Electricity sector in Argentina

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jurisdiction had not been allowed to raise residential tariffs since they were frozen in 2002 as a result of the Emergency and Exchange Regime Law, some provincial regulators had recently approved additional charges to residential tariffs. In particular, the Public Service Regulatory Agency in the Province of Córdoba (ERSeP) agreed in February 2008 to a 17.4% additional charge to residential customers. Likewise, Santa Fé approved increases between 10% and 20%; Mendoza between 0 and 5% below 300 kWh and between 10% and 27% above 300 kWh; Jujuy between 22% and 29% and Tucumán between 10% and 24%. Other provinces (i.e. San Juan, Chaco, Formosa, Corrientes, La Pampa, Neuqen, Río Negro and Entre Ríos) are expected to raise tariffs in the near future.

1585:) program with the objective of increasing generation capacity and meeting the rising demand for electricity. The program applies for consumption levels above those for 2005. CAMMESA requires all large users (above 300 kW) to contract the difference between their current demand and their demand in the year 2005 in the Energy Plus market. In this new de-regulated market, only energy produced from new generation plants will be traded. The aim of the program is twofold. In one hand, it seeks to guarantee supply to residential consumers, public entities, and small and medium enterprises. On the other hand, it aims at encouraging self-generation by the industrial sector and electricity 1602:

imbalance. The PRONUREE, under the responsibility of the Secretariat of Energy, aims to be a vehicle for improving energy efficiency in the energy-consuming sectors and acknowledges that energy efficiency needs to be promoted with a long-term commitment and vision. It also acknowledges the connection between energy efficiency and sustainable development, including the reduction of greenhouse gas emissions. The program also recognizes the need for individual behavioral changes to be promoted with an educational strategy, with the public sector setting the example by assuming a leadership role in the implementation of energy conservation measures in its facilities.

551:(3%), while wind and solar power accounted for less than 1%. Installed nominal capacity in 2019 was 38,922 MW. However, this scenario of gas dominance is likely to undergo changes due to gas exhaustion derived from the existing "bottlenecks" in exploration and production (E+P) and pipeline capacity. Gas output dropped for the first time in 2005 (-1.4%) and gas reserves dropped to ten years of consumption by the end of 2004 (down from an average of 30 years in the 1980s). Today, gas reserves are 43% lower than in 2000. This situation is further aggravated by the uncertainty surrounding the gas deals with 1965:(Argentina-Paraguay) and Salto Grande (Argentina-Uruguay). On the other hand, the transmission and distribution sectors are highly regulated and less competitive than generation. In transmission, the Compañía Nacional de Transporte Energético en Alta Tension (Transener) operates the national electricity transmission grid, while in the distribution sector, three private companies, Edenor (Empresa Distribuidora y Comercializadora Norte), Edesur (Electricidad Distribuidora Sur) and Edelap (Empresa de Electricidad de la Plata), dominate a market with 75% control by private firms. 2102:(PERMER). This project has the objective of guaranteeing access to electricity to 1.8 million people (314,000 households) and to 6,000 public services (schools, hospitals, etc.) located far from electricity distribution centers. Electrification of this dispersed market will be mostly carried out through the installation of solar photovoltaic systems, but also through other technologies such as micro-hydraulic turbines, wind and, eventually, diesel generators. The project, which started in 1999 and is expected to end in December 2008, has received a US$ 10 million grant from 1097: 1120:

market price. It also granted certain tax exemptions for a period of 15 years from the law's promulgation. The 2007 Law complemented the previous one, declaring of national interest the generation of electricity from any renewable source intended to deliver a public service. This law also set an 8% target for renewable energy consumption in the period of 10 years and mandated the creation of a trust fund whose resources will be allocated to pay a premium for electricity produced from renewable sources.

567: 1624:(CFLs) in all households connected to the electricity grid and selected public buildings. The program, which has initially undergone a pilot phase and expects to replace 5 million incandescent lamps in the next six months, foresees the distribution of 25 million lamps overall. Staff from the distribution companies will visit each household to replace the incandescent lamps and to inform residential users on the advantages of replacing the bulbs and of the efficient use of energy in general. 1935:'s reservoir was elevated by 7 m to the height of 83 m as contemplated in its original design, which increased its capacity from 1,700 to 3,100 MW. This will lead to a 60% increase in its electricity output (from 11,450 GW·h to 18,500 GW·h). The reservoir rise was complete in February 2011 despite a serious controversy regarding the resettlement of people. Additionally, in 2006, bidding for the expansion of Yacyretá with the construction of a new 3-turbine plant in the Añá Cuá arm of the 1924: 1952:

ability to address short-term demand issues. 109 of the 240 works identified in 2003 were considered of high priority and have already been completed or are under execution. Initially, investment for high priority works was estimated at US$ 376 million, while estimated investment for the rest of the works totaled US$ 882.2 million. However, this budget is under revision due to the increasing costs of materials such as steel and aluminum and of labor.

1593:

commercialization will be restricted to the domestic market, will not be subject to the conditions established in the "Agreement with Natural Gas Producers 2007-2011" but will be based on costs and a reasonable profit. Experts believe that, if the Gas Plus regime is successful, it could stimulate new investments in electricity generation plants under the Energy Plus regime as it could ensure fuel supply to the new plants.

4936: 4292: 2197: 469: 1486:, which had its own interconnected market, the Patagonian Wholesale Electricity Market MEMSP), now interconnected with the MEM. CAMMESA (Wholesale Electricity Market Administration Company) was also created that year and assigned the responsibilities of coordinating dispatch operations, setting wholesale prices and administrating economic transactions performed through the Argentine Interconnected System. 4946: 2211: 1475:; opening up of all segments to the private sector; and separation of the regulatory function from policy setting. As a result of the new law, there was substantial private investment which, together with the public power plants that started production in the 1990s, transformed a situation of power shortage and low quality into one of abundance and reliability at lower prices. 474: 1522:) and the devaluation of the peso, many companies in the sector had to deal with high levels of debt in foreign currency under a scenario in which their revenues remained stable while their costs increased. This situation has led to severe underinvestment and unavailability to keep up with an increasing demand, factors that contributed to the 2003-2004 1304:

tariffs and incentives do not make wind power development attractive enough yet. However, the main deterrent to wind power development in the region has been the lack of transmission lines that connect the Patagonia region with the National Interconnected System. The completion of the Choele-Choel-Puerto Madryn high voltage line, the first section of

24: 2565: 3728: 1716:

In addition, CAMMESA, the administrator of the wholesale electricity market, had projected that by 2007 the country's energy demand would require an additional capacity of 1,600 MW. Faced with the need for specific investments but also with a lack of private investment, the Energy Secretariat (SENER)

1632:

In Argentina, retail tariffs for the distribution utilities in the Metropolitan Area of Buenos Aires and La Plata city (i.e. Edenor, Edesur and Edelap) are regulated by the national regulatory agency (ENRE) while provincial utilities are regulated by local regulators. While the utilities under ENRE's

1601:

In December 2007, the government launched the National Program for the Rational and Efficient Use of Energy (PRONUREE, Decree 140/2007). This decree declared the rational and efficient use of energy to be in the national interest and is also part of the energy sector strategy to counter supply/demand

969:

below) and is also an adviser to the National and the Provincial Governments in issues relating to the power industry, public and private energy services, priorities in the execution of new projects and studies, concessions and authorizations, and electricity tariffs and prices. It is also an adviser

905:

Total electricity coverage in Argentina was close to 100% of the population in 2016. However, access to electricity is more deficient in certain rural areas. The Renewable Energy in the Rural Market Project (PERMER) in 2012 was one of several programs being implemented to enlarge electricity coverage

447:

by the reforms carried out in the early 1990s. Generation occurs in a competitive and mostly liberalized market in which 75% of the generation capacity is owned by private utilities. In contrast, the transmission and distribution sectors are highly regulated and much less competitive than generation.

1951:

In addition, the Federal Plan for Transport of Electric Energy II, defined in 2003 and updated in 2006, has the objective of addressing the constraints faced by the regional transmission networks in the period up to 2010. This complementary plan has prioritized the necessary works according to their

1947:

In regard to transmission, the Federal Plan for Transport of Electric Energy at 500 kV is under implementation under the umbrella of the FFTEF (Fondo Fiduciario para el Transporte Eléctrico Federal). The main lines of the plan (Línea Patagónica, Línea Minera, Yacyretá, Puerto Madryn – Pico Truncado,

953:

supervision of the sector under federal control. Provincial regulators regulate the rest of the utilities. ENRE and the provincial regulators set tariffs and supervise compliance of regulated transmission and distribution entities with safety, quality, technical and environmental standards. CAMMESA (

800:

While CAMESSA categorises hydropower larger than 50MW as non-renewable, the renewable classification of large hydropower is in line with international standards and how other countries classify their hydropower as renewable energy. Pumped storage is considered as non-renewable due to its consumption

1636:

Recently, in August 2008, after a 7-year tariff freeze, residential electricity tariffs in the Buenos Aires metropolitan area (served by the Edenor, Edesur and Edelap utilities) have been increased by 10-30% for households that consume more than 650 kWh every two months. For consumption between 651

1315:

Nevertheless, wind power has increased significantly in Argentina during the last decade. Total operating wind power capacity in 2005 was 26.6 MW, shared by 13 plants. This is still only about 0.05% of the theoretical potential of wind energy in Argentina. In 2007, the distribution of number plants

846:

Argentina currently faces a tight supply/demand scenario as reserve margins have declined from above 30% in 2001 to less than 10%. This fact, together with the deterioration in distribution companies services (i.e. cables, transformers, etc.), has the potential to endanger supply. To sustain a 6-8%

2136:

In 2006, Argentina received financing from CAF (Andean Development Corporation) for two electricity projects: the Electricity Interconection Comahue-Cuyo (US$ 200 million) and the Electricity Interconnection Rincón Santa María-Rodríguez (US$ 300 million), two of the high voltage transmission lines

1202:

Argentina's hydroelectric potential is being exploited only partially. While the identified potential is 170,000 GW·h/year, in 2006 hydroelectric production amounted just to 42,360 GW·h. There are also untapped mini-hydropower resources, whose potential is estimated at 1.81% of overall electricity

1119:

are Law 25,019 from 1998 and Law 26,190 from 2007. The 1998 law, known as the "National Wind and Solar Energy Rules", declared wind and solar generation of national interest and introduced a mechanism that established an additional payment per generated kWh which, in 1998, meant a 40% premium over

952:

The Energy Secretariat (SENER) is responsible for policy setting, while the National Electricity Regulator (ENRE) is the independent entity within the Energy Secretariat responsible for applying the regulatory framework established by Law 26,046 of 1991. ENRE is in charge of regulation and overall

2106:

and a US$ 30 million loan from the World Bank. The Argentine Energy Secretariat has recently presented an Energy Efficiency project to the GEF. The objective of the project is to improve energy use, reducing its costs to consumers and contributing to the sustainability of the energy sector in the

1030:

sectors are highly regulated and less competitive than generation. In transmission, the Compañía Nacional de Transporte Energético en Alta Tension (Transener) operates the national electricity transmission grid under a long-term agreement with the Argentine government. In the distribution sector,

1644:

tariffs in the 17%-47% range. The increase granted by ENRE was below the increase determined by the Energy Secretariat for some transmission companies (e.g. Transener, Transba, Distrocuyo and Transnoa. Some of them (i.e. Transener, Transba), will most likely challenge ENRE's decision. An overall

1592:

In March 2008, the government approved Resolution 24/2008, which created a new natural gas market called "Gas Plus" to encourage private investment in natural gas exploration and production. The Gas Plus regime applies to new discoveries and to "tight gas" fields. The price of the new gas, whose

1770:

In addition, the Planning Ministry announced in July 2007 the commissioning of five new thermal plants with a total capacity of 1.6 GW and an overall investment of US$ 3,250 million. These dual-generation turbine (gas or fuel oil) plants, which are expected to start operations in 2008, will be

1303:

region has a very large wind potential. The Chubut Wind Power Regional Center (CREE) estimated the theoretical potential for the region at 500 GW of electricity generation. However, this large potential is still largely unexploited. One of the reasons for this underdevelopment is that existing

1458:

Prior to 1991, the electricity sector in Argentina was vertically integrated. The sector experienced a serious crisis in the summers of 1988/1989, primarily due to the lack of maintenance of the country's thermal power plants (50% were unavailable). Shortly after the crisis, the government of

1795:

has recently launched bidding for eleven small and transportable generation units (15-30 MW each) and for other three larger generation units (50-100 MW) to be installed on barges. These new units, whose base price is still unknown, will add between 400 and 500 MW of new generation capacity.

1605:

The PRONUREE includes short- and long-term measures aimed at improving the energy efficiency in the industrial, commercial, transport, residential and service sectors and public buildings. It also supports educational programs on energy efficiency, enhanced regulations to expand cogeneration

1960:

Prior to 1991, the electricity sector in Argentina was vertically integrated. The new legal framework for the electricity sector included: vertical and horizontal unbundling of generation, transmission and distribution; opening up of all segments to the private sector; and separation of the

1489:

The reforms implemented in the 1990s led to high investment, which allowed for a 75% increase in generation capacity, resulting in the decrease of prices in the wholesale market from US$ 40/MW·h in 1992 to US$ 23/MW·h in 2001. However, the reforms failed to deliver the necessary increase in

1964:

Currently, private and state-owned companies carry out generation in a completive, mostly liberalized electricity market, with 75% of total installed capacity in private hands. The publicly owned share corresponds to nuclear generation and to the two bi-national hydropower plants: Yacyretá

1637:

kWh and 800 kWh, the increase will be 10%; on the other end, for users over 1,201 kWh, the increase amounts to 30%. The increase impacts around 24% of all Edenor, Edesur and Edelap customers (1,600,000 households). For commercial and industrial users the increase will be 10%.

422:

Faced with rising electricity demand (over 6% annually) and declining reserve margins, the government of Argentina is in the process of commissioning large projects, both in the generation and transmission sectors. To keep up with rising demand, it is estimated that about

418:

constitutes the third largest power market in Latin America. It relies mostly on thermal generation (60% of installed capacity) and hydropower generation (36%). The prevailing natural gas-fired thermal generation is at risk due to the uncertainty about future gas supply.

832:

has steadily grown since 1991, with just a temporary decline caused by the economic crisis of 2001-2002 that has been followed by a quick recovery (6%-8% annual increase) in the last five years, partially due to economic recovery. In 2005, the country consumed 94.3

475: 1014:(Argentina-Uruguay). The generation sector is highly fragmented with more than ten large companies, all of them providing less than 15% of the system's total capacity. Power generators sell their electricity in the wholesale market operated by the CAMMESA. 427:

of new generation capacity are needed each year. An important number of these projects are being financed by the government through trust funds, while independent private initiative is still limited as it has not fully recovered yet from the effects of the

973:

The Argentine power sector is one of the most competitive and deregulated in South America. However, the fact that the Energy Secretariat has veto power over CAMMESA has the potential to alter the functioning of the competitive market. The functions of

3825: 1698:), to be funded by a share of the petrol tax and a surcharge on sales from the wholesale market. This Fund, which is administered by CFEE (Electric Power Federal Council), provides funding to the following other funds at the shares indicated: 2180: 1440:

Solar power is only present in remote areas. Just 81 MW·h were generated in 2005, less than 0.1% of total electricity production. In 2012 the first of four 5 MW stages of Cañada Honda was completed, as part of a plan to install 117 MW of

990:, but there are restrictions on cross-ownership between these three functions. Argentine law guarantees access to the grid in order to create a competitive environment and to allow generators to serve customers anywhere in the country. 964:

The Electric Power Federal Council (CFEE), created in 1960, plays a very important role in the sector as well. It is the administrator of funds that specifically target electricity operations (i.e. National Fund for Electric Power, see

1948:

NEA-NOA, Comahue – Cuyo, Pico Truncado – Río Turbio – Río Gallegos) are already built or currently under construction. The lines built between 2007 and 2009 will add 4,813 new kilometers of high voltage transmission capacity.

2703: 1221:

As of 2020 Argentina had an installed wind energy capacity of 1.6 GW, with 931 MW installed in 2019 alone. Electricity production from onshore wind power in Argentina has increased from 1.41 TWh in 2018 to 9.42 TWh in 2020.

847:

annual increase in demand, it is estimated that the system should incorporate about 1,000 MW of generation capacity each year. In 2016, to meet the increasing domestic electricity demand, Argentina imported 9.5 BkWh through

1717:

enacted Resolutions 712 and 826 in 2004, which created FONINVEMEM, the Fund for the Investment Needed to Increase the Supply of Electricity in the Wholesale Market. The Fund, which sought to encourage participation from

1766:

are the main shareholders in the plants. Both plants, which have been financed through the FONINVEMEM (total investment amounts up to US$ 1,097 million), are expected to start full operations at the beginning of 2009.

1729:

There are several projects that are part of the government's response to the predicted electricity shortages. If all those plans are completed as expected, the capacity requirements for the next few years will be met.

1702:

47.4%: Subsidiary Fund for Regional Tariff Compensation to Final Users (FCT), for homogenization of tariffs across the country (this created a de facto subsidy for those consumers in the areas with higher electricity

4473: 2123:

approved a $ 580 million loan for the construction of a new 760-mile transmission line in northern Argentina that will connect separate grids in the northeastern and northwestern parts of the country, the

3309: 1112:) initiatives. Complementarily, the Secretariat for the Environment and Natural Resources (SEMARNAT) is responsible for environmental policy and the preservation of renewable and non-renewable resources. 4116: 837:

of electricity, which corresponds to 2,368 kWh per capita. Residential consumption accounted for 29% of the total, while industrial, and commercial and public represented 43% and 26% respectively.

1526:. Since 2003, the government has been in the process of introducing modifications that allow for tariff increases. Industrial and commercial consumers' tariffs have already been raised (near 100% in 1104:

The National Promotion Direction (DNPROM) within the Energy Secretariat (SENER) is responsible for the design of programs and actions conducive to the development of renewable energies (through the

3576: 2099: 2137:

included in the Federal Transportation Plan. In the same year, Argentina also borrowed US$ 210 million from CAF for a program that aims at repairing the country's hydroelectric infrastructure.

1706:

31.6%: Fund for the Electric Development of the Interior (FEDEI), for generation, transmission and rural and urban distribution works. Most funds have been directed to rural electrification

2906: 2322: 4498: 4482: 1742:

plants, the José de San Martín Thermoelectric and Manuel Belgrano Thermoelectric, of 830 MW each, are under construction and expected to start full operations at the beginning of 2009.

1482:(MEM), which covers up to 93% of total demand corresponding to the Argentine Interconnected System (SADI), was also created in 1992. The remaining 7% share of the demand corresponds to 4466: 4263: 3372: 4258: 1606:

activities; labeling of equipment and appliances that use energy; improvements to the energy efficiency regulations; and broader utilization of the Clean Development Mechanism (

2151:

La construcción como herramienta del crecimiento continuado. Sector eléctrico. Evaluación de las inversiones necesarias para el sector eléctrico nacional en el mediano plazo.

4253: 1808:, whose construction started in 1981, was to be completed and to add 750 MW of generation capacity by 2010. The plant started producing power in June 2014. In addition, the 3283: 4459: 3896: 1207: 522: 2140:

In June 2007, CAF approved a US$ 45 million loan to the Buenos Aires province for partial financing of the electricity transport capacity in the North of the province.

48: 2381: 4131: 1006:, with 75% of total installed capacity in private hands. The share in public hands corresponds to nuclear generation and to the two bi-national hydropower plants: 4037: 3313: 2812: 2798: 4327: 3797: 893:, Patagonian Interconnected System) in the South. Both systems are integrated since March 2006. The electricity market in the SADI area is managed by the MEM ( 1662:

average. In 2004, the average residential tariff was US$ 0.0380 per kWh, very similar to the average industrial tariff, which was US$ 0.0386 per kWh in 2003.

2351: 1463:

introduced a new legal framework for the electricity sector through Law 24,065, which included the following elements: vertical and horizontal unbundling of

957:) is the administrator of the wholesale electricity market. Its main functions include the operation and dispatch of generation and price calculation in the 526: 3253: 4696: 4126: 4438: 4121: 1565:, but also the generation, transmission and trade of electricity. Through the creation of Enarsa, the state will regain a relevant place in the energy 797:

The above table does not consider off-grid installed capacity nor distributed generation (small biogas/biomass facilities, rooftop solar panels, etc.)

4106: 3125: 2297: 1507: 3881: 2239: 1721:

of the wholesale market, invited those creditors, mainly generation companies, to participate with their credit in the creation of the Fund itself.

3588: 3402: 4111: 3745: 2740: 2171: 1109: 1105: 927:

region. In 2002, the average number of interruptions per subscriber was 5.15, while duration of interruptions per subscriber was 5.25 hours. The

3067: 2326: 1225:

The technical potential for offshore wind in Argentina has been estimated to amount to 2.5 TW, but no offshore turbines have been built so far.

4807: 4656: 4643: 1709:

19.75%: Fiduciary Fund for Federal Electricity Transmission(FFTEF) (created in 2000), for co-financing or projects in electricity transmission.

2870: 2756: 2669: 4854: 3762: 2229: 1614: 1527: 429: 1355: 820:

11,000,000,000 owed to Argentina for the construction of Yaciretá by paying in electricity, at the rate of 8,000 GWh per year for 40 years.

4970: 4939: 4880: 4875: 4066: 3334: 3207: 2157: 3346: 2475: 1498:, was built in the 1990s. Distribution networks were also renovated and expanded, which resulted in efficiency and quality improvements. 4721: 4611: 3901: 2521: 2254: 809:

In 2005, Argentina imported 6.38 TW·h of electricity while it exported 3.49 TW·h. Net energy imports thus were about 3% of consumption.

530: 4101: 4062: 4030: 3755: 2920: 3733: 1610:) to support the development of energy efficiency projects. The objective of the program is to reduce electricity consumption by 6%. 961:, the real-time operation of the electricity system and the administration of the commercial transactions in the electricity market. 539:) are the leading source of electricity generation in Argentina. Argentina generates electricity using thermal power plants based on 4320: 3906: 3790: 3750: 2244: 66: 3099: 3019: 4533: 3964: 3886: 3287: 3151: 1927:

The Yacyretá dam. It is planned to increase its height to increase the electricity generation capacity in Argentina and Paraguay.

876: 4428: 3613: 4885: 4551: 4405: 2120: 1667: 1659: 1332: 924: 237: 223: 173: 97: 2413: 4839: 4711: 4586: 4556: 4528: 4385: 4370: 4243: 2826: 2234: 1780: 1523: 3689: 3497: 2601: 3429: 4906: 4870: 4706: 4606: 4581: 4400: 4355: 4159: 4054: 4023: 4000: 3995: 3855: 3770: 2388: 1805: 560: 552: 4433: 4921: 4844: 4812: 4731: 4621: 4601: 4591: 4508: 4380: 4360: 4313: 4071: 3990: 3876: 3783: 1620:

by 2011 in Argentina. The program, financed by the government, aims to replace incandescent bulbs with energy efficient

3155: 1939:

was announced by the Government. This expansion, to be finalized in 2010, would add 300 MW of new generation capacity.

1351:

Of the 13 plants, only three have been commissioned after the year 2000, with the remaining 10 built during the 1990s.

39: 4802: 4772: 4767: 4762: 4757: 4691: 4681: 4671: 4666: 4651: 4626: 4523: 4518: 4365: 4268: 4217: 2249: 2103: 2058: 2038: 1809: 1641: 1607: 1023: 848: 394: 386: 3625: 1759: 1128:

At the end of 2021 Argentina was the 21st country in the world in terms of installed hydroelectric power (11.3 GW).

4395: 2951: 4911: 4890: 4849: 4834: 4797: 4787: 4782: 4777: 4741: 4726: 4686: 4676: 4616: 4566: 4561: 4490: 4390: 4375: 4207: 4197: 3911: 1739: 882: 536: 2125: 2078: 2074: 1096: 4916: 4736: 4716: 4701: 4596: 4576: 4571: 4513: 4503: 4278: 4190: 3261: 2045:

emissions from electricity generation were 67.32 million metric tons, a share of 36.7% of the countries' total CO

398: 3669: 3659: 2015: 4543: 4342: 4141: 3525: 2643: 2108: 1621: 1472: 1468: 1027: 983: 979: 444: 440: 3959: 1490:

transmission capacity. Only one relevant project, the addition of the 1,300 km high voltage line between

3664: 1366:

At the end of 2021 Argentina was the 43rd country in the world in terms of installed solar energy (1.0 GW).

4949: 3629: 3055: 3044: 3030: 1320: 1218:

At the end of 2021 Argentina was the 26th country in the world in terms of installed wind energy (3.2 GW).

4248: 3129: 1788: 1772: 1539: 1464: 999: 975: 595: 436: 3074: 4792: 4273: 4154: 2632:

Benchmarking data of the electricity distribution sector in Latin America and Caribbean Region 1995-2005

1812:, with 648 MW of generation capacity, was to be refurbished to extend its operational life beyond 2011. 939:

Distribution losses in 2005 were 13.6%, down from 17% a decade before. In 2014, losses were about 3.3%.

587: 3406: 2784: 3592: 1670:

were US$ 0.115 per kWh for residential consumers and US$ 0.107 per kWh for industrial customers. (See

4222: 4185: 4164: 4046: 3840: 2813:"'Dark horse Argentina could challenge Brazil in South America's offshore wind race' | Recharge" 2799:"'Dark horse Argentina could challenge Brazil in South America's offshore wind race' | Recharge" 2735: 1784: 1519: 817: 1514:

and frozen in January 2002 through the Public Emergency and Exchange Regime Law. Together with high

566: 34: 4416: 4212: 4096: 3806: 3241: 583: 548: 4945: 2066: 2858: 1566: 1479: 1003: 3211: 1923: 1542: 3949: 3350: 2479: 1617: 1338: 591: 3485: 2525: 2427: 555:

and the plans to build new regional pipeline connections. Total generation in 2005 was 96.65

4661: 4451: 4296: 3969: 3954: 3944: 3845: 2984:"Safeguarding Electronics: Strategies to Prevent Static Build-Up in Industrial Environments" 2202: 1442: 1344: 1116: 1011: 575: 544: 323: 128: 3403:"Argentine and Paraguayan Presidents to Inaugurate Completion of Key Hydroelectric Project" 2631: 2037:, which represents 17% of total emissions for the energy sector. In 2011, according to the 563:

reached 100% power, increasing the percentage of nuclear power in Argentina from 7% to 10%.

3541: 3529: 2744: 2279: 1751: 1326: 889:, Argentine Interconnected System) in the North and center-South of the country, and SIP ( 3974: 2547: 1936: 1932: 1694:

In 1991, the Government of Argentina created the National Fund for Electric Power (FNEE,

1007: 813: 3717:

Federación Argentina de Cooperativas de Electricidad y Otros Servicios Públicos Limitada

3103: 2298:"Renewable energy in Latin America: Argentina | Global law firm | Norton Rose Fulbright" 4238: 4169: 4149: 3939: 1743: 1511: 987: 147: 139: 4305: 4964: 2569: 2216: 2061:

projects in Argentina, with expected total emissions reductions of 673,650 tons of CO

1663: 1570: 928: 117: 3436: 4081: 1586: 1495: 1460: 2834: 3565: 3501: 2605: 1478:

ENRE (Electricity National Regulatory Entity) was created in 1992. The Wholesale

4086: 3916: 3820: 1763: 1562: 958: 923:

Interruption frequency and duration are considerably below the averages for the

812:

Argentina also imports electricity from Paraguay, produced by the jointly built

540: 1804:

In 2006, the Argentine government launched a plan to boost nuclear energy. The

4091: 2192: 2095: 1747: 1712:

1.26%: Wind Energy Fund (created in 2002), for the development of wind energy,

1613:

One of the first activities defined under PRONUREE is the national program to

3461: 4076: 3850: 2224: 2210: 2070: 1755: 1718: 1597:

The National Program for the Rational and Efficient Use of Energy (PRONUREE)

1558: 1554: 1515: 1483: 1300: 829: 599: 414: 81: 1645:

tariff revision is still pending and has been put off until February 2009.

2033:

emissions from electricity production in 2003 were 20.5 million tons of CO

2958: 2065:

e per year. Of the three projects, only one is large-scale: the 10.56 MW

1776: 860: 109: 3826:

Compañía Administradora del Mercado Mayorista Eléctrico Sociedad Anónima

4015: 2159:

Potencial de los aprovechamientos energéticos en la República Argentina

1530:

and 50% in real terms), but residential tariffs still remain the same.

1491: 864: 834: 579: 556: 3775: 3835: 3830: 1792: 1550: 852: 318: 313: 3679: 3522: 2647: 1046:

Other important distribution companies at the provincial level are:

2057:

As of August 2007, there are only three energy-related registered

1922: 856: 565: 2568:

This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the

2983: 605:

Installed capacity in the wholesale market as of December 2020:

424: 4455: 4309: 4019: 3779: 816:. On 18 September 2006 Paraguay agreed to settling its debt of 3860: 2548:"International - U.S. Energy Information Administration (EIA)" 161: 17: 3734:

List of Inter-American Development Bank projects in Argentina

3711: 3706: 3701: 2073:

region. Production of electricity from biomass waste in the

3680:

Administrator of the Wholesale Electricity Market (CAMMESA)

2352:"Monthly Report - Main variables of the month - April 2019" 2280:"World Bank: Access to Electricity (% of total population)" 2029:(Organización Latinoamericana de Energía) estimated that CO 1640:

At the end of August 2008, ENRE also approved increases in

3684: 3674: 2936: 1956:

Summary of private participation in the electricity sector

1115:

The most important legal instruments for the promotion of

345: 2077:

and methane recovery and electricity generation from the

1684:

Fund for the Electric Development of the Interior (FEDEI)

931:

for LAC were 13 interruptions and 14 hours respectively.

467: 3716: 2414:"Atucha 2 reaches 100% rated power - World Nuclear News" 1043:), dominate a market with 75% control by private firms. 3462:"Argentina, Paraguay celebrate Yacyreta dam completion" 2026: 2018:

holds responsibility for the environment in Argentina.

955:

Compañía Administradora del Mercado Mayorista Eléctrico

3670:

Secretariat of Environment and Sustainable Development

2016:

Secretariat of Environment and Sustainable Development

1671: 364:

Secretariat of Environment and Sustainable Development

2702:

IRENA, International Renewable Energy Agency (2024).

970:

for legislative modifications in the power industry.

3763:

Early History of the electricity sector in Argentina

1658:

Electricity tariffs in Argentina are well below the

4899: 4863: 4827: 4750: 4642: 4635: 4542: 4489: 4414: 4341: 4231: 4178: 4140: 4053: 3983: 3932: 3925: 3869: 3813: 1814: 1674:for more information on the evolution of tariffs). 1581:

In September 2006, SENER launched the Energy Plus (

385: 384: 376: 368: 360: 352: 340: 332: 302: 297: 289: 281: 273: 265: 257: 249: 244: 230: 216: 211: 203: 195: 187: 180: 168: 156: 137: 126: 115: 104: 92: 87: 2166:Argentina: Energy issues threaten sustained growth 1100:Argentina renewable electricity production by year 523:Category:Hydroelectric power stations in Argentina 1203:production (in contrast with its current 0.88%). 143:emissions from electricity generation (2011) 2785:"Renewable Energy for Argentina | ABO Wind" 459:Installed capacity by source in Argentina (2020) 3232:Resolutions Energy Secretariat 864, 865, 866/08 2627: 2625: 2623: 2094:The only active energy project financed by the 1310:Plan Federal de Transporte de Energía Eléctrica 574:The generators are divided into eight regions: 471: 3757:La Energía Eléctrica en la República Argentina 2922:La Energía Eléctrica en la República Argentina 2916: 2914: 1557:for the exploitation and commercialization of 1553:), a company managed by the national state of 1033:Empresa Distribuidora y Comercializadora Norte 390:transactions related to the electricity sector 4467: 4321: 4031: 3791: 3175: 3173: 2126:Norte Grande Electricity Transmission Program 1683: 966: 8: 4440:South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands 2274: 2272: 2270: 2100:Renewable Energy in the Rural Market Project 1510:, electricity tariffs were converted to the 1312:, eliminated this bottleneck in March 2006. 1073:Empresa de Distribución Eléctrica de Tucumán 998:Private and state-owned companies carry out 527:Category:Nuclear power stations in Argentina 79: 3040: 3038: 2829:Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Industrial 2149:Cámara Argentina de la Construcción, 2006. 2081:are the two small-scale existing projects. 4639: 4474: 4460: 4452: 4328: 4314: 4306: 4038: 4024: 4016: 3929: 3798: 3784: 3776: 3435:. World Commission on Dams. Archived from 2156:Coordinación de Energías Renovables, 2006. 1081:Empresa Distribuidora de Energía Atlántica 943:Responsibilities in the Electricity Sector 488:Fossil (oil, gas, coal): 24,549 MW (61.3%) 4483:Renewable energy by country and territory 3015: 3013: 2596: 2594: 2507: 2505: 2503: 2501: 2499: 2497: 2346: 2344: 1961:regulatory function from policy setting. 1208:Hydroelectric power stations in Argentina 1059:Empresa Provincial de Energía de Santa Fé 67:Learn how and when to remove this message 3729:List of World Bank projects in Argentina 3665:Energy Office - Province of Buenos Aires 3007:Resolution 24/2008 Secretariat of Energy 2587:Coordinación de Energías Renovables 2006 2511:Cámara Argentina de la Construcción 2006 2240:Water supply and sanitation in Argentina 2182:Balance Energético Nacional. Avance 2006 1967: 1368: 1227: 1206:(For a comprehensive list of plants see 1130: 1095: 1055:Empresa Provincial de Energía de Córdoba 607: 500:Renewable (wind, solar): 2,903 MW (7.3%) 435:The electricity sector was unbundled in 3746:Energy Efficiency Programs and Projects 3373:"bp Statistical Review of World Energy" 2932: 2930: 2731: 2729: 2727: 2644:"Electric Power Federal Council (CFEE)" 2266: 290:Competitive supply to residential users 274:Share of private sector in distribution 266:Share of private sector in transmission 4127:2018–present Argentine monetary crisis 3751:Climate Change Scenarios for Argentina 2907:Parque Solar Fotovoltaico Cañada Honda 2854: 2852: 2697: 2695: 2693: 2582: 2580: 2578: 2470: 2468: 2466: 2464: 2462: 2323:"Potencia Instalada Energía Eléctrica" 2153:Consultor: Dr. Ing. Alberto del Rosso. 1816:Nuclear energy consumption 2011-2021 ( 1696:Fondo Nacional de la Energía Eléctrica 1077:Empresa Distribuidora de Energía Norte 709: 698: 687: 623: 535:Thermal plants fueled by natural gas ( 138: 78: 4122:Argentine currency controls (2011–15) 3685:National Electricity Regulator (ENRE) 3675:Electric Power Federal Council (CFEE) 3242:Electric Power Federal Council (CFEE) 2946: 2944: 2452: 2450: 2448: 2230:Argentine economic crisis (1999-2002) 1370:Solar energy capacity 2014-2023 (MW) 1108:) and energy efficiency (through the 1002:in a competitive, mostly liberalized 757:Biogases from anaerobic fermantation 258:Share of private sector in generation 7: 2871:"RENEWABLE CAPACITY STATISTICS 2022" 2757:"RENEWABLE CAPACITY STATISTICS 2022" 2737:Coordinación de Energías Renovables 2704:"RENEWABLE CAPACITY STATISTICS 2024" 2670:"RENEWABLE CAPACITY STATISTICS 2022" 2132:Andean Development Corporation (CAF) 1649:Tariffs, cost recovery and subsidies 1229:Wind energy capacity 2014-2023 (MW) 1085:Empresa Distribuidora de Energía Sur 935:Distribution and transmission losses 570:Argentina electricity supply by year 4336:Electricity sector in South America 3401:Kerr, Juliette (25 February 2011). 2255:2019 Argentina and Uruguay blackout 1132:Hydropower capacity 2014-2023 (MW) 1041:Empresa de Electricidad de la Plata 919:Interruption frequency and duration 891:Sistema de Interconexión Patagónico 531:List of power stations in Argentina 157:Average electricity use (2014) 2010:Responsibility for the environment 1547:Energía Argentina Sociedad Anónima 887:Sistema Argentino de Interconexión 361:Responsibility for the environment 14: 3907:National Atomic Energy Commission 2245:National Atomic Energy Commission 2173:Informe del Sector Eléctrico 2005 1672:History of the electricity sector 1577:Energy Plus and Gas Plus programs 1449:History of the electricity sector 1031:three private companies, Edenor ( 881:In Argentina, there are two main 353:Responsibility for policy-setting 282:Competitive supply to large users 4944: 4935: 4934: 4499:Democratic Republic of the Congo 4290: 3887:Argentine Interconnection System 3589:"Energy Efficiency Coordination" 3405:. Global Insight. Archived from 3068:"General Resolution No. 04/2008" 2563: 2209: 2195: 2049:emissions from fuel combustion. 877:Argentine Interconnection System 93:Electricity coverage (2016) 22: 2121:Inter-American Development Bank 2115:Inter-American Development Bank 2005:Electricity and the Environment 907: 333:Responsibility for transmission 169:Distribution losses (2014) 3882:2006 nuclear reactivation plan 2235:Argentine energy crisis (2004) 2067:Antonio Morán wind power plant 1110:Energy Efficiency Coordination 1037:Electricidad Distribuidora Sur 801:of electricity from the grid. 430:2002 Argentine economic crisis 303: 105:Installed capacity (2020) 100:total average in 2016: 98.2%) 1: 3856:Transportadora de Gas del Sur 3430:"World Bank Inspection Panel" 3208:"Diario Clarín,16th Aug 2008" 2179:Secretaría de Energía, 2007. 2170:Secretaria de Energía, 2006. 1806:Atucha II nuclear power plant 1628:Recent tariff increases, 2008 1106:Renewable Energy Coordination 1018:Transmission and distribution 871:Transmission and distribution 842:Demand and supply projections 561:Atucha II Nuclear Power Plant 452:Electricity supply and demand 341:Responsibility for regulation 3347:"National Atomic Commission" 3197:Resolutions ENRE 327, 328/08 1931:On the hydropower side, the 1823: 1373: 1232: 1135: 380:Yes (1998, modified in 2007) 204:Commercial and public sector 4971:Electric power in Argentina 3771:CNEA - Electricity Bulletin 3542:"Argentina - CO2 emissions" 3467:. ADPnews. 28 February 2011 3310:"Aristotelizar online news" 2302:www.nortonrosefulbright.com 2250:Renewable energy by country 2053:CDM projects in electricity 2039:International Energy Agency 1810:Embalse nuclear power plant 1308:under the framework of the 895:Mercado Eléctrico Mayorista 883:wide area synchronous grids 598:(LIT), Northeast (NEA) and 405:annual emissions reductions 309:Dominating 3 distributors: 42:. The specific problem is: 4987: 2456:Secretaría de Energía 2006 2107:long term. A reduction in 1982:75% of installed capacity 1974:Private participation (%) 1506:As a response to the 2001 1329:: 4 plants, 17,460 kW 1092:Renewable energy resources 874: 767: 745: 734: 723: 712: 670: 659: 648: 637: 626: 520: 217:Average residential tariff 38:to meet Knowledge (XXG)'s 4930: 4287: 4132:Historical exchange rates 3528:28 September 2007 at the 1622:compact fluorescent lamps 1323:: 6 plants, 6,100 kW 1010:(Argentina-Paraguay) and 784: 610: 348:) and provincial agencies 231:Average industrial tariff 3696:Electricity distributors 3031:La Nación 5 January 2008 2164:Oxford Analytica, 2006. 2109:greenhouse gas emissions 2022:Greenhouse gas emissions 1690:Investment and financing 1341:: 1 plant, 1,800 kW 1335:: 1 plant, 2,400 kW 1316:and total capacity was: 506:Nuclear: 1,755 MW (4.4%) 494:Hydro: 10,812 MW (27.0%) 4067:Railway nationalization 3056:La Nación 15 March 2008 2075:Aceitera General Deheza 849:electrical transmission 240:average in 2005: 0.107) 226:average in 2005: 0.115) 176:average in 2005: 13.6%) 3902:List of power stations 3188:Resolution ENRE 356/08 3045:La Nación 4 March 2008 2119:In November 2006, the 1928: 1454:The reforms of 1991/92 1347:: 1 plant, 400 kW 1101: 851:interconnections with 828:Electricity demand in 571: 478: 413:electricity sector in 369:Electricity sector law 233:(US$ /kW·h, 2006) 219:(US$ /kW·h, 2004) 80:Electricity sector of 44:inline external links. 4102:Railway privatisation 4063:Agricultural colonies 3382:(71st ed.). 2022 2952:"Standard and Poor's" 2371:Oxford Analytica 2006 1926: 1356:Wind power regime map 1321:Buenos Aires Province 1099: 948:Policy and regulation 906:in rural areas. (See 901:Access to electricity 586:(NOA), Center (CEN), 569: 477: 212:Tariffs and financing 181:Consumption by sector 4297:Argentina portal 4259:Provincial economies 4117:2008 farmers' strike 4047:Economy of Argentina 3897:Hydroelectric plants 2743:29 July 2007 at the 2098:in Argentina is the 2079:Norte III-B landfill 1520:Economy of Argentina 397:projects; 673,650 t 377:Renewable energy law 306:of service providers 49:improve this article 4254:Ministry of Economy 4097:Convertibility plan 3807:Energy in Argentina 3353:on 17 November 2007 3290:on 14 December 2007 3256:Cámara de Diputados 3080:on 19 February 2009 2815:. 7 September 2021. 2801:. 7 September 2021. 2608:on 30 November 2012 2528:on 21 December 2007 2329:on 1 September 2022 2085:External assistance 1821: 1791:(125 MW). Finally, 1371: 1333:Santa Cruz Province 1230: 1133: 967:Recent developments 908:World Bank projects 805:Imports and exports 735:Solar photovoltaic 84: 4218:Telecommunications 3877:2004 energy crisis 3660:Energy Secretariat 3504:on 7 February 2007 2650:on 12 October 2007 1929: 1815: 1618:incandescent bulbs 1573:during the 1990s. 1534:Creation of Enarsa 1480:Electricity Market 1369: 1228: 1131: 1102: 1065:Private provincial 1004:electricity market 572: 547:plants (36%), and 479: 356:Energy Secretariat 4958: 4957: 4823: 4822: 4449: 4448: 4421:other territories 4303: 4302: 4112:2007–10 recession 4013: 4012: 4009: 4008: 3960:Piedra del Águila 3841:Energía Argentina 3723:External partners 3632:on 2 October 2007 3214:on 19 August 2008 3126:"Diario Panorama" 2859:Public works news 2482:on 26 August 2007 2428:"www.cammesa.com" 2002: 2001: 1916: 1915: 1664:Weighted averages 1569:that was largely 1438: 1437: 1339:La Pampa Province 1297: 1296: 1200: 1199: 1051:Public provincial 929:weighted averages 795: 794: 592:Gran Buenos Aires 409: 408: 344:National agency ( 250:Sector unbundling 77: 76: 69: 40:quality standards 31:This article may 4978: 4948: 4938: 4937: 4881:French Polynesia 4640: 4476: 4469: 4462: 4453: 4441: 4429:Falkland Islands 4343:Sovereign states 4330: 4323: 4316: 4307: 4295: 4294: 4293: 4264:Provinces by HDI 4198:Defence industry 4107:1998–2002 crisis 4040: 4033: 4026: 4017: 3930: 3800: 3793: 3786: 3777: 3769: 3642: 3641: 3639: 3637: 3628:. Archived from 3622: 3616: 3611: 3605: 3604: 3602: 3600: 3591:. Archived from 3585: 3579: 3574: 3568: 3563: 3557: 3556: 3554: 3552: 3538: 3532: 3520: 3514: 3513: 3511: 3509: 3500:. Archived from 3494: 3488: 3483: 3477: 3476: 3474: 3472: 3466: 3465:((Google cache)) 3458: 3452: 3451: 3449: 3447: 3441: 3434: 3425: 3419: 3418: 3416: 3414: 3409:on 13 March 2012 3398: 3392: 3391: 3389: 3387: 3377: 3369: 3363: 3362: 3360: 3358: 3349:. Archived from 3343: 3337: 3335:Electroindustria 3332: 3326: 3325: 3323: 3321: 3312:. Archived from 3306: 3300: 3299: 3297: 3295: 3286:. Archived from 3280: 3274: 3273: 3271: 3269: 3260:. Archived from 3250: 3244: 3239: 3233: 3230: 3224: 3223: 3221: 3219: 3210:. Archived from 3204: 3198: 3195: 3189: 3186: 3180: 3177: 3168: 3167: 3165: 3163: 3154:. Archived from 3152:"Prensa Mendoza" 3148: 3142: 3141: 3139: 3137: 3128:. Archived from 3122: 3116: 3115: 3113: 3111: 3102:. Archived from 3100:"El Santafesino" 3096: 3090: 3089: 3087: 3085: 3079: 3073:. Archived from 3072: 3064: 3058: 3053: 3047: 3042: 3033: 3028: 3022: 3017: 3008: 3005: 2999: 2998: 2996: 2994: 2988:ds200sdcig2a.com 2980: 2974: 2973: 2971: 2969: 2963: 2957:. Archived from 2956: 2948: 2939: 2934: 2925: 2918: 2909: 2904: 2898: 2895: 2889: 2888: 2886: 2884: 2875: 2867: 2861: 2856: 2847: 2846: 2844: 2842: 2837:on 20 March 2016 2833:. Archived from 2823: 2817: 2816: 2809: 2803: 2802: 2795: 2789: 2788: 2781: 2775: 2774: 2772: 2770: 2761: 2753: 2747: 2733: 2722: 2721: 2719: 2717: 2708: 2699: 2688: 2687: 2685: 2683: 2674: 2666: 2660: 2659: 2657: 2655: 2646:. Archived from 2640: 2634: 2629: 2618: 2617: 2615: 2613: 2604:. Archived from 2598: 2589: 2584: 2573: 2567: 2566: 2562: 2560: 2558: 2544: 2538: 2537: 2535: 2533: 2524:. Archived from 2518: 2512: 2509: 2492: 2491: 2489: 2487: 2478:. Archived from 2472: 2457: 2454: 2443: 2442: 2440: 2438: 2424: 2418: 2417: 2410: 2404: 2403: 2401: 2399: 2393: 2387:. 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Archived from 2319: 2313: 2312: 2310: 2308: 2294: 2288: 2287: 2276: 2219: 2214: 2213: 2205: 2203:Argentina portal 2200: 2199: 2198: 2111:is also sought. 1968: 1822: 1725:Ongoing projects 1443:renewable energy 1372: 1358:for Argentina). 1345:Neuquen Province 1306:Línea Patagónica 1231: 1134: 1117:renewable energy 1069:Energía San Juan 986:are open to the 608: 505: 499: 493: 487: 470: 389: 305: 142: 129:renewable energy 85: 72: 65: 61: 58: 52: 26: 25: 18: 4986: 4985: 4981: 4980: 4979: 4977: 4976: 4975: 4961: 4960: 4959: 4954: 4926: 4895: 4859: 4819: 4746: 4631: 4538: 4485: 4480: 4450: 4445: 4439: 4422: 4420: 4410: 4337: 4334: 4304: 4299: 4291: 4289: 4283: 4227: 4174: 4136: 4072:Five-Year Plans 4049: 4044: 4014: 4005: 3979: 3955:Néstor Kirchner 3921: 3865: 3809: 3804: 3767: 3742: 3725: 3698: 3656: 3654:Public entities 3651: 3646: 3645: 3635: 3633: 3624: 3623: 3619: 3612: 3608: 3598: 3596: 3595:on 29 July 2007 3587: 3586: 3582: 3575: 3571: 3564: 3560: 3550: 3548: 3540: 3539: 3535: 3530:Wayback Machine 3521: 3517: 3507: 3505: 3496: 3495: 3491: 3484: 3480: 3470: 3468: 3464: 3460: 3459: 3455: 3445: 3443: 3442:on 13 June 2010 3439: 3432: 3427: 3426: 3422: 3412: 3410: 3400: 3399: 3395: 3385: 3383: 3375: 3371: 3370: 3366: 3356: 3354: 3345: 3344: 3340: 3333: 3329: 3319: 3317: 3308: 3307: 3303: 3293: 3291: 3282: 3281: 3277: 3267: 3265: 3252: 3251: 3247: 3240: 3236: 3231: 3227: 3217: 3215: 3206: 3205: 3201: 3196: 3192: 3187: 3183: 3178: 3171: 3161: 3159: 3158:on 29 July 2007 3150: 3149: 3145: 3135: 3133: 3132:on 10 July 2011 3124: 3123: 3119: 3109: 3107: 3106:on 26 June 2008 3098: 3097: 3093: 3083: 3081: 3077: 3070: 3066: 3065: 3061: 3054: 3050: 3043: 3036: 3029: 3025: 3020:Decree 140/2007 3018: 3011: 3006: 3002: 2992: 2990: 2982: 2981: 2977: 2967: 2965: 2964:on 3 March 2016 2961: 2954: 2950: 2949: 2942: 2935: 2928: 2919: 2912: 2905: 2901: 2896: 2892: 2882: 2880: 2873: 2869: 2868: 2864: 2857: 2850: 2840: 2838: 2825: 2824: 2820: 2811: 2810: 2806: 2797: 2796: 2792: 2783: 2782: 2778: 2768: 2766: 2759: 2755: 2754: 2750: 2745:Wayback Machine 2734: 2725: 2715: 2713: 2706: 2701: 2700: 2691: 2681: 2679: 2672: 2668: 2667: 2663: 2653: 2651: 2642: 2641: 2637: 2630: 2621: 2611: 2609: 2600: 2599: 2592: 2585: 2576: 2564: 2556: 2554: 2546: 2545: 2541: 2531: 2529: 2520: 2519: 2515: 2510: 2495: 2485: 2483: 2474: 2473: 2460: 2455: 2446: 2436: 2434: 2432:www.cammesa.com 2426: 2425: 2421: 2412: 2411: 2407: 2397: 2395: 2391: 2384: 2380: 2379: 2375: 2370: 2366: 2354: 2350: 2349: 2342: 2332: 2330: 2321: 2320: 2316: 2306: 2304: 2296: 2295: 2291: 2278: 2277: 2268: 2263: 2215: 2208: 2201: 2196: 2194: 2191: 2146: 2134: 2117: 2092: 2087: 2064: 2055: 2048: 2044: 2041:, the actual CO 2036: 2032: 2024: 2012: 2007: 1998:75% of clients 1958: 1945: 1921: 1802: 1752:AES Corporation 1736: 1727: 1692: 1680: 1656: 1651: 1630: 1599: 1579: 1543:Néstor Kirchner 1536: 1508:economic crisis 1504: 1456: 1451: 1364: 1327:Chubut Province 1216: 1126: 1094: 1020: 996: 950: 945: 937: 921: 916: 914:Service quality 903: 885:systems, SADI ( 879: 873: 844: 826: 807: 769:Total Renewable 688:Pumped Storage 627:Combined Cycle 615: 559:. In 2015, the 533: 519: 514: 513: 512: 511: 510: 509: 503: 497: 491: 485: 481: 480: 476: 468: 461: 454: 402: 328: 232: 218: 182: 151: 96:100% (total); ( 73: 62: 56: 53: 46: 27: 23: 12: 11: 5: 4984: 4982: 4974: 4973: 4963: 4962: 4956: 4955: 4953: 4952: 4942: 4931: 4928: 4927: 4925: 4924: 4919: 4914: 4909: 4903: 4901: 4897: 4896: 4894: 4893: 4888: 4883: 4878: 4873: 4867: 4865: 4861: 4860: 4858: 4857: 4852: 4847: 4842: 4837: 4831: 4829: 4825: 4824: 4821: 4820: 4818: 4817: 4816: 4815: 4808:United Kingdom 4805: 4800: 4795: 4790: 4785: 4780: 4775: 4770: 4765: 4760: 4754: 4752: 4748: 4747: 4745: 4744: 4739: 4734: 4729: 4724: 4719: 4714: 4709: 4704: 4699: 4694: 4689: 4684: 4679: 4674: 4669: 4664: 4659: 4657:Czech Republic 4654: 4648: 4646: 4644:European Union 4637: 4633: 4632: 4630: 4629: 4624: 4619: 4614: 4609: 4604: 4599: 4594: 4589: 4584: 4579: 4574: 4569: 4564: 4559: 4554: 4548: 4546: 4540: 4539: 4537: 4536: 4531: 4526: 4521: 4516: 4511: 4506: 4501: 4495: 4493: 4487: 4486: 4481: 4479: 4478: 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3843: 3838: 3833: 3828: 3823: 3817: 3815: 3811: 3810: 3805: 3803: 3802: 3795: 3788: 3780: 3774: 3773: 3765: 3760: 3753: 3748: 3741: 3738: 3737: 3736: 3731: 3724: 3721: 3720: 3719: 3714: 3709: 3704: 3697: 3694: 3693: 3692: 3687: 3682: 3677: 3672: 3667: 3662: 3655: 3652: 3650: 3649:External links 3647: 3644: 3643: 3617: 3606: 3580: 3569: 3558: 3533: 3515: 3489: 3478: 3453: 3420: 3393: 3364: 3338: 3327: 3316:on 7 July 2011 3301: 3275: 3264:on 31 May 2011 3245: 3234: 3225: 3199: 3190: 3181: 3169: 3143: 3117: 3091: 3059: 3048: 3034: 3023: 3009: 3000: 2975: 2940: 2926: 2910: 2899: 2890: 2862: 2848: 2818: 2804: 2790: 2776: 2748: 2723: 2689: 2661: 2635: 2619: 2590: 2574: 2539: 2513: 2493: 2458: 2444: 2419: 2405: 2394:on 31 May 2011 2382:"Econométrica" 2373: 2364: 2340: 2314: 2289: 2265: 2264: 2262: 2259: 2258: 2257: 2252: 2247: 2242: 2237: 2232: 2227: 2221: 2220: 2206: 2190: 2187: 2186: 2185: 2177: 2168: 2162: 2154: 2145: 2142: 2133: 2130: 2116: 2113: 2091: 2088: 2086: 2083: 2062: 2054: 2051: 2046: 2042: 2034: 2030: 2023: 2020: 2011: 2008: 2006: 2003: 2000: 1999: 1996: 1992: 1991: 1988: 1984: 1983: 1980: 1976: 1975: 1972: 1957: 1954: 1944: 1941: 1920: 1917: 1914: 1913: 1910: 1907: 1904: 1901: 1898: 1895: 1892: 1889: 1886: 1883: 1879: 1878: 1873: 1868: 1863: 1858: 1853: 1848: 1843: 1838: 1833: 1828: 1801: 1798: 1735: 1732: 1726: 1723: 1714: 1713: 1710: 1707: 1704: 1691: 1688: 1679: 1676: 1655: 1652: 1650: 1647: 1629: 1626: 1598: 1595: 1578: 1575: 1535: 1532: 1512:Argentine peso 1503: 1500: 1455: 1452: 1450: 1447: 1436: 1435: 1432: 1429: 1426: 1423: 1420: 1417: 1414: 1411: 1408: 1404: 1403: 1400: 1397: 1394: 1391: 1388: 1385: 1382: 1379: 1376: 1363: 1360: 1349: 1348: 1342: 1336: 1330: 1324: 1299:The Argentine 1295: 1294: 1291: 1288: 1285: 1282: 1279: 1276: 1273: 1270: 1267: 1263: 1262: 1259: 1256: 1253: 1250: 1247: 1244: 1241: 1238: 1235: 1215: 1212: 1198: 1197: 1194: 1191: 1188: 1185: 1182: 1179: 1176: 1173: 1170: 1166: 1165: 1162: 1159: 1156: 1153: 1150: 1147: 1144: 1141: 1138: 1125: 1122: 1093: 1090: 1089: 1088: 1062: 1039:) and Edelap ( 1019: 1016: 995: 992: 988:private sector 949: 946: 944: 941: 936: 933: 920: 917: 915: 912: 902: 899: 875:Main article: 872: 869: 843: 840: 825: 822: 806: 803: 793: 792: 789: 786: 782: 781: 776: 771: 765: 764: 761: 758: 754: 753: 750: 747: 743: 742: 739: 736: 732: 731: 728: 725: 721: 720: 717: 714: 711: 707: 706: 703: 700: 696: 695: 692: 689: 685: 684: 679: 674: 668: 667: 664: 661: 660:Diesel engine 657: 656: 653: 650: 649:Steam Turbine 646: 645: 642: 639: 635: 634: 631: 628: 625: 621: 620: 617: 616:capacity (MW) 612: 549:nuclear plants 518: 515: 508: 507: 501: 495: 489: 482: 466: 465: 464: 463: 462: 457: 456: 455: 453: 450: 407: 406: 400: 391: 382: 381: 378: 374: 373: 370: 366: 365: 362: 358: 357: 354: 350: 349: 342: 338: 337: 334: 330: 329: 327: 326: 321: 316: 310: 307: 300: 299: 295: 294: 291: 287: 286: 283: 279: 278: 275: 271: 270: 267: 263: 262: 259: 255: 254: 251: 247: 246: 242: 241: 234: 228: 227: 220: 214: 213: 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4163: 4161: 4158: 4156: 4153: 4151: 4148: 4147: 4145: 4143: 4139: 4133: 4130: 4128: 4125: 4123: 4120: 4118: 4115: 4113: 4110: 4108: 4105: 4103: 4100: 4098: 4095: 4093: 4090: 4088: 4085: 4083: 4080: 4078: 4075: 4073: 4070: 4068: 4064: 4061: 4060: 4058: 4056: 4052: 4048: 4041: 4036: 4034: 4029: 4027: 4022: 4021: 4018: 4002: 3999: 3997: 3994: 3992: 3989: 3988: 3986: 3982: 3976: 3973: 3971: 3968: 3966: 3963: 3961: 3958: 3956: 3953: 3951: 3948: 3946: 3943: 3941: 3938: 3937: 3935: 3933:Hydroelectric 3931: 3928: 3924: 3918: 3915: 3913: 3912:Nuclear power 3910: 3908: 3905: 3903: 3900: 3898: 3895: 3893: 3890: 3888: 3885: 3883: 3880: 3878: 3875: 3874: 3872: 3868: 3862: 3859: 3857: 3854: 3852: 3849: 3847: 3846:Pampa Energía 3844: 3842: 3839: 3837: 3834: 3832: 3829: 3827: 3824: 3822: 3819: 3818: 3816: 3812: 3808: 3801: 3796: 3794: 3789: 3787: 3782: 3781: 3778: 3772: 3766: 3764: 3761: 3759: 3758: 3754: 3752: 3749: 3747: 3744: 3743: 3739: 3735: 3732: 3730: 3727: 3726: 3722: 3718: 3715: 3713: 3710: 3708: 3705: 3703: 3700: 3699: 3695: 3691: 3688: 3686: 3683: 3681: 3678: 3676: 3673: 3671: 3668: 3666: 3663: 3661: 3658: 3657: 3653: 3648: 3631: 3627: 3621: 3618: 3615: 3610: 3607: 3594: 3590: 3584: 3581: 3578: 3573: 3570: 3567: 3562: 3559: 3547: 3543: 3537: 3534: 3531: 3527: 3524: 3519: 3516: 3503: 3499: 3493: 3490: 3487: 3482: 3479: 3463: 3457: 3454: 3438: 3431: 3428:Udall, Lori. 3424: 3421: 3408: 3404: 3397: 3394: 3381: 3374: 3368: 3365: 3352: 3348: 3342: 3339: 3336: 3331: 3328: 3315: 3311: 3305: 3302: 3289: 3285: 3279: 3276: 3263: 3259: 3257: 3249: 3246: 3243: 3238: 3235: 3229: 3226: 3213: 3209: 3203: 3200: 3194: 3191: 3185: 3182: 3176: 3174: 3170: 3157: 3153: 3147: 3144: 3131: 3127: 3121: 3118: 3105: 3101: 3095: 3092: 3076: 3069: 3063: 3060: 3057: 3052: 3049: 3046: 3041: 3039: 3035: 3032: 3027: 3024: 3021: 3016: 3014: 3010: 3004: 3001: 2989: 2985: 2979: 2976: 2960: 2953: 2947: 2945: 2941: 2938: 2933: 2931: 2927: 2924: 2923: 2917: 2915: 2911: 2908: 2903: 2900: 2894: 2891: 2879: 2872: 2866: 2863: 2860: 2855: 2853: 2849: 2836: 2832: 2830: 2822: 2819: 2814: 2808: 2805: 2800: 2794: 2791: 2786: 2780: 2777: 2765: 2758: 2752: 2749: 2746: 2742: 2739: 2738: 2732: 2730: 2728: 2724: 2712: 2711:www.irena.org 2705: 2698: 2696: 2694: 2690: 2678: 2671: 2665: 2662: 2649: 2645: 2639: 2636: 2633: 2628: 2626: 2624: 2620: 2607: 2603: 2597: 2595: 2591: 2588: 2583: 2581: 2579: 2575: 2571: 2570:public domain 2553: 2549: 2543: 2540: 2527: 2523: 2517: 2514: 2508: 2506: 2504: 2502: 2500: 2498: 2494: 2481: 2477: 2471: 2469: 2467: 2465: 2463: 2459: 2453: 2451: 2449: 2445: 2433: 2429: 2423: 2420: 2415: 2409: 2406: 2390: 2383: 2377: 2374: 2368: 2365: 2361:. p. 11. 2360: 2353: 2347: 2345: 2341: 2328: 2324: 2318: 2315: 2303: 2299: 2293: 2290: 2285: 2281: 2275: 2273: 2271: 2267: 2260: 2256: 2253: 2251: 2248: 2246: 2243: 2241: 2238: 2236: 2233: 2231: 2228: 2226: 2223: 2222: 2218: 2217:Energy portal 2212: 2207: 2204: 2193: 2188: 2184: 2183: 2178: 2175: 2174: 2169: 2167: 2163: 2161: 2160: 2155: 2152: 2148: 2147: 2143: 2141: 2138: 2131: 2129: 2127: 2122: 2114: 2112: 2110: 2105: 2101: 2097: 2089: 2084: 2082: 2080: 2076: 2072: 2068: 2060: 2052: 2050: 2040: 2028: 2021: 2019: 2017: 2009: 2004: 1997: 1995:Distribution 1994: 1993: 1989: 1987:Transmission 1986: 1985: 1981: 1978: 1977: 1973: 1970: 1969: 1966: 1962: 1955: 1953: 1949: 1942: 1940: 1938: 1934: 1925: 1918: 1911: 1908: 1905: 1902: 1899: 1896: 1893: 1890: 1887: 1884: 1881: 1880: 1877: 1874: 1872: 1869: 1867: 1864: 1862: 1859: 1857: 1854: 1852: 1849: 1847: 1844: 1842: 1839: 1837: 1834: 1832: 1829: 1827: 1824: 1819: 1813: 1811: 1807: 1800:Nuclear power 1799: 1797: 1794: 1790: 1787:(125 MW) and 1786: 1782: 1778: 1774: 1768: 1765: 1761: 1757: 1753: 1749: 1745: 1741: 1734:Thermal power 1733: 1731: 1724: 1722: 1720: 1711: 1708: 1705: 1701: 1700: 1699: 1697: 1689: 1687: 1685: 1677: 1675: 1673: 1669: 1665: 1661: 1653: 1648: 1646: 1643: 1638: 1634: 1627: 1625: 1623: 1619: 1616: 1611: 1609: 1603: 1596: 1594: 1590: 1588: 1584: 1576: 1574: 1572: 1568: 1564: 1560: 1556: 1552: 1548: 1544: 1541: 1533: 1531: 1529: 1528:nominal terms 1525: 1524:energy crisis 1521: 1517: 1513: 1509: 1502:Tariff freeze 1501: 1499: 1497: 1493: 1487: 1485: 1481: 1476: 1474: 1470: 1466: 1462: 1453: 1448: 1446: 1444: 1433: 1430: 1427: 1424: 1421: 1418: 1415: 1412: 1409: 1406: 1405: 1401: 1398: 1395: 1392: 1389: 1386: 1383: 1380: 1377: 1374: 1367: 1361: 1359: 1357: 1352: 1346: 1343: 1340: 1337: 1334: 1331: 1328: 1325: 1322: 1319: 1318: 1317: 1313: 1311: 1307: 1302: 1292: 1289: 1286: 1283: 1280: 1277: 1274: 1271: 1268: 1265: 1264: 1260: 1257: 1254: 1251: 1248: 1245: 1242: 1239: 1236: 1233: 1226: 1223: 1219: 1213: 1211: 1209: 1204: 1195: 1192: 1189: 1186: 1183: 1180: 1177: 1174: 1171: 1168: 1167: 1163: 1160: 1157: 1154: 1151: 1148: 1145: 1142: 1139: 1136: 1129: 1123: 1121: 1118: 1113: 1111: 1107: 1098: 1091: 1086: 1082: 1078: 1074: 1070: 1066: 1063: 1060: 1056: 1052: 1049: 1048: 1047: 1044: 1042: 1038: 1034: 1029: 1025: 1017: 1015: 1013: 1009: 1005: 1001: 993: 991: 989: 985: 981: 977: 971: 968: 962: 960: 956: 947: 942: 940: 934: 932: 930: 926: 918: 913: 911: 909: 900: 898: 896: 892: 888: 884: 878: 870: 868: 866: 862: 858: 854: 850: 841: 839: 836: 831: 823: 821: 819: 815: 810: 804: 802: 798: 790: 787: 783: 780: 777: 775: 772: 770: 766: 762: 759: 756: 755: 751: 748: 746:Landfill gas 744: 740: 737: 733: 729: 726: 724:Onshore wind 722: 718: 715: 708: 704: 701: 697: 693: 690: 686: 683: 680: 678: 675: 673: 672:Total Thermal 669: 665: 662: 658: 654: 651: 647: 643: 640: 636: 632: 629: 622: 618: 613: 609: 606: 603: 601: 597: 593: 589: 585: 581: 577: 568: 564: 562: 558: 554: 550: 546: 545:hydroelectric 542: 538: 532: 528: 524: 516: 502: 496: 490: 484: 483: 460: 451: 449: 446: 442: 438: 433: 431: 426: 420: 417: 416: 404: 396: 393:3 registered 392: 388: 383: 379: 375: 371: 367: 363: 359: 355: 351: 347: 343: 339: 335: 331: 325: 322: 320: 317: 315: 312: 311: 308: 301: 296: 292: 288: 284: 280: 276: 272: 268: 264: 260: 256: 252: 248: 243: 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Retrieved 2301: 2292: 2283: 2181: 2172: 2165: 2158: 2150: 2139: 2135: 2118: 2093: 2056: 2025: 2013: 1963: 1959: 1950: 1946: 1943:Transmission 1937:Paraná River 1933:Yacyretá dam 1930: 1875: 1870: 1865: 1860: 1855: 1850: 1845: 1840: 1835: 1830: 1825: 1817: 1803: 1769: 1737: 1728: 1715: 1695: 1693: 1681: 1657: 1642:transmission 1639: 1635: 1631: 1612: 1604: 1600: 1591: 1587:cogeneration 1583:Energía Plus 1582: 1580: 1546: 1537: 1505: 1496:Buenos Aires 1488: 1477: 1473:distribution 1469:transmission 1461:Carlos Menem 1457: 1439: 1365: 1353: 1350: 1314: 1309: 1305: 1298: 1224: 1220: 1217: 1205: 1201: 1127: 1114: 1103: 1084: 1080: 1076: 1072: 1068: 1064: 1058: 1054: 1050: 1045: 1040: 1036: 1032: 1028:distribution 1024:transmission 1021: 1012:Salto Grande 997: 984:distribution 980:transmission 972: 963: 954: 951: 938: 922: 904: 894: 890: 886: 880: 845: 827: 814:Yaciretá Dam 811: 808: 799: 796: 778: 773: 768: 681: 676: 671: 638:Gas Turbine 604: 588:Buenos Aires 573: 541:fossil fuels 534: 458: 445:distribution 441:transmission 434: 421: 412: 410: 298:Institutions 183:(% of total) 63: 54: 47:Please help 43: 32: 15: 4886:New Zealand 4793:Switzerland 4722:Netherlands 4612:Philippines 4552:Afghanistan 4142:Agriculture 4087:Spring plan 3917:Vaca Muerta 3821:Camuzzi Gas 3546:index mundi 2612:30 November 2552:www.eia.gov 2437:18 February 1979:Generation 1771:located in 1764:Duke Energy 1563:natural gas 1057:), EPESFI ( 1035:), Edesur ( 959:spot market 713:Hydropower 611:Technology 594:(GBA-BAS), 423:1,000 188:Residential 51:if you can. 4840:Costa Rica 4712:Luxembourg 4587:Kazakhstan 4557:Bangladesh 4529:Seychelles 4092:BONEX plan 3965:Rio Grande 3577:World Bank 3380:www.bp.com 3179:Urgente 24 2993:20 January 2897:SENER 2007 2307:20 January 2284:World Bank 2096:World Bank 2090:World Bank 1919:Hydropower 1783:(540 MW), 1779:(270 MW), 1775:(540 MW), 1748:Total S.A. 1571:privatized 1465:generation 1124:Hydropower 1000:generation 994:Generation 976:generation 710:Renewable 521:See also: 517:Generation 437:generation 372:Yes (1991) 196:Industrial 164:per capita 4907:Argentina 4871:Australia 4707:Lithuania 4607:Palestine 4582:Indonesia 4406:Venezuela 4351:Argentina 4244:Companies 4077:Rodrigazo 3996:Atucha II 3945:El Chocón 3851:Transener 3814:Companies 3690:Transener 3486:Na Nación 3284:"SIEMENS" 3218:26 August 2522:"El País" 2225:Argentina 2071:Patagonia 1971:Activity 1818:Exajoules 1756:Petrobras 1719:creditors 1678:Subsidies 1615:phase out 1559:petroleum 1555:Argentina 1540:President 1538:In 2004, 1516:inflation 1484:Patagonia 1301:Patagonia 1083:), EDES ( 1079:), EDEA ( 1075:): EDEN ( 1071:), EDET ( 830:Argentina 614:Installed 600:Patagonia 584:Northwest 415:Argentina 336:Transener 222:0.0380; ( 146:67.32 Mt 127:Share of 116:Share of 82:Argentina 57:June 2019 4965:Category 4940:Category 4922:Colombia 4845:Honduras 4813:Scotland 4732:Portugal 4622:Thailand 4602:Pakistan 4592:Malaysia 4509:Ethiopia 4396:Suriname 4386:Paraguay 4371:Colombia 4274:Taxation 3991:Atucha I 3975:Yacyretá 3626:"CAF(b)" 3551:20 April 3526:Archived 3162:18 April 3136:18 April 3110:18 April 3084:18 April 2968:27 April 2741:Archived 2602:"PERMER" 2189:See also 1785:Santa Fe 1777:Necochea 1773:Ensenada 1738:Two new 1545:created 1053:: EPEC ( 1008:Yacyretá 910:below). 861:Paraguay 774:13,802.4 699:Nuclear 624:Thermal 596:Littoral 245:Services 236:0.0386 ( 33:require 4864:Oceania 4803:Ukraine 4773:Iceland 4768:Belarus 4763:Armenia 4758:Albania 4697:Ireland 4692:Hungary 4682:Germany 4672:Finland 4667:Denmark 4652:Austria 4627:Vietnam 4524:Nigeria 4519:Morocco 4401:Uruguay 4376:Ecuador 4356:Bolivia 4223:Tourism 4186:Banking 4165:Whaling 4160:Tobacco 4065:· 4055:History 4001:Embalse 3984:Nuclear 3940:Alicurá 3471:3 March 3446:3 March 3413:3 March 3386:17 June 2716:17 June 2557:17 June 2359:CAMMESA 2144:Sources 2069:in the 1789:Córdoba 1781:Campana 1686:below. 1654:Tariffs 1492:Comahue 1196:11,364 1193:11,364 1190:11,351 1187:11,350 1184:11,316 1181:11,294 1178:11,249 1175:11,176 1172:11,114 1169:11,112 1067:: ESJ ( 865:Uruguay 788:41,951 716:10,370 630:13,120 602:(PAT). 582:(COM), 580:Comahue 578:(CUY), 553:Bolivia 543:(60%), 172:3.3%; ( 108:41,951 35:cleanup 4950:Portal 4912:Brazil 4891:Tuvalu 4850:Mexico 4835:Canada 4798:Turkey 4788:Russia 4783:Norway 4778:Kosovo 4742:Sweden 4727:Poland 4687:Greece 4677:France 4662:Cyprus 4636:Europe 4617:Taiwan 4567:Brunei 4562:Bhutan 4491:Africa 4381:Guyana 4361:Brazil 4213:Mining 4203:Energy 4155:Timber 3870:Topics 3836:Edesur 3831:Edenor 3712:Edelap 3707:Edesur 3702:Edenor 3614:CAF(a) 3566:UNFCCC 3498:"CFEE" 2883:19 May 2769:19 May 2682:19 May 2333:25 May 1793:Enarsa 1744:Endesa 1703:costs) 1567:market 1551:Enarsa 1434:1,408 1431:1,116 1428:1,080 1293:3,706 1290:3,310 1287:3,292 1284:2,624 1281:1,609 982:, and 863:, and 853:Brazil 824:Demand 785:Total 727:2,623 702:1,755 677:25,365 663:1,693 652:4,254 641:6,298 529:, and 504: 498: 492: 486: 324:Edelap 319:Edesur 314:Edenor 160:3,050 4917:Chile 4751:Other 4737:Spain 4717:Malta 4702:Italy 4597:Nepal 4577:India 4572:China 4514:Kenya 4504:Egypt 4366:Chile 4232:Other 3740:Other 3523:OLADE 3440:(PDF) 3433:(PDF) 3376:(PDF) 3078:(PDF) 3071:(PDF) 2962:(PDF) 2955:(PDF) 2878:IRENA 2874:(PDF) 2764:IRENA 2760:(PDF) 2707:(PDF) 2677:IRENA 2673:(PDF) 2476:"EIA" 2392:(PDF) 2385:(PDF) 2355:(PDF) 2261:Notes 2027:OLADE 1990:100% 1912:0.10 1909:0.10 1906:0.08 1903:0.06 1900:0.06 1897:0.08 1894:0.07 1891:0.05 1888:0.06 1885:0.06 1882:0.06 1518:(see 1402:2023 1399:2022 1396:2021 1393:2020 1390:2019 1387:2018 1384:2017 1381:2016 1378:2015 1375:2014 1362:Solar 1354:(See 1261:2023 1258:2022 1255:2021 1252:2020 1249:2019 1246:2018 1243:2017 1240:2016 1237:2015 1234:2014 1164:2023 1161:2022 1158:2021 1155:2020 1152:2019 1149:2018 1146:2017 1143:2016 1140:2015 1137:2014 857:Chile 760:28.5 749:21.9 719:24.5 655:10.1 644:15.0 633:31.3 122:60.5% 4544:Asia 4391:Peru 4170:Wine 4150:Beef 3638:2007 3601:2007 3553:2016 3510:2007 3473:2011 3448:2011 3415:2011 3388:2024 3359:2007 3322:2007 3296:2007 3270:2007 3220:2008 3164:2008 3138:2008 3112:2008 3086:2008 2995:2024 2970:2019 2937:ENRE 2885:2022 2843:2007 2771:2022 2718:2024 2684:2022 2656:2007 2614:2012 2559:2024 2534:2007 2488:2007 2439:2021 2400:2007 2335:2022 2309:2024 2014:The 1876:2021 1871:2020 1866:2019 1861:2018 1856:2017 1851:2016 1846:2015 1841:2014 1836:2013 1831:2012 1826:2011 1762:and 1740:CCGT 1682:See 1666:for 1561:and 1494:and 1471:and 1425:769 1422:447 1419:198 1278:751 1275:228 1272:188 1269:188 1266:188 1214:Wind 1026:and 1022:The 835:TW·h 791:100 779:33.0 763:0.1 752:0.1 741:1.8 738:759 730:6.3 705:4.2 694:2.3 691:974 682:60.5 666:4.0 576:Cuyo 557:TW·h 537:CCGT 443:and 411:The 346:ENRE 88:Data 4419:and 3861:YPF 2104:GEF 2059:CDM 1760:EDF 1668:LAC 1660:LAC 1608:CDM 1416:16 1413:16 1410:16 1407:16 1210:.) 925:LAC 897:). 395:CDM 387:CDM 304:No. 285:Yes 277:75% 261:75% 253:Yes 238:LAC 224:LAC 207:13% 199:45% 191:41% 174:LAC 162:kWh 140:GHG 133:33% 98:LAC 4967:: 3544:. 3378:. 3172:^ 3037:^ 3012:^ 2986:. 2943:^ 2929:^ 2913:^ 2876:. 2851:^ 2762:. 2726:^ 2709:. 2692:^ 2675:. 2622:^ 2593:^ 2577:^ 2550:. 2496:^ 2461:^ 2447:^ 2430:. 2357:. 2343:^ 2300:. 2282:. 2269:^ 2128:. 1820:) 1758:, 1754:, 1750:, 1746:, 1589:. 1467:, 1445:. 978:, 867:. 859:, 855:, 818:$ 619:% 525:, 439:, 432:. 425:MW 399:CO 293:No 269:0% 148:CO 110:MW 4475:e 4468:t 4461:v 4329:e 4322:t 4315:v 4039:e 4032:t 4025:v 3799:e 3792:t 3785:v 3640:. 3603:. 3555:. 3512:. 3475:. 3450:. 3417:. 3390:. 3361:. 3324:. 3298:. 3272:. 3258:" 3254:" 3222:. 3166:. 3140:. 3114:. 3088:. 2997:. 2972:. 2887:. 2845:. 2831:" 2827:" 2787:. 2773:. 2720:. 2686:. 2658:. 2616:. 2572:. 2561:. 2536:. 2490:. 2441:. 2416:. 2402:. 2337:. 2311:. 2286:. 2176:. 2063:2 2047:2 2043:2 2035:2 2031:2 1549:( 1087:) 1061:) 590:/ 403:e 401:2 150:2 70:) 64:( 59:) 55:(

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