425:, can overload the conductive pathways of the nervous system, causing involuntary muscle-contractions, or interfere with vital nervous-system functions such as heart rhythm. When the energy is low enough most of it may be used just heating the air, so the spark never fully stabilizes into a glow or arc. However, sparks with very low energy still produce a "plasma tunnel" through the air, through which electricity can pass. This plasma is heated to temperatures often greater than the surface of the Sun, and can cause small, localized burns. Conductive liquids, gels or ointments are often used when applying electrodes to a person's body, preventing sparks from forming at the point of contact and damaging skin. Similarly, sparks can cause damage to metals and other conductors,
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414:. When a person is charged with high-voltage static-charges, or is in the presence of high-voltage electrical supplies, a spark can jump between a conductor and a person who is in close enough proximity, allowing the release of much higher energies that can cause severe burns, shut down the heart and internal organs, or even develop into an
253:
is a safety feature that is used in some flame igniters that senses the electrical conductivity of the flame and uses this information to determine whether a burner flame is lit. This information is used to stop an ignition device from sparking after the flame is lit or restart the flame if it goes
75:
of the intervening medium. For air, the breakdown strength is about 30 kV/cm at sea level. Experimentally, this figure tends to differ depending upon humidity, atmospheric pressure, shape of electrodes (needle and ground-plane, hemispherical etc.) and the corresponding spacing between them and even
397:
Sparks can be hazardous to people, animals or even inanimate objects. Electric sparks can ignite flammable materials, liquids, gases and vapors. Even inadvertent static-discharges, or small sparks that occur when switching on lights or other circuits, can be enough to ignite flammable vapors from
953:
Trachioti, Maria G.; Tzianni, Eleni I.; Riman, Daniel; Jurmanova, Jana; Prodromidis, Mamas I.; Hrbac, Jan (May 2019). "Extended coverage of screen-printed graphite electrodes by spark discharge produced gold nanoparticles with a 3D positioning device. Assessment of sparking voltage-time
917:
Trachioti, Maria G.; Karantzalis, Alexandros E.; Hrbac, Jan; Prodromidis, Mamas I. (February 2019). "Low-cost screen-printed sensors on-demand: Instantly prepared sparked gold nanoparticles from eutectic Au/Si alloy for the determination of arsenic at the sub-ppb level".
989:
Trachioti, Maria G.; Hemzal, Dusan; Hrbac, Jan; Prodromidis, Mamas I. (May 2020). "Generation of graphite nanomaterials from pencil leads with the aid of a 3D positioning sparking device: Application to the voltammetric determination of nitroaromatic explosives".
99:
and newly freed electrons which are also accelerated. At some point, thermal energy will provide a much greater source of ions. The exponentially-increasing electrons and ions rapidly cause regions of the air in the gap to become
309:(EDM) is sometimes called spark machining and uses a spark discharge to remove material from a workpiece. Electrical discharge machining is used for hard metals or those that are difficult to machine with traditional techniques.
405:
Sparks often indicate the presence of a high voltage, or "potential field". The higher the voltage; the farther a spark can jump across a gap, and with enough energy supplied can lead to greater discharges such as a
225:
to ignite fuel and air mixtures. The electric discharge in a spark plug occurs between an insulated central electrode and a grounded terminal on the base of the plug. The voltage for the spark is provided by an
71:
The rapid transition from a non-conducting to a conductive state produces a brief emission of light and a sharp crack or snapping sound. A spark is created when the applied electric field exceeds the
744:
Munir, Z. A.; Anselmi-Tamburini, U.; Ohyanagi, M. (2006). "The effect of electric field and pressure on the synthesis and consolidation of materials: A review of the spark plasma sintering method".
381:. Spark discharge has been also applied in electrochemical sensing via the in-situ surface modification of disposable screen printed carbon electrodes (SPEs) with various metal and carbon sources.
890:
Trachioti, Maria G.; Hrbac, Jan; Prodromidis, Mamas I. (May 2018). "Determination of Cd and Zn with "green" screen-printed electrodes modified with instantly prepared sparked tin nanoparticles".
1025:
Trachioti, Maria G.; Hrbac, Jan; Prodromidis, Mamas I. (October 2021). "Determination of 8−hydroxy−2ˊ−deoxyguanosine in urine with "linear" mode sparked graphite screen-printed electrodes".
437:
which, in high enough concentrations, can cause respiratory discomfort or distress, itching, or tissue damage, and can be harmful to other materials such as certain plastics.
137:
is an example of an electric spark in nature, while electric sparks, large or small, occur in or near many man-made objects, both by design and sometimes by accident.
592:
Michael Brian
Schiffer, Draw the Lightning Down: Benjamin Franklin and Electrical Technology in the Age of Enlightenment. University of California Press, p 164
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systems and by 1940 were no longer used for communication. The wide use of spark-gap transmitters led to the nickname "sparks" for a ship's radio officer.
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128:. An electric spark can also occur within insulating liquids or solids, but with different breakdown mechanisms from sparks in gases.
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An electric spark produced by a stun gun. At 150,000 volts, the spark can easily jump a gap greater than 25 mm (1 in).
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discovered that sparks were associated with electrical phenomena. In 1708, Samuel Wall performed experiments with
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124:. If the power supply continues to supply current, the spark will evolve into a continuous discharge called an
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described this phenomenon as "the beautiful flash of light attending the discharge of common electricity".
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by James
Shipman, Jerry D. Wilson, Charles A. Higgins, Omar Torres -- Cengage Learning 2016 Page 202
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sources like gasoline, acetone, propane, or dust concentrations in the air, such as those found in
72:
149:
Benjamin
Franklin drawing an electric spark to his finger from a key suspended from a kite string.
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The Way
Kitchens Work: The Science Behind the Microwave, Teflon Pan, Garbage Disposal, and More
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by Günter
Luttgens, Norman Wilson -- Reed Professional and Educational Publishing Ltd. 1997
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169:, arranged for a retired French dragoon named Coiffier in the village of Marly to collect
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channel through a normally-insulating medium, often air or other gases or gas mixtures.
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to excite atoms in a sample. LIBS has also been called laser spark spectroscopy (LSS).
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53:
1101:
Management of
Hazardous Energy: Deactivation, De-Energization, Isolation, and Lock-out
347:
The light that is produced by electric sparks can be collected and used for a type of
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communication. Spark gap transmitters were widely used in the first three decades of
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thereby proving that lightning and electricity are the same. In
Franklin's famous
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By Thomas Neil McManus -- CRC Press 2013 Page 79--80, 95--96, 231, 346, 778, 780
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19:
This article is about the electrical discharge. For fiery and other sparks, see
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characteristics to develop sensors with advanced electrocatalytic properties".
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Walters, J. P. (1969). "Historical
Advances in Spark Emission Spectroscopy".
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41:
37:
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Electricity in the 17th and 18th centuries: a study of early Modern physics
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The Bosch book of the Motor Car, Its evolution and engineering development
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201:
Spark transmitter used for ship to shore communication up to 10 km (
193:
Gas stove burner - the electric spark flame igniter is shown at the left.
131:
Sometimes, sparks can be dangerous. They can cause fires and burn skin.
542:
181:, he successfully extracted sparks from a cloud during a thunderstorm.
52:
is an abrupt electrical discharge that occurs when a sufficiently high
876:
1083:
https://powderprocess.net/Safety/Electrostatics_Risks_ATEX_DSEAR.html
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A high energy pulsed laser can be used to produce an electric spark.
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Kryzhanovsky, L. N. (1989). "Mapping the history of electricity".
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367:
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Flame igniters use electric sparks to initiate combustion in some
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the type of waveform, whether sinusoidal or cosine-rectangular.
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96:
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High-voltage sparks, even those with low energy such as from a
374:
855:
Dempster, A. J. (1936). "Ion
Sources for Mass Spectroscopy".
95:. As they collide with air molecules, they create additional
234:
that is connected to the spark plug with an insulated wire.
429:
or pitting the surface; a phenomenon which is exploited in
91:) are accelerated by the electrical field, resulting in a
1132:
723:. Dearborn, Mich: Society of Manufacturing Engineers.
16:
Abrupt electrical discharge through an ionised channel
289:
from 1887–1916. They were later supplanted by
633:Bill Whitman; Bill Johnson; John Tomczyck (2004).
635:Refrigeration and Air Conditioning Technology, 5E
402:or more generally in factories handling powders.
832:Handbook of laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy
494:Meek, J. (1940). "A Theory of Spark Discharge".
1131:Electric spark (1)...(4). Videos on the portal
830:Radziemski, Leon J.; Cremers, David A. (2006).
698:. London: Institution of Electrical Engineers.
301:Electric sparks are used in different kinds of
161:rubbed with cloth to produce sparks. In 1752,
8:
373:Electric sparks can also be used to create
112:is limited by the available charge (for an
44:is a natural example of an electric spark.
564:Heilbron, J. L.; Heilborn, J. L. (1979).
335:, where the heat is provided by external
606:. St. Martin's Press. pp. 206–207.
25:
473:
482:Experimental Researches in Electricity
165:, acting on an experiment proposed by
1080:Dust explosion electrostatics hazards
331:die. SPS is faster than conventional
7:
360:Laser induced breakdown spectroscopy
1068:An Introduction to Physical Science
14:
992:Sensors and Actuators B: Chemical
920:Sensors and Actuators B: Chemical
892:Sensors and Actuators B: Chemical
857:Review of Scientific Instruments
1039:10.1016/j.electacta.2021.139371
968:10.1016/j.electacta.2019.03.004
721:Electrical discharge machining
570:University of California Press
366:that uses a high pulse energy
79:At the beginning stages, free
1:
319:technique that uses a pulsed
202:
73:dielectric breakdown strength
746:Journal of Materials Science
364:atomic emission spectroscopy
307:Electric discharge machining
217:Electric sparks are used in
108:. Once the gap breaks down,
223:internal combustion engines
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809:10.1366/000370269774380662
719:Jameson, Elman C. (2001).
18:
1004:10.1016/j.snb.2020.127871
932:10.1016/j.snb.2018.10.112
904:10.1016/j.snb.2017.10.039
766:10.1007/s10853-006-6555-2
694:Beauchamp, K. G. (2001).
275:electromagnetic radiation
834:. New York: John Wiley.
484:, volume 1 paragraph 69.
163:Thomas-François Dalibard
1129:Szikrakisülés (1)...(4)
639:Thomson Delmar Learning
114:electrostatic discharge
102:electrically conductive
62:electrically conductive
516:10.1103/PhysRev.57.722
433:. Sparks also produce
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333:hot isostatic pressing
323:that passes through a
313:Spark plasma sintering
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1113:Electrostatic Hazards
696:History of telegraphy
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353:emission spectroscopy
277:that can be used as
264:spark-gap transmitter
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1152:Electrical breakdown
789:Applied Spectroscopy
671:Chicago Review Press
637:. Clifton Park, NY:
452:Electrical breakdown
362:(LIBS) is a type of
258:Radio communications
106:dielectric breakdown
104:in a process called
89:background radiation
1027:Electrochimica Acta
956:Electrochimica Acta
869:1936RScI....7...46D
801:1969ApSpe..23..317W
758:2006JMatS..41..763M
508:1940PhRv...57..722M
1088:2019-02-07 at the
641:. pp. 677ff.
602:Day, John (1975).
543:10.1007/BF02017730
462:Static electricity
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93:Townsend avalanche
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877:10.1063/1.1752028
841:978-0-470-09299-6
730:978-0-87263-521-0
705:978-0-85296-792-8
680:978-1-56976-281-3
648:978-1-4018-3765-5
579:978-0-520-03478-5
379:mass spectrometry
343:Chemical analysis
266:uses an electric
167:Benjamin Franklin
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337:heating elements
213:Ignition sources
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279:transmitters
270:to generate
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126:electric arc
122:power supply
116:) or by the
110:current flow
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962:: 292–300.
926:: 273–280.
400:flour mills
315:(SPS) is a
291:vacuum tube
247:pilot flame
219:spark plugs
206: 1900
85:cosmic rays
56:creates an
1146:Categories
1033:: 139371.
998:: 127871.
752:(3): 763.
468:References
325:conductive
243:gas stoves
175:Leyden jar
32:spark plug
1055:240654358
1047:0013-4686
1012:213989070
976:104377649
940:106204477
480:Faraday,
416:arc flash
317:sintering
268:spark gap
171:lightning
153:In 1671,
135:Lightning
118:impedance
81:electrons
42:Lightning
1086:Archived
817:96919495
774:73570418
665:(2010).
663:Ed Sobey
612:75-39516
551:10668311
441:See also
427:ablating
423:stun gun
329:graphite
283:wireless
239:furnaces
1133:FizKapu
865:Bibcode
797:Bibcode
754:Bibcode
620:2175044
504:Bibcode
385:Hazards
232:magneto
155:Leibniz
141:History
58:ionized
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936:S2CID
813:S2CID
770:S2CID
547:S2CID
435:ozone
368:laser
287:radio
254:out.
173:in a
159:amber
21:Spark
1043:ISSN
836:ISBN
725:ISBN
700:ISBN
675:ISBN
643:ISBN
616:OCLC
608:LCCN
574:ISBN
408:glow
377:for
375:ions
281:for
241:and
185:Uses
97:ions
1035:doi
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928:doi
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