
2063:
2037:
2035:
1925:
1923:
1921:
1413:from the original on 27 February 2021
1306:"Radio Free Europe archive documents"
1245:Michigan Journal of International Law
157:Attempted jamming of numbers stations
7:
1936:Philip DXing Log Malaysia 飛力浦DX廣播情報局
799:has claimed jamming signal of Radio
553:the dictatorship jammed for decades
248:is also important to disrupt use of
1605:Stephanie Nebehay (26 March 2010).
765:Ethiopian Satellite Television and
236:by false instructions in their own
1469:"IRGC is Behind Satellite Jamming"
1268:, United States Information Agency
741:Pakistan has contemplated jamming
632:were a reason for the duplication.
407:BBC External Broadcasting Services
307:off the coast of Britain in 1970.
155:while it is jamming channels (cf.
25:
2152:includes jamming station morse ID
1662:Ludger Schadomsky (28 May 2010).
1328:unnavajoporumania.blogspot.com.es
1262:Office of Research, USIA (1983),
485:, South America (rarely affected)
132:is possible with very low power.
1930:Log, Philip Dxing (2019-06-22).
1846:Nilsson, Christer (2003-11-13).
900:
886:
797:Nigerian Broadcasting Commission
2126:extensive site on radio jamming
576:being jammed, allegedly by the
283:, Cuba, Iraq, Iran (during the
240:, in what was more precisely a
1188:"Radio Northsea International"
1158:"Hezbollah's Intelligence War"
390:Censorship in the Soviet Union
1:
1668:Deutsche Welle: Press Freedom
1471:(in Persian). 26 August 2012.
451:There were also periods when
305:Radio North Sea International
102:electromagnetic compatibility
2076:Moslemtoday.com News Channel
2070:Today, Moslem (2016-08-21).
1012:10.1016/j.comnet.2024.110171
600:Post Cold War (1989–present)
2183:Portable jammer is illegal.
1347:JAMMING by Rimantas Pleikys
1343:"Jamming by the Free World"
1239:Price, Rochelle B. (1984).
1042:. McFarland. pp. 46–.
917:Radar jamming and deception
557:, the radio station of the
469:(worst affected, including
398:Soviet-era jammer tower in
52:The concept can be used in
2723:
2707:Censorship of broadcasting
2692:Electronic countermeasures
681:
608:
592:gaining independence) and
555:Radio España Independiente
383:
317:Censorship in Nazi Germany
314:
2702:Denial-of-service attacks
1369:"radiojamming - 18btmcet"
761:transmissions as well as
745:stations operated by the
705:groups transmitting from
386:Radio in the Soviet Union
267:Jamming of foreign radio
252:used to guide an enemy's
232:would attempt to mislead
153:traditional Chinese music
2399:Content-control software
2156:Ethiopia jams VOA (2010)
1349:. R. Pleikys. p. 11
1131:Museum: Second World War
1036:Berg, Jerome S. (2008).
937:Aspidistra (transmitter)
922:Association of Old Crows
850:Star Wars: Episode VI -
753:Ethiopia has jammed the
715:Radio y Televisión Martí
559:Communist Party of Spain
2654:Chinese issues overseas
719:U.S. Information Agency
325:In occupied Europe the
35:wireless communications
18:Electromagnetic jamming
2628:Suppression of dissent
2202:Lonely Planet Magazine
1088:10.6028/NIST.SP.800-97
962:Radio jamming in Korea
957:Radio jamming in China
684:Radio jamming in Korea
611:Radio jamming in China
499:atmospheric conditions
419:freedom of information
402:
68:
54:wireless data networks
2394:Conspiracy of silence
2384:Collateral censorship
2309:Speech and expression
1586:. AP. 7 December 2011
1322:Jita (26 July 2013).
1284:www.radiojamming.info
609:Further information:
561:which broadcast from
459:programmes at times.
413:(VOA) and especially
397:
66:
47:signal-to-noise ratio
2671:Muhammad controversy
2608:Naturalistic fallacy
2516:computer and network
1827:Mission Network News
1722:. VOA. 19 March 2010
1696:. BBC. 19 March 2010
1286:. Radio Baltic Waves
1220:. tweedewereldoorlog
656:Russian Armed Forces
423:national sovereignty
80:a signal, such as a
2666:Internet censorship
1643:on 17 February 2012
1280:"ARCHIVE DOCUMENTS"
947:Mobile phone jammer
539:western governments
428:During much of the
371:Battle of the Beams
177:frequency modulated
2603:Moralistic fallacy
2341:banned video games
2324:banned televisions
2197:The Tallinn Cables
2188:2020-02-13 at the
2166:2020-08-08 at the
2148:2012-02-25 at the
2136:2011-07-21 at the
1720:VOA: News / Africa
1457:. 1 December 2014.
1409:. 31 August 2012.
1341:Rimantas Pleikys.
1218:friesverzetsmuseum
1156:Col. David Eshel.
952:Microphone blocker
932:Electronic warfare
894:Electronics portal
852:Return of the Jedi
717:, operated by the
403:
366:Säkkijärven Polkka
321:Säkkijärven polkka
69:
45:by decreasing the
43:telecommunications
2679:
2678:
2661:Freedom of speech
2506:Strategic lawsuit
2456:National intranet
2404:Damnatio memoriae
1512:Svenska Dagbladet
1439:. 21 August 2012.
1049:978-0-7864-5198-2
1000:Computer Networks
662:weapon system in
544:domestic stations
495:radio propagation
295:stations such as
64:
16:(Redirected from
2714:
2697:Radio technology
2618:Propaganda model
2246:Media regulation
2232:
2225:
2218:
2209:
2113:
2112:
2110:
2109:
2103:The Jakarta Post
2095:
2086:
2085:
2083:
2082:
2067:
2058:
2057:
2055:
2054:
2039:
2030:
2029:
2028:
2027:
2015:
2009:
2008:
2007:
2006:
1994:
1988:
1987:
1986:
1985:
1973:
1967:
1966:
1965:
1964:
1952:
1946:
1945:
1943:
1942:
1927:
1916:
1915:
1909:
1908:
1893:
1887:
1886:
1884:
1883:
1868:
1862:
1861:
1859:
1858:
1843:
1837:
1836:
1834:
1833:
1818:
1812:
1811:
1809:
1808:
1794:
1788:
1787:
1785:
1784:
1770:
1764:
1763:
1761:
1759:
1753:
1747:. Archived from
1746:
1738:
1732:
1731:
1729:
1727:
1712:
1706:
1705:
1703:
1701:
1686:
1680:
1679:
1677:
1675:
1670:. Deutsche Welle
1659:
1653:
1652:
1650:
1648:
1629:
1623:
1622:
1620:
1618:
1602:
1596:
1595:
1593:
1591:
1576:
1570:
1569:
1567:
1566:
1551:
1545:
1544:
1542:
1541:
1532:. Archived from
1522:
1516:
1500:
1494:
1493:
1486:"Borisoglebsk-2"
1482:
1473:
1472:
1465:
1459:
1458:
1447:
1441:
1440:
1429:
1423:
1422:
1420:
1418:
1393:
1384:
1383:
1381:
1379:
1373:sites.google.com
1365:
1359:
1358:
1356:
1354:
1338:
1332:
1331:
1319:
1313:
1312:
1302:
1296:
1295:
1293:
1291:
1276:
1270:
1269:
1259:
1253:
1252:
1236:
1230:
1229:
1227:
1225:
1210:
1204:
1203:
1201:
1199:
1184:
1178:
1177:
1175:
1173:
1168:on 10 April 2018
1164:. Archived from
1153:
1147:
1146:
1144:
1142:
1137:on 1 August 2013
1123:
1117:
1116:
1114:
1113:
1099:
1093:
1092:
1090:
1076:
1067:
1061:
1060:
1058:
1056:
1033:
1024:
1023:
991:
985:
979:
910:
905:
904:
903:
896:
891:
890:
857:Lando Calrissian
795:In Nigeria, the
778:Đáp Lời Song Núi
695:Voice of America
574:Radio Venceremos
411:Voice of America
364:'s recording of
350:Continuation War
194:Types of jammers
165:diesel generator
82:cable television
65:
21:
2722:
2721:
2717:
2716:
2715:
2713:
2712:
2711:
2682:
2681:
2680:
2675:
2637:
2537:
2496:Self-censorship
2471:Prior restraint
2461:Newspaper theft
2446:Internet police
2379:Chilling effect
2369:Broadcast delay
2347:
2241:
2236:
2204:, December 2011
2190:Wayback Machine
2168:Wayback Machine
2150:Wayback Machine
2138:Wayback Machine
2122:
2117:
2116:
2107:
2105:
2097:
2096:
2089:
2080:
2078:
2069:
2068:
2061:
2052:
2050:
2049:(in Indonesian)
2041:
2040:
2033:
2025:
2023:
2017:
2016:
2012:
2004:
2002:
1996:
1995:
1991:
1983:
1981:
1975:
1974:
1970:
1962:
1960:
1954:
1953:
1949:
1940:
1938:
1929:
1928:
1919:
1906:
1904:
1895:
1894:
1890:
1881:
1879:
1870:
1869:
1865:
1856:
1854:
1845:
1844:
1840:
1831:
1829:
1820:
1819:
1815:
1806:
1804:
1802:Radio Free Asia
1796:
1795:
1791:
1782:
1780:
1778:edition.cnn.com
1772:
1771:
1767:
1757:
1755:
1754:on Jul 10, 2011
1751:
1744:
1740:
1739:
1735:
1725:
1723:
1714:
1713:
1709:
1699:
1697:
1688:
1687:
1683:
1673:
1671:
1661:
1660:
1656:
1646:
1644:
1631:
1630:
1626:
1616:
1614:
1604:
1603:
1599:
1589:
1587:
1578:
1577:
1573:
1564:
1562:
1553:
1552:
1548:
1539:
1537:
1524:
1523:
1519:
1503:Johansen, P. A.
1501:
1497:
1484:
1483:
1476:
1467:
1466:
1462:
1449:
1448:
1444:
1431:
1430:
1426:
1416:
1414:
1395:
1394:
1387:
1377:
1375:
1367:
1366:
1362:
1352:
1350:
1340:
1339:
1335:
1321:
1320:
1316:
1304:
1303:
1299:
1289:
1287:
1278:
1277:
1273:
1261:
1260:
1256:
1238:
1237:
1233:
1223:
1221:
1212:
1211:
1207:
1197:
1195:
1186:
1185:
1181:
1171:
1169:
1155:
1154:
1150:
1140:
1138:
1125:
1124:
1120:
1111:
1109:
1101:
1100:
1096:
1074:
1069:
1068:
1064:
1054:
1052:
1050:
1035:
1034:
1027:
993:
992:
988:
980:
976:
971:
966:
927:Culture jamming
906:
901:
899:
892:
885:
882:
840:
774:Radio Free Asia
769:radio stations.
686:
680:
678:Other countries
652:
639:
617:
607:
602:
551:Francoist Spain
392:
384:Main articles:
382:
323:
315:Main articles:
313:
262:spread spectrum
242:spoofing attack
230:radio operators
222:
196:
110:
90:
59:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
2720:
2718:
2710:
2709:
2704:
2699:
2694:
2684:
2683:
2677:
2676:
2674:
2673:
2668:
2663:
2658:
2657:
2656:
2645:
2643:
2639:
2638:
2636:
2635:
2630:
2625:
2620:
2615:
2610:
2605:
2600:
2595:
2590:
2585:
2584:
2583:
2573:
2572:
2571:
2566:
2561:
2551:
2545:
2543:
2539:
2538:
2536:
2535:
2533:Word filtering
2530:
2525:
2524:
2523:
2518:
2508:
2503:
2498:
2493:
2488:
2483:
2478:
2473:
2468:
2463:
2458:
2453:
2448:
2443:
2441:Heckler's veto
2438:
2433:
2428:
2423:
2418:
2417:
2416:
2406:
2401:
2396:
2391:
2386:
2381:
2376:
2371:
2366:
2361:
2355:
2353:
2349:
2348:
2346:
2345:
2344:
2343:
2333:
2328:
2327:
2326:
2316:
2311:
2306:
2301:
2296:
2291:
2286:
2285:
2284:
2274:
2273:
2272:
2262:
2261:
2260:
2249:
2247:
2243:
2242:
2237:
2235:
2234:
2227:
2220:
2212:
2206:
2205:
2192:
2180:
2175:
2170:
2158:
2153:
2140:
2128:
2121:
2120:External links
2118:
2115:
2114:
2087:
2059:
2031:
2010:
1989:
1968:
1947:
1917:
1888:
1863:
1838:
1821:davidvranish.
1813:
1789:
1765:
1733:
1707:
1681:
1654:
1624:
1597:
1571:
1546:
1517:
1495:
1490:www.deagel.com
1474:
1460:
1442:
1424:
1405:(in Persian).
1385:
1360:
1333:
1314:
1297:
1271:
1254:
1231:
1214:"Kraut Filter"
1205:
1192:bobleroi.co.uk
1179:
1162:Defense Update
1148:
1118:
1094:
1062:
1048:
1025:
986:
973:
972:
970:
967:
965:
964:
959:
954:
949:
944:
939:
934:
929:
924:
919:
913:
912:
911:
897:
881:
878:
848:franchise. In
839:
836:
835:
834:
811:
804:
793:
770:
751:
739:
732:
722:
679:
676:
668:Borisoglebsk 2
651:
648:
638:
635:
634:
633:
629:
606:
603:
601:
598:
487:
486:
480:
474:
381:
378:
375:Berlin Airlift
312:
309:
301:offshore radio
244:than jamming.
221:
218:
217:
216:
210:
203:
195:
192:
173:capture effect
109:
106:
89:
86:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2719:
2708:
2705:
2703:
2700:
2698:
2695:
2693:
2690:
2689:
2687:
2672:
2669:
2667:
2664:
2662:
2659:
2655:
2652:
2651:
2650:
2647:
2646:
2644:
2640:
2634:
2633:Systemic bias
2631:
2629:
2626:
2624:
2621:
2619:
2616:
2614:
2611:
2609:
2606:
2604:
2601:
2599:
2596:
2594:
2591:
2589:
2586:
2582:
2579:
2578:
2577:
2574:
2570:
2567:
2565:
2562:
2560:
2557:
2556:
2555:
2552:
2550:
2547:
2546:
2544:
2540:
2534:
2531:
2529:
2526:
2522:
2519:
2517:
2514:
2513:
2512:
2509:
2507:
2504:
2502:
2499:
2497:
2494:
2492:
2489:
2487:
2484:
2482:
2479:
2477:
2474:
2472:
2469:
2467:
2464:
2462:
2459:
2457:
2454:
2452:
2449:
2447:
2444:
2442:
2439:
2437:
2434:
2432:
2429:
2427:
2424:
2422:
2419:
2415:
2412:
2411:
2410:
2407:
2405:
2402:
2400:
2397:
2395:
2392:
2390:
2387:
2385:
2382:
2380:
2377:
2375:
2372:
2370:
2367:
2365:
2362:
2360:
2357:
2356:
2354:
2350:
2342:
2339:
2338:
2337:
2334:
2332:
2329:
2325:
2322:
2321:
2320:
2317:
2315:
2314:Student media
2312:
2310:
2307:
2305:
2302:
2300:
2297:
2295:
2292:
2290:
2287:
2283:
2282:circumvention
2280:
2279:
2278:
2275:
2271:
2268:
2267:
2266:
2263:
2259:
2256:
2255:
2254:
2251:
2250:
2248:
2244:
2240:
2233:
2228:
2226:
2221:
2219:
2214:
2213:
2210:
2203:
2200:
2198:
2193:
2191:
2187:
2184:
2181:
2179:
2176:
2174:
2171:
2169:
2165:
2162:
2159:
2157:
2154:
2151:
2147:
2144:
2141:
2139:
2135:
2132:
2129:
2127:
2124:
2123:
2119:
2104:
2100:
2094:
2092:
2088:
2077:
2073:
2066:
2064:
2060:
2048:
2044:
2038:
2036:
2032:
2022:
2021:
2014:
2011:
2001:
2000:
1993:
1990:
1980:
1979:
1972:
1969:
1959:
1958:
1951:
1948:
1937:
1933:
1926:
1924:
1922:
1918:
1914:
1902:
1898:
1892:
1889:
1877:
1873:
1867:
1864:
1853:
1849:
1842:
1839:
1828:
1824:
1817:
1814:
1803:
1799:
1793:
1790:
1779:
1775:
1769:
1766:
1750:
1743:
1737:
1734:
1721:
1717:
1711:
1708:
1695:
1691:
1685:
1682:
1669:
1665:
1658:
1655:
1642:
1638:
1637:Media Network
1634:
1628:
1625:
1612:
1608:
1601:
1598:
1585:
1581:
1575:
1572:
1560:
1559:IEEE Spectrum
1556:
1550:
1547:
1536:on 2017-07-08
1535:
1531:
1527:
1521:
1518:
1514:
1513:
1508:
1504:
1499:
1496:
1491:
1487:
1481:
1479:
1475:
1470:
1464:
1461:
1456:
1452:
1446:
1443:
1438:
1434:
1428:
1425:
1412:
1408:
1404:
1403:
1398:
1392:
1390:
1386:
1374:
1370:
1364:
1361:
1348:
1344:
1337:
1334:
1329:
1325:
1318:
1315:
1311:
1307:
1301:
1298:
1285:
1281:
1275:
1272:
1267:
1266:
1258:
1255:
1250:
1246:
1242:
1235:
1232:
1219:
1215:
1209:
1206:
1193:
1189:
1183:
1180:
1167:
1163:
1159:
1152:
1149:
1136:
1132:
1128:
1127:"Kraut sieve"
1122:
1119:
1108:
1104:
1098:
1095:
1089:
1084:
1080:
1079:csrc.nist.gov
1073:
1066:
1063:
1051:
1045:
1041:
1040:
1032:
1030:
1026:
1021:
1017:
1013:
1009:
1005:
1001:
997:
990:
987:
983:
978:
975:
968:
963:
960:
958:
955:
953:
950:
948:
945:
943:
940:
938:
935:
933:
930:
928:
925:
923:
920:
918:
915:
914:
909:
898:
895:
889:
884:
879:
877:
875:
871:
867:
866:
860:
858:
854:
853:
847:
846:
837:
832:
828:
823:
820:
816:
812:
809:
805:
802:
798:
794:
791:
787:
783:
779:
775:
771:
768:
764:
760:
756:
752:
748:
744:
740:
737:
733:
730:
726:
723:
720:
716:
712:
708:
704:
700:
696:
692:
688:
687:
685:
677:
675:
673:
669:
665:
661:
657:
649:
647:
645:
636:
630:
627:
626:
625:
623:
616:
612:
604:
599:
597:
595:
591:
587:
583:
579:
575:
570:
568:
565:(1941–1955),
564:
560:
556:
552:
547:
545:
540:
535:
533:
529:
525:
520:
515:
513:
508:
504:
500:
496:
492:
491:loop antennas
484:
481:
478:
475:
472:
468:
465:
464:
463:
460:
458:
454:
449:
447:
443:
439:
435:
431:
426:
424:
420:
416:
412:
408:
401:
396:
391:
387:
379:
377:
376:
372:
367:
363:
359:
355:
351:
346:
344:
340:
336:
332:
328:
322:
318:
310:
308:
306:
302:
298:
294:
290:
286:
285:Iran-Iraq War
282:
278:
273:
270:
265:
263:
259:
255:
251:
247:
246:Radar jamming
243:
239:
235:
231:
227:
219:
214:
211:
207:
204:
201:
198:
197:
193:
191:
187:
185:
180:
178:
174:
168:
166:
160:
158:
154:
150:
144:
142:
138:
133:
131:
127:
123:
119:
115:
107:
105:
103:
99:
98:unintentional
95:
87:
85:
83:
79:
75:
57:
55:
50:
48:
44:
41:that disrupt
40:
39:radio signals
36:
32:
31:Radio jamming
19:
2528:Whitewashing
2511:Surveillance
2491:Sanitization
2466:Pixelization
2364:Book burning
2303:
2270:banned films
2258:books banned
2201:
2196:
2106:. Retrieved
2102:
2079:. Retrieved
2075:
2051:. Retrieved
2047:www.jpnn.com
2046:
2024:, retrieved
2019:
2013:
2003:, retrieved
1998:
1992:
1982:, retrieved
1977:
1971:
1961:, retrieved
1956:
1950:
1939:. Retrieved
1935:
1911:
1905:. Retrieved
1903:. 2015-02-13
1900:
1891:
1880:. Retrieved
1878:. 2021-03-01
1875:
1866:
1855:. Retrieved
1851:
1841:
1830:. Retrieved
1826:
1816:
1805:. Retrieved
1801:
1792:
1781:. Retrieved
1777:
1768:
1756:. Retrieved
1749:the original
1736:
1724:. Retrieved
1719:
1710:
1698:. Retrieved
1693:
1684:
1672:. Retrieved
1667:
1657:
1645:. Retrieved
1641:the original
1636:
1627:
1615:. Retrieved
1610:
1600:
1588:. Retrieved
1583:
1574:
1563:. Retrieved
1561:. 2021-07-21
1558:
1549:
1538:. Retrieved
1534:the original
1529:
1520:
1510:
1498:
1489:
1463:
1454:
1445:
1436:
1427:
1415:. Retrieved
1400:
1376:. Retrieved
1372:
1363:
1351:. Retrieved
1346:
1336:
1327:
1317:
1310:RadioJamming
1309:
1300:
1288:. Retrieved
1283:
1274:
1264:
1257:
1248:
1244:
1234:
1222:. Retrieved
1217:
1208:
1196:. Retrieved
1194:. Bob Le-Roi
1191:
1182:
1170:. Retrieved
1166:the original
1161:
1151:
1139:. Retrieved
1135:the original
1130:
1121:
1110:. Retrieved
1107:Ajax Systems
1106:
1097:
1078:
1065:
1053:. Retrieved
1038:
1003:
999:
989:
977:
908:Radio portal
874:Enterprise's
873:
869:
865:Star Trek II
863:
862:In the film
861:
849:
843:
841:
808:South Africa
792:Frequencies.
786:Radio Sweden
743:pirate radio
653:
640:
622:Thales Group
618:
571:
548:
536:
528:East Germany
516:
488:
461:
450:
438:Eastern Bloc
427:
404:
380:Cold War era
347:
324:
311:World War II
293:pirate radio
277:World War II
274:
266:
226:World War II
223:
212:
205:
199:
188:
181:
169:
161:
145:
137:random noise
134:
111:
97:
93:
91:
70:
51:
30:
29:
2593:LGBT issues
2588:Ideological
2576:Hate speech
2501:Speech code
2486:Revisionism
2451:Memory hole
2421:Expurgation
2414:Minced oath
2374:Censor bars
2336:Video games
2319:Televisions
1901:MyBroadband
1417:1 September
1055:17 February
729:South Korea
725:North Korea
721:since 1985.
703:Cuban exile
697:) but also
666:, known as
582:Suez Crisis
534:the least.
483:Australasia
442:directional
348:During the
343:loop aerial
335:transmitter
114:transmitter
2686:Categories
2649:Censorship
2642:By country
2598:Media bias
2476:Propaganda
2239:Censorship
2108:2023-09-30
2081:2023-09-30
2053:2023-09-30
2026:2023-09-30
2005:2023-09-30
1984:2023-09-30
1963:2023-09-30
1941:2023-09-30
1907:2018-03-09
1882:2021-12-09
1857:2021-12-09
1832:2021-12-09
1807:2021-12-09
1783:2021-12-09
1611:Iran Focus
1584:Iran Focus
1565:2022-04-03
1540:2015-08-18
1402:BBC Online
1112:2020-01-11
1006:: 110171.
969:References
838:In fiction
819:Indonesian
817:, a local
682:See also:
588:(prior to
532:Yugoslavia
507:Groundwave
477:North Asia
471:mediumwave
362:Vesterinen
297:Radio Nova
206:Stationary
118:modulation
94:deliberate
2623:Religious
2554:Corporate
2431:Gag order
2409:Euphemism
2389:Concision
1852:Scandasia
1613:. Reuters
1530:rostec.ru
1020:1389-1286
845:Star Wars
815:Singapore
699:Ham radio
674:systems.
594:Rhodesian
567:Bucharest
446:shortwave
269:broadcast
228:, ground
213:Self-made
126:Bluetooth
74:frequency
2613:Politics
2564:Facebook
2549:Criminal
2542:Contexts
2436:Heckling
2359:Bleeping
2277:Internet
2186:Archived
2164:Archived
2146:Archived
2134:Archived
1694:BBC News
1411:Archived
880:See also
870:Regula I
776:, Radio
767:Eritrean
524:Bulgaria
457:Albanian
430:Cold War
339:leaflets
291:against
258:aircraft
254:missiles
238:language
200:Portable
122:receiver
78:radiates
2426:Fogging
2352:Methods
2331:Thought
1455:isna.ir
780:, some
747:Taliban
664:Ukraine
503:Skywave
467:Eurasia
358:Viipuri
289:Ireland
224:During
220:History
2581:Online
2569:Google
2294:Postal
2043:"JPNN"
1758:Jan 4,
1726:22 May
1700:22 May
1674:22 May
1647:22 May
1617:22 May
1590:22 May
1437:DW.COM
1378:Jan 4,
1353:22 May
1290:22 May
1224:22 May
1198:23 May
1172:23 May
1141:22 May
1046:
1018:
801:Biafra
750:jails.
650:Russia
590:Cyprus
563:Moscow
537:While
519:RFE/RL
434:Soviet
415:RFE/RL
354:Soviet
303:ship,
281:Israel
234:pilots
108:Method
2559:Apple
2481:Purge
2304:Radio
2299:Press
2289:Music
2265:Films
2253:Books
1752:(PDF)
1745:(PDF)
1075:(PDF)
822:Batam
707:Miami
605:China
586:Greek
512:morse
453:China
436:(and
400:Minsk
327:Nazis
250:radar
149:Morse
2521:mass
1760:2021
1728:2012
1702:2012
1676:2012
1649:2012
1619:2012
1592:2012
1419:2021
1380:2021
1355:2012
1292:2012
1251:(1).
1226:2012
1200:2012
1174:2012
1143:2012
1057:2013
1044:ISBN
1016:ISSN
827:ISIS
782:FEBC
763:ESAT
757:and
736:Iran
727:and
711:WWFE
691:Cuba
654:The
644:IRGC
637:Iran
613:and
530:and
388:and
319:and
279:),
184:QPSK
130:WiFi
128:and
1742:"#"
1407:BBC
1083:doi
1008:doi
1004:240
813:In
806:In
759:VOA
672:GPS
584:),
578:CIA
549:In
331:BBC
256:or
159:).
2688::
2101:.
2090:^
2074:.
2062:^
2045:.
2034:^
1934:.
1920:^
1910:.
1899:.
1874:.
1850:.
1825:.
1800:.
1776:.
1718:.
1692:.
1666:.
1635:.
1609:.
1582:.
1557:.
1528:.
1509:,
1505:,
1488:.
1477:^
1453:.
1435:.
1388:^
1371:.
1345:.
1326:.
1308:,
1282:.
1247:.
1243:.
1216:.
1190:.
1160:.
1129:.
1105:.
1081:.
1077:.
1028:^
1014:.
1002:.
998:.
790:FM
755:DW
660:EW
624:.
432:,
409:,
209:V.
175:,
141:CW
104:.
49:.
2231:e
2224:t
2217:v
2111:.
2084:.
2056:.
1944:.
1885:.
1860:.
1835:.
1810:.
1786:.
1762:.
1730:.
1704:.
1678:.
1651:.
1621:.
1594:.
1568:.
1543:.
1492:.
1421:.
1382:.
1357:.
1330:.
1294:.
1249:5
1228:.
1202:.
1176:.
1145:.
1115:.
1091:.
1085::
1059:.
1022:.
1010::
803:.
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.