419:
222:
411:
200:
31:
286:, electric signals take on discrete values, to represent logical and numeric values. These values represent the information that is being processed. In the vast majority of cases, binary encoding is used: one voltage (typically the more positive value) represents a binary '1' and another voltage (usually a value near the ground potential, 0 V) represents a binary '0'. Digital circuits make extensive use of
245:: all the currents at a node (a place where wires meet), and the voltage around a closed loop of wires is 0. Wires are usually treated as ideal zero-voltage interconnections; any resistance or reactance is captured by explicitly adding a parasitic element, such as a discrete resistor or inductor. Active components such as transistors are often treated as controlled current or voltage sources: for example, a
298:: AND, NAND, OR, NOR, XOR and combinations thereof. Transistors interconnected so as to provide positive feedback are used as latches and flip flops, circuits that have two or more metastable states, and remain in one of these states until changed by an external input. Digital circuits therefore can provide logic and memory, enabling them to perform arbitrary computational functions. (Memory based on
71:
314:
extremely complex digital circuits, with billions of logic elements integrated on a single silicon chip, can be fabricated at low cost. Such digital integrated circuits are ubiquitous in modern electronic devices, such as calculators, mobile phone handsets, and computers. As digital circuits become more complex, issues of time delay,
373:. Most modern radio and communications circuitry uses mixed signal circuits. For example, in a receiver, analog circuitry is used to amplify and frequency-convert signals so that they reach a suitable state to be converted into digital values, after which further signal processing can be performed in the digital domain.
479:
than to produce these other kinds of prototype boards. The proliferation of quick-turn PCB fabrication and assembly companies has enabled the concepts of rapid prototyping to be applied to electronic circuit design. It is now possible, even with the smallest passive components and largest fine-pitch
313:
The design process for digital circuits is fundamentally different from the process for analog circuits. Each logic gate regenerates the binary signal, so the designer need not account for distortion, gain control, offset voltages, and other concerns faced in an analog design. As a consequence,
130:
must be present. The combination of components and wires allows various simple and complex operations to be performed: signals can be amplified, computations can be performed, and data can be moved from one place to another.
268:. Such considerations typically become important for circuit boards at frequencies above a GHz; integrated circuits are smaller and can be treated as lumped elements for frequencies less than 10GHz or so.
134:
Circuits can be constructed of discrete components connected by individual pieces of wire, but today it is much more common to create interconnections by photolithographic techniques on a laminated
475:
A technician can quickly build a prototype (and make additions and modifications) using these techniques, but for volume production it is much faster and usually cheaper to mass-produce custom
473:. The developer can choose to deploy their invention as-is using the prototyping platform, or replace it with only the microcontroller chip and the circuitry that is relevant to their product.
418:
712:
318:, power dissipation, non-ideal switching, on-chip and inter-chip loading, and leakage currents, become limitations to circuit density, speed and performance.
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442:
to verify that it works, and to provide a physical platform for debugging it if it does not. The prototype is often constructed using techniques such as
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884:
465:
exist to document electronic prototypes (especially the breadboard-based ones) and move toward physical production. Prototyping platforms such as
326:
333:(FPGAs), chips with logic circuitry whose configuration can be modified after fabrication, are also widely used in prototyping and development.
987:
819:
932:
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252:
When the circuit size is comparable to a wavelength of the relevant signal frequency, a more sophisticated approach must be used, the
866:
705:
661:
577:
458:, with the result being a circuit that is electrically identical to the design but not physically identical to the final product.
878:
814:
342:
264:
at the start and end determine transmitted and reflected waves on the line. Circuits designed according to this approach are
330:
1004:
872:
249:
can be modeled as a current source from the source to the drain, with the current controlled by the gate-source voltage.
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Practical AVR Microcontrollers: Games, Gadgets, and Home
Automation with the Microcontroller Used in the Arduino
221:
949:
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842:
348:
257:
35:
241:, in which wires are shown as lines, and each component has a unique symbol. Analog circuit analysis employs
999:
777:
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182:
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173:, or a mixed-signal circuit (a combination of analog circuits and digital circuits). The most widely used
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Mixed-signal or hybrid circuits contain elements of both analog and digital circuits. Examples include
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Charles
Alexander and Matthew Sadiku (2004). "Fundamentals of Electric Circuits". McGraw-Hill.
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or IC, the components and interconnections are formed on the same substrate, typically a
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1088:
1071:
1066:
295:
229:
The basic components of analog circuits are wires, resistors, capacitors, inductors,
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packages, to have boards fabricated, assembled, and even tested in a matter of days.
218:
may vary continuously with time to correspond to the information being represented.
30:
63:
17:
625:
651:
118:
can flow. It is a type of electrical circuit. For a circuit to be referred to as
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Digital circuitry is used to create general purpose computing chips, such as
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the components to these interconnections to create a finished circuit. In an
1083:
752:
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569:
455:
443:
95:
685:
593:
John Hayes (1993). "Introduction to
Digital Logic Design". Addison Wesley.
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99:
87:
70:
466:
215:
155:
690:
530:
Richard Jaeger (1997). "Microelectronic
Circuit Design". McGraw-Hill.
358:
178:
143:
256:. Wires are treated as transmission lines, with nominally constant
417:
409:
230:
220:
198:
103:
69:
59:
39:
29:
107:
51:
694:
306:(SRAM). Memory based on the storage of charge in a capacitor,
207:
representing an analog circuit, in this case a simple amplifier
55:
47:
469:
also simplify the task of programming and interacting with a
392:
comprises the analysis and synthesis of electronic circuits.
225:
A simple schematic showing wires, a resistor, and a battery
165:
An electronic circuit can usually be categorized as an
414:
A simple electronic circuit prototype on a breadboard
1114:
1047:
963:
900:
728:
237:. Analog circuits are very commonly represented in
438:means building an actual circuit to a theoretical
74:A circuit built on a printed circuit board (PCB).
565:RF and Microwave Passive and Active Technologies
325:, and custom-designed logic circuits, known as
706:
8:
713:
699:
691:
422:Example of prototype in optoelectronics (
27:Electrical circuit with active components
885:Application-specific integrated circuit
490:
327:application-specific integrated circuit
607:
596:
544:
533:
512:
501:
7:
820:Three-dimensional integrated circuit
832:Erasable programmable logic device
562:Golio, Mike; Golio, Janet (2018).
25:
867:Complex programmable logic device
402:This section is an excerpt from
382:This section is an excerpt from
879:Field-programmable object array
815:Mixed-signal integrated circuit
343:Mixed-signal integrated circuit
650:Trevennor, Alan (2012-10-17).
426:, DLP Cinema Prototype System)
331:Field-programmable gate arrays
310:(DRAM), is also widely used.)
294:that provide the functions of
214:are those in which current or
177:in electronic circuits is the
1:
1005:Hardware description language
873:Field-programmable gate array
681:Electronics Circuits Textbook
371:digital-to-analog converters
367:analog-to-digital converters
308:dynamic random-access memory
266:distributed-element circuits
1017:Formal equivalence checking
304:static random-access memory
290:, interconnected to create
284:digital electronic circuits
181:(metal–oxide–semiconductor
1164:
1037:Hierarchical state machine
995:Transaction-level modeling
401:
381:
346:
340:
275:
212:Analog electronic circuits
192:
106:, connected by conductive
82:is composed of individual
938:Digital signal processing
923:Logic in computer science
849:Programmable logic device
809:Hybrid integrated circuit
390:Electronic circuit design
384:Electronic circuit design
254:distributed-element model
126:, generally at least one
950:Switching circuit theory
855:Programmable Array Logic
843:Programmable logic array
686:Electronics Fundamentals
349:Neuromorphic engineering
258:characteristic impedance
243:Kirchhoff's circuit laws
1000:Register-transfer level
461:Open-source tools like
404:Electronics prototyping
247:field-effect transistor
183:field-effect transistor
66:"data" on current chip.
891:Tensor Processing Unit
606:Cite journal requires
543:Cite journal requires
511:Cite journal requires
477:printed circuit boards
427:
415:
226:
208:
75:
67:
1106:Electronic literature
1060:Hardware acceleration
928:Computer architecture
826:Emitter-coupled logic
763:Printed circuit board
626:"PCB Rapid Prototype"
421:
413:
337:Mixed-signal circuits
224:
202:
140:printed circuit board
84:electronic components
73:
33:
1032:Finite-state machine
1010:High-level synthesis
945:Circuit minimization
195:Analogue electronics
175:semiconductor device
1148:Electronic circuits
1079:Digital photography
861:Generic Array Logic
783:Combinational logic
758:Printed electronics
722:Digital electronics
278:Digital electronics
158:or (less commonly)
18:Electronic circuits
1027:Asynchronous logic
803:Integrated circuit
768:Electronic circuit
428:
416:
363:phase-locked loops
239:schematic diagrams
227:
209:
148:integrated circuit
80:electronic circuit
76:
68:
1135:
1134:
1084:Digital telephone
1055:Computer hardware
1022:Synchronous logic
424:Texas Instruments
16:(Redirected from
1155:
788:Sequential logic
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272:Digital circuits
160:gallium arsenide
128:active component
116:electric current
58:, 2048 bytes of
46:that includes a
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978:Place and route
973:Logic synthesis
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955:Gate equivalent
918:Logic synthesis
913:Boolean algebra
896:
838:Macrocell array
798:Boolean circuit
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630:www.wellpcb.com
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323:microprocessors
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205:circuit diagram
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189:Analog circuits
171:digital circuit
44:microcontroller
42:8742, an 8-bit
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675:External links
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341:Main article:
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167:analog circuit
154:such as doped
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114:through which
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1089:Digital video
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634:. Retrieved
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599:cite journal
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778:Memory cell
446:or using a
436:prototyping
432:electronics
397:Prototyping
355:comparators
316:logic races
292:logic gates
288:transistors
235:transistors
92:transistors
1127:Runt pulse
1099:television
793:Logic gate
738:Transistor
730:Components
656:. Apress.
636:2017-06-01
485:References
452:stripboard
448:breadboard
347:See also:
300:flip-flops
262:impedances
260:, and the
124:electrical
120:electronic
96:capacitors
86:, such as
983:Placement
773:Flip-flop
753:Capacitor
632:. WellPCB
570:CRC Press
456:perfboard
329:(ASICs).
136:substrate
100:inductors
88:resistors
1142:Category
748:Inductor
743:Resistor
463:Fritzing
38:from an
988:Routing
822:(3D IC)
467:Arduino
216:voltage
156:silicon
965:Design
901:Theory
887:(ASIC)
881:(FPOA)
875:(FPGA)
869:(CPLD)
834:(EPLD)
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440:design
377:Design
369:, and
359:timers
233:, and
231:diodes
179:MOSFET
144:solder
112:traces
104:diodes
62:, and
50:, 128
1072:radio
893:(TPU)
863:(GAL)
857:(PAL)
851:(PLD)
845:(PLA)
828:(ECL)
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108:wires
60:EPROM
52:bytes
40:Intel
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658:ISBN
612:help
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517:help
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