998:– the freeze-fracture method has been modified to allow the identification of the components of the fracture face by immunogold labeling. Instead of removing all the underlying tissue of the thawed replica as the final step before viewing in the microscope the tissue thickness is minimized during or after the fracture process. The thin layer of tissue remains bound to the metal replica so it can be immunogold labeled with antibodies to the structures of choice. The thin layer of the original specimen on the replica with gold attached allows the identification of structures in the fracture plane. There are also related methods which label the surface of etched cells and other replica labeling variations.
255:
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used to increase the z-resolution. More recently, back scattered electron (BSE) images can be acquired of a larger series of sections collected on silicon wafers, known as SEM array tomography. An alternative approach is to use BSE SEM to image the block surface instead of the section, after each section has been removed. By this method, an ultramicrotome installed in an SEM chamber can increase automation of the workflow; the specimen block is loaded in the chamber and the system programmed to continuously cut and image through the sample. This is known as serial block face SEM. A related method uses
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some ice sublime) is then shadowed with evaporated platinum or gold at an average angle of 45° in a high vacuum evaporator. The second coat of carbon, evaporated perpendicular to the average surface plane is often performed to improve the stability of the replica coating. The specimen is returned to room temperature and pressure, then the extremely fragile "pre-shadowed" metal replica of the fracture surface is released from the underlying biological material by careful chemical digestion with acids,
1164:
338:. According to patent law (U.S. Patent No. 2058914 and 2070318, both filed in 1932), he is the inventor of the electron microscope, but it is not clear when he had a working instrument. He stated in a very brief article in 1932 that Siemens had been working on this for some years before the patents were filed in 1932, claiming that his effort was parallel to the university development. He died in 1961, so similar to Max Knoll, was not eligible for a share of the 1986 Nobel prize.
1044:. This mixture is applied to an EM grid, pre-coated with a plastic film such as formvar, blotted, then allowed to dry. Viewing of this preparation in the TEM should be carried out without delay for best results. The method is important in microbiology for fast but crude morphological identification, but can also be used as the basis for high-resolution 3D reconstruction using EM tomography methodology when carbon films are used for support.
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Electron microscopes are now frequently used in more complex workflows, with each workflow typically using multiple technologies to enable more complex and/or more quantitative analyses of a sample. A few examples are outlined below, but this should not be considered an exhaustive list. The choice of
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datasets of larger depths than TEM tomography (micrometers or millimeters in the z axis), a series of images taken through the sample depth can be used. For example, ribbons of serial sections can be imaged in a TEM as described above, and when thicker sections are used, serial TEM tomography can be
584:
emission, all of which provide signals carrying information about the properties of the specimen surface, such as its topography and composition. The image displayed by SEM represents the varying intensity of any of these signals into the image in a position corresponding to the position of the beam
772:
are primarily in the size of the crystals. In X-ray crystallography, crystals are commonly visible by the naked eye and are generally in the hundreds of micrometers in length. In comparison, crystals for electron diffraction must be less than a few hundred nanometers in thickness, and have no lower
456:
lenses, and transmitted through the specimen. When it emerges from the specimen, the electron beam carries information about the structure of the specimen that is magnified by lenses of the microscope. The spatial variation in this information (the "image") may be viewed by projecting the magnified
1213:
frustules and small mineral crystals (asbestos fibres, for example) require no special treatment before being examined in the electron microscope. Samples of hydrated materials, including almost all biological specimens, have to be prepared in various ways to stabilize them, reduce their thickness
1090:
to scatter imaging electrons and thus give contrast between different structures, since many (especially biological) materials are nearly "transparent" to electrons (weak phase objects). In biology, specimens can be stained "en bloc" before embedding and also later after sectioning. Typically thin
983:
The fresh tissue or cell suspension is frozen rapidly (cryofixation), then fractured by breaking (or by using a microtome) while maintained at liquid nitrogen temperature. The cold fractured surface (sometimes "etched" by increasing the temperature to about −100 °C for several minutes to let
588:
SEMs are different from TEMs in that they use electrons with much lower energy, generally below 20 keV, while TEMs generally use electrons with energies in the range of 80-300 keV. Thus, the electron sources and optics of the two microscopes have different designs, and they are normally separate
322:
successfully generated magnified images of mesh grids placed over an anode aperture. The device, a replicate of which is shown in the figure, used two magnetic lenses to achieve higher magnifications, the first electron microscope. (Max Knoll died in 1969, so did not receive a share of the 1986
1115:
For example, images from light and electron microscopy of the same region of a sample can be overlaid to correlate the data from the two modalities. This is commonly used to provide higher resolution contextual EM information about a fluorescently labelled structure. This correlative light and
1201:
Scanning electron microscopes operating in conventional high-vacuum mode usually image conductive specimens; therefore non-conductive materials require conductive coating (gold/palladium alloy, carbon, osmium, etc.). The low-voltage mode of modern microscopes makes possible the observation of
518:
The STEM rasters a focused incident probe across a specimen. The high resolution of the TEM is thus possible in STEM. The focusing action (and aberrations) occur before the electrons hit the specimen in the STEM, but afterward in the TEM. The STEMs use of SEM-like beam rastering simplifies
393:
became common for electron microscopes, improving the image quality due to the additional coherence and lower chromatic aberrations. The 2000s were marked by advancements in aberration-corrected electron microscopy, allowing for significant improvements in resolution and clarity of images.
1120:) is one of a range of correlative workflows now available. Another example is high resolution mass spectrometry (ion microscopy), which has been used to provide correlative information about subcellular antibiotic localisation, data that would be difficult to obtain by other means.
532:
1108:. However, often these images are then colourized through the use of feature-detection software, or simply by hand-editing using a graphics editor. This may be done to clarify structure or for aesthetic effect and generally does not add new information about the specimen.
406:
374:, and Albert Prebus. Siemens produced a transmission electron microscope (TEM) in 1939. Although current transmission electron microscopes are capable of two million times magnification, as scientific instruments they remain similar but with improved optics.
410:
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1128:’ workflows was simply to stack TEM images of serial sections cut through a sample. The next development was virtual reconstruction of a thick section (200-500 nm) volume by backprojection of a set of images taken at different tilt angles -
408:
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milling instead of an ultramicrotome to remove sections. In these serial imaging methods, the output is essentially a sequence of images through a specimen block that can be digitally aligned in sequence and thus reconstructed into a
1154:
dataset. The increased volume available in these methods has expanded the capability of electron microscopy to address new questions, such as mapping neural connectivity in the brain, and membrane contact sites between organelles.
1174:
Electron microscopes are expensive to build and maintain. Microscopes designed to achieve high resolutions must be housed in stable buildings (sometimes underground) with special services such as magnetic field canceling systems.
389:, enabling scanning microscopes at high resolution. By the early 1980s improvements in mechanical stability as well as the use of higher accelerating voltages enabled imaging of materials at the atomic scale. In the 1980s, the
1123:
The initial role of electron microscopes in imaging two-dimensional slices (TEM) or a specimen surface (SEM with secondary electrons) has also increasingly expanded into the depth of samples. An early example of these
341:
In the following year, 1933, Ruska and Knoll built the first electron microscope that exceeded the resolution of an optical (light) microscope. Four years later, in 1937, Siemens financed the work of Ernst Ruska and
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in 1883 who made a cathode-ray tube with electrostatic and magnetic deflection, demonstrating manipulation of the direction of an electron beam. Others were focusing of the electrons by an axial magnetic field by
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919:– after dehydration, tissue for observation in the transmission electron microscope is embedded so it can be sectioned ready for viewing. To do this the tissue is passed through a 'transition solvent' such as
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819:
Materials to be viewed in a transmission electron microscope may require processing to produce a suitable sample. The technique required varies depending on the specimen and the analysis required:
3238:
Rash JE, Johnson TJ, Hudson CS, Giddings FD, Graham WF, Eldefrawi ME (November 1982). "Labelled-replica techniques: post-shadow labelling of intramembrane particles in freeze-fracture replicas".
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Meryman H.T. and Kafig E. (1955). The study of frozen specimens, ice crystals and ices crystal growth by electron microscopy. Naval Med. Res. Ints. Rept NM 000 018.01.09 Vol. 13 pp 529–544
504:), enabling magnifications above 50 million times. The ability of HRTEM to determine the positions of atoms within materials is useful for nano-technologies research and development.
773:
boundary of size. Additionally, electron diffraction is done on a TEM, which can also be used to obtain many other types of information, rather than requiring a separate instrument.
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workflow will be highly dependent on the application and the requirements of the corresponding scientific questions, such as resolution, volume, nature of the target molecule, etc.
407:
4440:
1313:
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Gai PL, Boyes ED (March 2009). "Advances in atomic resolution in situ environmental transmission electron microscopy and 1A aberration corrected in situ electron microscopy".
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ions are used to produce an electron transparent membrane or 'lamella' in a specific region of the sample, for example through a device within a microprocessor or a
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Kasas S, Dumas G, Dietler G, Catsicas S, Adrian M (July 2003). "Vitrification of cryoelectron microscopy specimens revealed by high-speed photographic imaging".
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1220:, but these can usually be identified by comparing the results obtained by using radically different specimen preparation methods. Since the 1980s, analysis of
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non-conductive specimens without coating. Non-conductive materials can be imaged also by a variable pressure (or environmental) scanning electron microscope.
1036:
or fine biological material (such as viruses and bacteria) are briefly mixed with a dilute solution of an electron-opaque solution such as ammonium molybdate,
572:). When the electron beam interacts with the specimen, it loses energy by a variety of mechanisms. These interactions lead to, among other events, emission of
177:
that are analogous to the glass lenses of an optical light microscope to control the electron beam, for instance focusing them to produce magnified images or
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SEM. Ion beam milling may also be used for cross-section polishing prior to analysis of materials that are difficult to prepare using mechanical polishing.
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detergent. The still-floating replica is thoroughly washed free from residual chemicals, carefully fished up on fine grids, dried then viewed in the TEM.
358:. Siemens produced the first commercial electron microscope in 1938. The first North American electron microscopes were constructed in the 1930s, at the
1104:
In their most common configurations, electron microscopes produce images with a single brightness value per pixel, with the results usually rendered in
310:
to lead a team of researchers to advance research on electron beams and cathode-ray oscilloscopes. The team consisted of several PhD students including
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Williamson MJ, Tromp RM, Vereecken PM, Hull R, Ross FM (August 2003). "Dynamic microscopy of nanoscale cluster growth at the solid-liquid interface".
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Additional details can be found in the above links. This article contains some general information mainly about transmission electron microscopes.
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patterns. As the wavelength of an electron can be up to 100,000 times smaller than that of visible light, electron microscopes have a much higher
4005:
Sabanay I, Arad T, Weiner S, Geiger B (September 1991). "Study of vitrified, unstained frozen tissue sections by cryoimmunoelectron microscopy".
867:. This preserves the specimen in a snapshot of its native state. Methods to achieve this vitrification include plunge freezing rapidly in liquid
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have no scintillator and are directly exposed to the electron beam, which addresses some of the limitations of scintillator-coupled cameras.
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Al-Amoudi A, Norlen LP, Dubochet J (October 2004). "Cryo-electron microscopy of vitreous sections of native biological cells and tissues".
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External face of bakers yeast membrane showing the small holes where proteins are fractured out, sometimes as small ring patterns.
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are also used because they can be made in the lab and are much cheaper. Sections can also be created in situ by milling in a
829:– for biological specimens this aims to stabilize the specimen's mobile macromolecular structure by chemical crosslinking of
227:
86:
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milling of lamellae, it is now possible to observe samples from virtually any biological specimen close to its native state.
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mode where a map of the angles of the electrons leaving the sample is produced. The advantages of electron diffraction over
4812:
966:– a preparation method particularly useful for examining lipid membranes and their incorporated proteins in "face on" view.
960:– after embedding in resin, the specimen is usually ground and polished to a mirror-like finish using ultra-fine abrasives.
377:
In the 1940s, high-resolution electron microscopes were developed, enabling greater magnification and resolution. By 1965,
108:
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4522:
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1224:, vitrified specimens has also become increasingly used by scientists, further confirming the validity of this technique.
31:
523:, and other analytical techniques, but also means that image data is acquired in serial rather than in parallel fashion.
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The SEM produces images by probing the specimen with a focused electron beam that is scanned across the specimen (
461:. For example, the image may be viewed directly by an operator using a fluorescent viewing screen coated with a
97:
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To this day the issue of who invented the transmission electron microscope is controversial. In 1928, at the
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492:, but a new generation of hardware correctors can reduce spherical aberration to increase the resolution in
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1012:) at the surface from an angle and sputtering material from the surface. A subclass of this is
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Freeze-fracturing helps to peel open membranes to allow visualization of what is inside
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452:, with the electrons typically having energies in the range 20 to 400 keV, focused by
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using either a closed liquid cell or an environmental chamber, for example, in the
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to illuminate the specimen and create an image. An electron beam is produced by an
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39:
17:
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sections are stained for several minutes with an aqueous or alcoholic solution of
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1182:, as the molecules that make up air would scatter the electrons. An exception is
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324:
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64:
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knife to produce ultra-thin sections about 60–90 nm thick. Disposable
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Membrane Properties".
2988:
2881:"Electron microscopy of structural detail in frozen biological specimens"
1729:
1087:
1074:
951:
939:
935:
834:
802:
497:
462:
279:
in 1899, improved oxide-coated cathodes which produced more electrons by
170:
4757:
4701:
4383:
3924:
2896:
2224:
Smith DJ, Camps RA, Freeman LA, Hill R, Nixon WC, Smith KC (May 1983).
1900:
1793:
1564:
Leo Szilard the Inventor: A Slideshow (1998, Budapest, conference talk)
1083:
1059:
1017:
924:
898:
894:
830:
4138:
3611:
3594:
2684:. North Holland personal library (3rd ed.). Amsterdam: Elsevier.
2159:
1563:
1383:
429:
4721:
3975:
3518:
3093:"A simple freeze-fracture replication method for electron microscopy"
2711:
Biological Field Emission Scanning Electron Microscopy, First Edition
1210:
1179:
906:
868:
3871:
2837:
Luft, J.H. (1961). "Improvements in epoxy resin embedding methods".
2064:. Authors.library.caltech.edu (2002-12-10). Retrieved on 2017-04-29.
3915:
1652:
Freundlich MM (October 1963). "Origin of the Electron Microscope".
1170:
transmission and scanning electron microscope made in the mid-1970s
283:
in 1905 and the development of the electromagnetic lens in 1926 by
47:
3140:
Gruijters WT, Kistler J, Bullivant S, Goodenough DA (March 1987).
2928:
Isailović TM, Todosijević MN, Đorđević SM, Savić SD (2017-01-01).
2705:
Humbel BM, Schwarz H, Tranfield EM, Fleck RA (February 15, 2019).
2497:"Sub-Ångstrom Electron Microscopy for Sub-Ångstrom Nano-Metrology"
1162:
1009:
1004:– thins samples until they are transparent to electrons by firing
975:
967:
931:
928:
890:
846:
780:
581:
553:
530:
401:
253:
46:
38:
3805:
International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health
2029:
Zeitschrift für Elektrochemie und Angewandte Physikalische Chemie
385:
introduced the scanning transmission electron microscope using a
4706:
1191:
1167:
1079:
1005:
4142:
3398:"Chemical approaches to unraveling the biology of mycobacteria"
1578:"Origins and historical development of the electron microscope"
718:
679:
640:
601:
58:
52:
2121:. London San Diego, CA Cambridge, MA Oxford: Academic Press.
27:
Type of microscope with electrons as a source of illumination
2783:
2781:
2540:
Transmission electron microscopy: physics of image formation
2515:
Transmission electron microscopy: physics of image formation
258:
Reproduction of an early electron microscope constructed by
206:(STEM) which is similar to TEM with a scanned electron probe
2425:"Atomic-resolution imaging with a sub-50-pm electron probe"
2423:
Erni R, Rossell MD, Kisielowski C, Dahmen U (March 2009).
2142:
Crewe AV, Eggenberger DN, Wall J, Welter LM (1968-04-01).
942:; tissues may also be embedded directly in water-miscible
875:
has branched from this technique. With the development of
270:
used in microscopes. One significant step was the work of
3396:
Finin P, Khan RM, Oh S, Boshoff HI, Barry CE (May 2023).
1194:
or 2.7 kPa) wet environment. Various techniques for
576:
and high-energy backscattered electrons, light emission (
415:
Operating principle of a transmission electron microscope
2374:
Cheng Y, Grigorieff N, Penczek PA, Walz T (April 2015).
734:
695:
656:
617:
3799:
Song YL, Lin HY, Manikandan S, Chang LM (March 2022).
2376:"A primer to single-particle cryo-electron microscopy"
212:(SEM) which is similar to STEM, but with thick samples
2651:"Electron Microscopy | Thermo Fisher Scientific - US"
1314:
Transmission Electron Aberration-Corrected Microscope
871:, and high pressure freezing. An entire field called
544:
Operating principle of a scanning electron microscope
1772:
Knoll M, Ruska E (1932). "Das Elektronenmikroskop".
200:(TEM) where swift electrons go through a thin sample
185:
of about 0.1 nm, which compares to about 200 nm for
4735:
4684:
4593:
4586:
4453:
4397:
4359:
4316:
4309:
4263:
4212:
4176:
3744:"The functional universe of membrane contact sites"
2885:
The Journal of Biophysical and Biochemical Cytology
2839:
The Journal of Biophysical and Biochemical Cytology
89:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
996:Freeze-fracture replica immunogold labeling (FRIL)
437:The original form of the electron microscope, the
330:Apparently independent of this effort was work at
4128:Cell Centered Database – Electron microscopy data
3053:
3051:
3049:
764:Transmission electron microscopes can be used in
1256:Energy filtered transmission electron microscopy
508:Scanning transmission electron microscope (STEM)
494:high-resolution transmission electron microscopy
218:similar to a SEM, but more for chemical analysis
3062:(Second ed.). Elsevier. pp. 221–245.
2713:. John Wiley & Sons Ltd. pp. 191–221.
2603:"Electron Diffraction of 3D Molecular Crystals"
2601:Saha A, Nia SS, Rodríguez JA (September 2022).
789:for viewing with a scanning electron microscope
585:on the specimen when the signal was generated.
488:The resolution of TEMs is limited primarily by
250:Transmission electron microscopy § History
4568:Serial block-face scanning electron microscopy
4271:Detectors for transmission electron microscopy
3443:
3441:
863:– freezing a specimen so that the water forms
4154:
3742:Prinz WA, Toulmay A, Balla T (January 2020).
3333:Under the Microscope: A Hidden World Revealed
2973:"Fine Structure in Frozen-Etched Yeast Cells"
2337:"Historical aspects of aberration correction"
2119:The Beginnings of Electron Microscopy. Part 1
1699:. Vol. 160. Elsevier. pp. 171–205.
1070:SEM, where the section is known as a lamella.
266:Many developments laid the groundwork of the
224:, version of a SEM that can operate very fast
8:
2936:. Boston: Academic Press. pp. 179–217.
2596:
2594:
2144:"Electron Gun Using a Field Emission Source"
327:for the invention of electron microscopes.)
43:A transmission electron microscope from 2002
2075:"North America's first electron microscope"
1851:"Apparatus for producing images of objects"
1825:"Apparatus for producing images of objects"
4590:
4313:
4161:
4147:
4139:
1360:"Historical Background of Electron Optics"
1262:Environmental scanning electron microscope
1188:environmental scanning electron microscope
3914:
3826:
3816:
3767:
3710:
3669:
3659:
3610:
3473:
3421:
3306:
3214:
3189:Pinto da Silva P, Branton D (June 1970).
3165:
3116:
2996:
2904:
2846:
2813:
2626:
2399:
2062:History of electron microscopy, 1931–2000
1178:The samples largely have to be viewed in
514:Scanning transmission electron microscopy
362:by Anderson and Fitzsimmons and at the
204:Scanning transmission electron microscopy
149:Learn how and when to remove this message
2841:. Vol. 9, no. 2. p. 409.
2290:"Aberration correction past and present"
1953:
1951:
1697:Advances in Imaging and Electron Physics
1198:of gaseous samples have been developed.
879:of vitreous sections (CEMOVIS) and cryo-
3060:An Introduction to Biological Membranes
1325:
3748:Nature Reviews. Molecular Cell Biology
564:taken with a 1960s electron microscope
420:Transmission electron microscope (TEM)
222:Ultrafast scanning electron microscopy
173:as a source of illumination. They use
4124:: resources for teachers and students
3642:Denk W, Horstmann H (November 2004).
3358:"Introduction to Electron Microscopy"
1298:Scanning confocal electron microscopy
7:
4807:
2495:O'Keefe MA, Allard LF (2004-01-18).
87:adding citations to reliable sources
2971:Moor H, Mühlethaler K (June 1963).
2265:High-resolution electron microscopy
3252:10.1111/j.1365-2818.1982.tb00444.x
3068:10.1016/b978-0-444-63772-7.00011-7
3030:10.1016/b978-0-12-185255-9.50025-0
2942:10.1016/b978-0-12-804017-1.00007-8
2242:10.1111/j.1365-2818.1983.tb04211.x
2023:Von Ardenne M, Beischer D (1940).
1582:British Journal of Applied Physics
1235:List of materials analysis methods
527:Scanning electron microscope (SEM)
25:
4204:Timeline of microscope technology
3903:Microscopy Research and Technique
3091:Bullivant S, Ames A (June 1966).
2709:. In Fleck RA, Humbel BM (eds.).
1245:Electron energy loss spectroscopy
1095:followed by aqueous lead citrate.
234:Photoemission electron microscopy
55:in a scanning electron microscope
4806:
4795:
4794:
4133:Science Aid: Electron Microscopy
4054:10.1046/j.1365-2818.2003.01193.x
2148:Review of Scientific Instruments
1931:"History of Electron Microscope"
1205:Small, stable specimens such as
1184:liquid-phase electron microscopy
722:
683:
644:
605:
439:transmission electron microscope
426:Transmission electron microscope
198:Transmission electron microscopy
63:
4563:Precession electron diffraction
3454:Nature Reviews. Methods Primers
2707:"Chapter 10: Chemical Fixation"
917:Embedding, biological specimens
905:or infiltration with embedding
477:light-guide to the sensor of a
74:needs additional citations for
4115:An Introduction to Microscopy
3414:10.1016/j.chembiol.2023.04.014
2449:10.1103/PhysRevLett.102.096101
2341:Journal of Electron Microscopy
1278:Low-energy electron microscopy
964:Freeze-fracture or freeze-etch
893:with organic solvents such as
865:vitreous (non-crystalline) ice
574:low-energy secondary electrons
230:(LEEM), used to image surfaces
228:Low-energy electron microscopy
1:
2752:Journal of Structural Biology
2263:Spence JC, Spence JC (2003).
2093:Inventor of the Week: Archive
1994:10.1016/S0140-6736(00)02250-9
1705:10.1016/s1076-5670(10)60005-5
1452:Annalen der Physik und Chemie
1409:. Routledge. pp. 87–88.
927:and then infiltrated with an
304:Technische Universität Berlin
32:Scanning tunneling microscope
4105:Resources in other libraries
3661:10.1371/journal.pbio.0020329
3548:White IJ, Burden JJ (2023).
3450:"Volume electron microscopy"
2653:. 2022-04-07. Archived from
2203:10.1126/science.154.3750.729
2095:. 2003-05-01. Archived from
1674:10.1126/science.142.3589.185
1303:Scanning electron microscope
1136:Serial imaging for volume EM
1078:– uses heavy metals such as
598:Diffraction contrast imaging
550:Scanning electron microscope
356:scanning electron microscope
210:Scanning electron microscope
3336:. CUP Archive. p. 11.
3287:The Journal of Cell Biology
3195:The Journal of Cell Biology
3146:The Journal of Cell Biology
3097:The Journal of Cell Biology
2977:The Journal of Cell Biology
2619:10.1021/acs.chemrev.1c00879
1960:"Ernst Ruska Autobiography"
1629:10.2991/iccessh-18.2018.313
1283:Microscope image processing
1273:In situ electron microscopy
1196:in situ electron microscopy
360:Washington State University
4886:
4548:Immune electron microscopy
4466:Annular dark-field imaging
4281:Everhart–Thornley detector
3712:10.1016/j.cell.2020.08.010
3562:10.1016/bs.mcb.2022.12.023
3466:10.1038/s43586-022-00131-9
3281:Reynolds ES (April 1963).
2879:Steere RL (January 1957).
2719:10.1002/9781118663233.ch10
2392:10.1016/j.cell.2015.03.050
1855:Patent Public Search Basic
1829:Patent Public Search Basic
1594:10.1088/0508-3443/13/5/303
1364:Journal of Applied Physics
1268:Immune electron microscopy
1251:Electron microscope images
792:
777:Sample preparation for TEM
757:
547:
521:annular dark-field imaging
511:
423:
247:
29:
4790:
4702:Hitachi High-Technologies
4100:Resources in your library
3760:10.1038/s41580-019-0180-9
3363:. FEI Company. p. 15
2806:10.1038/s41596-020-0320-x
2764:10.1016/j.jsb.2004.03.010
2577:10.1017/s1551929510991190
2538:Reimer L, Kohl H (2008).
2513:Reimer L, Kohl H (2008).
1503:10.1080/14786440509463347
1032:– suspensions containing
483:Direct electron detectors
370:and students Cecil Hall,
4727:Thermo Fisher Scientific
4553:Geometric phase analysis
4441:Aberration-Corrected TEM
3958:(Submitted manuscript).
3593:Kolotuev I (July 2024).
3022:Methods in Neurosciences
2288:Hawkes PW (2009-09-28).
2041:10.1002/bbpc.19400460406
1751:10.1002/andp.19324040506
1550:10.1002/andp.19263862507
1472:10.1002/andp.18993051203
1338:Encyclopaedia Britannica
877:cryo-electron microscopy
873:cryo-electron microscopy
30:Not to be confused with
4870:20th-century inventions
4476:Charge contrast imaging
4286:Field electron emission
4007:Journal of Cell Science
2429:Physical Review Letters
1935:LEO Electron Microscopy
1881:Die Naturwissenschaften
1415:10.4324/9780429198960-4
676:High resolution imaging
302:in Charlottenburg (now
4666:Thomas Eugene Everhart
3818:10.3390/ijerph19063664
2335:Rose HH (2009-06-01).
2306:10.1098/rsta.2009.0004
1774:Zeitschrift für Physik
1171:
981:
973:
795:TEM Sample preparation
790:
731:This section is empty.
692:This section is empty.
653:This section is empty.
637:Phase contrast imaging
614:This section is empty.
565:
545:
457:electron image onto a
434:
416:
263:
56:
44:
4671:Vernon Ellis Cosslett
4491:Dark-field microscopy
4042:Journal of Microscopy
4019:10.1242/jcs.100.1.227
3695:"The Mind of a Mouse"
3599:Journal of Microscopy
3402:Cell Chemical Biology
3240:Journal of Microscopy
3158:10.1083/jcb.104.3.565
2932:. In Čalija B (ed.).
2471:"The Scale of Things"
2353:10.1093/jmicro/dfp012
2230:Journal of Microscopy
1958:Ruska, Ernst (1986).
1877:"Elektronenmikroskop"
1562:Dannen, Gene (1998)
1334:"Electron microscope"
1166:
1116:electron microscopy (
979:
971:
903:critical point drying
784:
770:X-ray crystallography
557:
543:
496:(HRTEM) to below 0.5
433:
414:
387:field emission source
383:University of Chicago
364:University of Toronto
300:Technische Hochschule
257:
98:"Electron microscope"
50:
42:
4850:Anatomical pathology
4676:Vladimir K. Zworykin
4326:Correlative light EM
4235:Electron diffraction
3299:10.1083/jcb.17.1.208
3207:10.1083/jcb.45.3.598
3109:10.1083/jcb.29.3.435
2989:10.1083/jcb.17.3.609
1875:Rodenberg R (1932).
1240:Electron diffraction
1042:phosphotungstic acid
958:Embedding, materials
766:electron diffraction
760:Electron diffraction
754:Electron diffraction
593:Main operating modes
490:spherical aberration
179:electron diffraction
169:that uses a beam of
83:improve this article
4845:Accelerator physics
4835:Electron microscopy
4641:Manfred von Ardenne
4626:Gerasimos Danilatos
4533:Electron tomography
4528:Electron holography
4471:Cathodoluminescence
4250:Secondary electrons
4240:Electron scattering
4184:Electron microscopy
4170:Electron microscopy
4091:Electron microscopy
3968:1984Natur.308...32A
3864:2003NatMa...2..532W
3511:1970Natur.226..421C
2681:Diffraction physics
2613:(17): 13883–13914.
2441:2009PhRvL.102i6101E
2300:(1903): 3637–3664.
2195:1966Sci...154..729C
1988:(9216): 1713–1717.
1893:1932NW.....20..522R
1786:1932ZPhy...78..318K
1743:1932AnP...404..607K
1666:1963Sci...142..185F
1542:1926AnP...386..974B
1464:1899AnP...305..739W
1446:Wiechert E (1899).
1376:1944JAP....15..685C
1358:Calbick CJ (1944).
578:cathodoluminescence
368:Eli Franklin Burton
352:Manfred von Ardenne
216:Electron microprobe
191:Electron microscope
163:electron microscope
18:Electron Microscopy
4763:Digital Micrograph
4369:Environmental SEM
4291:Field emission gun
4255:X-ray fluorescence
4120:2013-07-19 at the
3925:10.1002/jemt.20668
3330:Burgess J (1987).
2897:10.1083/jcb.3.1.45
2117:Hawkes PW (2021).
1962:. Nobel Foundation
1901:10.1007/BF01505383
1794:10.1007/BF01342199
1731:Annalen der Physik
1530:Annalen der Physik
1485:Wehnelt A (1905).
1172:
982:
974:
923:(epoxypropane) or
791:
566:
546:
435:
417:
391:field emission gun
336:Reinhold Rüdenberg
264:
57:
45:
4860:German inventions
4822:
4821:
4786:
4785:
4656:Nestor J. Zaluzec
4651:Maximilian Haider
4449:
4448:
4086:Library resources
3612:10.1111/jmi.13217
3505:(5244): 421–425.
3343:978-0-521-39940-1
3246:(Pt 2): 121–138.
3077:978-0-444-63772-7
2951:978-0-12-804017-1
2691:978-0-444-82218-5
2549:978-0-387-40093-8
2524:978-0-387-40093-8
2274:978-0-19-850915-8
2189:(3750): 729–738.
2160:10.1063/1.1683435
2128:978-0-323-91507-6
1660:(3589): 185–188.
1638:978-94-6252-528-3
1576:Mulvey T (1962).
1424:978-0-429-19896-0
1384:10.1063/1.1707371
1040:(or formate), or
889:– replacement of
751:
750:
715:Chemical analysis
712:
711:
673:
672:
634:
633:
561:Bacillus subtilis
541:
469:material such as
412:
332:Siemens-Schuckert
187:light microscopes
159:
158:
151:
133:
16:(Redirected from
4877:
4810:
4809:
4798:
4797:
4606:Bodo von Borries
4591:
4351:Photoemission EM
4314:
4163:
4156:
4149:
4140:
4074:
4073:
4037:
4031:
4030:
4002:
3996:
3995:
3976:10.1038/308032a0
3951:
3945:
3944:
3918:
3898:
3892:
3891:
3852:Nature Materials
3847:
3841:
3840:
3830:
3820:
3796:
3790:
3789:
3771:
3739:
3733:
3732:
3714:
3705:(6): 1372–1376.
3690:
3684:
3683:
3673:
3663:
3639:
3633:
3632:
3614:
3590:
3584:
3583:
3545:
3539:
3538:
3519:10.1038/226421a0
3494:
3488:
3487:
3477:
3445:
3436:
3435:
3425:
3393:
3387:
3386:
3379:
3373:
3372:
3370:
3368:
3362:
3354:
3348:
3347:
3327:
3321:
3320:
3310:
3278:
3272:
3271:
3235:
3229:
3228:
3218:
3186:
3180:
3179:
3169:
3137:
3131:
3130:
3120:
3088:
3082:
3081:
3055:
3044:
3043:
3017:
3011:
3010:
3000:
2968:
2962:
2961:
2959:
2958:
2925:
2919:
2918:
2908:
2876:
2870:
2867:
2861:
2860:
2850:
2834:
2828:
2827:
2817:
2800:(6): 2041–2070.
2794:Nature Protocols
2785:
2776:
2775:
2747:
2741:
2740:
2702:
2696:
2695:
2672:
2666:
2665:
2663:
2662:
2647:
2641:
2640:
2630:
2607:Chemical Reviews
2598:
2589:
2588:
2565:Microscopy Today
2560:
2554:
2553:
2535:
2529:
2528:
2510:
2504:
2503:
2501:
2492:
2486:
2485:
2483:
2482:
2467:
2461:
2460:
2420:
2414:
2413:
2403:
2371:
2365:
2364:
2332:
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2325:
2285:
2279:
2278:
2260:
2254:
2253:
2221:
2215:
2214:
2178:
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2171:
2139:
2133:
2132:
2114:
2108:
2107:
2105:
2104:
2085:
2079:
2078:
2071:
2065:
2059:
2053:
2052:
2020:
2014:
2013:
1977:
1971:
1970:
1968:
1967:
1955:
1946:
1945:
1943:
1941:
1927:
1921:
1920:
1872:
1866:
1865:
1863:
1861:
1846:
1840:
1839:
1837:
1835:
1820:
1814:
1813:
1780:(5–6): 318–339.
1769:
1763:
1762:
1726:
1720:
1718:
1692:
1686:
1685:
1649:
1643:
1642:
1612:
1606:
1605:
1573:
1567:
1560:
1554:
1553:
1524:Busch H (1926).
1521:
1515:
1514:
1482:
1476:
1475:
1443:
1437:
1436:
1402:
1396:
1395:
1355:
1349:
1348:
1346:
1344:
1330:
1207:carbon nanotubes
1147:focused ion beam
1068:focused ion beam
1058:with a glass or
1022:focused ion beam
1014:focused ion beam
1002:Ion beam milling
881:focused ion beam
851:osmium tetroxide
811:Chemical milling
746:
743:
733:You can help by
726:
719:
707:
704:
694:You can help by
687:
680:
668:
665:
655:You can help by
648:
641:
629:
626:
616:You can help by
609:
602:
542:
413:
344:Bodo von Borries
291:, the physicist
154:
147:
143:
140:
134:
132:
91:
67:
59:
21:
4885:
4884:
4880:
4879:
4878:
4876:
4875:
4874:
4865:Protein imaging
4825:
4824:
4823:
4818:
4782:
4731:
4680:
4661:Ondrej Krivanek
4582:
4445:
4393:
4355:
4341:Liquid-Phase EM
4305:
4264:Instrumentation
4259:
4217:
4208:
4172:
4167:
4122:Wayback Machine
4111:
4110:
4109:
4094:
4093:
4089:
4082:
4077:
4048:(Pt 1): 48–53.
4039:
4038:
4034:
4004:
4003:
3999:
3962:(5954): 32–36.
3953:
3952:
3948:
3900:
3899:
3895:
3872:10.1038/nmat944
3849:
3848:
3844:
3798:
3797:
3793:
3741:
3740:
3736:
3692:
3691:
3687:
3641:
3640:
3636:
3592:
3591:
3587:
3572:
3547:
3546:
3542:
3496:
3495:
3491:
3447:
3446:
3439:
3395:
3394:
3390:
3381:
3380:
3376:
3366:
3364:
3360:
3356:
3355:
3351:
3344:
3329:
3328:
3324:
3280:
3279:
3275:
3237:
3236:
3232:
3188:
3187:
3183:
3139:
3138:
3134:
3090:
3089:
3085:
3078:
3057:
3056:
3047:
3040:
3019:
3018:
3014:
2970:
2969:
2965:
2956:
2954:
2952:
2927:
2926:
2922:
2878:
2877:
2873:
2868:
2864:
2836:
2835:
2831:
2787:
2786:
2779:
2749:
2748:
2744:
2729:
2704:
2703:
2699:
2692:
2674:
2673:
2669:
2660:
2658:
2649:
2648:
2644:
2600:
2599:
2592:
2562:
2561:
2557:
2550:
2537:
2536:
2532:
2525:
2512:
2511:
2507:
2499:
2494:
2493:
2489:
2480:
2478:
2469:
2468:
2464:
2422:
2421:
2417:
2373:
2372:
2368:
2334:
2333:
2329:
2287:
2286:
2282:
2275:
2262:
2261:
2257:
2223:
2222:
2218:
2180:
2179:
2175:
2141:
2140:
2136:
2129:
2116:
2115:
2111:
2102:
2100:
2089:"James Hillier"
2087:
2086:
2082:
2073:
2072:
2068:
2060:
2056:
2022:
2021:
2017:
1979:
1978:
1974:
1965:
1963:
1957:
1956:
1949:
1939:
1937:
1929:
1928:
1924:
1874:
1873:
1869:
1859:
1857:
1848:
1847:
1843:
1833:
1831:
1822:
1821:
1817:
1771:
1770:
1766:
1728:
1727:
1723:
1715:
1694:
1693:
1689:
1651:
1650:
1646:
1639:
1614:
1613:
1609:
1575:
1574:
1570:
1561:
1557:
1536:(25): 974–993.
1523:
1522:
1518:
1484:
1483:
1479:
1458:(12): 739–766.
1445:
1444:
1440:
1425:
1404:
1403:
1399:
1370:(10): 685–690.
1357:
1356:
1352:
1342:
1340:
1332:
1331:
1327:
1323:
1318:
1230:
1161:
1138:
1102:
1016:milling, where
921:propylene oxide
817:
779:
762:
756:
747:
741:
738:
717:
708:
702:
699:
678:
669:
663:
660:
639:
630:
624:
621:
600:
595:
570:raster scanning
552:
531:
529:
516:
510:
454:electromagnetic
428:
422:
402:
400:
346:, and employed
287:. According to
268:electron optics
252:
246:
175:electron optics
155:
144:
138:
135:
92:
90:
80:
68:
51:An image of an
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
4883:
4881:
4873:
4872:
4867:
4862:
4857:
4852:
4847:
4842:
4837:
4827:
4826:
4820:
4819:
4817:
4816:
4804:
4791:
4788:
4787:
4784:
4783:
4781:
4780:
4775:
4770:
4768:Direct methods
4765:
4760:
4755:
4750:
4745:
4739:
4737:
4733:
4732:
4730:
4729:
4724:
4719:
4714:
4709:
4704:
4699:
4694:
4688:
4686:
4682:
4681:
4679:
4678:
4673:
4668:
4663:
4658:
4653:
4648:
4643:
4638:
4633:
4628:
4623:
4618:
4616:Ernst G. Bauer
4613:
4608:
4603:
4597:
4595:
4588:
4584:
4583:
4581:
4580:
4575:
4570:
4565:
4560:
4555:
4550:
4545:
4540:
4535:
4530:
4525:
4520:
4515:
4510:
4509:
4508:
4498:
4493:
4488:
4483:
4478:
4473:
4468:
4463:
4457:
4455:
4451:
4450:
4447:
4446:
4444:
4443:
4438:
4437:
4436:
4426:
4421:
4416:
4415:
4414:
4403:
4401:
4395:
4394:
4392:
4391:
4386:
4381:
4376:
4371:
4365:
4363:
4357:
4356:
4354:
4353:
4348:
4343:
4338:
4333:
4328:
4322:
4320:
4311:
4307:
4306:
4304:
4303:
4298:
4293:
4288:
4283:
4278:
4273:
4267:
4265:
4261:
4260:
4258:
4257:
4252:
4247:
4242:
4237:
4232:
4230:Bremsstrahlung
4227:
4221:
4219:
4210:
4209:
4207:
4206:
4201:
4196:
4191:
4186:
4180:
4178:
4174:
4173:
4168:
4166:
4165:
4158:
4151:
4143:
4137:
4136:
4135::By Kaden park
4130:
4125:
4108:
4107:
4102:
4096:
4095:
4084:
4083:
4081:
4080:External links
4078:
4076:
4075:
4032:
4013:(1): 227–236.
3997:
3946:
3909:(3): 153–164.
3893:
3858:(8): 532–536.
3842:
3791:
3734:
3685:
3634:
3585:
3570:
3540:
3489:
3437:
3408:(5): 420–435.
3388:
3374:
3349:
3342:
3322:
3293:(1): 208–212.
3273:
3230:
3201:(3): 598–605.
3181:
3152:(3): 565–572.
3132:
3103:(3): 435–447.
3083:
3076:
3045:
3038:
3012:
2983:(3): 609–628.
2963:
2950:
2920:
2871:
2862:
2829:
2777:
2758:(1): 131–135.
2742:
2727:
2697:
2690:
2667:
2642:
2590:
2555:
2548:
2530:
2523:
2505:
2487:
2462:
2415:
2386:(3): 438–449.
2366:
2327:
2280:
2273:
2255:
2236:(2): 127–136.
2216:
2173:
2154:(4): 576–583.
2134:
2127:
2109:
2080:
2066:
2054:
2035:(4): 270–277.
2015:
1972:
1947:
1922:
1867:
1841:
1815:
1764:
1737:(5): 607–640.
1721:
1713:
1687:
1644:
1637:
1615:Tao Y (2018).
1607:
1588:(5): 197–207.
1568:
1555:
1516:
1477:
1438:
1423:
1397:
1350:
1324:
1322:
1319:
1317:
1316:
1311:
1306:
1300:
1295:
1293:Nanotechnology
1290:
1285:
1280:
1275:
1270:
1265:
1259:
1253:
1248:
1242:
1237:
1231:
1229:
1226:
1160:
1157:
1137:
1134:
1130:TEM tomography
1101:
1098:
1097:
1096:
1093:uranyl acetate
1071:
1056:ultramicrotome
1052:ultramicrotomy
1045:
1038:uranyl acetate
1029:Negative stain
1025:
999:
993:
961:
955:
948:ultramicrotomy
914:
901:, followed by
884:
855:
854:
843:glutaraldehyde
799:Ultramicrotomy
787:coated in gold
778:
775:
758:Main article:
755:
752:
749:
748:
742:September 2024
729:
727:
716:
713:
710:
709:
703:September 2024
690:
688:
677:
674:
671:
670:
664:September 2024
651:
649:
638:
635:
632:
631:
625:September 2024
612:
610:
599:
596:
594:
591:
548:Main article:
528:
525:
512:Main article:
509:
506:
479:digital camera
441:(TEM), uses a
424:Main article:
421:
418:
399:
396:
354:pioneered the
281:Arthur Wehnelt
245:
242:
238:
237:
231:
225:
219:
213:
207:
201:
193:may refer to:
157:
156:
139:September 2023
71:
69:
62:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4882:
4871:
4868:
4866:
4863:
4861:
4858:
4856:
4853:
4851:
4848:
4846:
4843:
4841:
4838:
4836:
4833:
4832:
4830:
4815:
4814:
4805:
4803:
4802:
4793:
4792:
4789:
4779:
4776:
4774:
4771:
4769:
4766:
4764:
4761:
4759:
4756:
4754:
4751:
4749:
4746:
4744:
4741:
4740:
4738:
4734:
4728:
4725:
4723:
4720:
4718:
4715:
4713:
4710:
4708:
4705:
4703:
4700:
4698:
4695:
4693:
4692:Carl Zeiss AG
4690:
4689:
4687:
4685:Manufacturers
4683:
4677:
4674:
4672:
4669:
4667:
4664:
4662:
4659:
4657:
4654:
4652:
4649:
4647:
4644:
4642:
4639:
4637:
4636:James Hillier
4634:
4632:
4629:
4627:
4624:
4622:
4619:
4617:
4614:
4612:
4609:
4607:
4604:
4602:
4599:
4598:
4596:
4592:
4589:
4585:
4579:
4576:
4574:
4571:
4569:
4566:
4564:
4561:
4559:
4556:
4554:
4551:
4549:
4546:
4544:
4541:
4539:
4536:
4534:
4531:
4529:
4526:
4524:
4521:
4519:
4516:
4514:
4511:
4507:
4504:
4503:
4502:
4499:
4497:
4494:
4492:
4489:
4487:
4484:
4482:
4479:
4477:
4474:
4472:
4469:
4467:
4464:
4462:
4459:
4458:
4456:
4452:
4442:
4439:
4435:
4432:
4431:
4430:
4427:
4425:
4422:
4420:
4417:
4413:
4410:
4409:
4408:
4405:
4404:
4402:
4400:
4396:
4390:
4389:Ultrafast SEM
4387:
4385:
4382:
4380:
4377:
4375:
4372:
4370:
4367:
4366:
4364:
4362:
4358:
4352:
4349:
4347:
4346:Low-energy EM
4344:
4342:
4339:
4337:
4334:
4332:
4329:
4327:
4324:
4323:
4321:
4319:
4315:
4312:
4308:
4302:
4299:
4297:
4296:Magnetic lens
4294:
4292:
4289:
4287:
4284:
4282:
4279:
4277:
4274:
4272:
4269:
4268:
4266:
4262:
4256:
4253:
4251:
4248:
4246:
4245:Kikuchi lines
4243:
4241:
4238:
4236:
4233:
4231:
4228:
4226:
4223:
4222:
4220:
4215:
4211:
4205:
4202:
4200:
4197:
4195:
4192:
4190:
4187:
4185:
4182:
4181:
4179:
4175:
4171:
4164:
4159:
4157:
4152:
4150:
4145:
4144:
4141:
4134:
4131:
4129:
4126:
4123:
4119:
4116:
4113:
4112:
4106:
4103:
4101:
4098:
4097:
4092:
4087:
4079:
4071:
4067:
4063:
4059:
4055:
4051:
4047:
4043:
4036:
4033:
4028:
4024:
4020:
4016:
4012:
4008:
4001:
3998:
3993:
3989:
3985:
3981:
3977:
3973:
3969:
3965:
3961:
3957:
3950:
3947:
3942:
3938:
3934:
3930:
3926:
3922:
3917:
3912:
3908:
3904:
3897:
3894:
3889:
3885:
3881:
3877:
3873:
3869:
3865:
3861:
3857:
3853:
3846:
3843:
3838:
3834:
3829:
3824:
3819:
3814:
3810:
3806:
3802:
3795:
3792:
3787:
3783:
3779:
3775:
3770:
3765:
3761:
3757:
3753:
3749:
3745:
3738:
3735:
3730:
3726:
3722:
3718:
3713:
3708:
3704:
3700:
3696:
3689:
3686:
3681:
3677:
3672:
3667:
3662:
3657:
3653:
3649:
3645:
3638:
3635:
3630:
3626:
3622:
3618:
3613:
3608:
3604:
3600:
3596:
3589:
3586:
3581:
3577:
3573:
3571:9780323916073
3567:
3563:
3559:
3555:
3551:
3544:
3541:
3536:
3532:
3528:
3524:
3520:
3516:
3512:
3508:
3504:
3500:
3493:
3490:
3485:
3481:
3476:
3471:
3467:
3463:
3459:
3455:
3451:
3444:
3442:
3438:
3433:
3429:
3424:
3419:
3415:
3411:
3407:
3403:
3399:
3392:
3389:
3384:
3378:
3375:
3359:
3353:
3350:
3345:
3339:
3335:
3334:
3326:
3323:
3318:
3314:
3309:
3304:
3300:
3296:
3292:
3288:
3284:
3277:
3274:
3269:
3265:
3261:
3257:
3253:
3249:
3245:
3241:
3234:
3231:
3226:
3222:
3217:
3212:
3208:
3204:
3200:
3196:
3192:
3185:
3182:
3177:
3173:
3168:
3163:
3159:
3155:
3151:
3147:
3143:
3136:
3133:
3128:
3124:
3119:
3114:
3110:
3106:
3102:
3098:
3094:
3087:
3084:
3079:
3073:
3069:
3065:
3061:
3054:
3052:
3050:
3046:
3041:
3039:9780121852559
3035:
3031:
3027:
3023:
3016:
3013:
3008:
3004:
2999:
2994:
2990:
2986:
2982:
2978:
2974:
2967:
2964:
2953:
2947:
2943:
2939:
2935:
2931:
2924:
2921:
2916:
2912:
2907:
2902:
2898:
2894:
2890:
2886:
2882:
2875:
2872:
2866:
2863:
2858:
2854:
2849:
2844:
2840:
2833:
2830:
2825:
2821:
2816:
2811:
2807:
2803:
2799:
2795:
2791:
2784:
2782:
2778:
2773:
2769:
2765:
2761:
2757:
2753:
2746:
2743:
2738:
2734:
2730:
2728:9781118663233
2724:
2720:
2716:
2712:
2708:
2701:
2698:
2693:
2687:
2683:
2682:
2677:
2671:
2668:
2657:on 2022-04-07
2656:
2652:
2646:
2643:
2638:
2634:
2629:
2624:
2620:
2616:
2612:
2608:
2604:
2597:
2595:
2591:
2586:
2582:
2578:
2574:
2570:
2566:
2559:
2556:
2551:
2545:
2541:
2534:
2531:
2526:
2520:
2516:
2509:
2506:
2498:
2491:
2488:
2477:on 2010-02-01
2476:
2472:
2466:
2463:
2458:
2454:
2450:
2446:
2442:
2438:
2435:(9): 096101.
2434:
2430:
2426:
2419:
2416:
2411:
2407:
2402:
2397:
2393:
2389:
2385:
2381:
2377:
2370:
2367:
2362:
2358:
2354:
2350:
2346:
2342:
2338:
2331:
2328:
2323:
2319:
2315:
2311:
2307:
2303:
2299:
2295:
2291:
2284:
2281:
2276:
2270:
2266:
2259:
2256:
2251:
2247:
2243:
2239:
2235:
2231:
2227:
2220:
2217:
2212:
2208:
2204:
2200:
2196:
2192:
2188:
2184:
2177:
2174:
2169:
2165:
2161:
2157:
2153:
2149:
2145:
2138:
2135:
2130:
2124:
2120:
2113:
2110:
2099:on 2003-08-23
2098:
2094:
2090:
2084:
2081:
2076:
2070:
2067:
2063:
2058:
2055:
2050:
2046:
2042:
2038:
2034:
2031:(in German).
2030:
2026:
2019:
2016:
2011:
2007:
2003:
1999:
1995:
1991:
1987:
1983:
1976:
1973:
1961:
1954:
1952:
1948:
1936:
1932:
1926:
1923:
1918:
1914:
1910:
1906:
1902:
1898:
1894:
1890:
1886:
1883:(in German).
1882:
1878:
1871:
1868:
1856:
1852:
1849:Rüdenberg R.
1845:
1842:
1830:
1826:
1823:Rüdenberg R.
1819:
1816:
1811:
1807:
1803:
1799:
1795:
1791:
1787:
1783:
1779:
1776:(in German).
1775:
1768:
1765:
1760:
1756:
1752:
1748:
1744:
1740:
1736:
1732:
1725:
1722:
1716:
1714:9780123810175
1710:
1706:
1702:
1698:
1691:
1688:
1683:
1679:
1675:
1671:
1667:
1663:
1659:
1655:
1648:
1645:
1640:
1634:
1630:
1626:
1622:
1618:
1611:
1608:
1603:
1599:
1595:
1591:
1587:
1583:
1579:
1572:
1569:
1565:
1559:
1556:
1551:
1547:
1543:
1539:
1535:
1532:(in German).
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4753:EM Data Bank
4717:Nion Company
4611:Dennis Gabor
4601:Albert Crewe
4379:Confocal SEM
4276:Electron gun
4225:Auger effect
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471:zinc sulfide
467:scintillator
450:electron gun
443:high voltage
436:
379:Albert Crewe
376:
348:Helmut Ruska
340:
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297:
289:Dennis Gabor
265:
262:in the 1930s
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81:Please help
76:verification
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4840:Microscopes
4697:FEI Company
4631:Harald Rose
4621:Ernst Ruska
4310:Microscopes
4218:with matter
4216:interaction
3811:(6): 3664.
3754:(1): 7–24.
3367:12 December
1887:(28): 522.
1860:24 February
1834:24 February
1140:To acquire
1008:(typically
938:, Epon, or
909:. See also
887:Dehydration
475:fibre optic
325:Nobel prize
320:Ernst Ruska
314:. In 1931,
312:Ernst Ruska
293:Leó Szilárd
260:Ernst Ruska
4829:Categories
4778:Multislice
4594:Developers
4454:Techniques
4199:Microscope
4194:Micrograph
3916:1705.05754
2957:2020-10-22
2661:2024-07-13
2481:2010-01-31
2103:2010-01-31
1966:2010-01-31
1321:References
1288:Microscopy
1048:Sectioning
815:Sputtering
793:See also:
785:An insect
502:picometres
285:Hans Busch
248:See also:
183:resolution
167:microscope
109:newspapers
4855:Pathology
4646:Max Knoll
4301:Stigmator
3786:208019972
3729:221766693
3629:261174348
2737:243064180
2676:Cowley JM
2585:1551-9295
2361:0022-0744
2314:1364-503X
2250:0022-2720
2168:0034-6748
2049:137136299
1917:263996652
1909:0028-1042
1810:186239132
1802:1434-6001
1759:0003-3804
1602:0508-3443
1511:1941-5982
1433:195494352
1392:0021-8979
1222:cryofixed
1217:artifacts
1152:volume EM
1142:volume EM
1126:volume EM
1106:greyscale
835:aldehydes
824:Chemical
558:Image of
316:Max Knoll
308:Max Knoll
171:electrons
4801:Category
4748:CrysTBox
4736:Software
4407:Cryo-TEM
4214:Electron
4118:Archived
4070:40058086
4062:12839550
3933:19140163
3888:21379512
3880:12872162
3837:35329350
3778:31732717
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3007:19866628
2915:13416310
2857:13764136
2824:32405053
2772:15363793
2678:(1995).
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2457:19392535
2410:25910204
2322:19687058
2211:17745977
2010:12347337
2002:10905259
1940:June 26,
1682:14057363
1343:June 26,
1228:See also
1088:tungsten
1075:Staining
940:Durcupan
936:Araldite
934:such as
837:such as
831:proteins
826:fixation
803:Staining
498:angstrom
463:phosphor
459:detector
4813:Commons
4461:4D STEM
4434:4D STEM
4412:Cryo-ET
4384:SEM-XRF
4374:CryoSEM
4331:Cryo-EM
4189:History
4027:1795028
3992:4319199
3984:6322001
3964:Bibcode
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272:Hertz
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