31:
83:
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218:-backed electric sail study project was announced by the FMI in December 2010. The EU funding contribution was 1.7 million euros. Its goal was to build laboratory prototypes of the key components, it involved five European countries and ended in November 2013. In the EU evaluation, the project got the highest marks in its category. An attempt was made to test the working principles of the electric sail in low Earth orbit in the
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120:
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160:. Because the solar wind electrons affect the electric field (similarly to the photons on a traditional solar sail), the effective electric radius of the tethers is based on the electric field that is generated around the tether rather than the actual tether itself. This fact also makes it possible to manoeuvre by regulating the tethers' electric charge.
226:(2013-2015), but there was a technical failure and the attempt was unsuccessful. The piezoelectric motor used to unfurl the sail failed to turn the reel. In subsequent ground-based testing, a likely reason for the failure was found in a slipring contact which was likely physically damaged by launch vibration.
229:
An international research team that includes
Janhunen received funding through a 2015 NIAC Phase II solicitation for further development at NASA's Marshall Space Flight Center. Their research project is called 'Heliopause Electrostatic Rapid Transit System' (HERTS). The Heliopause Electrostatic Rapid
400:
The proposed craft has three parts: the E-sail module with solar panels and reels to hold the wires; the main body, including chemical thrusters for adjusting trajectory en route and at destination and communications equipment; and a research module to enter Uranus's atmosphere and make measurements
388:
of about 20 km/s (45,000 mph; 72,000 km/h) by the time it reaches Uranus, 6 years after launch. The downside is that the electric sail cannot be used as a brake, so the craft arrives at a speed of 20 km/s (45,000 mph; 72,000 km/h), limiting the missions to
166:
Compared to a reflective solar light sail, another propellantless deep space propulsion system, the electric solar wind sail could continue to accelerate at greater distances from the Sun, still developing thrust as it cruises toward the outer planets. By the time it reaches the
188:, the tethers would be formed from multiple strands, 25–50 micrometers in diameter, welded together at regular intervals. Thus, even if one wire were severed, a conducting path along the full length of the braided wire would remain in place. The feasibility of using
98:. The positively charged tethers deflect solar wind protons, thus extracting momentum from them. Simultaneously they attract electrons from the solar wind plasma, producing an electron current. The electron gun compensates for the arriving electric current.
147:. Thus, the available pressure is only about 1% of photon pressure; however, this may be compensated by the simplicity of scale-up. In the E-sail, the part of the sail is played by straightened conducting tethers (made of wires) which are placed
155:
is created around the wires. The electric field of the wires extends a few dozen metres into the surrounding solar wind plasma. The penetration distance depends on the solar wind plasma density and it scales as the plasma
281:
Like for other solar sail technologies, while modest variation of the thrust direction can be achieved by inclining the sail, the thrust vector always points more or less radially outward from the
285:. It has been estimated that maximum operational inclination would be 60°, resulting in a thrusting angle of 30° from the outward radial direction. However, like with the sails of a ship,
234:(15 billion kilometers). In the HERTS concept, multiple, 20 kilometer or so long, 1 millimeter thin, positively charged wires would be extended from a rotating spacecraft.
460:
1210:
511:
1606:
1092:
Janhunen, Pekka; Lebreton, Jean-Pierre; Merikallio, Sini; Paton, Mark; Mengali, Giovanni; Quarta, Alessandro A. (2014). "Fast E-sail Uranus entry probe mission".
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to keep them stretched. By fine-tuning the potentials of individual tethers and thus the solar wind force individually, the spacecraft's
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Transit System (HERTS) concept is currently being tested. For HERTS, it might take only 10 to 15 years to make the trip of over 100
266:
Almost all Earth-orbiting satellites are inside Earth's magnetosphere. However, the electric sail cannot be used inside planetary
254:
granted Centre of
Excellence funding for 2018–2025 to a team that includes Janhunen and members from universities, to establish a
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30:
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278:. Instead, inside a planetary magnetosphere, the electric sail may function as a brake, allowing deorbiting of satellites.
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171:, it may have accumulated as much as 20 km/s (45,000 mph; 72,000 km/h) velocity, which is on par with the
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E-sail missions can be launched at almost any time with only minor variations in travel time. By contrast, conventional
289:
could be used for changing the trajectory. Interstellar ships approaching a sun might use solar wind flow for braking.
1905:
871:
1039:
Perakis, Nikolaos; Hein, Andreas M. (2016). "Combining magnetic and electric sails for interstellar deceleration".
836:"Ensi yönä kello 00:51 taivaalla kiitää tähdenlento - Kyseessä on epäonnisen suomalaissatelliitin viimeinen matka"
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A full-sized sail would have 50–100 straightened tethers with a length of about 20 km (12 mi) each.
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powered by an electric sail. The mission could reach its destination in about the same time that the earlier
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The
Heliopause Electrostatic Rapid Transit System (HERTS) is a spacecraft concept using an electric sail
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562:"Simulation study of solar wind push on a charged wire: Basis of solar wind electric sail propulsion"
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1016:"Sail E-way: Spacecraft Riding the Solar Wind on Electric-Field Sails Could Cruise at 180,000 km/h"
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that deflects solar wind protons and extracts their momentum. The idea was first conceptualised by
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491:"New Form of Spacecraft Propulsion Proposed For Uranus Mission | MIT Technology Review"
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took 7 years to get to Saturn and cost almost as much. The sail is expected to consume 540
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as a source of thrust. It creates a "virtual" sail by using small wires to form an
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854:"EU project to build Electric Solar Wind Sail - Finnish Meteorological Institute"
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668:"EU-Backed 'Electric Sail' Could Be the Fastest Man-Made Device Ever Built"
1169:"Electric Solar Wind Sail Could Power Future Space Travel In Solar System"
641:"Suomen Akatemia Rahoituspäätökset (Academy of Finland Funding decisions)"
247:, currently in orbit, will test the electric sail for deorbiting in 2019.
385:
1188:
990:"Electric Sails" Could Allow Us To Reach the Farthest Recesses of Space"
941:"List of units selected to the Centre of Excellence programme 2018–2025"
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The electric solar wind sail has little in common with the traditional
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accelerating the craft by about 1 mm/s. The craft would reach a
353:
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which has been accelerated to high speed by some other means such as
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because the solar wind does not penetrate them, allowing only slower
151:
around the host ship. The wires are electrically charged and thus an
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missions must wait for the planets to reach a particular alignment.
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The electric sail consists of a number of thin, long and conducting
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81:
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One way to deploy the tethers is to rotate the spacecraft, using
525:
Janhunen, P. (2004). "Electric Sail for
Spacecraft Propulsion".
397:
missions. Braking would require a conventional chemical rocket.
377:
370:
took 6 years to reach
Jupiter at a cost of $ 1.6 billion, while
326:
Inward-spiralling missions to study the Sun at a closer distance
192:
was demonstrated at the
University of Helsinki in January 2013.
1192:
971:
282:
256:
Finnish Centre of
Excellence in Research of Sustainable Space
624:
Superthin wire for electric sail space propulsion engineered
461:"'Electric Sails' Could Propel Superfast Spacecraft by 2025"
1162:
94:
which are kept in a high positive potential by an onboard
329:
Two-way missions to inner Solar System objects such as
211:
has been funding electric sail development since 2007.
921:
The Baltic Course | Baltic States news & analytics
917:"ESTCube-1 sends its last words: "Long live Estonia!""
879:
298:
Fast missions (> 50 km/s or 10
184:
In order to minimise damage to the thin tethers from
787:"Aalto-1 is the first Finnish nanosatellite project"
489:
Emerging
Technology From the arXiv January 9, 2014.
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438:Electric Sail For Producing Spacecraft Propulsion.
605:"The electric solar wind sail by Pekka Janhunen"
339:solar wind monitoring spacecraft for predicting
1163:Finnish Meteorological Institute/Space Research
729:"EU project to build Electric Solar Wind Sail"
1204:
1148:Heliopause Electrostatic Rapid Transit System
143:ions, whilst a photonic sail is propelled by
8:
454:
452:
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204:Graphical overview electric sail development
510:: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (
352:Janhunen et al. have proposed a mission to
237:A new satellite launched in June 2017, the
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1497:
1358:
1211:
1197:
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750:"Electric Solar Sail Concept Introduction"
1105:
1052:
818:"Tämä domain on varattu | aalto1.fi"
686:"Electric Solar Wind Sail EU FP7 project"
588:
1623:Atmosphere-breathing electric propulsion
1158:List of original scientific publications
1009:
1007:
484:
482:
480:
139:. The E-sail gets its momentum from the
29:
430:
915:курс, The Baltic Course - Балтийский.
894:"Aalto-1 satellite is ready for space"
503:
343:with a longer warning time than 1 hour
16:Proposed spacecraft propulsion device
7:
366:, just over one fourth as far away.
560:Janhunen, P.; Sandroos, A. (2007).
1528:Field-emission electric propulsion
362:space probe required to arrive at
78:Principles of operation and design
14:
1602:Microwave electrothermal thruster
666:Dillow, Clay (December 9, 2010).
440:Patent filed on 2 February 2007;
1874:
72:Finnish Meteorological Institute
1071:10.1016/j.actaastro.2016.07.005
527:Journal of Propulsion and Power
86:Principal of an electrical sail
1732:Pulsed nuclear thermal rocket
1628:High Power Electric Propulsion
972:"News | Aalto University"
459:Wall, Mike (9 November 2015).
348:Fast missions to planet Uranus
214:To test the technology, a new
1:
1587:Helicon double-layer thruster
1556:Electrodeless plasma thruster
1551:Magnetoplasmadynamic thruster
992:. Futurism. October 30, 2017
1094:Planetary and Space Science
1937:
1153:FMI's official E-sail page
756:. SpaceRef. 17 August 2015
18:
1872:
1546:Pulsed inductive thruster
1124:10.1016/j.pss.2014.08.004
590:10.5194/angeo-25-755-2007
1720:Nuclear pulse propulsion
1479:Electric-pump-fed engine
1379:Hybrid-propellant rocket
1369:Liquid-propellant rocket
896:. Aalto.fi. 2 March 2016
50:) is a proposed form of
44:electric solar wind sail
19:Not to be confused with
1776:Beam-powered propulsion
1749:Fission-fragment rocket
1704:Nuclear photonic rocket
1672:Nuclear electric rocket
1438:Staged combustion cycle
1374:Solid-propellant rocket
1116:2014P&SS..104..141J
858:en.ilmatieteenlaitos.fi
715:www.electric-sailing.fi
690:www.electric-sailing.fi
316:As a brake for a small
1827:Non-rocket spacelaunch
1677:Nuclear thermal rocket
1577:Pulsed plasma thruster
776:program at NASA (2015)
493:. Technologyreview.com
380:, producing about 0.5
205:
132:
87:
35:
1911:Spacecraft propulsion
1493:Electrical propulsion
1220:Spacecraft propulsion
415:Electrodynamic tether
310:with small or modest
262:Intrinsic limitations
203:
122:
85:
52:spacecraft propulsion
33:
1725:Antimatter-catalyzed
1523:Hall-effect thruster
1336:Solar thermal rocket
882:on January 31, 2013.
628:Science World Report
1921:Interstellar travel
1667:Direct Fusion Drive
1582:Vacuum arc thruster
1469:Pressure-fed engine
1448:Gas-generator cycle
1355:Chemical propulsion
1292:Physical propulsion
1063:2016AcAau.128...13P
1020:Scientific American
978:. 15 December 2023.
581:2007AnGeo..25..755J
569:Annales Geophysicae
405:via the main body.
196:Development history
177:probe, but without
109:can be controlled.
1906:Finnish inventions
1881:Spaceflight portal
1847:Reactionless drive
1812:Aerogravity assist
1652:Nuclear propulsion
647:on August 24, 2018
318:interstellar probe
252:Academy of Finland
232:astronomical units
209:Academy of Finland
206:
190:ultrasonic welding
133:
88:
42:(also known as an
36:
1888:
1887:
1842:Atmospheric entry
1797:Orbital mechanics
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1763:
1646:
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1597:Resistojet rocket
1487:
1486:
1462:Intake mechanisms
1395:Liquid propellant
1299:Cold gas thruster
1041:Acta Astronautica
395:atmospheric entry
103:centrifugal force
1928:
1878:
1862:Alcubierre drive
1852:Field propulsion
1802:Orbital maneuver
1790:Related concepts
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1508:Colloid thruster
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946:. Archived from
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878:. Archived from
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840:www.iltalehti.fi
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795:. Archived from
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373:Cassini-Huygens
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186:micrometeoroids
179:gravity assists
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70:in 2006 at the
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64:electric field
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1822:Space launch
1754:Fission sail
1682:Radioisotope
1513:Ion thruster
1431:Power cycles
1417:Bipropellant
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1309:Steam rocket
1304:Water rocket
1179:. Retrieved
1177:. 2008-04-17
1174:ScienceDaily
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1832:Aerobraking
1713:Open system
1697:"Lightbulb"
1638:Mass driver
1388:Propellants
1319:Diffractive
1100:: 141–146.
442:PatentScope
308:heliosphere
25:photon sail
1895:Categories
1857:Warp drive
1687:Salt-water
1405:Hypergolic
1314:Solar sail
1181:2008-10-15
1054:1603.03015
1025:2018-07-21
957:2017-11-23
926:2016-04-24
803:2016-04-25
760:2015-08-18
735:2014-01-12
610:2008-04-18
575:(3): 755.
497:2014-01-12
470:2015-11-10
426:References
274:flows and
169:ice giants
141:solar wind
137:solar sail
60:solar wind
54:using the
1400:Cryogenic
1132:118329908
1107:1312.6554
1047:: 13–20.
872:"uudised"
547:122272677
465:Space.com
331:asteroids
250:In 2017,
224:ESTCube-1
129:ESTCube-1
125:rendering
123:Artist's
114:slingshot
1901:CubeSats
1692:Gas core
1227:Concepts
1079:17732634
900:25 April
711:"E-sail"
506:cite web
409:See also
386:velocity
220:Estonian
149:radially
107:attitude
1781:Tethers
1633:MagBeam
1518:Gridded
1273:Staging
1266:Delta-v
1112:Bibcode
1059:Bibcode
996:May 23,
577:Bibcode
382:newtons
368:Galileo
364:Jupiter
359:Galileo
312:payload
287:tacking
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239:Finnish
145:photons
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58:of the
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1234:Rocket
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