536:
679:
563:
2136:
2715:
1061:
1595:
240:
1583:. Reliable electric power is essential to telecommunications and broadcasting. Electric power is used to provide air conditioning in hot climates, and in some places, electric power is an economically competitive energy source for building space heating. The use of electric power for pumping water ranges from individual household wells to irrigation and energy storage projects.
1071:
The relationship between real power, reactive power and apparent power can be expressed by representing the quantities as vectors. Real power is represented as a horizontal vector and reactive power is represented as a vertical vector. The apparent power vector is the hypotenuse of a right triangle
1578:
Electric power, produced from central generating stations and distributed over an electrical transmission grid, is widely used in industrial, commercial, and consumer applications. A country's per capita electric power consumption correlates with its industrial development. Electric motors power
1579:
manufacturing machinery and propel subways and railway trains. Electric lighting is the most important form of artificial light. Electrical energy is used directly in processes such as extraction of aluminum from its ores and in production of steel in
863:(also referred to as active power). The amplitude of that portion of energy flow (power) that results in no net transfer of energy but instead oscillates between the source and load in each cycle due to stored energy, is known as the absolute value of
1236:
Electrical energy flows wherever electric and magnetic fields exist together and fluctuate in the same place. The simplest example of this is in electrical circuits, as the preceding section showed. In the general case, however, the simple equation
1137:
470:
1325:
985:
632:
flows through the device in a direction from higher potential (voltage) to lower potential, so positive charge moves from the positive (+) terminal to the negative (−) terminal, work is done by the charges on the device. The
1220:
858:
may result in periodic reversals of the direction of energy flow. The portion of energy flow (power) that, averaged over a complete cycle of the AC waveform, results in net transfer of energy in one direction is known as
1182:
232:
822:
709:
a circuit from a component is defined to have a negative sign. Thus passive components have positive power consumption, while power sources have negative power consumption. This is called the
1083:
402:
1264:
1570:. The electric power industry has gradually been trending towards deregulation – with emerging players offering consumers competition to the traditional public utility companies.
880:
1508:
in 1836, batteries have become a common power source for many household and industrial applications. According to a 2005 estimate, the worldwide battery industry generates
1228:
and is a number always between −1 and 1. Where the currents and voltages have non-sinusoidal forms, power factor is generalized to include the effects of distortion.
1186:
697:
Since electric power can flow either into or out of a component, a convention is needed for which direction represents positive power flow. Electric power flowing
1987:
1148:
286:. Standard prefixes apply to watts as with other SI units: thousands, millions and billions of watts are called kilowatts, megawatts and gigawatts respectively.
2660:
675:(AC) circuits the direction of the voltage periodically reverses, but the current always flows from the higher potential to the lower potential side.
1056:
by which the voltage sine wave leads the current sine wave, or equivalently the phase angle by which the current sine wave lags the voltage sine wave
1859:
1423:. His basic method is still used today: electric current is generated by the movement of a loop of wire, or disc of copper between the poles of a
1736:
IEEE Standard
Definitions for the Measurement of Electric Power Quantities Under Sinusoidal, Nonsinusoidal, Balanced, or Unbalanced Conditions
1776:
1751:
1719:
1694:
1524:(rechargeable batteries), which are designed to be recharged and used multiple times. Batteries are available in many sizes; from miniature
2718:
1836:
2744:
2557:
1358:
762:
2665:
2135:
1980:
620:
acts as a source when it provides power to a circuit, but as a load when it is connected to a battery charger and is being recharged.
182:
2285:
1944:
1922:
1666:
1419:
The fundamental principles of much electricity generation were discovered during the 1820s and early 1830s by the
British scientist
559:
in electric circuits. From the standpoint of electric power, components in an electric circuit can be divided into two categories:
616:
and batteries. Some devices can be either a source or a load, depending on the voltage and current through them. For example, a
2448:
2373:
2244:
1443:
1887:
2620:
2552:
2542:
2418:
2318:
1973:
2473:
2433:
2010:
1141:
Real and reactive powers can also be calculated directly from the apparent power, when the current and voltage are both
1554:
The electric power industry provides the production and delivery of power, in sufficient quantities to areas that need
2700:
2695:
2413:
2388:
2378:
2354:
2349:
2055:
1903:
1613:
1439:
1435:
317:
2615:
2333:
2303:
2080:
2670:
2159:
2120:
2645:
2453:
2393:
2050:
2749:
2739:
2584:
2574:
2564:
1549:
1447:
711:
692:
643:
604:
306:
1481:
of flowing water and wind. There are many other technologies that are used to generate electricity such as
2505:
2368:
2151:
2040:
1567:
1496:
that convert stored chemical energy into electrical energy. Since the invention of the first battery (or "
1414:
678:
582:
is forced to flow through the device in the direction from the lower electric potential to the higher, so
1856:
2640:
2408:
2403:
2383:
1633:
1618:
1489:
1434:, it is the first process in the delivery of electricity to consumers. The other processes, electricity
829:
333:
535:
2234:
1996:
1580:
1509:
1493:
1458:
1132:{\displaystyle {\text{(apparent power)}}^{2}={\text{(real power)}}^{2}+{\text{(reactive power)}}^{2}}
867:. The product of the RMS value of the voltage wave and the RMS value of the current wave is known as
656:
629:
617:
556:
289:
In common parlance, electric power is the production and delivery of electrical energy, an essential
175:
1792:
465:{\displaystyle {\text{Work done per unit time}}=\wp ={\frac {W}{t}}={\frac {W}{Q}}{\frac {Q}{t}}=VI}
2605:
2438:
2338:
2313:
2266:
2075:
2065:
2030:
1513:
1077:
672:
244:
1072:
formed by connecting the real and reactive power vectors. This representation is often called the
2479:
2090:
1623:
1533:
1254:
651:; they 'consume' electric power from the circuit, converting it to other forms of energy such as
613:
548:
388:
294:
248:
2630:
2510:
2115:
1940:
1918:
1883:
1833:
1772:
1747:
1715:
1690:
1662:
1628:
1562:. The grid distributes electrical energy to customers. Electric power is generated by central
1521:
1320:{\displaystyle \wp =\oint _{\text{area}}(\mathbf {E} \times \mathbf {H} )\cdot d\mathbf {A} .}
595:
349:
302:
259:
980:{\displaystyle \wp ={1 \over 2}V_{p}I_{p}\cos \theta =V_{\rm {rms}}I_{\rm {rms}}\cos \theta }
2579:
2520:
2224:
2219:
2196:
2105:
2045:
1739:
1501:
1470:
1431:
1331:
1246:
1029:
1016:
634:
591:
579:
369:
298:
263:
162:
143:
562:
2610:
2569:
2547:
2428:
2398:
2363:
2323:
2125:
1863:
1840:
1559:
1517:
1474:
1420:
1337:
668:
652:
599:
583:
544:
376:
345:
310:
275:
1960:
2635:
2625:
2423:
1932:
1478:
868:
864:
664:
638:
325:
321:
290:
2733:
2655:
2443:
2328:
2308:
2239:
2229:
2186:
2070:
2025:
1600:
1563:
1454:
1362:
1250:
1053:
736:
329:
17:
1904:
Reports on August 2003 Blackout, North
American Electric Reliability Council website
1817:
2675:
2650:
2515:
2484:
2298:
2100:
1532:
and wristwatches to battery banks the size of rooms that provide standby power for
1505:
1497:
1482:
1225:
62:
748:
1743:
759:) to produce alternative expressions for the amount of power that is dissipated:
2500:
2468:
2261:
2249:
2169:
2095:
2085:
2015:
1914:
1555:
1537:
1529:
1525:
1462:
1060:
855:
705:
a component is arbitrarily defined to have a positive sign, while power flowing
239:
1215:{\displaystyle {\text{(reactive power)}}={\text{(apparent power)}}\sin \theta }
2463:
2458:
2271:
2254:
2110:
1590:
1520:(disposable batteries), which are designed to be used once and discarded, and
1466:
860:
851:
660:
364:
is used colloquially to mean "electric power in watts". The electric power in
1516:
in sales each year, with 6% annual growth. There are two types of batteries:
2179:
2174:
2060:
2020:
1658:
1594:
1142:
724:
1177:{\displaystyle {\text{(real power)}}={\text{(apparent power)}}\cos \theta }
2293:
1065:
847:
841:
124:
69:
637:
of the charges due to the voltage between the terminals is converted to
2214:
2204:
1965:
552:
498:
392:
137:
48:
2209:
1424:
516:
489:
283:
156:
99:
77:
27:
Rate at which electrical energy is transferred by an electric circuit
586:
move from the negative to the positive terminal, work will be done
1685:
Thomas, Roland E.; Rosa, Albert J.; Toussaint, Gregory J. (2016).
1608:
1059:
677:
561:
534:
480:
279:
238:
118:
73:
1834:
Power Shift: DFJ on the lookout for more power source investments
2164:
507:
365:
353:
271:
227:{\displaystyle {\mathsf {L}}^{2}{\mathsf {M}}{\mathsf {T}}^{-3}}
105:
53:
1969:
1080:, the relationship among real, reactive and apparent power is:
301:. It is usually supplied to businesses and homes (as domestic
1253:
of the electric field intensity and magnetic field intensity
543:
Electric power is transformed to other forms of energy when
293:
in much of the world. Electric power is usually produced by
267:
1680:
1678:
1245:
may be replaced by a more complex calculation. The closed
590:
the charges, and energy is being converted to electric
316:
Electric power can be delivered over long distances by
1267:
1189:
1151:
1086:
883:
765:
405:
185:
1224:
The ratio of real power to apparent power is called
2684:
2594:
2531:
2493:
2347:
2284:
2195:
2150:
2143:
2003:
1442:, and electrical energy storage and recovery using
174:
83:
60:
47:
37:
32:
1319:
1214:
1176:
1131:
979:
816:
464:
226:
817:{\displaystyle \wp =IV=I^{2}R={\frac {V^{2}}{R}}}
682:Transmission of power through an electric circuit
1257:gives the total instantaneous power (in watts)
1882:, Springer Science & Business Media, 2014
1504:and especially since the technically improved
297:, but can also be supplied by sources such as
1981:
727:(Ohmic, or linear) loads, the power formula (
8:
1939:(Eleventh ed.). New York: McGraw Hill.
1909:Croft, Terrell; Summers, Wilford I. (1987).
2147:
1988:
1974:
1966:
1937:Standard Handbook for Electrical Engineers
1687:The Analysis and Design of Linear Circuits
877:in watts consumed by a device is given by
850:circuits, energy storage elements such as
602:. Devices in which this occurs are called
1961:U.S. Department of Energy: Electric Power
1714:(in Spanish). Pearson. pp. 193–196.
1309:
1295:
1287:
1278:
1266:
1198:
1190:
1188:
1160:
1152:
1150:
1145:with a known phase angle θ between them:
1123:
1118:
1108:
1103:
1093:
1088:
1085:
955:
954:
937:
936:
914:
904:
890:
882:
803:
797:
785:
764:
443:
433:
420:
406:
404:
247:like these, and also through underground
215:
209:
208:
201:
200:
194:
188:
187:
184:
1771:(8 ed.). McGraw-Hill. p. 385.
1767:Hayt, William H.; Buck, John A. (2012).
1446:methods are normally carried out by the
641:in the device. These devices are called
594:from some other type of energy, such as
1689:(8 ed.). Wiley. pp. 812–813.
1645:
1329:The result is a scalar since it is the
1857:The Opportunity of Energy Group-Buying
1492:is a device consisting of one or more
210:
202:
189:
29:
1477:. Other generators are driven by the
1453:Electricity is mostly generated at a
836:Alternating current without harmonics
7:
506:is electric potential or voltage in
1361:by source. Total generation was 28
571:
2666:Renewable energy commercialization
1268:
1064:Power triangle: The components of
962:
959:
956:
944:
941:
938:
884:
766:
414:
320:and used for applications such as
25:
1822:Merriam-Webster Online Dictionary
655:, heat, light, etc. Examples are
243:Electric power is transmitted by
2714:
2713:
2134:
1593:
1310:
1296:
1288:
356:, and represented by the letter
1913:(Eleventh ed.). New York:
1911:American Electricians' Handbook
1878:Ignacio J. Pérez-Arriaga (ed),
566:Animation showing electric load
1880:Regulation of the Power Sector
1824:(2009). Retrieved 25 May 2009.
1300:
1284:
1006:is the peak current in amperes
539:Animation showing power source
1:
2661:Renewable Energy Certificates
2621:Cost of electricity by source
2543:Arc-fault circuit interrupter
2419:High-voltage shore connection
1847:. Retrieved 20 November 2005.
2676:Spark/Dark/Quark/Bark spread
2474:Transmission system operator
2434:Mains electricity by country
2011:Automatic generation control
1769:Engineering Electromagnetics
1744:10.1109/IEEESTD.2010.5439063
1359:world electricity generation
997:is the peak voltage in volts
2701:List of electricity sectors
2696:Electric energy consumption
2414:High-voltage direct current
2389:Electric power transmission
2379:Electric power distribution
2056:Energy return on investment
1710:Fraile Mora, Jesús (2012).
1614:Electric energy consumption
387:seconds passing through an
258:is the rate of transfer of
2766:
2745:Electromagnetic quantities
2616:Carbon offsets and credits
2334:Three-phase electric power
1935:; Beaty, H. Wayne (1978).
1547:
1412:
839:
690:
2709:
2671:Renewable Energy Payments
2160:Fossil fuel power station
2132:
1793:"Yearly electricity data"
1738:. IEEE. 2010. p. 4.
526:watts = volts times amps.
2454:Single-wire earth return
2394:Electrical busbar system
2051:Energy demand management
2585:Residual-current device
2575:Power system protection
2565:Generator interlock kit
1845:Draper Fisher Jurvetson
1550:Electric power industry
1544:Electric power industry
1448:electric power industry
1377: Natural gas (23%)
747:) can be combined with
712:passive sign convention
693:Passive sign convention
687:Passive sign convention
624:Passive devices (loads)
574:devices (power sources)
515:is electric current in
408:Work done per unit time
348:, is the rate of doing
307:electric power industry
2369:Distributed generation
2041:Electric power quality
1568:distributed generation
1415:Electricity generation
1321:
1232:Electromagnetic fields
1216:
1178:
1133:
1068:
981:
818:
683:
567:
540:
497:is electric charge in
466:
274:, the general unit of
252:
228:
2641:Fossil fuel phase-out
2409:Electricity retailing
2404:Electrical substation
2384:Electric power system
1655:Environmental Physics
1653:Smith, Clare (2001).
1634:Rural electrification
1619:Electric power system
1581:electric arc furnaces
1494:electrochemical cells
1457:by electromechanical
1322:
1217:
1179:
1134:
1063:
982:
830:electrical resistance
819:
681:
657:electrical appliances
565:
557:electrical components
538:
467:
344:Electric power, like
242:
229:
18:Electric power source
1997:Electricity delivery
1712:Circuitos eléctricos
1265:
1187:
1149:
1084:
881:
763:
630:conventional current
618:rechargeable battery
403:
183:
2606:Availability factor
2558:Sulfur hexafluoride
2439:Overhead power line
2339:Virtual power plant
2314:Induction generator
2267:Sustainable biofuel
2076:Home energy storage
2066:Grid energy storage
2031:Droop speed control
1818:"battery" (def. 4b)
1534:telephone exchanges
1522:secondary batteries
1389: Nuclear (10%)
1078:Pythagorean Theorem
848:alternating current
673:alternating current
614:electric generators
555:), which occurs in
295:electric generators
249:high-voltage cables
2480:Transmission tower
2091:Nameplate capacity
1862:2017-05-25 at the
1839:2005-12-01 at the
1624:High-voltage cable
1432:electric utilities
1317:
1212:
1174:
1129:
1069:
1032:current in amperes
977:
814:
719:Resistive circuits
684:
568:
549:electric potential
541:
462:
389:electric potential
318:transmission lines
299:electric batteries
253:
224:
64:SI base units
2727:
2726:
2631:Environmental tax
2511:Cascading failure
2280:
2279:
2116:Utility frequency
1869:, April 18, 2016,
1797:ember-climate.org
1778:978-0-07-338066-7
1753:978-0-7381-6058-0
1721:978-8-48-322795-4
1696:978-1-119-23538-5
1629:Power engineering
1518:primary batteries
1383: Hydro (15%)
1281:
1201:
1193:
1163:
1155:
1121:
1106:
1091:
898:
871:. The real power
812:
737:Joule's first law
596:mechanical energy
451:
441:
428:
409:
303:mains electricity
278:, defined as one
260:electrical energy
237:
236:
16:(Redirected from
2757:
2717:
2716:
2626:Energy subsidies
2580:Protective relay
2521:Rolling blackout
2148:
2138:
2106:Power-flow study
2046:Electrical fault
1990:
1983:
1976:
1967:
1950:
1928:
1891:
1876:
1870:
1854:
1848:
1831:
1825:
1815:
1809:
1808:
1806:
1804:
1789:
1783:
1782:
1764:
1758:
1757:
1732:
1726:
1725:
1707:
1701:
1700:
1682:
1673:
1672:
1650:
1603:
1598:
1597:
1502:Alessandro Volta
1471:geothermal power
1407: Other (5%)
1406:
1401: Solar (4%)
1400:
1394:
1388:
1382:
1376:
1371: Coal (36%)
1370:
1332:surface integral
1326:
1324:
1323:
1318:
1313:
1299:
1291:
1283:
1282:
1279:
1247:surface integral
1221:
1219:
1218:
1213:
1202:
1200:(apparent power)
1199:
1194:
1192:(reactive power)
1191:
1183:
1181:
1180:
1175:
1164:
1162:(apparent power)
1161:
1156:
1153:
1138:
1136:
1135:
1130:
1128:
1127:
1122:
1120:(reactive power)
1119:
1113:
1112:
1107:
1104:
1098:
1097:
1092:
1090:(apparent power)
1089:
1030:root-mean-square
1019:voltage in volts
1017:root-mean-square
986:
984:
983:
978:
967:
966:
965:
949:
948:
947:
919:
918:
909:
908:
899:
891:
823:
821:
820:
815:
813:
808:
807:
798:
790:
789:
669:electric heaters
635:potential energy
592:potential energy
584:positive charges
580:electric current
573:
547:move through an
545:electric charges
471:
469:
468:
463:
452:
444:
442:
434:
429:
421:
410:
407:
395:) difference of
375:consisting of a
370:electric current
346:mechanical power
233:
231:
230:
225:
223:
222:
214:
213:
206:
205:
199:
198:
193:
192:
167:
148:
129:
110:
87:other quantities
85:Derivations from
65:
30:
21:
2765:
2764:
2760:
2759:
2758:
2756:
2755:
2754:
2730:
2729:
2728:
2723:
2705:
2689:
2687:
2680:
2611:Capacity factor
2599:
2597:
2590:
2570:Numerical relay
2548:Circuit breaker
2536:
2534:
2527:
2489:
2429:Load management
2399:Electrical grid
2364:Demand response
2357:
2352:
2343:
2324:Microgeneration
2276:
2191:
2139:
2130:
2126:Vehicle-to-grid
1999:
1994:
1957:
1947:
1933:Fink, Donald G.
1931:
1925:
1908:
1900:
1895:
1894:
1877:
1873:
1864:Wayback Machine
1855:
1851:
1841:Wayback Machine
1832:
1828:
1816:
1812:
1802:
1800:
1791:
1790:
1786:
1779:
1766:
1765:
1761:
1754:
1734:
1733:
1729:
1722:
1709:
1708:
1704:
1697:
1684:
1683:
1676:
1669:
1652:
1651:
1647:
1642:
1599:
1592:
1589:
1576:
1560:grid connection
1552:
1546:
1475:nuclear fission
1421:Michael Faraday
1417:
1411:
1410:
1409:
1408:
1404:
1402:
1398:
1396:
1395: Wind (7%)
1392:
1390:
1386:
1384:
1380:
1378:
1374:
1372:
1368:
1352:
1347:
1338:Poynting vector
1274:
1263:
1262:
1234:
1185:
1184:
1147:
1146:
1117:
1102:
1087:
1082:
1081:
1051:
1044:
1027:
1014:
1005:
996:
950:
932:
910:
900:
879:
878:
844:
838:
799:
781:
761:
760:
723:In the case of
721:
695:
689:
665:electric motors
653:mechanical work
626:
600:chemical energy
576:
533:
401:
400:
383:coulombs every
368:produced by an
342:
311:electrical grid
207:
186:
181:
180:
170:
151:
132:
113:
94:
88:
86:
63:
40:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
2763:
2761:
2753:
2752:
2750:Temporal rates
2747:
2742:
2740:Electric power
2732:
2731:
2725:
2724:
2722:
2721:
2710:
2707:
2706:
2704:
2703:
2698:
2692:
2690:
2686:Statistics and
2685:
2682:
2681:
2679:
2678:
2673:
2668:
2663:
2658:
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2636:Feed-in tariff
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2424:Interconnector
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2374:Dynamic demand
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2081:Load-following
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2073:
2068:
2063:
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2053:
2048:
2043:
2038:
2036:Electric power
2033:
2028:
2023:
2018:
2013:
2007:
2005:
2001:
2000:
1995:
1993:
1992:
1985:
1978:
1970:
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1956:
1955:External links
1953:
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1572:
1564:power stations
1548:Main article:
1545:
1542:
1528:used to power
1500:") in 1800 by
1485:solar panels.
1479:kinetic energy
1444:pumped-storage
1413:Main article:
1403:
1397:
1391:
1385:
1379:
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1367:
1363:petawatt-hours
1355:
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1074:power triangle
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869:apparent power
865:reactive power
840:Main article:
837:
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806:
802:
796:
793:
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691:Main article:
688:
685:
647:components or
639:kinetic energy
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352:, measured in
341:
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291:public utility
256:Electric power
245:overhead lines
235:
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149:
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91:
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67:
58:
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45:
44:
41:
39:Common symbols
38:
35:
34:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2762:
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2553:Earth-leakage
2551:
2550:
2549:
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2540:
2538:
2530:
2522:
2519:
2518:
2517:
2514:
2512:
2509:
2507:
2504:
2502:
2499:
2498:
2496:
2494:Failure modes
2492:
2486:
2483:
2481:
2478:
2475:
2472:
2470:
2467:
2465:
2462:
2460:
2457:
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2444:Power station
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2440:
2437:
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2427:
2425:
2422:
2420:
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2340:
2337:
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2329:Rankine cycle
2327:
2325:
2322:
2320:
2317:
2315:
2312:
2310:
2309:Cooling tower
2307:
2305:
2302:
2300:
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2168:
2166:
2163:
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2161:
2158:
2157:
2155:
2153:
2152:Non-renewable
2149:
2146:
2142:
2137:
2127:
2124:
2122:
2119:
2117:
2114:
2112:
2109:
2107:
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2099:
2097:
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2092:
2089:
2087:
2084:
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2079:
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2074:
2072:
2071:Grid strength
2069:
2067:
2064:
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2059:
2057:
2054:
2052:
2049:
2047:
2044:
2042:
2039:
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2027:
2026:Demand factor
2024:
2022:
2019:
2017:
2014:
2012:
2009:
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2002:
1998:
1991:
1986:
1984:
1979:
1977:
1972:
1971:
1968:
1962:
1959:
1958:
1954:
1948:
1946:0-07-020974-X
1942:
1938:
1934:
1930:
1926:
1924:0-07-013932-6
1920:
1916:
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1668:0-415-20191-8
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1601:Energy portal
1596:
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1536:and computer
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1455:power station
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1327:
1314:
1306:
1303:
1292:
1275:
1271:
1261:the volume:
1260:
1256:
1252:
1251:cross-product
1248:
1244:
1240:
1231:
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730:
726:
718:
716:
714:
713:
708:
704:
701:of a circuit
700:
694:
686:
680:
676:
674:
670:
666:
662:
658:
654:
650:
646:
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636:
631:
623:
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610:power sources
607:
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68:
66:
59:
55:
52:
50:
46:
42:
36:
31:
19:
2651:Net metering
2598:and policies
2516:Power outage
2485:Utility pole
2449:Pumped hydro
2355:distribution
2350:Transmission
2299:Cogeneration
2101:Power factor
2035:
1936:
1910:
1898:Bibliography
1879:
1874:
1866:
1852:
1844:
1829:
1821:
1813:
1801:. Retrieved
1799:. 6 Dec 2023
1796:
1787:
1768:
1762:
1735:
1730:
1711:
1705:
1686:
1654:
1648:
1577:
1558:, through a
1553:
1538:data centers
1530:hearing aids
1526:button cells
1506:Daniell cell
1498:voltaic pile
1487:
1483:photovoltaic
1463:heat engines
1461:, driven by
1452:
1440:distribution
1436:transmission
1429:
1418:
1356:
1336:
1330:
1328:
1258:
1242:
1238:
1235:
1226:power factor
1223:
1154:(real power)
1140:
1105:(real power)
1076:. Using the
1073:
1070:
1046:
1039:
1035:
1022:
1009:
1000:
991:
873:
872:
845:
825:
756:
752:
744:
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732:
728:
722:
710:
706:
702:
698:
696:
648:
642:
627:
609:
603:
587:
577:
551:difference (
542:
521:
512:
503:
494:
485:
476:
396:
384:
380:
372:
361:
357:
343:
315:
288:
270:unit is the
255:
254:
163:
157:
152:
144:
138:
133:
125:
119:
114:
106:
100:
95:
49:SI unit
2646:Load factor
2501:Black start
2469:Transformer
2170:Natural gas
2121:Variability
2096:Peak demand
2086:Merit order
2016:Backfeeding
1915:McGraw Hill
1556:electricity
1054:phase angle
856:capacitance
661:light bulbs
608:devices or
531:Explanation
488:is time in
479:is work in
360:. The term
309:through an
2734:Categories
2688:production
2533:Protective
2464:Super grid
2459:Smart grid
2286:Generation
2220:Geothermal
2111:Repowering
1888:1447150341
1657:. London:
1640:References
1467:combustion
1465:heated by
1459:generators
1350:Generation
1345:Production
861:real power
852:inductance
659:, such as
612:; such as
340:Definition
334:efficiency
332:with high
2596:Economics
2319:Micro CHP
2197:Renewable
2180:Petroleum
2175:Oil shale
2061:Grid code
2021:Base load
1867:EnPowered
1659:Routledge
1304:⋅
1293:×
1276:∮
1269:℘
1210:θ
1207:
1172:θ
1169:
1143:sinusoids
975:θ
972:
927:θ
924:
885:℘
767:℘
749:Ohm's law
725:resistive
415:℘
305:) by the
262:within a
217:−
176:Dimension
2719:Category
2506:Brownout
2294:AC power
2004:Concepts
1860:Archived
1837:Archived
1587:See also
1066:AC power
842:AC power
499:coulombs
2535:devices
2245:Thermal
2240:Osmotic
2235:Current
2215:Biomass
2205:Biofuel
2187:Nuclear
2144:Sources
1890:, p. 8.
1514:billion
1490:battery
1335:of the
1255:vectors
1249:of the
1052:is the
1028:is the
1015:is the
828:is the
644:passive
553:voltage
522:I.e.,
517:amperes
490:seconds
472:where:
393:voltage
362:wattage
264:circuit
2230:Marine
2210:Biogas
1943:
1921:
1886:
1803:23 Dec
1775:
1750:
1718:
1693:
1665:
1566:or by
1425:magnet
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1399:
1393:
1387:
1381:
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1369:
1259:out of
987:where
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667:, and
605:active
572:Active
481:joules
377:charge
322:motion
284:second
266:. Its
43:℘ or P
2587:(GFI)
2476:(TSO)
2262:Solar
2250:Tidal
2225:Hydro
1609:EGRID
1357:2021
745:I^2·R
671:. In
649:loads
508:volts
366:watts
354:watts
326:light
280:joule
276:power
33:Power
2353:and
2272:Wind
2255:Wave
2165:Coal
1941:ISBN
1919:ISBN
1884:ISBN
1805:2023
1773:ISBN
1748:ISBN
1716:ISBN
1691:ISBN
1663:ISBN
1574:Uses
1510:US$
1430:For
1280:area
854:and
707:into
703:into
399:is:
350:work
330:heat
282:per
272:watt
54:watt
1740:doi
1512:48
1473:or
1204:sin
1166:cos
1026:rms
1013:rms
969:cos
921:cos
846:In
757:I·R
733:I·V
699:out
628:If
598:or
578:If
379:of
328:or
61:In
56:(W)
2736::
1917:.
1843:.
1820:,
1795:.
1746:.
1677:^
1661:.
1540:.
1488:A
1469:,
1450:.
1438:,
1427:.
1365:.
1341:.
1243:IV
1241:=
1045:−
1038:=
832:.
755:=
743:=
731:=
715:.
663:,
588:on
336:.
324:,
313:.
268:SI
155:=
136:=
117:=
98:=
70:kg
1989:e
1982:t
1975:v
1949:.
1927:.
1807:.
1781:.
1756:.
1742::
1724:.
1699:.
1671:.
1315:.
1311:A
1307:d
1301:)
1297:H
1289:E
1285:(
1272:=
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1196:=
1158:=
1125:2
1115:+
1110:2
1100:=
1095:2
1050:i
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1040:θ
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1004:p
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992:V
963:s
960:m
957:r
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930:=
916:p
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906:p
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896:2
893:1
888:=
874:P
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810:R
805:2
801:V
795:=
792:R
787:2
783:I
779:=
776:V
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770:=
753:V
751:(
741:P
739:(
729:P
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418:=
412:=
397:V
391:(
385:t
381:Q
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358:P
251:.
220:3
211:T
203:M
196:2
190:L
164:ω
161:·
158:τ
153:℘
145:I
142:·
139:U
134:℘
126:v
123:·
120:F
115:℘
107:t
104:/
101:E
96:℘
78:s
76:⋅
74:m
72:⋅
20:)
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