326:
528:). The high output frequency of an electronic ballast refreshes the phosphors in a fluorescent lamp so rapidly that there is no perceptible flicker. The flicker index, used for measuring perceptible light modulation, has a range from 0.00 to 1.00, with 0 indicating the lowest possibility of flickering and 1 indicating the highest. Lamps operated on magnetic ballasts have a flicker index between 0.04 and 0.07 while digital ballasts have a flicker index of below 0.01.
285:
186:, resulting in an equally significant voltage drop. To allow the engine to start, the ignition system was designed to operate on this lower voltage. But once the vehicle was started and the starter disengaged, the normal operating voltage was too high for the ignition system. To avoid this problem, a ballast resistor was inserted in series with the ignition system, resulting in two different operating voltages for the starting and ignition systems.
27:
621:
lamp is turned on. Instant-start ballasts are best suited to applications with long duty cycles, where the lamps are not frequently turned on and off. Although these were mostly used in countries with 100-120 volt mains supplies (for lamps of 40 W or above), they were briefly popular in other countries because the lamp started without the flicker of switch start systems. The popularity was short lived because of the short lamp life.
305:
603:
1960s. Special lamps were manufactured that were rated at 170 volts and 120 watts. The lamp had a thermal starter built into the 4 pin base. The power requirements were much larger than using an inductive ballast (though the consumed current was the same), but the warmer light from the lamp type of ballast was often preferred by users particularly in a domestic environment.
498:
292:, a device with negative differential resistance. In operation, an increase in current through the fluorescent tube causes a drop in voltage across it. If the tube were connected directly to the power line, the falling tube voltage would cause more and more current to flow, until it destroyed itself. To prevent this, fluorescent tubes are connected to the power line through a
97:
317:
128:. These are most often used when a load (such as an arc discharge) has its terminal voltage decline when current through the load increases. If such a device were connected to a constant-voltage power supply, it would draw an increasing amount of current until it is destroyed or causes the power supply to fail. To prevent this, a ballast provides a positive
194:
setting. A very common failure occurs when the fan is being constantly run at the next-to-full speed setting (usually 3 out of 4). This will cause a very short piece of resistor coil to be operated with a relatively high current (up to 10 A), eventually burning it out. This will render the fan unable to run at the reduced speed settings.
205:), but also in some low-cost record players, the vacuum tube heaters were connected in series. Since the voltage drop across all the heaters in series was usually less than the full mains voltage, it was necessary to provide a ballast to drop the excess voltage. A resistor was often used for this purpose, as it was cheap and worked with both
39:
630:
as the electrodes in each end of the lamp continue to consume heating power as the lamp operates. Again, although popular in the United States and Canada for lamps of 40 W and above, rapid start is sometimes used in other countries particularly where the flicker of switch start systems is undesirable.
700:
ballast factor is used in North
America to compare the light output (in lumens) of a lamp operated on a ballast compared to the lamp operating on an ANSI reference ballast. Reference ballast operates the lamp at its ANSI specified nominal power rating. The ballast factor of practical ballasts must be
629:
A rapid start ballast always heats the lamp electrodes using the same heating power, before, during and after lamp starting, by using a heating transformer coil. It provides longer lamp life and more cycle life than instant start, but have very high ballast losses compared to other types of ballasts,
611:
was invented), but it was possible to include a choke in the circuit whose sole purpose was to provide a pulse on opening of the starter switch to improve starting. DC fittings were complicated by the need to reverse the polarity of the supply to the tube each time it started. Failure to do so vastly
397:
In Europe, and most 220-240 V territories, the line voltage is sufficient to start lamps over 30W with a series inductor. In North
America and Japan however, the line voltage (120 V or 100 V respectively) may not be sufficient to start lamps over 30 W with a series inductor, so an
193:
Another common use of a ballast resistor in the automotive industry is adjusting the ventilation fan speed. The ballast is a fixed resistor with usually two center taps, and the fan speed selector switch is used to bypass portions of the ballast: all of them for full speed, and none for the low speed
539:
With the higher efficiency of the ballast itself and the higher lamp efficacy at higher frequency, electronic ballasts offer higher system efficacy for low pressure lamps like the fluorescent lamp. For HID lamps, there is no improvement of the lamp efficacy in using higher frequency. More than this:
598:
at each end of the lamp in conjunction with a mechanical or automatic (bi-metallic or electronic) switch that initially connect the filaments in series with the ballast to preheat them. When filaments are disconnected, an inductive pulse from the ballast starts the lamp. This system is described as
633:
Some
American electronic fluorescent lamp ballasts which are labeled "Rapid start" are otherwise completely different than the classical American rapid start ballast, because they use resonance to start the lamp and heat the cathodes, and don't supply all the time the same heating power regardless
620:
An instant start ballast does not preheat the electrodes, instead using a relatively high voltage (~600 V) to initiate the discharge arc. It is the most energy efficient type, but yields the fewest lamp-start cycles, as material is blasted from the surface of the cold electrodes each time the
535:
above approximately 10 kHz. Lamp efficiency increases sharply at about 10 kHz and continues to improve until approximately 20 kHz. Electronic ballast retrofits to existing street lights had been tested in some
Canadian provinces circa 2012; since then LED retrofits have become more
454:
to provide the proper starting and operating electrical conditions to power discharge lamps. An electronic ballast can be smaller and lighter than a comparably rated magnetic one. An electronic ballast is usually quieter than a magnetic one, which produces a line-frequency hum by vibration of the
602:
Although an inductive pulse makes it more likely that the lamp will start when the starter switch opens, it is not actually necessary. The ballast in such systems can equally be a resistor. A number of fluorescent lamp fittings used a filament lamp as the ballast in the late 1950s through to the
659:
An electronic ballast with an integrated battery is designed to provide emergency egress lighting in the event of a power failure (typically less than 2 hours). These can be used as an alternative to egress lighting powered by a back-up electrical generator. However, emergency ballasts require
650:
type light dimmer can be used with a dimming ballast, which maintains the heating current while allowing lamp current to be controlled. A resistor of about 10 kΩ is required to be connected in parallel with the fluorescent tube to allow reliable firing of the quadrac at low light levels.
259:
This property can lead to more precise current control than merely choosing an appropriate fixed resistor. The power lost in the resistive ballast is also reduced because a smaller portion of the overall power is dropped in the ballast compared to what might be required with a fixed resistor.
189:
Occasionally, this ballast resistor would fail and the classic symptom of this failure was that the engine ran while being cranked (while the resistor was bypassed) but stalled immediately when cranking ceased (and the resistor was reconnected in the circuit via the ignition switch). Modern
571:. The ballast initially works as a starter for the arc by its internal ignitor, supplying a high-voltage impulse and, later, it works as a limiter/regulator of the electric flow inside the circuit. Electronic ballasts also run much cooler and are lighter than their magnetic counterparts.
271:
in series with an ordinary incandescent lamp; the incandescent lamp operated as the ballast for the germicidal lamp. A commonly used light in the home in the 1960s in 220–240 V countries was a circular tube ballasted by an under-run regular mains filament lamp. Self ballasted
376:
ballasts that control two or more lamps, line-frequency ballasts commonly use different phase relationships between the multiple lamps. This not only mitigates the flicker of the individual lamps, it also helps maintain a high power factor. These ballasts are often called
320:
An
American magnetic ballast for signs in an aluminum sign frame. Sign ballasts are heavier duty than other ballasts because the cooler outdoor temperatures increase the energy required to start a fluorescent tube. They are sized based on the total tube length
312:. The top is a rapid start series autoregulator ballast for two 30–40 W lamps. The middle is a preheat reactor ballast for a single 30–40 W lamp while the bottom ballast is a simple inductor used with a 15 W preheat lamp.
606:
Resistive ballasts were the only type that was usable when the only supply available to power the fluorescent lamp was DC. Such fittings used the thermal type of starter (mostly because they had gone out of use long before the
413:
Because of the large size inductors and capacitors that must be used as well as the heavy iron core of the inductor, reactive ballasts operated at line frequency tend to be large and heavy. They commonly also produce acoustic
345:, is very common in line-frequency ballasts to provide the proper starting and operating electrical condition to power a fluorescent lamp or HID lamp. (Because of the use of the inductor, such ballasts are usually called
935:
599:"Preheat" in North America and "Switch Start" in the UK, and has no specific description in the rest of the world. This system is common in 200–240 V countries (and for 100–120 V lamps up to about 30 watts).
190:
electronic ignition systems (those used since the 1980s or late '70s) do not require a ballast resistor as they are flexible enough to operate on the lower cranking voltage or the normal operating voltage.
245:
decreases. Therefore, the ballast resistor reduces variations in current, despite variations in applied voltage or changes in the rest of an electric circuit. These devices are sometimes called "
276:
incorporate ordinary tungsten filaments within the overall envelope of the lamp to act as the ballast, and it supplements the otherwise lacking red area of the light spectrum produced.
676:-heating circuit. Like a magnetic ballast, a hybrid unit operates at line power frequency—50 Hz in Europe, for example. These types of ballasts, which are also referred to as
1035:
705:; a low ballast factor may save energy, but will produce less light and short the lamp life. With fluorescent lamps, ballast factor can vary from the reference value of 1.0.
939:
394:
In most 220-240V ballasts, the capacitor isn't incorporated inside the ballast like in North
American ballasts, but is wired in parallel or in series with the ballast.
850:
160:, a fixed resistor is commonly used. Because the resistance of the ballast resistor is large it determines the current in the circuit, even in the face of
139:
Ballasts can also be used simply to limit the current in an ordinary, positive-resistance circuit. Prior to the advent of solid-state ignition, automobile
1712:
1028:
475:
462:(SMPS) topology, first rectifying the input power and then chopping it at a high frequency. Advanced electronic ballasts may allow dimming via
225:
as current through them increases, and decreasing in resistance as current decreases. Physically, some such devices are often built quite like
761:
1603:
387:
Most
American ballast manufacturers describe some of their ballasts as "NPF" (Short for "Normal Power Factor"), but this is misleading, as
1021:
113:
986:
1542:
833:
798:
771:
1707:
964:
120:, required with some inductor type ballasts. It connects the two ends of the lamp to preheat them for one second before lighting.
886:
360:
produced when current through the inductor is rapidly interrupted is used in some circuits to first strike the arc in the lamp.
136:
that limits the current. The ballast provides for the proper operation of the negative-resistance device by limiting current.
1220:
788:
1702:
1517:
702:
1692:
1101:
381:
ballasts because the current in one lamp leads the mains phase and the current in the other lamp lags the mains phase.
325:
246:
182:
after the engine had been started. Starting the engine requires a significant amount of electrical current from the
1044:
459:
171:
861:
429:(PCB)-based oils were used as an insulating oil in many ballasts to provide cooling and electrical isolation (see
1653:
1567:
1512:
1464:
1372:
448:
1697:
1648:
1489:
1198:
502:
483:
426:
407:
330:
85:
31:
20:
1423:
525:
487:
133:
84:(or a combination of these) wired in series with the lamp; or as complex as the electronic ballasts used in
1245:
730:
556:; for these lamps a square wave low frequency current drive is mostly used with frequency in the range of
463:
364:
A disadvantage of the inductor is that current is shifted out of phase with the voltage, producing a poor
1362:
1203:
491:
250:
237:
increases, the ballast resistor gets hotter, its resistance goes up, and its voltage drop increases. If
222:
183:
129:
402:
winding is included in the ballast to step up the voltage. The autotransformer is designed with enough
300:(AC resistance) to the circuit to counteract the negative resistance of the tube, limiting the current.
1357:
1129:
821:
297:
916:, National Lighting Product Information Program, Volume 8 Number 1, May 2000. Retrieved 13 May 2013.
65:
to limit the current through the tube, which would otherwise rise to a destructive level due to the
1507:
1405:
1135:
840:
This source uses the term "absolute negative differential resistance" to refer to active resistance
608:
591:
521:
353:
Its reactance limits the power available to the lamp with only minimal power losses in the inductor
342:
206:
161:
66:
284:
1428:
1225:
685:
553:
451:
403:
273:
55:
1230:
1170:
1121:
960:
829:
794:
767:
568:
564:
545:
541:
532:
513:
253:
226:
143:
commonly included a ballast resistor to regulate the voltage applied to the ignition system.
1522:
1479:
1438:
1387:
1352:
1273:
1260:
990:
815:
718:
580:
442:
309:
289:
238:
234:
117:
62:
51:
26:
913:
1633:
1344:
1193:
1150:
643:
467:
430:
399:
373:
268:
198:
179:
140:
125:
531:
Because more gas remains ionized in the arc stream, the lamp operates at about 9% higher
825:
1499:
1469:
1324:
1091:
210:
524:
of flicker, a product of the line frequency associated with fluorescent lighting (see
1686:
1671:
1562:
1555:
1532:
1377:
1309:
1304:
1268:
1185:
1125:
1086:
1076:
357:
264:
96:
1288:
1283:
1250:
1155:
1145:
1081:
1065:
388:
365:
304:
242:
105:
1666:
1550:
1367:
1319:
1278:
1235:
1165:
735:
669:
490:
DC brightness control signal. Systems with remote control of light level via a
470:(digital ballasts) may offer remote control and monitoring via networks such as
202:
30:
An
American electronic instant start ballast for powering a variety of American
497:
1638:
1598:
1577:
1572:
1474:
1459:
1382:
1314:
1240:
1180:
1111:
168:
112:
1013:
976:
ANSI standard C82.13-2002 "Definitions for
Fluorescent Lamp Ballasts", page 1
642:
A dimmable ballast is very similar to a rapid start ballast, except that the
1593:
1334:
1329:
1116:
1096:
681:
673:
419:
369:
157:
81:
548:
have reduced reliability when operated at high frequencies in the range of
241:
decreases, the ballast resistor gets colder, its resistance drops, and the
721:(CRT) acceleration voltage, to keep the CRT's deflection factor constant.
466:
or via changing the frequency to a higher value. Ballasts incorporating a
316:
1616:
1612:
1484:
1215:
1140:
1106:
471:
338:
230:
77:
73:
1643:
1527:
647:
595:
508:
Electronic ballasts usually supply power to the lamp at a frequency of
175:
1454:
1433:
1210:
1160:
714:
479:
124:
An electrical ballast is a device that limits the current through an
936:"The City of Calgary - Streetlighting Digital Ballast pilot project"
61:
A familiar and widely used example is the inductive ballast used in
38:
959:
IEEE Std. 100 "Dictionary of IEEE Standards Terms, Standard 100",
496:
415:
372:
is often paired with the inductor to correct the power factor. In
324:
315:
303:
283:
37:
249:" and were used in the series heating circuits of 1930s to 1960s
1608:
817:
Optoisolation
Circuits: Nonlinearity Applications in Engineering
697:
72:
Ballasts vary greatly in complexity. They may be as simple as a
50:
is a device placed in series with a load to limit the amount of
1017:
1055:
104:(inductor) used in older lighting. This example is used for a
42:
Variety of ballasts for fluorescent and other discharge lamps
717:, such as the PD500, as a parallel shunt stabilizer for the
563:
Most newer generation electronic ballasts can operate both
221:
Some ballast resistors have the property of increasing in
989:. Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory. Archived from
660:
regular testing and have a useful life of 10–12 years.
560:, with the same advantage of lower light depreciation.
1626:
1586:
1541:
1498:
1447:
1414:
1396:
1343:
1297:
1259:
1179:
1064:
197:In some consumer electronic equipment, notably in
167:Ballast was also a component used in early model
410:) so that the current is appropriately limited.
713:Early tube-based color TV sets used a ballast
668:A hybrid ballast has a magnetic core-and-coil
233:filament of an ordinary incandescent lamp, if
69:of the tube's voltage-current characteristic.
1029:
8:
914:Specifier Reports: Electronic Ballasts p.18
443:Fluorescent lamp § Electronic ballasts
329:Typical European 230V series choke ballast
1036:
1022:
1014:
755:
753:
751:
892:. Crestron Electronics, Inc. 9 March 2005
1102:Crankcase ventilation system (PCV valve)
156:For simple, low-powered loads such as a
111:
95:
25:
909:
907:
747:
486:(DSI) or simple analog control using a
458:Electronic ballasts are often based on
391:can only be high or low, not "normal".
308:Several American magnetic ballasts for
108:. It requires a starter switch (below).
476:Digital Addressable Lighting Interface
7:
520:; this substantially eliminates the
425:Prior to 1980 in the United States,
16:Device to limit the current in lamps
820:. World Scientific. pp. 8–11.
575:Fluorescent lamp ballast topologies
331:40W T12 or 36W T8 fluorescent lamps
590:This technique uses a combination
349:.) The inductor has two benefits:
14:
1713:Electric power systems components
860:. Federal Pacific. Archived from
851:"Understanding Transformer Noise"
790:Power Electronics Design Handbook
672:and an electronic switch for the
760:Sinclair, Ian Robertson (2001).
612:shortened the life of the tube.
565:high pressure sodium (HPS) lamps
368:. In more expensive ballasts, a
67:negative differential resistance
1204:Overhead valve (pushrod) layout
763:Sensors and transducers, 3rd Ed
1:
164:introduced by the neon lamp.
793:. Newnes. pp. 232–233.
696:For a lighting ballast, the
688:after they start the lamps.
646:is connected to a dimmer. A
296:. The ballast adds positive
100:A typical 230V, 50hz series
678:cathode-disconnect ballasts
512:or higher, rather than the
447:An electronic ballast uses
1731:
1045:Internal combustion engine
925:IES Lighting Handbook 1984
887:"infiNET dimmer datasheet"
766:. Newnes. pp. 69–70.
578:
546:high pressure sodium lamps
460:switched-mode power supply
440:
18:
1662:
1513:Diesel particulate filter
1465:Idle air control actuator
1406:Engine control unit (ECU)
1051:
787:Kularatna, Nihal (1998).
267:sometimes incorporated a
86:compact fluorescent lamps
1708:Electrical power control
1578:Viscous fan (fan clutch)
1490:Throttle position sensor
1199:Overhead camshaft layout
503:compact fluorescent lamp
501:Electronic ballast of a
484:Digital Serial Interface
427:polychlorinated biphenyl
408:short-circuit inductance
174:that lowered the supply
21:Ballast (disambiguation)
1117:Core plug (freeze plug)
526:photosensitive epilepsy
256:and TV home receivers.
217:Self-variable resistors
731:Iron-hydrogen resistor
505:
494:have been introduced.
464:pulse-width modulation
334:
322:
313:
301:
201:in the era of valves (
121:
109:
43:
35:
634:the lamp conditions.
500:
492:wireless mesh network
328:
319:
307:
287:
115:
99:
41:
29:
1703:Resistive components
1358:Compression ignition
452:electronic circuitry
32:T8 fluorescent lamps
19:For other uses, see
1693:Gas discharge lamps
1508:Catalytic converter
826:2012ocna.book.....A
814:Aluf, Ofer (2012).
692:ANSI ballast factor
554:acoustic resonanace
540:HID lamps like the
522:stroboscopic effect
437:Electronic ballasts
274:mercury-vapor lamps
263:Earlier, household
207:alternating current
162:negative resistance
1634:Knocking / pinging
1226:Combustion chamber
858:federalpacific.com
569:metal-halide lamps
542:metal halide lamps
506:
455:core laminations.
404:leakage inductance
335:
323:
314:
302:
227:incandescent lamps
122:
110:
56:electrical circuit
48:electrical ballast
44:
36:
1680:
1679:
1649:Stratified charge
1416:Electrical system
1398:Engine management
1231:Compression ratio
1171:Starter ring gear
1070:rotating assembly
993:on March 19, 2013
680:, disconnect the
347:magnetic ballasts
310:fluorescent lamps
280:Reactive ballasts
63:fluorescent lamps
1720:
1523:Exhaust manifold
1388:Spark plug wires
1274:Boost controller
1261:Forced induction
1038:
1031:
1024:
1015:
1003:
1002:
1000:
998:
987:"Ballast factor"
983:
977:
974:
968:
957:
951:
950:
948:
947:
938:. Archived from
932:
926:
923:
917:
911:
902:
901:
899:
897:
891:
883:
877:
876:
874:
872:
867:on 15 March 2015
866:
855:
847:
841:
839:
811:
805:
804:
784:
778:
777:
757:
719:cathode ray tube
638:Dimmable ballast
581:Fluorescent lamp
559:
551:
519:
511:
418:(line-frequency
290:fluorescent lamp
141:ignition systems
92:Current limiting
1730:
1729:
1723:
1722:
1721:
1719:
1718:
1717:
1698:Analog circuits
1683:
1682:
1681:
1676:
1658:
1654:Top dead centre
1622:
1582:
1537:
1494:
1443:
1417:
1410:
1399:
1392:
1339:
1293:
1255:
1211:Tappet / lifter
1194:Flathead layout
1184:
1175:
1069:
1060:
1047:
1042:
1012:
1007:
1006:
996:
994:
985:
984:
980:
975:
971:
958:
954:
945:
943:
934:
933:
929:
924:
920:
912:
905:
895:
893:
889:
885:
884:
880:
870:
868:
864:
853:
849:
848:
844:
836:
813:
812:
808:
801:
786:
785:
781:
774:
759:
758:
749:
744:
727:
711:
703:lighting design
694:
666:
657:
644:autotransformer
640:
627:
618:
588:
583:
577:
557:
549:
517:
514:mains frequency
509:
468:microcontroller
445:
439:
431:Transformer oil
400:autotransformer
374:autotransformer
282:
269:germicidal lamp
219:
199:television sets
180:ignition system
154:
152:Fixed resistors
149:
126:electrical load
94:
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
1728:
1727:
1724:
1716:
1715:
1710:
1705:
1700:
1695:
1685:
1684:
1678:
1677:
1675:
1674:
1669:
1663:
1660:
1659:
1657:
1656:
1651:
1646:
1641:
1636:
1630:
1628:
1624:
1623:
1621:
1620:
1606:
1601:
1596:
1590:
1588:
1584:
1583:
1581:
1580:
1575:
1570:
1565:
1559:
1558:
1553:
1547:
1545:
1543:Cooling system
1539:
1538:
1536:
1535:
1530:
1525:
1520:
1515:
1510:
1504:
1502:
1500:Exhaust system
1496:
1495:
1493:
1492:
1487:
1482:
1477:
1472:
1470:Inlet manifold
1467:
1462:
1457:
1451:
1449:
1445:
1444:
1442:
1441:
1436:
1431:
1426:
1420:
1418:
1415:
1412:
1411:
1409:
1408:
1402:
1400:
1397:
1394:
1393:
1391:
1390:
1385:
1380:
1375:
1370:
1365:
1360:
1355:
1349:
1347:
1341:
1340:
1338:
1337:
1332:
1327:
1325:Fuel injection
1322:
1317:
1312:
1307:
1301:
1299:
1295:
1294:
1292:
1291:
1286:
1281:
1276:
1271:
1265:
1263:
1257:
1256:
1254:
1253:
1248:
1243:
1238:
1233:
1228:
1223:
1218:
1213:
1207:
1206:
1201:
1196:
1190:
1188:
1177:
1176:
1174:
1173:
1168:
1163:
1158:
1153:
1148:
1143:
1138:
1133:
1119:
1114:
1109:
1104:
1099:
1094:
1092:Connecting rod
1089:
1084:
1079:
1073:
1071:
1062:
1061:
1052:
1049:
1048:
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942:on 2013-07-29
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1563:Electric fan
1363:Coil-on-plug
1289:Turbocharger
1284:Supercharger
1156:Main bearing
1146:Firing order
1136:Displacement
1082:Block heater
1066:Engine block
1054:Part of the
1053:
995:. Retrieved
991:the original
981:
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940:the original
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894:. Retrieved
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869:. Retrieved
862:the original
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609:glow starter
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558:100 – 400 Hz
550:20 – 200 kHz
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389:power factor
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366:power factor
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341:, usually a
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203:vacuum tubes
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118:lamp starter
106:tanning lamp
101:
71:
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47:
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1587:Lubrication
1551:Air cooling
1368:Distributor
1320:Fuel filter
1298:Fuel system
1279:Intercooler
1246:Timing belt
1236:Head gasket
1166:Piston ring
736:Sodium lamp
670:transformer
625:Rapid start
567:as well as
488:0-10 V
449:solid state
229:. Like the
1687:Categories
1639:Power band
1599:Oil filter
1573:Thermostat
1518:EGT sensor
1480:MAF sensor
1475:MAP sensor
1460:Air filter
1424:Alternator
1383:Spark plug
1315:Carburetor
1241:Rocker arm
1181:Valvetrain
1112:Crankshaft
1056:Automobile
946:2012-06-23
742:References
586:Preheating
518:50 – 60 Hz
441:See also:
247:barretters
223:resistance
169:automobile
130:resistance
1373:Glow plug
1335:Fuel tank
1330:Fuel pump
1097:Crankcase
997:April 12,
967:, page 83
684:-heating
682:electrode
674:electrode
655:Emergency
552:, due to
510:20,000 Hz
370:capacitor
298:impedance
209:(AC) and
158:neon lamp
147:Resistors
134:reactance
82:capacitor
1672:Category
1617:Dry sump
1613:Wet sump
1604:Oil pump
1568:Radiator
1485:Throttle
1345:Ignition
1216:Camshaft
1141:Flywheel
1122:Cylinder
1107:Crankpin
871:8 August
725:See also
592:filament
536:common.
533:efficacy
478:(DALI),
472:LonWorks
379:lead-lag
339:inductor
231:tungsten
88:(CFLs).
78:inductor
74:resistor
1644:Redline
1528:Muffler
1429:Battery
1353:Magneto
896:22 July
822:Bibcode
686:circuit
648:quadrac
596:cathode
294:ballast
239:current
235:current
184:battery
178:to the
176:voltage
172:engines
54:in an
52:current
1667:Portal
1455:Airbox
1434:Dynamo
1161:Piston
1151:Stroke
1130:layout
1058:series
963:
832:
797:
770:
715:triode
664:Hybrid
480:DMX512
213:(DC).
1627:Other
1251:Valve
1221:Chest
890:(PDF)
865:(PDF)
854:(PDF)
416:noise
385:Note:
343:choke
321:used.
254:radio
251:AC/DC
80:, or
1609:Sump
1126:bank
1087:Bore
999:2013
961:ISBN
898:2013
873:2015
830:ISBN
795:ISBN
768:ISBN
698:ANSI
544:and
356:The
1594:Oil
1183:and
1068:and
516:of
433:).
422:).
420:hum
337:An
132:or
46:An
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288:A
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