525:
668:
552:
2125:
2704:
1050:
1584:
229:
1572:. Reliable electric power is essential to telecommunications and broadcasting. Electric power is used to provide air conditioning in hot climates, and in some places, electric power is an economically competitive energy source for building space heating. The use of electric power for pumping water ranges from individual household wells to irrigation and energy storage projects.
1060:
The relationship between real power, reactive power and apparent power can be expressed by representing the quantities as vectors. Real power is represented as a horizontal vector and reactive power is represented as a vertical vector. The apparent power vector is the hypotenuse of a right triangle
1567:
Electric power, produced from central generating stations and distributed over an electrical transmission grid, is widely used in industrial, commercial, and consumer applications. A country's per capita electric power consumption correlates with its industrial development. Electric motors power
1568:
manufacturing machinery and propel subways and railway trains. Electric lighting is the most important form of artificial light. Electrical energy is used directly in processes such as extraction of aluminum from its ores and in production of steel in
852:(also referred to as active power). The amplitude of that portion of energy flow (power) that results in no net transfer of energy but instead oscillates between the source and load in each cycle due to stored energy, is known as the absolute value of
1225:
Electrical energy flows wherever electric and magnetic fields exist together and fluctuate in the same place. The simplest example of this is in electrical circuits, as the preceding section showed. In the general case, however, the simple equation
1126:
459:
1314:
974:
621:
flows through the device in a direction from higher potential (voltage) to lower potential, so positive charge moves from the positive (+) terminal to the negative (−) terminal, work is done by the charges on the device. The
1209:
847:
may result in periodic reversals of the direction of energy flow. The portion of energy flow (power) that, averaged over a complete cycle of the AC waveform, results in net transfer of energy in one direction is known as
1171:
221:
811:
698:
a circuit from a component is defined to have a negative sign. Thus passive components have positive power consumption, while power sources have negative power consumption. This is called the
1072:
391:
1253:
1559:. The electric power industry has gradually been trending towards deregulation – with emerging players offering consumers competition to the traditional public utility companies.
869:
1497:
in 1836, batteries have become a common power source for many household and industrial applications. According to a 2005 estimate, the worldwide battery industry generates
1217:
and is a number always between −1 and 1. Where the currents and voltages have non-sinusoidal forms, power factor is generalized to include the effects of distortion.
1175:
686:
Since electric power can flow either into or out of a component, a convention is needed for which direction represents positive power flow. Electric power flowing
1976:
1137:
275:. Standard prefixes apply to watts as with other SI units: thousands, millions and billions of watts are called kilowatts, megawatts and gigawatts respectively.
2649:
664:(AC) circuits the direction of the voltage periodically reverses, but the current always flows from the higher potential to the lower potential side.
1045:
by which the voltage sine wave leads the current sine wave, or equivalently the phase angle by which the current sine wave lags the voltage sine wave
1848:
1412:. His basic method is still used today: electric current is generated by the movement of a loop of wire, or disc of copper between the poles of a
1725:
IEEE Standard
Definitions for the Measurement of Electric Power Quantities Under Sinusoidal, Nonsinusoidal, Balanced, or Unbalanced Conditions
1765:
1740:
1708:
1683:
1513:(rechargeable batteries), which are designed to be recharged and used multiple times. Batteries are available in many sizes; from miniature
2707:
1825:
2733:
2546:
1347:
751:
2654:
2124:
1969:
609:
acts as a source when it provides power to a circuit, but as a load when it is connected to a battery charger and is being recharged.
171:
2274:
1933:
1911:
1655:
1408:
The fundamental principles of much electricity generation were discovered during the 1820s and early 1830s by the
British scientist
548:
in electric circuits. From the standpoint of electric power, components in an electric circuit can be divided into two categories:
605:
and batteries. Some devices can be either a source or a load, depending on the voltage and current through them. For example, a
2437:
2362:
2233:
1432:
1876:
2609:
2541:
2531:
2407:
2307:
1962:
2462:
2422:
1999:
1130:
Real and reactive powers can also be calculated directly from the apparent power, when the current and voltage are both
1543:
The electric power industry provides the production and delivery of power, in sufficient quantities to areas that need
2689:
2684:
2402:
2377:
2367:
2343:
2338:
2044:
1892:
1602:
1428:
1424:
306:
2604:
2322:
2292:
2069:
2659:
2148:
2109:
2634:
2442:
2382:
2039:
2738:
2728:
2573:
2563:
2553:
1538:
1436:
700:
681:
632:
593:
295:
1470:
of flowing water and wind. There are many other technologies that are used to generate electricity such as
2494:
2357:
2140:
2029:
1556:
1485:
that convert stored chemical energy into electrical energy. Since the invention of the first battery (or "
1403:
667:
571:
is forced to flow through the device in the direction from the lower electric potential to the higher, so
1845:
2629:
2397:
2392:
2372:
1622:
1607:
1478:
1423:, it is the first process in the delivery of electricity to consumers. The other processes, electricity
818:
322:
524:
2223:
1985:
1569:
1498:
1482:
1447:
1121:{\displaystyle {\text{(apparent power)}}^{2}={\text{(real power)}}^{2}+{\text{(reactive power)}}^{2}}
856:. The product of the RMS value of the voltage wave and the RMS value of the current wave is known as
645:
618:
606:
545:
278:
In common parlance, electric power is the production and delivery of electrical energy, an essential
164:
1781:
454:{\displaystyle {\text{Work done per unit time}}=\wp ={\frac {W}{t}}={\frac {W}{Q}}{\frac {Q}{t}}=VI}
2594:
2427:
2327:
2302:
2255:
2064:
2054:
2019:
1502:
1066:
661:
233:
1061:
formed by connecting the real and reactive power vectors. This representation is often called the
2468:
2079:
1612:
1522:
1243:
640:; they 'consume' electric power from the circuit, converting it to other forms of energy such as
602:
537:
377:
283:
237:
2619:
2499:
2104:
1929:
1907:
1872:
1822:
1761:
1736:
1704:
1679:
1651:
1617:
1551:. The grid distributes electrical energy to customers. Electric power is generated by central
1510:
1309:{\displaystyle \wp =\oint _{\text{area}}(\mathbf {E} \times \mathbf {H} )\cdot d\mathbf {A} .}
584:
338:
291:
248:
969:{\displaystyle \wp ={1 \over 2}V_{p}I_{p}\cos \theta =V_{\rm {rms}}I_{\rm {rms}}\cos \theta }
2568:
2509:
2213:
2208:
2185:
2094:
2034:
1728:
1490:
1459:
1420:
1320:
1235:
1018:
1005:
623:
580:
568:
358:
287:
252:
151:
132:
551:
2599:
2558:
2536:
2417:
2387:
2352:
2312:
2114:
1852:
1829:
1548:
1506:
1463:
1409:
1326:
657:
641:
588:
572:
533:
365:
334:
299:
264:
1949:
2624:
2614:
2412:
1921:
1467:
857:
853:
653:
627:
314:
310:
279:
2722:
2644:
2432:
2317:
2297:
2228:
2218:
2175:
2059:
2014:
1589:
1552:
1443:
1351:
1239:
1042:
725:
318:
1893:
Reports on August 2003 Blackout, North
American Electric Reliability Council website
1806:
2664:
2639:
2504:
2473:
2287:
2089:
1521:
and wristwatches to battery banks the size of rooms that provide standby power for
1494:
1486:
1471:
1214:
51:
737:
1732:
748:) to produce alternative expressions for the amount of power that is dissipated:
2489:
2457:
2250:
2238:
2158:
2084:
2074:
2004:
1903:
1544:
1526:
1518:
1514:
1451:
1049:
844:
694:
a component is arbitrarily defined to have a positive sign, while power flowing
228:
1204:{\displaystyle {\text{(reactive power)}}={\text{(apparent power)}}\sin \theta }
2452:
2447:
2260:
2243:
2099:
1579:
1509:(disposable batteries), which are designed to be used once and discarded, and
1455:
849:
840:
649:
353:
is used colloquially to mean "electric power in watts". The electric power in
1505:
in sales each year, with 6% annual growth. There are two types of batteries:
2168:
2163:
2049:
2009:
1647:
1583:
1131:
713:
1166:{\displaystyle {\text{(real power)}}={\text{(apparent power)}}\cos \theta }
2282:
1054:
836:
830:
113:
58:
626:
of the charges due to the voltage between the terminals is converted to
2203:
2193:
1954:
541:
487:
381:
126:
37:
2198:
1413:
505:
478:
272:
145:
88:
66:
16:
Rate at which electrical energy is transferred by an electric circuit
575:
move from the negative to the positive terminal, work will be done
1674:
Thomas, Roland E.; Rosa, Albert J.; Toussaint, Gregory J. (2016).
1597:
1048:
666:
550:
523:
469:
268:
227:
107:
62:
1823:
Power Shift: DFJ on the lookout for more power source investments
2153:
496:
354:
342:
260:
216:{\displaystyle {\mathsf {L}}^{2}{\mathsf {M}}{\mathsf {T}}^{-3}}
94:
42:
1958:
1069:, the relationship among real, reactive and apparent power is:
290:. It is usually supplied to businesses and homes (as domestic
1242:
of the electric field intensity and magnetic field intensity
532:
Electric power is transformed to other forms of energy when
282:
in much of the world. Electric power is usually produced by
256:
1669:
1667:
1234:
may be replaced by a more complex calculation. The closed
579:
the charges, and energy is being converted to electric
305:
Electric power can be delivered over long distances by
1256:
1178:
1140:
1075:
872:
754:
394:
174:
1213:
The ratio of real power to apparent power is called
2673:
2583:
2520:
2482:
2336:
2273:
2184:
2139:
2132:
1992:
1431:, and electrical energy storage and recovery using
163:
72:
49:
36:
26:
21:
1308:
1203:
1165:
1120:
968:
805:
453:
215:
806:{\displaystyle \wp =IV=I^{2}R={\frac {V^{2}}{R}}}
671:Transmission of power through an electric circuit
1246:gives the total instantaneous power (in watts)
1871:, Springer Science & Business Media, 2014
1493:and especially since the technically improved
286:, but can also be supplied by sources such as
1970:
716:(Ohmic, or linear) loads, the power formula (
8:
1928:(Eleventh ed.). New York: McGraw Hill.
1898:Croft, Terrell; Summers, Wilford I. (1987).
2136:
1977:
1963:
1955:
1926:Standard Handbook for Electrical Engineers
1676:The Analysis and Design of Linear Circuits
866:in watts consumed by a device is given by
839:circuits, energy storage elements such as
591:. Devices in which this occurs are called
1950:U.S. Department of Energy: Electric Power
1703:(in Spanish). Pearson. pp. 193–196.
1298:
1284:
1276:
1267:
1255:
1187:
1179:
1177:
1149:
1141:
1139:
1134:with a known phase angle θ between them:
1112:
1107:
1097:
1092:
1082:
1077:
1074:
944:
943:
926:
925:
903:
893:
879:
871:
792:
786:
774:
753:
432:
422:
409:
395:
393:
236:like these, and also through underground
204:
198:
197:
190:
189:
183:
177:
176:
173:
1760:(8 ed.). McGraw-Hill. p. 385.
1756:Hayt, William H.; Buck, John A. (2012).
1435:methods are normally carried out by the
630:in the device. These devices are called
583:from some other type of energy, such as
1678:(8 ed.). Wiley. pp. 812–813.
1634:
1318:The result is a scalar since it is the
1846:The Opportunity of Energy Group-Buying
1481:is a device consisting of one or more
199:
191:
178:
18:
1466:. Other generators are driven by the
1442:Electricity is mostly generated at a
825:Alternating current without harmonics
7:
495:is electric potential or voltage in
1350:by source. Total generation was 28
560:
2655:Renewable energy commercialization
1257:
1053:Power triangle: The components of
951:
948:
945:
933:
930:
927:
873:
755:
403:
309:and used for applications such as
14:
1811:Merriam-Webster Online Dictionary
644:, heat, light, etc. Examples are
232:Electric power is transmitted by
2703:
2702:
2123:
1582:
1299:
1285:
1277:
345:, and represented by the letter
1902:(Eleventh ed.). New York:
1900:American Electricians' Handbook
1867:Ignacio J. Pérez-Arriaga (ed),
555:Animation showing electric load
1869:Regulation of the Power Sector
1813:(2009). Retrieved 25 May 2009.
1289:
1273:
995:is the peak current in amperes
528:Animation showing power source
1:
2650:Renewable Energy Certificates
2610:Cost of electricity by source
2532:Arc-fault circuit interrupter
2408:High-voltage shore connection
1836:. Retrieved 20 November 2005.
2665:Spark/Dark/Quark/Bark spread
2463:Transmission system operator
2423:Mains electricity by country
2000:Automatic generation control
1758:Engineering Electromagnetics
1733:10.1109/IEEESTD.2010.5439063
1348:world electricity generation
986:is the peak voltage in volts
2690:List of electricity sectors
2685:Electric energy consumption
2403:High-voltage direct current
2378:Electric power transmission
2368:Electric power distribution
2045:Energy return on investment
1699:Fraile Mora, Jesús (2012).
1603:Electric energy consumption
376:seconds passing through an
247:is the rate of transfer of
2755:
2734:Electromagnetic quantities
2605:Carbon offsets and credits
2323:Three-phase electric power
1924:; Beaty, H. Wayne (1978).
1536:
1401:
828:
679:
2698:
2660:Renewable Energy Payments
2149:Fossil fuel power station
2121:
1782:"Yearly electricity data"
1727:. IEEE. 2010. p. 4.
515:watts = volts times amps.
2443:Single-wire earth return
2383:Electrical busbar system
2040:Energy demand management
2574:Residual-current device
2564:Power system protection
2554:Generator interlock kit
1834:Draper Fisher Jurvetson
1539:Electric power industry
1533:Electric power industry
1437:electric power industry
1366: Natural gas (23%)
736:) can be combined with
701:passive sign convention
682:Passive sign convention
676:Passive sign convention
613:Passive devices (loads)
563:devices (power sources)
504:is electric current in
397:Work done per unit time
337:, is the rate of doing
296:electric power industry
2358:Distributed generation
2030:Electric power quality
1557:distributed generation
1404:Electricity generation
1310:
1221:Electromagnetic fields
1205:
1167:
1122:
1057:
970:
807:
672:
556:
529:
486:is electric charge in
455:
263:, the general unit of
241:
217:
2630:Fossil fuel phase-out
2398:Electricity retailing
2393:Electrical substation
2373:Electric power system
1644:Environmental Physics
1642:Smith, Clare (2001).
1623:Rural electrification
1608:Electric power system
1570:electric arc furnaces
1483:electrochemical cells
1446:by electromechanical
1311:
1206:
1168:
1123:
1052:
971:
819:electrical resistance
808:
670:
646:electrical appliances
554:
546:electrical components
527:
456:
333:Electric power, like
231:
218:
1986:Electricity delivery
1701:Circuitos eléctricos
1254:
1176:
1138:
1073:
870:
752:
619:conventional current
607:rechargeable battery
392:
172:
2595:Availability factor
2547:Sulfur hexafluoride
2428:Overhead power line
2328:Virtual power plant
2303:Induction generator
2256:Sustainable biofuel
2065:Home energy storage
2055:Grid energy storage
2020:Droop speed control
1807:"battery" (def. 4b)
1523:telephone exchanges
1511:secondary batteries
1378: Nuclear (10%)
1067:Pythagorean Theorem
837:alternating current
662:alternating current
603:electric generators
544:), which occurs in
284:electric generators
238:high-voltage cables
2469:Transmission tower
2080:Nameplate capacity
1851:2017-05-25 at the
1828:2005-12-01 at the
1613:High-voltage cable
1421:electric utilities
1306:
1201:
1163:
1118:
1058:
1021:current in amperes
966:
803:
708:Resistive circuits
673:
557:
538:electric potential
530:
451:
378:electric potential
307:transmission lines
288:electric batteries
242:
213:
53:SI base units
2716:
2715:
2620:Environmental tax
2500:Cascading failure
2269:
2268:
2105:Utility frequency
1858:, April 18, 2016,
1786:ember-climate.org
1767:978-0-07-338066-7
1742:978-0-7381-6058-0
1710:978-8-48-322795-4
1685:978-1-119-23538-5
1618:Power engineering
1507:primary batteries
1372: Hydro (15%)
1270:
1190:
1182:
1152:
1144:
1110:
1095:
1080:
887:
860:. The real power
801:
726:Joule's first law
585:mechanical energy
440:
430:
417:
398:
292:mains electricity
267:, defined as one
249:electrical energy
226:
225:
2746:
2706:
2705:
2615:Energy subsidies
2569:Protective relay
2510:Rolling blackout
2137:
2127:
2095:Power-flow study
2035:Electrical fault
1979:
1972:
1965:
1956:
1939:
1917:
1880:
1865:
1859:
1843:
1837:
1820:
1814:
1804:
1798:
1797:
1795:
1793:
1778:
1772:
1771:
1753:
1747:
1746:
1721:
1715:
1714:
1696:
1690:
1689:
1671:
1662:
1661:
1639:
1592:
1587:
1586:
1491:Alessandro Volta
1460:geothermal power
1396: Other (5%)
1395:
1390: Solar (4%)
1389:
1383:
1377:
1371:
1365:
1360: Coal (36%)
1359:
1321:surface integral
1315:
1313:
1312:
1307:
1302:
1288:
1280:
1272:
1271:
1268:
1236:surface integral
1210:
1208:
1207:
1202:
1191:
1189:(apparent power)
1188:
1183:
1181:(reactive power)
1180:
1172:
1170:
1169:
1164:
1153:
1151:(apparent power)
1150:
1145:
1142:
1127:
1125:
1124:
1119:
1117:
1116:
1111:
1109:(reactive power)
1108:
1102:
1101:
1096:
1093:
1087:
1086:
1081:
1079:(apparent power)
1078:
1019:root-mean-square
1008:voltage in volts
1006:root-mean-square
975:
973:
972:
967:
956:
955:
954:
938:
937:
936:
908:
907:
898:
897:
888:
880:
812:
810:
809:
804:
802:
797:
796:
787:
779:
778:
658:electric heaters
624:potential energy
581:potential energy
573:positive charges
569:electric current
562:
536:move through an
534:electric charges
460:
458:
457:
452:
441:
433:
431:
423:
418:
410:
399:
396:
384:) difference of
364:consisting of a
359:electric current
335:mechanical power
222:
220:
219:
214:
212:
211:
203:
202:
195:
194:
188:
187:
182:
181:
156:
137:
118:
99:
76:other quantities
74:Derivations from
54:
19:
2754:
2753:
2749:
2748:
2747:
2745:
2744:
2743:
2719:
2718:
2717:
2712:
2694:
2678:
2676:
2669:
2600:Capacity factor
2588:
2586:
2579:
2559:Numerical relay
2537:Circuit breaker
2525:
2523:
2516:
2478:
2418:Load management
2388:Electrical grid
2353:Demand response
2346:
2341:
2332:
2313:Microgeneration
2265:
2180:
2128:
2119:
2115:Vehicle-to-grid
1988:
1983:
1946:
1936:
1922:Fink, Donald G.
1920:
1914:
1897:
1889:
1884:
1883:
1866:
1862:
1853:Wayback Machine
1844:
1840:
1830:Wayback Machine
1821:
1817:
1805:
1801:
1791:
1789:
1780:
1779:
1775:
1768:
1755:
1754:
1750:
1743:
1723:
1722:
1718:
1711:
1698:
1697:
1693:
1686:
1673:
1672:
1665:
1658:
1641:
1640:
1636:
1631:
1588:
1581:
1578:
1565:
1549:grid connection
1541:
1535:
1464:nuclear fission
1410:Michael Faraday
1406:
1400:
1399:
1398:
1397:
1393:
1391:
1387:
1385:
1384: Wind (7%)
1381:
1379:
1375:
1373:
1369:
1367:
1363:
1361:
1357:
1341:
1336:
1327:Poynting vector
1263:
1252:
1251:
1223:
1174:
1173:
1136:
1135:
1106:
1091:
1076:
1071:
1070:
1040:
1033:
1016:
1003:
994:
985:
939:
921:
899:
889:
868:
867:
833:
827:
788:
770:
750:
749:
712:In the case of
710:
684:
678:
654:electric motors
642:mechanical work
615:
589:chemical energy
565:
522:
390:
389:
372:coulombs every
357:produced by an
331:
300:electrical grid
196:
175:
170:
169:
159:
140:
121:
102:
83:
77:
75:
52:
29:
17:
12:
11:
5:
2752:
2750:
2742:
2741:
2739:Temporal rates
2736:
2731:
2729:Electric power
2721:
2720:
2714:
2713:
2711:
2710:
2699:
2696:
2695:
2693:
2692:
2687:
2681:
2679:
2675:Statistics and
2674:
2671:
2670:
2668:
2667:
2662:
2657:
2652:
2647:
2642:
2637:
2632:
2627:
2625:Feed-in tariff
2622:
2617:
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2413:Interconnector
2410:
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2363:Dynamic demand
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2337:
2334:
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2293:Combined cycle
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2118:
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2112:
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2077:
2072:
2070:Load-following
2067:
2062:
2057:
2052:
2047:
2042:
2037:
2032:
2027:
2025:Electric power
2022:
2017:
2012:
2007:
2002:
1996:
1994:
1990:
1989:
1984:
1982:
1981:
1974:
1967:
1959:
1953:
1952:
1945:
1944:External links
1942:
1941:
1940:
1934:
1918:
1912:
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1600:
1594:
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1577:
1574:
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1561:
1553:power stations
1537:Main article:
1534:
1531:
1517:used to power
1489:") in 1800 by
1474:solar panels.
1468:kinetic energy
1433:pumped-storage
1402:Main article:
1392:
1386:
1380:
1374:
1368:
1362:
1356:
1352:petawatt-hours
1344:
1343:
1342:
1340:
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1186:
1162:
1159:
1156:
1148:
1115:
1105:
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1090:
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1063:power triangle
1047:
1046:
1038:
1031:
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1009:
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911:
906:
902:
896:
892:
886:
883:
878:
875:
858:apparent power
854:reactive power
829:Main article:
826:
823:
800:
795:
791:
785:
782:
777:
773:
769:
766:
763:
760:
757:
709:
706:
680:Main article:
677:
674:
636:components or
628:kinetic energy
614:
611:
564:
558:
521:
518:
517:
516:
509:
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499:
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472:
450:
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408:
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341:, measured in
330:
327:
280:public utility
245:Electric power
234:overhead lines
224:
223:
210:
207:
201:
193:
186:
180:
167:
161:
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138:
119:
100:
80:
78:
73:
70:
69:
56:
47:
46:
40:
34:
33:
30:
28:Common symbols
27:
24:
23:
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2751:
2740:
2737:
2735:
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2709:
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2680:
2672:
2666:
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2645:Pigouvian tax
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2548:
2545:
2543:
2542:Earth-leakage
2540:
2539:
2538:
2535:
2533:
2530:
2529:
2527:
2519:
2511:
2508:
2507:
2506:
2503:
2501:
2498:
2496:
2493:
2491:
2488:
2487:
2485:
2483:Failure modes
2481:
2475:
2472:
2470:
2467:
2464:
2461:
2459:
2456:
2454:
2451:
2449:
2446:
2444:
2441:
2439:
2436:
2434:
2433:Power station
2431:
2429:
2426:
2424:
2421:
2419:
2416:
2414:
2411:
2409:
2406:
2404:
2401:
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2350:
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2345:
2340:
2335:
2329:
2326:
2324:
2321:
2319:
2318:Rankine cycle
2316:
2314:
2311:
2309:
2306:
2304:
2301:
2299:
2298:Cooling tower
2296:
2294:
2291:
2289:
2286:
2284:
2281:
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2240:
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2227:
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2222:
2221:
2220:
2217:
2215:
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2210:
2207:
2205:
2202:
2200:
2197:
2195:
2192:
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2174:
2170:
2167:
2165:
2162:
2160:
2157:
2155:
2152:
2151:
2150:
2147:
2146:
2144:
2142:
2141:Non-renewable
2138:
2135:
2131:
2126:
2116:
2113:
2111:
2108:
2106:
2103:
2101:
2098:
2096:
2093:
2091:
2088:
2086:
2083:
2081:
2078:
2076:
2073:
2071:
2068:
2066:
2063:
2061:
2060:Grid strength
2058:
2056:
2053:
2051:
2048:
2046:
2043:
2041:
2038:
2036:
2033:
2031:
2028:
2026:
2023:
2021:
2018:
2016:
2015:Demand factor
2013:
2011:
2008:
2006:
2003:
2001:
1998:
1997:
1995:
1991:
1987:
1980:
1975:
1973:
1968:
1966:
1961:
1960:
1957:
1951:
1948:
1947:
1943:
1937:
1935:0-07-020974-X
1931:
1927:
1923:
1919:
1915:
1913:0-07-013932-6
1909:
1905:
1901:
1896:
1894:
1891:
1890:
1886:
1878:
1874:
1870:
1864:
1861:
1857:
1854:
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1847:
1842:
1839:
1835:
1831:
1827:
1824:
1819:
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1787:
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1712:
1706:
1702:
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1668:
1664:
1659:
1657:0-415-20191-8
1653:
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1619:
1616:
1614:
1611:
1609:
1606:
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1596:
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1591:
1590:Energy portal
1585:
1580:
1575:
1573:
1571:
1562:
1560:
1558:
1554:
1550:
1546:
1540:
1532:
1530:
1528:
1525:and computer
1524:
1520:
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1508:
1504:
1500:
1496:
1492:
1488:
1484:
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1475:
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1453:
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1444:power station
1440:
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1355:
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1329:
1328:
1323:
1322:
1316:
1303:
1295:
1292:
1281:
1264:
1260:
1250:the volume:
1249:
1245:
1241:
1240:cross-product
1237:
1233:
1229:
1220:
1218:
1216:
1211:
1198:
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1192:
1184:
1160:
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1103:
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767:
764:
761:
758:
747:
743:
739:
735:
731:
727:
723:
719:
715:
707:
705:
703:
702:
697:
693:
690:of a circuit
689:
683:
675:
669:
665:
663:
659:
655:
651:
647:
643:
639:
635:
634:
629:
625:
620:
612:
610:
608:
604:
600:
599:power sources
596:
595:
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586:
582:
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574:
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559:
553:
549:
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328:
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262:
258:
254:
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208:
205:
184:
168:
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155:
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149:
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143:
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135:
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120:
117:
116:
111:
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105:
101:
98:
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92:
91:
86:
82:
81:
79:
71:
68:
64:
60:
57:
55:
48:
44:
41:
39:
35:
31:
25:
20:
2640:Net metering
2587:and policies
2505:Power outage
2474:Utility pole
2438:Pumped hydro
2344:distribution
2339:Transmission
2288:Cogeneration
2090:Power factor
2024:
1925:
1899:
1887:Bibliography
1868:
1863:
1855:
1841:
1833:
1818:
1810:
1802:
1790:. Retrieved
1788:. 6 Dec 2023
1785:
1776:
1757:
1751:
1724:
1719:
1700:
1694:
1675:
1643:
1637:
1566:
1547:, through a
1542:
1527:data centers
1519:hearing aids
1515:button cells
1495:Daniell cell
1487:voltaic pile
1476:
1472:photovoltaic
1452:heat engines
1450:, driven by
1441:
1429:distribution
1425:transmission
1418:
1407:
1345:
1325:
1319:
1317:
1247:
1231:
1227:
1224:
1215:power factor
1212:
1143:(real power)
1129:
1094:(real power)
1065:. Using the
1062:
1059:
1035:
1028:
1024:
1011:
998:
989:
980:
862:
861:
834:
814:
745:
741:
733:
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721:
717:
711:
699:
695:
691:
687:
685:
637:
631:
616:
598:
592:
576:
566:
540:difference (
531:
510:
501:
492:
483:
474:
465:
385:
373:
369:
361:
350:
346:
332:
304:
277:
259:unit is the
244:
243:
152:
146:
141:
133:
127:
122:
114:
108:
103:
95:
89:
84:
38:SI unit
2635:Load factor
2490:Black start
2458:Transformer
2159:Natural gas
2110:Variability
2085:Peak demand
2075:Merit order
2005:Backfeeding
1904:McGraw Hill
1545:electricity
1043:phase angle
845:capacitance
650:light bulbs
597:devices or
520:Explanation
477:is time in
468:is work in
349:. The term
298:through an
2723:Categories
2677:production
2522:Protective
2453:Super grid
2448:Smart grid
2275:Generation
2209:Geothermal
2100:Repowering
1877:1447150341
1646:. London:
1629:References
1456:combustion
1454:heated by
1448:generators
1339:Generation
1334:Production
850:real power
841:inductance
648:, such as
601:; such as
329:Definition
323:efficiency
321:with high
2585:Economics
2308:Micro CHP
2186:Renewable
2169:Petroleum
2164:Oil shale
2050:Grid code
2010:Base load
1856:EnPowered
1648:Routledge
1293:⋅
1282:×
1265:∮
1258:℘
1199:θ
1196:
1161:θ
1158:
1132:sinusoids
964:θ
961:
916:θ
913:
874:℘
756:℘
738:Ohm's law
714:resistive
404:℘
294:) by the
251:within a
206:−
165:Dimension
2708:Category
2495:Brownout
2283:AC power
1993:Concepts
1849:Archived
1826:Archived
1576:See also
1055:AC power
831:AC power
488:coulombs
2524:devices
2234:Thermal
2229:Osmotic
2224:Current
2204:Biomass
2194:Biofuel
2176:Nuclear
2133:Sources
1879:, p. 8.
1503:billion
1479:battery
1324:of the
1244:vectors
1238:of the
1041:is the
1017:is the
1004:is the
817:is the
633:passive
542:voltage
511:I.e.,
506:amperes
479:seconds
461:where:
382:voltage
351:wattage
253:circuit
2219:Marine
2199:Biogas
1932:
1910:
1875:
1792:23 Dec
1764:
1739:
1707:
1682:
1654:
1555:or by
1414:magnet
1394:
1388:
1382:
1376:
1370:
1364:
1358:
1248:out of
976:where
813:where
724:) and
656:, and
594:active
561:Active
470:joules
366:charge
311:motion
273:second
255:. Its
32:℘ or P
2576:(GFI)
2465:(TSO)
2251:Solar
2239:Tidal
2214:Hydro
1598:EGRID
1346:2021
734:I^2·R
660:. In
638:loads
497:volts
355:watts
343:watts
315:light
269:joule
265:power
22:Power
2342:and
2261:Wind
2244:Wave
2154:Coal
1930:ISBN
1908:ISBN
1873:ISBN
1794:2023
1762:ISBN
1737:ISBN
1705:ISBN
1680:ISBN
1652:ISBN
1563:Uses
1499:US$
1419:For
1269:area
843:and
696:into
692:into
388:is:
339:work
319:heat
271:per
261:watt
43:watt
1729:doi
1501:48
1462:or
1193:sin
1155:cos
1015:rms
1002:rms
958:cos
910:cos
835:In
746:I·R
722:I·V
688:out
617:If
587:or
567:If
368:of
317:or
50:In
45:(W)
2725::
1906:.
1832:.
1809:,
1784:.
1735:.
1666:^
1650:.
1529:.
1477:A
1458:,
1439:.
1427:,
1416:.
1354:.
1330:.
1232:IV
1230:=
1034:−
1027:=
821:.
744:=
732:=
720:=
704:.
652:,
577:on
325:.
313:,
302:.
257:SI
144:=
125:=
106:=
87:=
59:kg
1978:e
1971:t
1964:v
1938:.
1916:.
1796:.
1770:.
1745:.
1731::
1713:.
1688:.
1660:.
1304:.
1300:A
1296:d
1290:)
1286:H
1278:E
1274:(
1261:=
1228:P
1185:=
1147:=
1114:2
1104:+
1099:2
1089:=
1084:2
1039:i
1036:θ
1032:v
1029:θ
1025:θ
1012:I
999:V
993:p
990:I
984:p
981:V
952:s
949:m
946:r
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934:s
931:m
928:r
923:V
919:=
905:p
901:I
895:p
891:V
885:2
882:1
877:=
863:P
815:R
799:R
794:2
790:V
784:=
781:R
776:2
772:I
768:=
765:V
762:I
759:=
742:V
740:(
730:P
728:(
718:P
502:I
493:V
484:Q
475:t
466:W
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446:V
443:=
438:t
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428:Q
425:W
420:=
415:t
412:W
407:=
401:=
386:V
380:(
374:t
370:Q
362:I
347:P
240:.
209:3
200:T
192:M
185:2
179:L
153:ω
150:·
147:τ
142:℘
134:I
131:·
128:U
123:℘
115:v
112:·
109:F
104:℘
96:t
93:/
90:E
85:℘
67:s
65:⋅
63:m
61:⋅
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