1222:
1794:, who had studied with Hunter, presented a paper "Experiments and observations on the Gymnotus Electricus, or electric eel" at the Royal Society. He reported a series of experiments, such as "7. In order to discover whether the eel killed those fish by an emission of the same fluid with which he affected my hand when I had touched him, I put my hand into the water, at some distance from the eel; another cat-fish was thrown into the water; the eel swam up to it ... gave it a shock, by which it instantly turned up its belly, and continued motionless; at that very instant I felt such a sensation in the joints of my fingers as in experiment 4." and "12. Instead of putting my hand into the water, at a distance from the eel, as in the last experiment, I touched its tail, so as not to offend it, while my assistant touched its head more roughly; we both received a severe shock."
586:
1598:, in which cells are stacked to produce a desired total voltage output. It has been suggested that Sachs' organ is used for electrolocation; its discharge is of nearly 10 volts at a frequency of around 25 Hz. The main organ, supported by Hunter's organ in some way, is used to stun prey or to deter predators; it can emit signals at rates of several hundred hertz. Electric eels can concentrate the discharge to stun prey more effectively by curling up and making contact with the prey at two points along the body. It has also been suggested that electric eels can control their prey's nervous systems and muscles via electrical pulses, keeping prey from escaping, or forcing it to move so they can locate it, but this has been disputed. In
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1513:, meaning that each shock lasts only about two milliseconds. To generate a high voltage, an electric eel stacks some 6,000 electrocytes in series (longitudinally) in its main organ; the organ contains some 35 such stacks in parallel, on each side of the body. The ability to produce high-voltage, high-frequency pulses in addition enables the electric eel to electrolocate rapidly moving prey. The total electric current delivered during each pulse can reach about 1
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indicate that this is produced just once, for less than 2 milliseconds, after the low-voltage discharge of Sachs's organ and before the high-voltage discharge of the main organ. They believed that this is insufficient to stimulate a response from the prey, so they suggested it may have the function of co-ordination within the electric eel's body, perhaps by balancing the electrical charge, but state that more research is needed.
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1860:, to study the electric eel; he took with him a galvanometer and electrodes to measure the fish's electric organ discharge, and used rubber gloves to enable him to catch the fish without being shocked, to the surprise of the local people. He published his research on the fish, including his discovery of what is now called Sachs' organ, in 1877.
2041:; 3â4 feet long; has a remarkable power of inflicting an electrical shock whenever it is touched. This may be conveyed through a stick to the person that holds it, and is so severe as to benumb the limbs of such as are exposed to it. By this power it stupifies and then seizes such smaller fish and animals as have ventured to approach it.
1903:'s diagram of the setup for his "Experimental Researches in Electricity" on the electric eel, 1838. The fish is in a circular wooden tub in shallow water. He noted that the strongest shock was obtained when both hands or a pair of copper paddles were placed in the water, at positions 1 and 8, i.e. by the head and tail of the fish.
1615:. Spawn hatch seven days later and mothers keep depositing eggs periodically throughout the breeding season, making them fractional spawners. When they reach 15 mm (0.59 in), the hatched larvae consume any leftover eggs, and after they reach 9 cm (3.5 in) they begin to eat other foods. Electric eels are
1825:
electricity to shock the horses. He saw two horses stunned by the shocks and then drowned. The electric eels, having given many shocks, "now require long rest and plenty of nourishment to replace the loss of galvanic power they have suffered", "swam timidly to the bank of the pond", and were easily caught using small
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As the fish grow, they continually add more vertebrae to their spinal column. The main organ is the first electric organ to develop, followed by Sachs' organ and then Hunter's organ. All the electric organs are differentiated by the time the body reaches a length of 23 cm (9.1 in). Electric
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They are nocturnal, obligate air-breathing animals, with poor vision complemented by electrolocation; they mainly eat fish. Electric eels grow for as long as they live, adding more vertebrae to their spinal column. Males are larger than females. Some captive specimens have lived for over 20 years.
1928:
The large quantity of electrocytes available in the electric eel enabled biologists to study the voltage-gated sodium channel in molecular detail. The channel is an important mechanism, as it serves to trigger muscle contraction in many species, but it is hard to study in muscle as it is found in
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Alda, Fernando; Tagliacollo, Victor A.; Bernt, Maxwell J.; Waltz, Brandon T.; Ludt, William B.; Faircloth, Brant C.; Alfaro, Michael E.; Albert, James S.; Chakrabarty, Prosanta (6 December 2018). "Resolving Deep Nodes in an
Ancient Radiation of Neotropical Fishes in the Presence of Conflicting
1836:
extensively tested the electrical properties of an electric eel imported from
Surinam. For a span of four months, he measured the electrical impulses produced by the animal by pressing shaped copper paddles and saddles against the specimen. Through this method, he determined and quantified the
1557:
1547:
It remains unclear why electric eels have three electric organs but basically produce two types of discharge, to electrolocate or to stun. In 2021, Jun Xu and colleagues stated that Hunter's organ produces a third type of discharge at a middle voltage of 38.5 to 56.5 volts. Their measurements
1824:
joined a group of indigenous people who went fishing with horses, some thirty of which they chased into the water. The pounding of the horses' hooves, he noted, drove the fish, up to 5 feet (1.5 m) long out of the mud and prompted them to attack, rising out of the water and using their
1289:. The pectoral fins each possess eight tiny radial bones at the tip. They have over 100 precaudal vertebrae (excluding the tail), whereas other gymnotids have up to 51 of these; there can be as many as 300 vertebrae in total. There is no clear boundary between the tail fin and the
1555:
1619:, males becoming reproductively active at 1.2 m (3 ft 11 in) in length and growing larger than females; females start to reproduce at a body length of around 70 cm (2 ft 4 in). The adults provide prolonged parental care lasting four months.
1478:, are distributed differently among the three electric organs: most such proteins are most abundant in the main organ and least abundant in Sachs's organ, but KCNH6 is most abundant in Sachs's organ. The main organ and Hunter's organ are rich in the protein
1610:
Electric eels reproduce during the dry season, from
September to December. During this time, male-female pairs are seen in small pools left behind after water levels drop. The male makes a nest using his saliva and the female deposits around 1,200 eggs for
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extremely small amounts. In 2008, Jian Xu and David Lavan designed artificial cells that would be able to replicate the electrical behaviour of electric eel electrocytes. The artificial electrocytes would use a calculated selection of
3725:"Na+/K+-ATPase α-subunit (nkaα) isoforms and their mRNA expression levels, overall Nkaα protein abundance, and kinetic properties of Nka in the skeletal muscle and three electric organs of the electric eel, Electrophorus electricus"
1953:
and other microscopic devices. They comment that the work "has mapped out changes in the system level design of the electrocyte" that could increase both energy density and energy conversion efficiency. In 2009, they made synthetic
1388:, enabling them to sense water movements created by animals nearby. The lateral line canals are beneath the skin, but their position is visible as lines of pits on the head. Electric eels use their high frequency-sensitive
1627:, the two upland species which live in fast-flowing rivers, appear to make less use of parental care. The male provides protection for both the young and the nest. Captive specimens have sometimes lived for over 20 years.
1602:, electric eels have been observed to leap from the water to deliver electric shocks to animals that might pose a threat. The shocks from leaping electric eels are powerful enough to drive away animals as large as horses.
2977:"Predation on Typhlonectes compressicauda Duméril & Bibron, 1841 (Gymnophiona: Typhlonectidae) by Electrophorus electricus Linnaeus, 1766 (Pisces: Gymnotidae) and a new distributional record in the Amazon basin"
2929:
Oliveira, Marcos S. B.; Mendes-JĂșnior, Raimundo N. G.; Tavares-Dias, Marcos (10 September 2019). "Diet composition of the electric eel
Electrophorus voltai (Pisces: Gymnotidae) in the Brazilian Amazon region".
1697:
but it has none of the specific properties of that fish." He observed that there were "two pair of these organs, a larger and a smaller ; one being placed on each side", and that they occupied "perhaps
1554:
1459:, in electrocytes they form a loose network. Five different forms of desmin occur in electrocytes, compared to two or three in muscle, but its function in electrocytes remained unknown as of 2017.
3429:"Organization of the cephalic lateral-line canals in Electrophorus varii de Santana, Wosiacki, Crampton, Sabaj, Dillman, Mendes-JĂșnior & Castro e Castro, 2019 (Gymnotiformes: Gymnotidae)"
2160:
de AsĂșa, Miguel (9 April 2008). "The
Experiments of RamĂłn M. Termeyer SJ on the Electric Eel in the River Plate Region (c. 1760) and other Early Accounts of Electrophorus electricus".
1735:
1767:
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1969:. These are fabricated as flexible fibres that can be woven into textiles. Sun and colleagues suggest that the storage devices could serve as power sources for products such as
1501:, making electric eels the most powerful of all electric fishes. Freshwater fishes like the electric eel require a high voltage to give a strong shock because freshwater has
1026:
444:", I carry), giving the meaning "electricity bearer". In 1872, Gill decided that the electric eel was sufficiently distinct to have its own family, Electrophoridae. In 1998,
1159:. All live on muddy river bottoms and sometimes swamps, favouring areas in deep shade. They can tolerate water low in oxygen as they swim to the surface to breathe air.
1701:
more than one-third of the whole animal ". He described the structure of the organs (stacks of electrocytes) as "extremely simple and regular, consisting of two parts;
1829:
on ropes. Humboldt recorded that the people did not eat the electric organs, and that they feared the fish so much that they would not fish for them in the usual way.
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1841:. He observed the electric eel increasing the shock by coiling about its prey, the prey fish "representing a diameter" across the coil. He likened the quantity of
5010:
1509:
give a shock at much lower voltage but a far higher current. The electric eel produces its strong discharge extremely rapidly, at a rate of as much as 500
1155:
is a variable environment, with habitats ranging from streams through grassland and ravines to ponds, and large changes in water level between the wet and
1320:
between the air and the blood. About every two minutes, the fish takes in air through the mouth, holds it in the buccal cavity, and expels it through the
2589:
Lavoué, Sébastien; Miya, Masaki; Arnegard, Matthew E.; Sullivan, John P.; Hopkins, Carl D.; Nishida, Mutsumi (14 May 2012). Murphy, William J. (ed.).
585:
4958:
4564:
Sun, Hao; Fu, Xuemei; Xie, Songlin; et al. (14 January 2016). "Electrochemical
Capacitors with High Output Voltages that Mimic Electric Eels".
1324:
at the sides of the head. Unlike in other air-breathing fish, the tiny gills of electric eels do not ventilate when taking in air. The majority of
4997:
4694:
1502:
1435:, arranged longitudinally: the main organ, Hunter's organ, and Sachs' organ. These organs give electric eels the ability to generate two types of
1308:. This enables them to live in habitats with widely varying oxygen levels including streams, swamps, and pools. Uniquely among the gymnotids, the
1677:, conducted early experiments on the numbing discharges of electric eels in the 1760s. In 1775, the "torpedo" (the electric ray) was studied by
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direction and magnitude of electric current, and proved that the animal's impulses were electrical by observing sparks and deflections on a
1339:. All of the vital organs are packed in near the front of the animal, taking up only 20% of space and sequestered from the electric organs.
5102:
1395:
1785:
Dissection, showing the electric organs inside the body. At right, the skin is folded back to reveal the main organ above Hunter's organ.
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1352:
1965:
In 2016, Hao Sun and colleagues described a family of electric eel-mimicking devices that serve as high output voltage electrochemical
1281:
can reach 2 m (6 ft 7 in) in length, and 20 kg (44 lb) in weight. The mouth is at the front of the snout, and
467:
into three species based on DNA divergence, ecology and habitat, anatomy and physiology, and electrical ability. The three species are
4326:
Alexander, Mauro (1969). "The role of the voltaic pile in the
Galvani-Volta controversy concerning animal vs. metallic electricity".
2049:
blackish with a number of small annular bands or rather wrinkles, by which it has the power of contracting and lengthening its body;
5087:
387:
in 1766, based on early field research by
Europeans in South America and specimens sent back to Europe for study, he used the name
1849:
of fifteen jars, containing 23,000 cm (3,500 sq in) of glass coated on both sides, charged to its highest degree".
5049:
1566:
When an electric eel identifies prey, its brain sends a nerve signal to the electric organ; the nerve cells involved release the
5097:
5082:
3940:
3686:
Gotter, Anthony L.; Kaetzel, Marcia A.; Dedman, John R. (2012). "Electrocytes of
Electric Fish". In Nicholas Sperelakis (ed.).
2750:"The phylogenetic distribution of electroreception: Evidence for convergent evolution of a primitive vertebrate sense modality"
2212:"A Correction to the Record of Early Electrophysiology Research on the 250th Anniversary of a Historic Expedition to Ăle de RĂ©"
993:
943:
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352:. In 2019, electric eels were split into three species: for more than two centuries before that, the genus was believed to be
5002:
2808:
Lavoué, Sébastien; Miya, Masaki; Arnegard, Matthew E.; Sullivan, John P.; Hopkins, Carl D.; Nishida, Mutsumi (14 May 2012).
2439:
Albert, James S.; Crampton, William G. R. (2005). "Diversity and
Phylogeny of Neotropical Electric Fishes (Gymnotiformes)".
1357:
3105:
Albert, J. S. (2001). "Species diversity and phylogenetic systematics of American knifefishes (Gymnotiformes, Teleostei)".
3059:"Feeding ecology of electric eel Electrophorus varii (Gymnotiformes: Gymnotidae) in the CuriaĂș River Basin, Eastern Amazon"
31:
5092:
1942:
1918:'s illustration of his discovery of Sachs's organ (shown in black at 6) with electric discharge patterns (4, 5, 8), 1877
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Electric eels have long, stout bodies, being somewhat cylindrical at the front but more flattened towards the tail end.
825:
74:
3271:"The fishes and the aquatic environment of the central Amazon basin, with particular reference to respiratory patterns"
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Mendes-JĂșnior, Raimundo Nonato Gomes; SĂĄ-Oliveira, JĂșlio CĂ©sar; Vasconcelos, Huann Carllo Gentil; et al. (2020).
1186:
1001:
951:
3629:
Traeger, Lindsay L.; Sabat, Grzegorz; Barrett-Wilt, Gregory A.; Wells, Gregg B.; Sussman, Michael R. (7 July 2017).
3307:; Petersen, Jorge A. (1968). "Gas exchange and control of breathing in the electric eel, Electrophorus electricus".
2810:"Comparable Ages for the Independent Origins of Electrogenesis in African and South American Weakly Electric Fishes"
2591:"Comparable Ages for the Independent Origins of Electrogenesis in African and South American Weakly Electric Fishes"
4722:
2503:"Unexpected species diversity in electric eels with a description of the strongest living bioelectricity generator"
2340:
1757:
Hunter's "Gymnotus Electricus", underside and upperside, 1775.The figure occupied four pages of his paper for the
1328:
produced is expelled through the skin. These fish can survive on land for some hours if their skin is wet enough.
1022:
Compared to the other two species, this one has a thicker skull and cleithrum but the head shape is more variable.
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to flow into the electrocytes, reversing the polarity momentarily. The discharge is terminated by an outflow of
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but not of delivering shocks. Their relationships, as shown in the cladogram, were analysed by sequencing their
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Sfakiotakis, M.; Lane, D. M.; Davies, B. C. (1999). "Review of fish swimming modes for aquatic locomotion".
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1668:
1520:
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4366:
3166:"The untold story of the caudal skeleton in the electric eel (Ostariophysi: Gymnotiformes: Electrophorus)"
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1873:
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1959:
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There are three described species in the genus, not differing significantly in body shape or coloration:
325:. Their electrical capabilities were first studied in 1775, contributing to the invention in 1800 of the
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Verçoza, Gabriel; Shibuya, Akemi; Bastos, Douglas A.; Zuanon, Jansen; Rapp Py-Daniel, LĂșcia H. (2021).
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Oliveira, Marcos Sidney Brito; Esteves-Silva, Pedro Hugo; Santos, Alfredo P. Jr.; et al. (2019).
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Bastos, Douglas A.; Zuanon, Jansen; Rapp Py-Daniel, LĂșcia; Santana, Carlos David (14 January 2021).
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Map of the northern part of South America showing distribution of specimens of the three species of
1131:
The three species have largely non-overlapping distributions in the northern part of South America.
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1885:
1243:
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481:
209:
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eels are able to produce electrical discharges when they are as small as 7 cm (2.8 in).
1190:, in its stomach; it is possible that this means that the species is resistant to the caecilian's
628:
4897:
4664:
4597:
4464:
4308:
4251:
VanderVeer, Joseph B. (6 July 2011). "Hugh Williamson: Physician, Patriot, and Founding Father".
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3973:
3791:"Electric Eels Concentrate Their Electric Field to Induce Involuntary Fatigue in Struggling Prey"
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2880:: Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da AmazĂŽnia (PhD Thesis). pp. 10, 60, 63, and throughout.
2318:
3631:"A tail of two voltages: Proteomic comparison of the three electric organs of the electric eel"
2053:
2 each side, the first large, tubular and elevated, the others small, and level with the skin;
1993:
These all assumed a single species, so that while the synonymy was until 2019 taken to be with
1202:, then herding them and launching joint strikes on the closely packed fish. The other species,
505:, the South American knifefishes. Electric eels are thus not closely related to the true eels (
5023:
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4492:[Observations and research on the South American electric eel (Gymnotus electricus)].
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priest FernĂŁo Cardim in 1583. The naturalists Bertrand Bajon, a French military surgeon in
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Elbassiouny, Ahmed A.; Schott, Ryan K.; Waddell, Joseph C.; et al. (1 January 2016).
1945:. They suggest that such artificial electrocytes could be developed as a power source for
1900:
1842:
1833:
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1482:, involved in controlling calcium ion levels. Calmodulin and calcium help to regulate the
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de Santana, Wosiacki, Crampton, Sabaj, Dillman, Mendes-JĂșnior & Castro e Castro, 2019
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3492:
3236:
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2825:
2662:"Mitochondrial genomes of the South American electric knifefishes (Order Gymnotiformes)"
2606:
2520:
2387:
2126:"Checklist of Gymnotiformes (Osteichthyes: Ostariophysi) and catalogue of primary types"
1876:'s 1800 experience of hunting electric eels using a herd of horses, as told in his 1859
4541:
4508:
4109:
4073:"Leaping eels electrify threats, supporting Humboldt's account of a battle with horses"
4072:
3995:
3968:
3910:
3877:
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3724:
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3509:
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2006:
1970:
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The studies by Williamson, Walsh, and Hunter appear to have influenced the thinking of
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1305:
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1211:
977:
506:
333:
227:
de Santana, Wosiacki, Crampton, Sabaj, Dillman, Castro e Castro Bastos & Vari, 2019
116:
1293:, which extends much of the length of the body on the underside and has over 400 bony
1285:. They have smooth, thick, brown-to-black skin with a yellow or red underbelly and no
534:
in 2019. Actively electrolocating fish are marked with a small yellow lightning flash
5071:
4775:
4703:
4601:
4468:
4312:
4018:
Catania, K. C. (December 2014). "The shocking predatory strike of the electric eel".
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3084:
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2374:. Lackington, Allen, and Company. pp. 708â709 (as printed), 712â713 in reader.
1838:
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1336:
1317:
1199:
1108:
984:, this species has a flattened skull and cleithrum but the head is more egg-shaped.
927:
566:
514:
164:
4490:"Beobachtungen und versuche am sĂŒdamerikanischen zitteraale (Gymnotus electricus)"
2677:
4882:
3751:
3576:
Mermelstein, Claudia Dos Santos; Costa, Manoel Luis; Moura Neto, Vivaldo (2000).
3475:"Designing artificial cells to harness the biological ion concentration gradient"
3190:
2871:
2834:
2615:
2407:
Van der Laan, Richard; Eschmeyer, William N.; Fricke, Ronald (11 November 2014).
2365:
1331:
Electric eels have small eyes and poor vision. They are capable of hearing via a
4971:
4891:
4377:
Alexander von Humboldt's Journey in the Equinoctial Regions of the New Continent
4372:
Alexander von Humboldt's Reise in die Aequinoctial-Gegenden des neuen Continents
3445:
3428:
3075:
3058:
2501:
de Santana, C. David; Crampton, William G. R.; et al. (10 September 2019).
2248:
2033:. Blackish, without dorsal fin; caudal fin very obtuse and joined to the anal .
1575:
1527:
in strongly electric fishes. Since freshwater is a poor conductor, limiting the
1444:
1440:
1404:
1400:
665:
307:
4659:
4341:
3986:
2528:
2142:
2125:
1937:. Such cells would use ion transport as electrocytes do, with a greater output
1586:
ions through a separate set of ion channels. By causing a sudden difference in
1297:. Electric eels rely on the wave-like movements of their elongated anal fin to
776:
579:
542:
4797:
4791:
4485:
4160:
4133:
3817:
3790:
2173:
1915:
1853:
1846:
1479:
1364:
pits in rows on the top and sides of the head and body. The pits contain both
1286:
1156:
723:
523:
453:
314:
2450:
2280:(in Latin) (12th ed.). Stockholm: Laurentius Salvius. pp. 427â428.
1535:
to deliver a stunning shock. They achieve this by stacking a large number of
540:. Fish able to deliver electric shocks are marked with a red lightning flash
401:, that it causes painful shocks, and that it had small pits around the head.
17:
4945:
4099:
4041:
3400:
2873:
HistĂłria Natural de PoraquĂȘs (Electrophorus spp.), Gymnotiformes: Gymnotidae
2723:
2285:
1966:
1955:
1809:, with research into how electricity makes a frog's leg twitch; Volta began
1583:
1456:
1207:
1181:
1163:
931:
353:
332:
Despite their name, electric eels are not closely related to the true eels (
86:
4593:
4585:
4550:
4532:
4420:
4401:
4304:
4169:
4118:
4049:
4004:
3919:
3826:
3770:
3672:
3654:
3602:
3562:
3518:
3500:
3209:
3043:
2953:
2853:
2731:
2695:
2634:
2546:
2181:
4645:
4349:
4264:
2786:
1447:. Like muscle cells, the electric eel's electrocytes contain the proteins
1107:
appears to have diverged from the other species around 7.1âmya during the
48:
4876:
3729:
3691:
3578:"The cytoskeleton of the electric tissue of Electrophorus electricus, L."
3114:
2777:
2106:
1294:
1290:
1270:
1120:
921:
737:
553:
518:
179:
106:
3269:
Kramer, D. L.; Lindsey, C. C.; Moodie, G. E. E.; Stevens, E. D. (1978).
748:
4963:
3901:
3723:
Ching, Biyun; Woo, Jia M.; Hiong, Kum C.; et al. (20 March 2015).
3553:
3536:
3320:
1826:
1532:
1463:
1424:
1215:
863:
349:
3244:
3025:
2945:
1198:
sometimes hunts in packs; and have been observed targeting a shoal of
4976:
4460:
3848:
3422:
3420:
3264:
3262:
2877:
1709:, and cross divisions between them." He measured the electrocytes as
1579:
1514:
1475:
1452:
1416:
1403:
forming electric organs. Second detail shows an individual cell with
1392:, distributed in patches over the body, for hunting other knifefish.
439:
419:
397:(the banded knifefish). He noted that the fish is from the rivers of
96:
4853:
4436:
3286:
1486:
that create the electrical discharge. These organs are also rich in
1455:, but where muscle cell proteins form a dense structure of parallel
4950:
4230:] (in Portuguese). SĂŁo Paulo: Arquivos do NEHiLP. p. 277.
5036:
4134:"Power Transfer to a Human during an Electric Eel's Shocking Leap"
3624:
3622:
3620:
3618:
3616:
3614:
3612:
1550:
1519:
1510:
1471:
1467:
1448:
1394:
1356:
1260:
1220:
1191:
1025:
867:
494:
425:
297:
4672:
4077:
1498:
322:
4857:
4676:
4507:
Xu, Jian; Sigworth, Fred J.; Lavan, David A. (5 January 2010).
1958:
which can provide about a twentieth of the energy density of a
1335:, which consists of tiny bones connecting the inner ear to the
473:(now in a narrower sense than before), and the two new species
4937:
3851:. In Marc D. Binder; Nobutaka Hirokawa; Uwe Windhorst (eds.).
2565:
1304:
Electric eels get most of their oxygen by breathing air using
1030:
Differences between the three species of electric eel, namely
4193:
4191:
2337:
Field Guide to the Fishes of the Amazon, Orinoco, and Guianas
1494:
used to create a potential difference across cell membranes.
433:
413:
2584:
2582:
1773:
Cross-section:C=Back muscles, H=main organ, I=Hunter's organ
2389:
A Treatise on Frictional Electricity in Theory and Practice
2124:
Ferraris, C. J. Jr; de Santana, C. D.; Vari, R. P. (2017).
1151:
is central, largely in the lowlands. The lowland region of
4402:"Experimental Researches in Electricity, Fifteenth Series"
3969:"The third form electric organ discharge of electric eels"
3878:"Electric eels use high-voltage to track fast-moving prey"
2119:
2117:
1497:
The maximum discharge from the main organ is at least 600
1423:
to trigger electrical activity. Final detail shows coiled
526:. Most knifefishes are weakly electric, capable of active
30:
This article is about the fish genus. For other uses, see
2257:
Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London
2009:'s 1806 translation of a later edition reads: "GYMNOTUS.
3164:
de Santana, C. D.; Vari, R. P.; Wosiacki, W. B. (2013).
2647:
1681:; both fish were dissected by the surgeon and anatomist
2434:
2432:
2430:
2088:
2086:
2084:
2082:
1878:
Journey to the Equinoctial Regions of the New Continent
1439:: low voltage and high voltage. The organs are made of
980:
generator in nature, capable of generating 860 V. Like
4509:"Synthetic Protocells to Mimic and Test Cell Function"
4329:
Journal of the History of Medicine and Allied Sciences
3967:
Xu, Jun; Cui, Xiang; Zhang, Huiyuan (18 March 2021).
3109:(190). University of Michigan Museum of Zoology: 66.
2413:. Auckland, New Zealand: Magnolia Press. p. 57.
1170:
mainly eats fish, in particular the armoured catfish
4361:
4359:
3962:
3960:
3958:
3855:. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer. pp. 1050â1056.
1790:
Also in 1775, the American physician and politician
463:
In 2019, C. David de Santana and colleagues divided
319:
ability to stun their prey by generating electricity
4866:
4825:
4762:
4731:
4710:
2496:
2494:
2492:
2490:
2309:
The Genera of Fishes and a Classification of Fishes
1574:to trigger an electric organ discharge. This opens
1399:Electric eel anatomy: first detail shows stacks of
4222:Papavero, Nelson; Teixeira, Dante Martins (2014).
2488:
2486:
2484:
2482:
2480:
2478:
2476:
2474:
2472:
2470:
2306:
930:, has a U-shaped head, with a flattened skull and
4224:ZoonĂmia tupi nos escritos quinhentistas europeus
1644:The first written mention of the electric eel or
3468:
3466:
3464:
1719:inch (1.5 mm) thick in the main organ, and
1466:involved in electric organ discharge, including
1147:northwards; both species live in upland waters.
4407:Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society
4392:
4390:
4292:Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society
3784:
3782:
3780:
3530:
3528:
2335:van der Sleen, P.; Albert, J. S., eds. (2017).
2268:
2266:
1645:
4228:Tupi zoonymy in 16th century European writings
3842:
3840:
3838:
3836:
3100:
3098:
3096:
3094:
2865:
2863:
2205:
2203:
2201:
2199:
2155:
2153:
1962:, and an energy conversion efficiency of 10%.
1856:was sent to Latin America by the physiologist
1845:released by the fish to "the electricity of a
4688:
4480:
4478:
2297:
2295:
2239:
2237:
2235:
2233:
2231:
2229:
1729:inch (0.45 mm) thick in Hunter's organ.
8:
3130:
3128:
3126:
3124:
2748:; Bodznick, D. A.; Northcutt, R. G. (1983).
2410:Zootaxa: Family-group names of Recent fishes
4379:] (in German). Vol. 1. Stuttgart:
4253:Journal of the American Medical Association
2330:
2328:
2162:Journal of the History of the Neurosciences
1505:; powerful marine electric fishes like the
4854:
4695:
4681:
4673:
3849:"Electric Organ; Electric Organ Discharge"
2710:Signals from Incomplete Lineage Sorting".
1376:Electric eels can locate their prey using
513:genus is estimated to have split from its
460:, as did Ferraris and colleagues in 2017.
47:
38:
4540:
4419:
4159:
4108:
4098:
3994:
3909:
3816:
3760:
3750:
3662:
3592:
3552:
3508:
3444:
3309:Zeitschrift fĂŒr Vergleichende Physiologie
3199:
3189:
3074:
3033:
2843:
2833:
2776:
2685:
2624:
2614:
2536:
2141:
2029:compressed, carinate beneath with a fin.
1119:may have split around 3.6 mya during the
408:moved the electric eel to its own genus,
3581:Anais da Academia Brasileira de CiĂȘncias
3537:"Electrocyte physiology: 50 years later"
2893:"Electrophorus electricus: Electric eel"
2562:"How do electric eels generate voltage?"
1531:, electric eels need to operate at high
1384:in the head. The lateral line itself is
1316:which has a rich blood supply, enabling
348:. This order is more closely related to
3876:Catania, Kenneth C. (20 October 2015).
2214:. HAL open-access archive. hal-03423498
2078:
1986:
1862:
1731:
4209:
4197:
4182:
3473:Xu, J.; Lavan, D. A. (November 2008).
3382:
3356:The Amazon What Everyone Needs to Know
3341:
2916:
2870:Bastos, Douglas Aviz (November 2020).
2648:Bullock, Bodznick & Northcutt 1983
4621:Electric Fishes: History and Behavior
4283:"Experiments and observations on the
3789:Catania, Kenneth C. (November 2015).
3397:Vertebrates: Structures and Functions
2210:Edwards, Paul J. (10 November 2021).
1562:Electric eel shocking and eating prey
1265:Electric eel skeleton, with the long
194:
7:
5042:8C37211C-FFAE-FFF2-F63F-E2F4C1B9FEE2
4718:Electroreception and electrogenesis
3000:"Social predation in electric eels"
2392:. London: Virtue & Co. p.
1353:Electroreception and electrogenesis
729:
658:
651:
644:
611:
601:
559:
549:
4494:Archives of Anatomy and Physiology
3700:10.1016/b978-0-12-387738-3.00048-2
3303:Johansen, Kjell; Lenfant, Claude;
1943:converting energy more efficiently
1745:dissected an electric eel in 1775.
1539:, each producing a small voltage,
1431:Electric eels have three pairs of
391:, placing it in the same genus as
25:
4132:Catania, K. C. (September 2017).
321:, delivering shocks at up to 860
313:from South America in the family
4658:
4644:
2045:sprinkled with perforated dots;
1908:
1893:
1865:
1778:
1766:
1750:
1734:
1077:
1066:
1055:
871:
824:
819:
780:
775:
770:
747:
742:
700:
695:
674:
669:
627:
622:
584:
578:
573:
541:
535:
379:When the species now defined as
73:
27:Genus of fishes in South America
3941:University of Western Australia
3594:10.1590/s0001-37652000000300008
3541:Journal of Experimental Biology
2364:Linnaeus, Carl (January 1806).
1419:terminal buttons are releasing
1301:themselves through the water.
3225:Journal of Oceanic Engineering
2445:. Springer. pp. 360â409.
2021:covered with the common skin:
1143:is southern, ranging from the
976:This species is the strongest
1:
2678:10.1080/23802359.2016.1174090
2386:Harris, William Snow (1867).
2376:(free, registration required)
2037:. Inhabits various rivers of
1693:appears very much like an eel
1484:voltage-gated sodium channels
1135:is northern, confined to the
448:and Campos-da-Paz lumped the
412:. The name is from the Greek
32:Electric eel (disambiguation)
4071:Catania, K. C. (June 2016).
3853:Encyclopedia of Neuroscience
3752:10.1371/journal.pone.0118352
3535:Markham, Michael R. (2013).
3191:10.1371/journal.pone.0068719
3137:Freshwater Fish Distribution
2835:10.1371/journal.pone.0036287
2769:10.1016/0165-0173(83)90003-6
2616:10.1371/journal.pone.0036287
1813:, with his invention of the
5103:Taxa named by Theodore Gill
3934:"Fact Sheet: Electric eels"
3688:Cell Physiology Source Book
3446:10.1590/1982-0224-2020-0075
3275:Canadian Journal of Zoology
3141:University of Chicago Press
3076:10.1590/1982-0224-2019-0132
1997:, it is now with the genus.
1187:Typhlonectes compressicauda
428:, a substance able to hold
317:. They are known for their
279:Electrophorus multivalvulus
5119:
4778:(S. American knifefishes)
4723:Jamming avoidance response
3987:10.1038/s41598-021-85715-3
3107:Miscellaneous Publications
2529:10.1038/s41467-019-11690-z
2367:A General System of Nature
2341:Princeton University Press
2143:10.1590/1982-0224-20160067
1346:
1087:Bodies (top to bottom) of
434:
414:
29:
4833:History of bioelectricity
4161:10.1016/j.cub.2017.08.034
3818:10.1016/j.cub.2015.09.036
3354:Plotkin, Mark J. (2020).
2315:Stanford University Press
2174:10.1080/09647040601070325
2013:with lateral opercula; 2
1689:that "Gymnotus Electricus
1650:('the one that numbs' in
1594:in a manner similar to a
1437:electric organ discharges
1427:chains of an ion channel.
1214:(armoured catfishes) and
1210:; it preys especially on
1162:Electric eels are mostly
860:
813:
762:
734:
727:
689:
668:(bluntnose knifefishes)
663:
656:
649:
642:
616:
609:
599:
564:
557:
336:) but are members of the
242:
235:
193:
188:
170:
163:
70:Scientific classification
68:
55:
46:
41:
5088:Fish of the Amazon basin
4381:J. G. Cotta'scher Verlag
4342:10.1093/jhmas/xxiv.2.140
2666:Mitochondrial DNA Part B
2451:10.1007/0-387-28275-0_13
2096:; Pauly, Daniel (eds.).
1635:Interactions with humans
1312:is lined with a frilled
1269:at top, the row of bony
916:Electrophorus electricus
381:Electrophorus electricus
359:Electrophorus electricus
198:Electrophorus electricus
58:Electrophorus electricus
4367:von Humboldt, Alexander
4100:10.1073/pnas.1604009113
4042:10.1126/science.1260807
3433:Neotropical Ichthyology
3360:Oxford University Press
3063:Neotropical Ichthyology
2933:Journal of Fish Biology
2130:Neotropical Ichthyology
2110:. October 2022 version.
1924:Artificial electrocytes
1872:Artist's impression of
1654:) is in records by the
1646:
1488:sodium potassium ATPase
1184:(a legless amphibian),
5098:Taxa described in 1864
5083:Strongly electric fish
4586:10.1002/adma.201505742
4533:10.1002/adma.200901945
4421:10.1098/rstl.1839.0002
4305:10.1098/rstl.1775.0011
3847:Kramer, Bernd (2008).
3655:10.1126/sciadv.1700523
3501:10.1038/nnano.2008.274
3135:Berra, Tim M. (2007).
2757:Brain Research Reviews
1874:Alexander von Humboldt
1822:Alexander von Humboldt
1820:In 1800, the explorer
1685:. Hunter informed the
1563:
1544:
1428:
1373:
1274:
1248:
1048:
509:). The lineage of the
452:genus with the family
4747:Ampullae of Lorenzini
4265:10.1001/jama.2011.933
3882:Nature Communications
3480:Nature Nanotechnology
3395:Kisia, S. M. (2016).
3305:Schmidt-Nielsen, Knut
3005:Ecology and Evolution
2882:Abstracts in English.
2724:10.1093/sysbio/syy085
2508:Nature Communications
1975:light-emitting diodes
1852:The German zoologist
1832:In 1839, the chemist
1561:
1523:
1398:
1360:
1347:Further information:
1264:
1224:
1029:
741:(banded knifefishes)
621:(ghost knifefishes)
493:Electric eels form a
4806:(electric catfishes)
4655:at Wikimedia Commons
4200:, pp. 297, 300.
4146:(18): 2887â2891.e2.
3694:. pp. 855â869.
3143:. pp. 246â248.
2897:Animal Diversity Web
2746:Bullock, Theodore H.
2343:. pp. 330â334.
1858:Emil du Bois-Reymond
1173:Megalechis thoracata
939:Electrophorus voltai
818:(glass knifefishes)
694:(sand knifefishes)
222:Electrophorus voltai
63:New England Aquarium
5093:Knifefish of Brazil
4772:(African knifefish)
4619:Moller, P. (1995).
4578:2016AdM....28.2070S
4525:2010AdM....22..120X
4496:(in German): 66â95.
4453:1879Natur..19..453V
4435:Veitch, J. (1879).
4383:. pp. 404â406.
4285:Gymnotus electricus
4185:, pp. 292â293.
4152:2017CBio...27E2887C
4091:2016PNAS..113.6979C
4034:2014Sci...346.1231C
4028:(6214): 1231â1234.
3894:2015NatCo...6.8638C
3809:2015CBio...25.2889C
3743:2015PLoSO..1018352C
3647:2017SciA....3E0523T
3493:2008NatNa...3..666X
3385:, pp. 361â362.
3237:1999IJOE...24..237S
3182:2013PLoSO...868719D
3018:2021EcoEv..11.1088B
2826:2012PLoSO...736287L
2607:2012PLoSO...736287L
2521:2019NatCo..10.4000D
2251:Gymnotus electricus
2249:"An account of the
2061:broad and with the
1886:William Home Lizars
1705:flat partitions or
989:Electrophorus varii
389:Gymnotus electricus
263:Gymnotus electricus
210:Electrophorus varii
173:Gymnotus electricus
4566:Advanced Materials
4513:Advanced Materials
4287:, or electric eel"
3974:Scientific Reports
3902:10.1038/ncomms9638
3554:10.1242/jeb.082628
3321:10.1007/bf00341112
2712:Systematic Biology
2560:Matthews, Robert.
2098:"Species in genus
2017:at the upper lip:
1951:retinal prostheses
1882:James Hope Stewart
1805:. Galvani founded
1617:sexually dimorphic
1590:, it generates an
1588:electric potential
1564:
1545:
1525:Impedance matching
1462:Potassium channel
1429:
1390:tuberous receptors
1382:lateral line organ
1374:
1333:Weberian apparatus
1322:opercular openings
1275:
1249:
1049:
430:static electricity
356:, containing only
5065:
5064:
5024:Open Tree of Life
4860:Taxon identifiers
4851:
4850:
4743:Electroreceptors
4649:Media related to
4630:978-0-412-37380-0
4572:(10): 2070â2076.
4237:978-85-7506-230-2
4085:(25): 6979â6984.
3862:978-3-540-23735-8
3803:(22): 2889â2898.
3709:978-0-12-387738-3
3547:(13): 2451â2458.
3410:978-1-4398-4052-8
3369:978-0-19-066829-7
3245:10.1109/48.757275
3150:978-0-226-04442-2
3026:10.1002/ece3.7121
2981:Herpetology Notes
2946:10.1111/jfb.14413
2876:(in Portuguese).
2460:978-0-387-23192-1
2420:978-1-77557-573-3
2350:978-0-691-17074-9
1960:leadâacid battery
1807:electrophysiology
1675:River Plate basin
1664:RamĂłn M. Termeyer
1662:, and the Jesuit
1559:
1421:neurotransmitters
1380:derived from the
1343:Electrophysiology
1206:, is also a fish
1194:skin secretions.
902:
901:
893:
892:
884:
883:
846:
845:
837:
836:
802:
801:
793:
792:
713:
712:
532:mitochondrial DNA
501:within the order
383:was described by
290:
289:
274:Delle Chiaje 1847
255:Gymnotus tremulus
229:
217:
205:
159:
16:(Redirected from
5110:
5058:
5057:
5045:
5044:
5032:
5031:
5019:
5018:
5006:
5005:
4993:
4992:
4980:
4979:
4967:
4966:
4954:
4953:
4941:
4940:
4928:
4927:
4915:
4914:
4902:
4901:
4900:
4887:
4886:
4885:
4855:
4843:Magnetoreception
4794:(elephantfishes)
4697:
4690:
4683:
4674:
4663:Data related to
4662:
4648:
4634:
4606:
4605:
4561:
4555:
4554:
4544:
4504:
4498:
4497:
4482:
4473:
4472:
4461:10.1038/019453b0
4447:(490): 453â456.
4432:
4426:
4425:
4423:
4398:Faraday, Michael
4394:
4385:
4384:
4363:
4354:
4353:
4323:
4317:
4316:
4279:Williamson, Hugh
4275:
4269:
4268:
4248:
4242:
4241:
4219:
4213:
4207:
4201:
4195:
4186:
4180:
4174:
4173:
4163:
4129:
4123:
4122:
4112:
4102:
4068:
4062:
4061:
4015:
4009:
4008:
3998:
3964:
3953:
3952:
3950:
3948:
3943:. February 2015
3938:
3930:
3924:
3923:
3913:
3873:
3867:
3866:
3844:
3831:
3830:
3820:
3786:
3775:
3774:
3764:
3754:
3720:
3714:
3713:
3683:
3677:
3676:
3666:
3635:Science Advances
3626:
3607:
3606:
3596:
3573:
3567:
3566:
3556:
3532:
3523:
3522:
3512:
3470:
3459:
3458:
3448:
3424:
3415:
3414:
3392:
3386:
3380:
3374:
3373:
3351:
3345:
3339:
3333:
3332:
3300:
3291:
3290:
3266:
3257:
3256:
3220:
3214:
3213:
3203:
3193:
3161:
3155:
3154:
3132:
3119:
3118:
3102:
3089:
3088:
3078:
3054:
3048:
3047:
3037:
3012:(3): 1088â1092.
2995:
2989:
2988:
2972:
2966:
2965:
2940:(4): 1220â1223.
2926:
2920:
2914:
2908:
2907:
2905:
2903:
2889:
2883:
2881:
2867:
2858:
2857:
2847:
2837:
2805:
2799:
2798:
2780:
2754:
2742:
2736:
2735:
2706:
2700:
2699:
2689:
2657:
2651:
2645:
2639:
2638:
2628:
2618:
2586:
2577:
2576:
2574:
2572:
2557:
2551:
2550:
2540:
2498:
2465:
2464:
2442:Electroreception
2436:
2425:
2424:
2404:
2398:
2397:
2383:
2377:
2375:
2370:. Translated by
2361:
2355:
2354:
2332:
2323:
2322:
2312:
2299:
2290:
2289:
2270:
2261:
2260:
2241:
2224:
2223:
2221:
2219:
2207:
2194:
2193:
2157:
2148:
2147:
2145:
2121:
2112:
2111:
2090:
2066:
2057:small, prickly:
2004:
1998:
1991:
1971:electric watches
1947:medical implants
1935:nanoscopic scale
1912:
1897:
1869:
1815:electric battery
1811:electrochemistry
1803:Alessandro Volta
1782:
1770:
1754:
1738:
1728:
1727:
1723:
1718:
1717:
1713:
1700:
1696:
1692:
1672:
1649:
1592:electric current
1568:neurotransmitter
1560:
1529:electric current
1443:, modified from
1378:electroreceptors
1370:mechanoreceptors
1366:electroreceptors
1267:vertebral column
1176:. A specimen of
1145:Brazilian shield
1081:
1070:
1059:
1021:
975:
925:
875:
828:
823:
784:
779:
774:
751:
746:
730:
704:
699:
692:Rhamphichthyidae
678:
673:
659:
652:
645:
631:
626:
612:
602:
588:
582:
577:
560:
550:
545:
539:
522:sometime in the
443:
437:
436:
423:
417:
416:
338:electroreceptive
327:electric battery
283:
275:
267:
259:
251:
247:Gymnotus tremuli
228:
225:
216:
213:
204:
203:(Linnaeus, 1766)
201:
183:
158:
152:
78:
77:
61:specimen at the
51:
39:
21:
5118:
5117:
5113:
5112:
5111:
5109:
5108:
5107:
5078:Electrophoridae
5068:
5067:
5066:
5061:
5053:
5048:
5040:
5035:
5027:
5022:
5014:
5009:
5001:
4996:
4988:
4983:
4975:
4970:
4962:
4957:
4949:
4944:
4936:
4931:
4923:
4918:
4910:
4905:
4896:
4895:
4890:
4881:
4880:
4875:
4862:
4852:
4847:
4821:
4812:(electric rays)
4810:Torpediniformes
4786:(electric eels)
4758:
4727:
4706:
4701:
4641:
4631:
4618:
4615:
4610:
4609:
4563:
4562:
4558:
4506:
4505:
4501:
4484:
4483:
4476:
4434:
4433:
4429:
4396:
4395:
4388:
4365:
4364:
4357:
4325:
4324:
4320:
4277:
4276:
4272:
4250:
4249:
4245:
4238:
4221:
4220:
4216:
4208:
4204:
4196:
4189:
4181:
4177:
4139:Current Biology
4131:
4130:
4126:
4070:
4069:
4065:
4017:
4016:
4012:
3966:
3965:
3956:
3946:
3944:
3936:
3932:
3931:
3927:
3875:
3874:
3870:
3863:
3846:
3845:
3834:
3796:Current Biology
3788:
3787:
3778:
3737:(3): e0118352.
3722:
3721:
3717:
3710:
3685:
3684:
3680:
3641:(7): e1700523.
3628:
3627:
3610:
3575:
3574:
3570:
3534:
3533:
3526:
3487:(11): 666â670.
3472:
3471:
3462:
3426:
3425:
3418:
3411:
3403:. p. 151.
3394:
3393:
3389:
3381:
3377:
3370:
3353:
3352:
3348:
3340:
3336:
3302:
3301:
3294:
3287:10.1139/z78-101
3268:
3267:
3260:
3222:
3221:
3217:
3163:
3162:
3158:
3151:
3134:
3133:
3122:
3104:
3103:
3092:
3056:
3055:
3051:
2997:
2996:
2992:
2974:
2973:
2969:
2928:
2927:
2923:
2915:
2911:
2901:
2899:
2891:
2890:
2886:
2869:
2868:
2861:
2807:
2806:
2802:
2752:
2744:
2743:
2739:
2708:
2707:
2703:
2659:
2658:
2654:
2646:
2642:
2588:
2587:
2580:
2570:
2568:
2559:
2558:
2554:
2500:
2499:
2468:
2461:
2438:
2437:
2428:
2421:
2406:
2405:
2401:
2385:
2384:
2380:
2372:Turton, William
2363:
2362:
2358:
2351:
2334:
2333:
2326:
2301:
2300:
2293:
2278:Systema Naturae
2272:
2271:
2264:
2243:
2242:
2227:
2217:
2215:
2209:
2208:
2197:
2159:
2158:
2151:
2123:
2122:
2115:
2092:
2091:
2080:
2075:
2070:
2069:
2005:
2001:
1992:
1988:
1983:
1926:
1919:
1913:
1904:
1901:Michael Faraday
1898:
1889:
1884:; engraving by
1870:
1843:electric charge
1834:Michael Faraday
1792:Hugh Williamson
1786:
1783:
1774:
1771:
1762:
1755:
1746:
1739:
1725:
1721:
1720:
1715:
1711:
1710:
1698:
1694:
1690:
1666:
1642:
1637:
1608:
1551:
1503:high resistance
1433:electric organs
1355:
1345:
1259:
1257:General biology
1254:
1129:
1102:
1101:
1100:
1099:
1084:
1083:
1082:
1073:
1072:
1071:
1062:
1061:
1060:
1018:Castro e Castro
992:
964:Castro e Castro
942:
919:
908:
903:
894:
885:
847:
838:
803:
794:
768:(electric eels)
714:
528:electrolocation
499:electric fishes
491:
394:Gymnotus carapo
377:
372:
311:freshwater fish
286:
281:
273:
271:Gymnotus Regius
265:
257:
249:
226:
214:
202:
184:
178:
176:
153:
151:
72:
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
5116:
5114:
5106:
5105:
5100:
5095:
5090:
5085:
5080:
5070:
5069:
5063:
5062:
5060:
5059:
5046:
5033:
5020:
5007:
4994:
4981:
4968:
4955:
4942:
4929:
4916:
4903:
4888:
4872:
4870:
4864:
4863:
4858:
4849:
4848:
4846:
4845:
4840:
4835:
4829:
4827:
4823:
4822:
4820:
4819:
4813:
4807:
4804:Malapteruridae
4801:
4795:
4789:
4788:
4787:
4773:
4766:
4764:
4760:
4759:
4757:
4756:
4755:
4754:
4749:
4741:
4739:Electric organ
4735:
4733:
4729:
4728:
4726:
4725:
4720:
4714:
4712:
4708:
4707:
4702:
4700:
4699:
4692:
4685:
4677:
4671:
4670:
4669:at Wikispecies
4656:
4640:
4639:External links
4637:
4636:
4635:
4629:
4614:
4611:
4608:
4607:
4556:
4519:(1): 120â127.
4499:
4474:
4427:
4386:
4355:
4336:(2): 140â150.
4318:
4299:(65): 94â101.
4270:
4243:
4236:
4214:
4212:, p. 293.
4202:
4187:
4175:
4124:
4063:
4010:
3954:
3925:
3868:
3861:
3832:
3776:
3715:
3708:
3678:
3608:
3587:(3): 341â351.
3568:
3524:
3460:
3416:
3409:
3387:
3375:
3368:
3362:. p. 91.
3346:
3344:, p. 462.
3334:
3315:(2): 137â163.
3292:
3281:(4): 717â729.
3258:
3231:(2): 237â252.
3215:
3156:
3149:
3120:
3090:
3049:
2990:
2967:
2921:
2919:, p. 346.
2909:
2884:
2859:
2800:
2737:
2718:(4): 573â593.
2701:
2672:(1): 401â403.
2652:
2640:
2578:
2552:
2466:
2459:
2426:
2419:
2399:
2378:
2356:
2349:
2324:
2291:
2274:Linnaeus, Carl
2262:
2259:(65): 395â407.
2225:
2195:
2168:(2): 160â174.
2149:
2113:
2094:Froese, Rainer
2077:
2076:
2074:
2071:
2068:
2067:
2007:William Turton
1999:
1985:
1984:
1982:
1979:
1925:
1922:
1921:
1920:
1914:
1907:
1905:
1899:
1892:
1890:
1871:
1864:
1847:Leyden battery
1788:
1787:
1784:
1777:
1775:
1772:
1765:
1763:
1756:
1749:
1747:
1740:
1733:
1641:
1640:Early research
1638:
1636:
1633:
1607:
1604:
1386:mechanosensory
1344:
1341:
1326:carbon dioxide
1306:buccal pumping
1258:
1255:
1253:
1250:
1212:Callichthyidae
1128:
1125:
1086:
1085:
1076:
1075:
1074:
1065:
1064:
1063:
1054:
1053:
1052:
1051:
1050:
1024:
1023:
985:
978:bioelectricity
935:
907:
904:
900:
899:
896:
895:
891:
890:
887:
886:
882:
881:
878:
877:
870:, and allies)
859:
853:
852:
849:
848:
844:
843:
840:
839:
835:
834:
831:
830:
812:
809:
808:
805:
804:
800:
799:
796:
795:
791:
790:
787:
786:
761:
758:
757:
754:
753:
733:
728:
726:
720:
719:
716:
715:
711:
710:
707:
706:
688:
685:
684:
681:
680:
662:
657:
655:
650:
648:
643:
641:
638:
637:
634:
633:
615:
610:
608:
600:
598:
595:
594:
591:
590:
563:
558:
556:
548:
507:Anguilliformes
490:
487:
376:
373:
371:
368:
334:Anguilliformes
288:
287:
285:
284:
282:Nakashima 1941
276:
268:
260:
252:
250:Gronovius 1760
243:
240:
239:
233:
232:
231:
230:
218:
206:
191:
190:
186:
185:
177:
168:
167:
161:
160:
144:
140:
139:
134:
130:
129:
124:
120:
119:
117:Actinopterygii
114:
110:
109:
104:
100:
99:
94:
90:
89:
84:
80:
79:
66:
65:
53:
52:
44:
43:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
5115:
5104:
5101:
5099:
5096:
5094:
5091:
5089:
5086:
5084:
5081:
5079:
5076:
5075:
5073:
5056:
5051:
5047:
5043:
5038:
5034:
5030:
5025:
5021:
5017:
5012:
5008:
5004:
4999:
4995:
4991:
4986:
4982:
4978:
4973:
4969:
4965:
4960:
4956:
4952:
4947:
4943:
4939:
4934:
4930:
4926:
4921:
4917:
4913:
4908:
4904:
4899:
4898:Electrophorus
4893:
4889:
4884:
4878:
4874:
4873:
4871:
4869:
4868:Electrophorus
4865:
4861:
4856:
4844:
4841:
4839:
4836:
4834:
4831:
4830:
4828:
4824:
4817:
4816:Uranoscopidae
4814:
4811:
4808:
4805:
4802:
4799:
4796:
4793:
4790:
4785:
4784:
4783:Electrophorus
4780:
4779:
4777:
4776:Gymnotiformes
4774:
4771:
4768:
4767:
4765:
4761:
4753:
4750:
4748:
4745:
4744:
4742:
4740:
4737:
4736:
4734:
4730:
4724:
4721:
4719:
4716:
4715:
4713:
4709:
4705:
4704:Electric fish
4698:
4693:
4691:
4686:
4684:
4679:
4678:
4675:
4668:
4667:
4666:Electrophorus
4661:
4657:
4654:
4653:
4652:Electrophorus
4647:
4643:
4642:
4638:
4632:
4626:
4622:
4617:
4616:
4612:
4603:
4599:
4595:
4591:
4587:
4583:
4579:
4575:
4571:
4567:
4560:
4557:
4552:
4548:
4543:
4538:
4534:
4530:
4526:
4522:
4518:
4514:
4510:
4503:
4500:
4495:
4491:
4487:
4481:
4479:
4475:
4470:
4466:
4462:
4458:
4454:
4450:
4446:
4442:
4438:
4431:
4428:
4422:
4417:
4413:
4409:
4408:
4403:
4399:
4393:
4391:
4387:
4382:
4378:
4374:
4373:
4368:
4362:
4360:
4356:
4351:
4347:
4343:
4339:
4335:
4331:
4330:
4322:
4319:
4314:
4310:
4306:
4302:
4298:
4294:
4293:
4288:
4286:
4280:
4274:
4271:
4266:
4262:
4258:
4254:
4247:
4244:
4239:
4233:
4229:
4225:
4218:
4215:
4211:
4206:
4203:
4199:
4194:
4192:
4188:
4184:
4179:
4176:
4171:
4167:
4162:
4157:
4153:
4149:
4145:
4141:
4140:
4135:
4128:
4125:
4120:
4116:
4111:
4106:
4101:
4096:
4092:
4088:
4084:
4080:
4079:
4074:
4067:
4064:
4059:
4055:
4051:
4047:
4043:
4039:
4035:
4031:
4027:
4023:
4022:
4014:
4011:
4006:
4002:
3997:
3992:
3988:
3984:
3980:
3976:
3975:
3970:
3963:
3961:
3959:
3955:
3942:
3935:
3929:
3926:
3921:
3917:
3912:
3907:
3903:
3899:
3895:
3891:
3887:
3883:
3879:
3872:
3869:
3864:
3858:
3854:
3850:
3843:
3841:
3839:
3837:
3833:
3828:
3824:
3819:
3814:
3810:
3806:
3802:
3798:
3797:
3792:
3785:
3783:
3781:
3777:
3772:
3768:
3763:
3758:
3753:
3748:
3744:
3740:
3736:
3732:
3731:
3726:
3719:
3716:
3711:
3705:
3701:
3697:
3693:
3689:
3682:
3679:
3674:
3670:
3665:
3660:
3656:
3652:
3648:
3644:
3640:
3636:
3632:
3625:
3623:
3621:
3619:
3617:
3615:
3613:
3609:
3604:
3600:
3595:
3590:
3586:
3582:
3579:
3572:
3569:
3564:
3560:
3555:
3550:
3546:
3542:
3538:
3531:
3529:
3525:
3520:
3516:
3511:
3506:
3502:
3498:
3494:
3490:
3486:
3482:
3481:
3476:
3469:
3467:
3465:
3461:
3456:
3452:
3447:
3442:
3438:
3434:
3430:
3423:
3421:
3417:
3412:
3406:
3402:
3398:
3391:
3388:
3384:
3379:
3376:
3371:
3365:
3361:
3357:
3350:
3347:
3343:
3338:
3335:
3330:
3326:
3322:
3318:
3314:
3310:
3306:
3299:
3297:
3293:
3288:
3284:
3280:
3276:
3272:
3265:
3263:
3259:
3254:
3250:
3246:
3242:
3238:
3234:
3230:
3226:
3219:
3216:
3211:
3207:
3202:
3197:
3192:
3187:
3183:
3179:
3176:(7): e68719.
3175:
3171:
3167:
3160:
3157:
3152:
3146:
3142:
3138:
3131:
3129:
3127:
3125:
3121:
3116:
3115:2027.42/56433
3112:
3108:
3101:
3099:
3097:
3095:
3091:
3086:
3082:
3077:
3072:
3068:
3064:
3060:
3053:
3050:
3045:
3041:
3036:
3031:
3027:
3023:
3019:
3015:
3011:
3007:
3006:
3001:
2994:
2991:
2986:
2982:
2978:
2971:
2968:
2963:
2959:
2955:
2951:
2947:
2943:
2939:
2935:
2934:
2925:
2922:
2918:
2913:
2910:
2898:
2894:
2888:
2885:
2879:
2875:
2874:
2866:
2864:
2860:
2855:
2851:
2846:
2841:
2836:
2831:
2827:
2823:
2820:(5): e36287.
2819:
2815:
2811:
2804:
2801:
2796:
2792:
2788:
2784:
2779:
2778:2027.42/25137
2774:
2770:
2766:
2762:
2758:
2751:
2747:
2741:
2738:
2733:
2729:
2725:
2721:
2717:
2713:
2705:
2702:
2697:
2693:
2688:
2683:
2679:
2675:
2671:
2667:
2663:
2656:
2653:
2650:, p. 37.
2649:
2644:
2641:
2636:
2632:
2627:
2622:
2617:
2612:
2608:
2604:
2601:(5): e36287.
2600:
2596:
2592:
2585:
2583:
2579:
2567:
2563:
2556:
2553:
2548:
2544:
2539:
2534:
2530:
2526:
2522:
2518:
2514:
2510:
2509:
2504:
2497:
2495:
2493:
2491:
2489:
2487:
2485:
2483:
2481:
2479:
2477:
2475:
2473:
2471:
2467:
2462:
2456:
2452:
2448:
2444:
2443:
2435:
2433:
2431:
2427:
2422:
2416:
2412:
2411:
2403:
2400:
2395:
2391:
2390:
2382:
2379:
2373:
2369:
2368:
2360:
2357:
2352:
2346:
2342:
2338:
2331:
2329:
2325:
2320:
2316:
2311:
2310:
2304:
2303:Jordan, D. S.
2298:
2296:
2292:
2287:
2283:
2279:
2275:
2269:
2267:
2263:
2258:
2254:
2252:
2246:
2240:
2238:
2236:
2234:
2232:
2230:
2226:
2213:
2206:
2204:
2202:
2200:
2196:
2191:
2187:
2183:
2179:
2175:
2171:
2167:
2163:
2156:
2154:
2150:
2144:
2139:
2135:
2131:
2127:
2120:
2118:
2114:
2109:
2108:
2103:
2101:
2100:Electrophorus
2095:
2089:
2087:
2085:
2083:
2079:
2072:
2064:
2060:
2056:
2052:
2048:
2044:
2040:
2039:South America
2036:
2032:
2028:
2024:
2023:gill-membrane
2020:
2016:
2012:
2008:
2003:
2000:
1996:
1995:E. electricus
1990:
1987:
1980:
1978:
1976:
1972:
1968:
1963:
1961:
1957:
1952:
1948:
1944:
1940:
1939:power density
1936:
1932:
1923:
1917:
1911:
1906:
1902:
1896:
1891:
1887:
1883:
1880:. Drawing by
1879:
1875:
1868:
1863:
1861:
1859:
1855:
1850:
1848:
1844:
1840:
1835:
1830:
1828:
1823:
1818:
1816:
1812:
1808:
1804:
1800:
1799:Luigi Galvani
1795:
1793:
1781:
1776:
1769:
1764:
1760:
1759:Royal Society
1753:
1748:
1744:
1737:
1732:
1730:
1708:
1704:
1688:
1687:Royal Society
1684:
1680:
1676:
1670:
1665:
1661:
1660:French Guiana
1657:
1653:
1648:
1639:
1634:
1632:
1628:
1626:
1622:
1621:E. electricus
1618:
1614:
1613:fertilisation
1605:
1603:
1601:
1597:
1593:
1589:
1585:
1581:
1577:
1573:
1572:acetylcholine
1569:
1549:
1542:
1538:
1534:
1530:
1526:
1522:
1518:
1516:
1512:
1508:
1504:
1500:
1495:
1493:
1489:
1485:
1481:
1477:
1473:
1469:
1465:
1460:
1458:
1454:
1450:
1446:
1442:
1438:
1434:
1426:
1422:
1418:
1414:
1413:cell membrane
1410:
1406:
1402:
1397:
1393:
1391:
1387:
1383:
1379:
1371:
1367:
1363:
1359:
1354:
1350:
1349:Electric fish
1342:
1340:
1338:
1334:
1329:
1327:
1323:
1319:
1315:
1311:
1310:buccal cavity
1307:
1302:
1300:
1296:
1292:
1288:
1284:
1283:opens upwards
1280:
1279:E. electricus
1272:
1268:
1263:
1256:
1251:
1246:
1245:
1240:
1239:
1234:
1233:
1232:E. electricus
1228:
1227:Electrophorus
1223:
1219:
1217:
1213:
1209:
1205:
1201:
1197:
1193:
1189:
1188:
1183:
1179:
1175:
1174:
1169:
1165:
1160:
1158:
1154:
1150:
1146:
1142:
1138:
1137:Guiana Shield
1134:
1133:E. electricus
1126:
1124:
1122:
1118:
1114:
1113:E. electricus
1110:
1106:
1098:
1094:
1090:
1089:E. electricus
1080:
1069:
1058:
1047:
1046:
1041:
1040:
1035:
1034:
1033:E. electricus
1028:
1019:
1015:
1014:Mendes-JĂșnior
1011:
1007:
1006:Mark H. Sabaj
1003:
999:
995:
991:
990:
986:
983:
982:E. electricus
979:
973:
969:
965:
961:
957:
956:Mark H. Sabaj
953:
949:
945:
941:
940:
936:
933:
929:
923:
918:
917:
913:
912:
911:
905:
898:
897:
889:
888:
880:
879:
876:
874:
869:
865:
858:
857:Characiformes
855:
854:
851:
850:
842:
841:
833:
832:
829:
827:
822:
817:
816:Sternopygidae
811:
810:
807:
806:
798:
797:
789:
788:
785:
783:
778:
773:
769:
767:
766:Electrophorus
760:
759:
756:
755:
752:
750:
745:
740:
739:
732:
731:
725:
722:
721:
718:
717:
709:
708:
705:
703:
698:
693:
687:
686:
683:
682:
679:
677:
672:
667:
661:
660:
654:
653:
647:
646:
640:
639:
636:
635:
632:
630:
625:
620:
619:Apteronotidae
614:
613:
607:
606:Gymnotiformes
604:
603:
597:
596:
593:
592:
589:
587:
581:
576:
572:
568:
562:
561:
555:
552:
551:
547:
544:
538:
533:
529:
525:
521:
520:
516:
512:
511:Electrophorus
508:
504:
503:Gymnotiformes
500:
496:
488:
486:
484:
483:
478:
477:
472:
471:
470:E. electricus
466:
465:E. electricus
461:
459:
455:
451:
450:Electrophorus
447:
442:
431:
427:
422:
411:
410:Electrophorus
407:
406:Theodore Gill
402:
400:
396:
395:
390:
386:
385:Carl Linnaeus
382:
374:
369:
367:
363:
362:
360:
355:
351:
347:
346:Gymnotiformes
343:
339:
335:
330:
328:
324:
320:
316:
312:
309:
305:
304:
303:Electrophorus
299:
295:
294:electric eels
280:
277:
272:
269:
266:Linnaeus 1766
264:
261:
258:Houttuyn 1764
256:
253:
248:
245:
244:
241:
238:
234:
224:
223:
219:
212:
211:
207:
200:
199:
195:
192:
187:
181:
175:
174:
169:
166:
162:
156:
150:
149:
148:Electrophorus
145:
142:
141:
138:
135:
132:
131:
128:
127:Gymnotiformes
125:
122:
121:
118:
115:
112:
111:
108:
105:
102:
101:
98:
95:
92:
91:
88:
85:
82:
81:
76:
71:
67:
64:
60:
59:
54:
50:
45:
42:Electric eel
40:
37:
33:
19:
18:Electric eels
4867:
4838:Lateral line
4818:(stargazers)
4782:
4781:
4770:Gymnarchidae
4752:Knollenorgan
4665:
4651:
4623:. Springer.
4620:
4613:Bibliography
4569:
4565:
4559:
4516:
4512:
4502:
4493:
4444:
4440:
4430:
4411:
4405:
4376:
4371:
4333:
4327:
4321:
4296:
4290:
4284:
4273:
4256:
4252:
4246:
4227:
4223:
4217:
4205:
4178:
4143:
4137:
4127:
4082:
4076:
4066:
4025:
4019:
4013:
3978:
3972:
3947:26 September
3945:. Retrieved
3928:
3885:
3881:
3871:
3852:
3800:
3794:
3734:
3728:
3718:
3687:
3681:
3638:
3634:
3584:
3580:
3571:
3544:
3540:
3484:
3478:
3436:
3432:
3396:
3390:
3378:
3355:
3349:
3337:
3312:
3308:
3278:
3274:
3228:
3224:
3218:
3173:
3169:
3159:
3136:
3106:
3066:
3062:
3052:
3009:
3003:
2993:
2987:: 1141â1143.
2984:
2980:
2970:
2937:
2931:
2924:
2912:
2900:. Retrieved
2896:
2887:
2872:
2817:
2813:
2803:
2763:(1): 25â46.
2760:
2756:
2740:
2715:
2711:
2704:
2669:
2665:
2655:
2643:
2598:
2594:
2571:17 September
2569:. Retrieved
2555:
2512:
2506:
2441:
2409:
2402:
2388:
2381:
2366:
2359:
2336:
2308:
2277:
2256:
2250:
2245:Hunter, John
2216:. Retrieved
2165:
2161:
2133:
2129:
2105:
2099:
2062:
2058:
2054:
2050:
2046:
2042:
2038:
2035:Electrical G
2034:
2030:
2026:
2022:
2018:
2014:
2010:
2002:
1994:
1989:
1964:
1927:
1877:
1851:
1839:galvanometer
1831:
1819:
1796:
1789:
1741:The surgeon
1706:
1702:
1643:
1629:
1624:
1620:
1609:
1600:self-defence
1576:ion channels
1565:
1546:
1537:electrocytes
1496:
1461:
1445:muscle cells
1441:electrocytes
1430:
1417:nerve cell's
1411:through the
1405:ion channels
1401:electrocytes
1375:
1362:Lateral line
1337:swim bladder
1330:
1318:gas exchange
1303:
1278:
1276:
1247:(3, yellow).
1242:
1236:
1230:
1226:
1218:(cichlids).
1203:
1195:
1185:
1177:
1171:
1167:
1161:
1152:
1148:
1140:
1132:
1130:
1116:
1112:
1109:late Miocene
1104:
1103:
1096:
1092:
1088:
1043:
1037:
1031:
987:
981:
937:
928:type species
914:
909:
861:
814:
765:
764:
763:
736:
735:
690:
664:
617:
570:
567:Siluriformes
565:
517:
515:sister taxon
510:
497:of strongly
492:
480:
474:
468:
464:
462:
457:
456:, alongside
449:
440:
420:
409:
403:
392:
388:
380:
378:
364:
357:
331:
302:
301:
293:
291:
278:
270:
262:
254:
246:
220:
208:
196:
171:
165:Type species
147:
146:
56:
36:
4972:iNaturalist
4892:Wikispecies
4486:Sachs, Carl
4210:Moller 1995
4198:Moller 1995
4183:Moller 1995
3981:(1): 6193.
3383:Moller 1995
3342:Moller 1995
2917:Moller 1995
2515:(1): 4000.
1743:John Hunter
1683:John Hunter
1667: [
1578:, allowing
1507:torpedo ray
1241:(2, blue);
1157:dry seasons
666:Hypopomidae
569:(catfish) (
308:neotropical
5072:Categories
4798:Rajiformes
4792:Mormyridae
4711:Physiology
2317:. p.
2073:References
2031:Electricus
1967:capacitors
1956:protocells
1931:conductors
1916:Carl Sachs
1854:Carl Sachs
1679:John Walsh
1606:Life cycle
1480:calmodulin
1235:(1, red);
994:de Santana
944:de Santana
926:This, the
724:Gymnotidae
524:Cretaceous
454:Gymnotidae
340:knifefish
315:Gymnotidae
155:T. N. Gill
137:Gymnotidae
4883:Q18926800
4602:205266646
4469:244639967
4313:186211272
3455:236645742
3401:CRC Press
3085:226489479
2962:218976160
2025:5-rayed:
2015:tentacula
1625:E. voltai
1584:potassium
1570:chemical
1541:in series
1238:E. voltai
1216:Cichlidae
1196:E. voltai
1182:caecilian
1178:E. voltai
1168:E. voltai
1164:nocturnal
1141:E. voltai
1117:E. voltai
1093:E. voltai
1039:E. voltai
932:cleithrum
489:Phylogeny
476:E. voltai
404:In 1864,
370:Evolution
354:monotypic
93:Kingdom:
87:Eukaryota
4877:Wikidata
4800:(skates)
4594:26766594
4551:20217710
4488:(1877).
4414:: 1â12.
4400:(1839).
4369:(1859).
4281:(1775).
4170:28918950
4119:27274074
4058:14371418
4050:25477462
4005:33737620
3920:26485580
3888:: 8638.
3827:26521183
3771:25793901
3730:PLOS One
3692:Elsevier
3673:28695212
3603:11028099
3563:23761470
3519:18989332
3329:22364103
3253:17226211
3210:23894337
3170:PLOS ONE
3044:33598115
2954:32463115
2854:22606250
2814:PLOS ONE
2795:15603518
2732:30521024
2696:33473497
2635:22606250
2595:PLOS ONE
2547:31506444
2305:(1963).
2286:65020711
2276:(1766).
2247:(1775).
2190:22578822
2182:18421634
2107:FishBase
2051:nostrils
1949:such as
1827:harpoons
1492:ion pump
1464:proteins
1291:anal fin
1244:E. varii
1208:predator
1204:E. varii
1153:E. varii
1149:E. varii
1139:, while
1121:Pliocene
1111:, while
1105:E. varii
1097:E. varii
1045:E. varii
1002:Crampton
998:Wosiacki
952:Crampton
948:Wosiacki
922:Linnaeus
864:piranhas
738:Gymnotus
554:Otophysi
519:Gymnotus
482:E. varii
458:Gymnotus
421:ážlektron
415:ΟλΔÎșÏÏÎżÎœ
375:Taxonomy
237:Synonyms
189:Species
180:Linnaeus
133:Family:
107:Chordata
103:Phylum:
97:Animalia
83:Domain:
4990:1033771
4964:2401957
4826:Related
4732:Anatomy
4574:Bibcode
4542:2845179
4521:Bibcode
4449:Bibcode
4350:4895861
4148:Bibcode
4110:4922196
4087:Bibcode
4030:Bibcode
4021:Science
3996:7973543
3911:4667699
3890:Bibcode
3805:Bibcode
3762:4368207
3739:Bibcode
3664:5498108
3643:Bibcode
3510:2767210
3489:Bibcode
3233:Bibcode
3201:3722192
3178:Bibcode
3035:7863634
3014:Bibcode
2902:15 July
2845:3351409
2822:Bibcode
2787:6616267
2687:7799549
2626:3351409
2603:Bibcode
2538:6736962
2517:Bibcode
2065:warty."
1724:⁄
1714:⁄
1673:in the
1596:battery
1533:voltage
1457:fibrils
1425:protein
1252:Biology
1127:Ecology
1010:Dillman
960:Dillman
924:, 1766)
906:Species
432:), and
399:Surinam
350:catfish
143:Genus:
123:Order:
113:Class:
5055:269052
5029:216167
5003:163321
4951:1ELECG
4912:494293
4763:Groups
4627:
4600:
4592:
4549:
4539:
4467:
4441:Nature
4437:"Hume"
4348:
4311:
4234:
4168:
4117:
4107:
4056:
4048:
4003:
3993:
3918:
3908:
3859:
3825:
3769:
3759:
3706:
3671:
3661:
3601:
3561:
3517:
3507:
3453:
3407:
3366:
3327:
3251:
3208:
3198:
3147:
3083:
3042:
3032:
2960:
2952:
2878:Manaus
2852:
2842:
2793:
2785:
2730:
2694:
2684:
2633:
2623:
2545:
2535:
2457:
2417:
2347:
2284:
2188:
2180:
2063:palate
2059:tongue
1941:, and
1699:
1695:
1691:
1656:Jesuit
1647:puraké
1580:sodium
1515:ampere
1476:KCNJ12
1474:, and
1453:desmin
1314:mucosa
1299:propel
1287:scales
1200:tetras
1180:had a
1095:, and
1042:, and
1020:, 2019
974:, 2019
968:Bastos
868:tetras
446:Albert
296:are a
182:, 1766
157:, 1864
5050:WoRMS
5037:Plazi
4985:IRMNG
4977:88125
4938:25436
4925:632F9
4598:S2CID
4465:S2CID
4375:[
4309:S2CID
4259:(1).
4226:[
4054:S2CID
3937:(PDF)
3451:S2CID
3439:(2).
3325:S2CID
3249:S2CID
3081:S2CID
3069:(3).
2958:S2CID
2791:S2CID
2753:(PDF)
2218:6 May
2186:S2CID
2136:(1).
2055:teeth
1981:Notes
1707:septa
1671:]
1511:Hertz
1499:volts
1490:, an
1472:KCNH6
1468:KCNA1
1449:actin
1409:pumps
1273:below
1192:toxic
495:clade
441:phĂ©rĆ
426:amber
342:order
323:volts
306:, of
298:genus
5016:8004
5011:NCBI
4998:ITIS
4959:GBIF
4946:EPPO
4907:BOLD
4625:ISBN
4590:PMID
4547:PMID
4346:PMID
4334:XXIV
4232:ISBN
4166:PMID
4115:PMID
4078:PNAS
4046:PMID
4001:PMID
3949:2022
3916:PMID
3857:ISBN
3823:PMID
3767:PMID
3704:ISBN
3669:PMID
3599:PMID
3559:PMID
3515:PMID
3405:ISBN
3364:ISBN
3206:PMID
3145:ISBN
3040:PMID
2950:PMID
2904:2022
2850:PMID
2783:PMID
2728:PMID
2692:PMID
2631:PMID
2573:2022
2543:PMID
2455:ISBN
2415:ISBN
2345:ISBN
2282:OCLC
2220:2022
2178:PMID
2047:body
2043:Head
2027:body
2019:eyes
2011:Head
1801:and
1703:viz.
1652:Tupi
1623:and
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