1208:
usually fixed on the pinnacle of the pylon below the ground conductor. Such devices are usually installed on lines with voltages of 110 kV and more, but there existed also a 20 kV-line near
Eberdingen, which had a communication cable fixed like a garland on a conductor rope. Although communication cables fixed like a garland where replaced in the last decades by free-hanging communication cables many of these devices are still in use. If a downlink of the communication cable from the suspension level to the ground is necessary, which is for example the case at amplifier stations, lines built by former Energie-Versorgung-Schwaben (EVS) use therefore a cable in the centre of the tower strung by a pond instead of a cable fixed at the tower structure. This construction type can be found as well on lines using garland-type communication cables as on lines using freely span communication cables.
1263:
736:
1227:
637:
966:
1215:
1000:, along with a vast majority of her compatriots, believes, "As the first big industrialized nation, we can achieve such a transformation toward efficient and renewable energies, with all the opportunities that brings for exports, developing new technologies and jobs". The share of renewable electricity rose from just 3.4% of gross electricity consumption in 1990 to exceed 10% by 2005, 20% by 2011 and 30% by 2015, reaching 36.2% of consumption by year end 2017. As with most countries, the transition to renewable energy in the transport and heating and cooling sectors has been considerably slower.
728:
857:
1251:
1239:
1279:
1051:
203:
958:
1462:
634:
1441:
151:. In 2020, due to COVID-19 conditions and strong winds, Germany produced 484 TW⋅h of electricity of which over 50% was from renewable energy sources, 24% from coal, and 12% from natural gas, this amounting to 36% from fossil fuel . This is the first year renewables represented more than 50% of the total electricity production and a major change from 2018, when a full 38% was from coal, only 40% was from renewable energy sources, and 8% was from natural gas.
1477:
878:
135:
1493:
631:
1337:, the direction of the line passes diagonally over the square ground cross section of the pylon, resulting in savings in material. The two crossbeams for the admission of the six conductor cables are at a height of 166 metres (545 ft) and 179 metres (587 ft). The mast on the Buhnenfeld bears at a height of 30 metres (98 ft) a radar facility belonging to the Water and Navigation Office of the
638:
974:
1773:
1759:
639:
1146:
2126:
1981:
In 2000, Germany had an installed capacity of 121 gigawatts and it generated 577 terawatt-hours, which is 54 percent as much as it theoretically could have done (that is, 54 percent was its capacity factor). In 2019, the country produced just 5 percent more (607 TW⋅h), but its installed capacity
1011:
are distributed all over the country. According to official figures, around 370,000 people were employed in the renewable energy sector in 2010, particularly in small and medium-sized companies. This is an increase of around 8% compared to 2009 (around 339,500 jobs), and well over twice the number of
1207:
Many powerlines in Baden-Württemberg, which were built by
Energie-Versorgung-Schwaben (EVS, now part of EnBW) are equipped with a communication cable, which hangs like a garland on the ground conductor. Some of these lines have also a second communication cable hanging on an auxiliary wire, which is
1401:
These pylons are the tallest pylons in Europe and the sixth tallest of the world. They stand on 95 piers because of the unfavorable building ground. The base of each pylon measures 45 by 45 metres (148 ft × 148 ft) and each pylon weighs 980 tonnes (960 long tons; 1,080 short tons).
636:
177:
Even though renewables production increased significantly between 1991 and 2017, fossil power production remained at more or less constant levels. In the same period, nuclear power production decreased due to the phase-out plan, and much of the increase in renewables filled the gap left behind by
1500:
As in many other countries, power companies in
Germany use radio relay links for data transmissions. In most cases the antennas used therefore are installed on lattice towers, but at some sites concrete towers are used for this purpose. The 87 metres tall radio relay tower on Goose Neck mountain
1452:
are widely used. These carry two cables on the upper and four cables on the lower crossarm. Particularly in eastern
Germany one-level pylons were used too. Power lines with less than 100 kV mostly run underground today. Unlike in the USA and many other countries, roadside medium-voltage overhead
166:
In 2022, Germany produced nearly 635 million metric tons of carbon dioxide emissions. This was more than the combined emissions produced by the next largest emitters in the EU – Italy and Poland. These three countries accounted for roughly 46 percent of total EU carbon dioxide emissions in 2022.
213:
German households and small businesses pay the highest electricity price in Europe for many years in a row now. More than half of the power price consists of components determined by the state (53%). These taxes, levies and surcharges have tripled since 2000 . These include levies for financing
992:
economy". Renewable energy in
Germany is mainly based on wind, solar and biomass. Germany had the world's largest photovoltaic installed capacity until 2014, and as of 2016, it is third with 40 GW. It is also the world's third country by installed wind power capacity, at 50 GW, and second for
2091:
942:
In 2009, nuclear power production saw a 19% reduction compared to 2004, and its share had declined smoothly over time from 27% to 23%. The share of renewable and electricity increased as well as fossil fuels such as natural gas and lignite burning, substituting for nuclear power.
1129:
735:
635:
1226:
1488:
of powerline
Oberzier-Niedersechtem was equipped with a public observation deck in a height of 27 metres, which was accessible by a staircase. After too much vandalism occurred, which endangered also the integrity of the pylon, this observation deck was removed.
1078:
the electricity producers should not own the electricity grid to ensure open competition. The
European Commission accused E.ON of the misuse of markets in February 2008. Consequently, E.ON sold its share of the network. As of July 2016 the four German
158:
Germany has consistently produced the most carbon dioxide emissions in the
European Union since the turn of the century, a large proportion of this coming from coal and lignite burning power stations, 7 of which are included in Europe's top 10 most
154:
In 2023, 55% of energy produced was from renewable energy source; a 6.6 percentage points increase from 2022. Within the 55%, 31.1% was attributed to wind, 12.1% to solar, 8.4% to biomass and the remaining 3.4% from hydropower and other renewable.
2849:"Die Maste der neuen 380-kV-Hochspannungsfreileitung über die Elbe" NWK special edition of "Der Stahlbau", 48th year, issues 11 and 12, pp. 321 to 326, pp. 360 to 366, authors: Friedrich Kießling, Hans Dieter Sperl and Friedrich Wagemann
1423:
The enormous height of the two carrying pylons ensures that the passage height requirement of 75 metres (246 ft) over the Elbe demanded by German authorities is met. The height requirement ensures that large ships are able to enter
2035:
Germany, one of the world's biggest consumers of coal, will shut down all 84 of its coal-fired power plants over the next 19 years to meet its international commitments in the fight against climate change, a government commission said
1317:
bank. Two identical carrying masts 189 metres (620 ft) in height, each weighing 330 tonnes (320 long tons; 360 short tons), ensure the necessary passage height of 75 metres (246 ft) over the Elbe. One stands on the island of
641:
1037:
from 2011. The term encompasses a reorientation of policy from demand to supply and a shift from centralized to distributed generation (for example, producing heat and power in very small cogeneration units), which should replace
138:
Gross generation of electricity by source in
Germany 1990–2022 showing that the growth of renewables already replaces the soon-to-be-phased-out nuclear (purple), and remaining nuclear partially replacing fossils (gas, hardcoal,
1027:. A major challenge is the development of sufficient network capacities for transmitting the power generated in the North Sea to the large industrial consumers in southern parts of the country. Germany's energy transition, the
1329:
Because of the swampy terrain, each mast's foundation is built on pilings driven into the ground. The Lühesand portal mast rests on 41 pilings and the one on the
Buhnenfeld on 57. In contrast to the usual construction of such
1262:
2741:
2277:
2266:
2255:
2244:
2233:
1238:
1214:
1250:
1860:
1308:
north, it consists of four masts. Each of the two portal masts is a guyed mast 50 metres (160 ft) in height with a crossbeam at a height of 33 metres (108 ft). One of these masts stands on the
198:
German electricity prices in 2020 were 31.47 euro cents per kW⋅h for residential customers (an increase of 126% since 2000), and 17.8 euro cents per kW⋅h for non-residential customers (21.8 with taxes).
643:
1042:
and avoidable energy consumption with energy-saving measures and increased efficiency. At the end of 2020, Germany had 2.3 GW⋅h of home battery storage, often in conjunction with solar panels.
214:
investment in renewable energy (22.1%) and for other kinds of taxes (e.g. GST 19%). Grid charges account for almost 25%, and only the remaining 22% are used to actually generate the electricity.
2631:
847:
2252:
2542:
2274:
2263:
2241:
2230:
1473:
at Gelsenkirchen, which is used by four units of these thermal power station is equipped with three booms carrying the conductors of a 220 kV-circuit leaving one of these units.
2687:
747:
TW⋅h in 2008 which gave the seventh position among the world top producers in 2010. The top seven countries produced 59% of electricity in 2008. The top producers were the
2614:
1406:
56 metres or 184 feet (lowest crossbeam), 72 metres or 236 feet (middle crossbeam) and 57 metres or 187 feet (highest crossbeam). Each pylon has a self-propelled climbing
2858:"Die neue 380-kV-Elbekreuzung der Nordwestdeutsche Kraftwerke AG" NWK special edition of "Elektrizitätswirtschaft", 77th year, issue 10 (May 8, 1978) pp. 341 to 352
1501:(German: Gänsehals) near Bell is the only of these towers equipped with a public observation deck. It is situated in a height of 24 metres and accessible by a staircase.
2818:
1199:
There are some special features in the transmission network of Germany. Also they have no direct influence on operation, they are remarkable under technical viewpoints.
2073:
2325:
1871:
965:
774:
In 2020, Germany generated electricity from the following sources: 27% wind, 24% coal, 12% nuclear, 12% natural gas, 10% solar, 9.3% biomass, 3.7% hydroelectricity.
3057:
856:
2022:
2903:
640:
238:
Germany produced power per person in 2008 equal to the EU-15 average (EU-15: 7,409 kWh/person) and 77% of the OECD average (8,991 kW⋅h/person).
2582:
843:
Germany has shut all hardcoal mines by the end of 2018, but still has large open pit mines for lignite in the Western and Eastern parts of the country.
1994:
2192:
3296:
3194:
3007:
3255:
3032:
748:
1958:
2931:
604:
227:
148:
3119:
3114:
241:
On 8 May 2016 renewables supplied 87.6% of Germany's national electricity consumption, albeit under extremely favourable weather conditions.
2353:
2225:, (in Swedish: Energiläget i siffror), Table: Specific electricity production per inhabitant with breakdown by power source (kW⋅h/person),
1168:
1902:
190:, meaning that future growth in renewables will be needed to fill the gap again. Germany also plans to phase out coal by 2038 or earlier.
1402:
Crossbeams, which hold up the power cables, are located at heights of 172 (564), 190 (620) and 208 metres (682 ft). The crossbeams
222:
Germany exported 70,237 GWh of electricity and imported 51,336 GWh in 2021. Germany is the second largest exporter of electricity after
3317:
2694:
1020:
2480:
1232:
380 kV/110 kV-line Pulverdingen-Oberjettingen with two communication cables hanging like garlands on ropes above the power conductors
906:
Germany has defined a firm active phase-out policy of nuclear power. Eight nuclear power plants were permanently shut down after the
3179:
1186:
787:
2737:
2987:
3089:
3069:
2972:
2611:
3084:
817:
2810:
3164:
3159:
3134:
2992:
1929:
727:
3270:
3222:
877:
850:
initiates Germany's plans to entirely phase out and shut down the 84 remaining coal-fired plants on its territory by 2038.
3189:
3139:
3099:
3052:
3047:
3022:
3017:
3012:
2997:
2982:
2977:
2967:
2962:
2952:
2840:"Die 380/220-kV-Elbekreuzung im 220-kV-Netz der Nordwestdeutschen Kraftwerke AG" by Hans Heino Moeller of the NWK, Hamburg
2441:
1278:
3227:
3079:
1448:
Unlike in most other countries, there are only few three-level or delta pylons. Instead, two-level lattice pylons called
1286:
There are two powerline crossings of the Elbe river near Stade, whose pylons are among the tallest structures in Europe.
642:
3232:
3217:
3184:
3174:
3154:
3144:
3129:
3124:
3074:
3042:
3027:
3002:
2512:
1080:
768:
760:
1164:
1160:
3169:
3149:
3109:
3094:
3064:
1341:. Each portal mast has stairs and gangways for maintenance of flight safety beacons, and has a hoist for heavy loads.
1013:
952:
764:
756:
752:
187:
3260:
3280:
3265:
3212:
2012:
1050:
174:(GW) in 2000 to 218 GW in 2019, an 80% increase, while electricity generation increased only 5% in the same period.
2957:
2924:
2294:
1355:
3275:
3104:
2105:
1244:
A 110 kV-line with two communication cables fixed like garlands on grounded ropes on a half of the lowest crossbar
3250:
2711:
1087:
883:
1461:
2565:"The End of the Atomic Dream: One Year After Fukushima, the Shortfalls of Nuclear Energy Are Clearer Than Ever"
957:
916:
is the only significant nuclear constructor in Germany and the nuclear share was 3% of their business in 2000.
901:
2298:
1414:; each elevator runs inside a steel tube in the centre of the mast, around which there is a spiral staircase.
2795:
1411:
1054:
Electrical power transmission grid in 2022 with 380 kV (red) 220 kV (green) and 110 kV (blue) AC power lines
183:
1470:
887:
590:
202:
179:
2917:
783:
182:
from fossil fuel, from 252 TW⋅h in 2018 to 181 TW⋅h in 2020. The German government decided to
186:
by end of 2022, however this has been delayed until April 2023 due to supply disruption caused by the
1099:
825:
2884:
2768:
1465:
Booms on cooling tower of Scholven Power Station carrying a 220 kV-circuit leaving the power station
2383:
1828:
1440:
1403:
1358:
1293:
1075:
809:
2652:
Gerhardt, Christina (9 June 2016). "Germany's Renewable Energy Shift: Addressing Climate Change".
1256:
20 kV-line near Eberdingen with communication cable hanging like a garland on the lowest conductor
2669:
2420:
2013:"Germany to close all 84 of its coal-fired power plants, will rely primarily on renewable energy"
1976:
1393:
1348:
1334:
1310:
1024:
907:
2166:
1323:
1155:
may contain an excessive amount of intricate detail that may interest only a particular audience
2140:
1476:
2017:
1786:
1130:
list of installations for 15 kV AC railway electrification in Germany, Austria and Switzerland
862:
2459:
2661:
1008:
989:
578:
306:
300:
282:
85:
2867:
2618:
2487:
2281:
2270:
2259:
2248:
2237:
1806:
1429:
1370:
1338:
144:
1384:
Two carrying pylons, each 227 metres (745 ft) tall. One is located on the island of
2745:
2773:
1764:
1220:
A 110 kV-line with a communication cable hanging like a garland on the ground conductor
1125:
1039:
719:
134:
108:
96:
1492:
804:
TW⋅h (24%) in 2020. In 2010 Germany was still one of the world's largest consumers of
575:* This data for Germany is extracted from the international column of a Swedish report
3311:
2673:
2048:
1778:
1331:
1034:
1004:
997:
920:
275:
270:
207:
74:
1378:
1314:
1093:
1029:
837:
586:
2665:
973:
178:
closing nuclear power plants. However 2019 and 2020 saw significant reductions in
2868:
The electricity pylon designs of the world - an overview - HoogspanningsNet Forum
2831:
Lehmänkaupat hämmentävät EU:n energianeuvotteluja, Helsingin Sanomat 1.3.2008 B11
2396:(in German). Freiburg, Germany: Fraunhofer-Institut für Solare Energiesysteme ISE
1841:(in German). Freiburg, Germany: Fraunhofer-Institut für Solare Energiesysteme ISE
2585:[Historic data about the development of renewable energies in Germany].
2564:
1385:
1319:
1292:
is a group of masts providing an overhead crossing of a 220 kV three-phase
833:
2909:
2688:"Renewable Energy Sources in Figures – National and International Development"
1754:
1109:
1067:
978:
594:
582:
2520:
1012:
jobs in 2004 (160,500). About two-thirds of these jobs are attributed to the
1772:
1389:
1167:
any relevant information, and removing excessive detail that may be against
294:
1982:
was 80 percent higher (218.1 GW) because it now had two generating systems.
1449:
607:
calculates the share of renewable energies in gross electrical consumption.
1419:
A 62-metre-tall (203 ft) anchor pylon on the Schleswig-Holstein side.
1485:
1407:
171:
58:
2742:
Federal Ministry for Environment, Nature Conservation and Nuclear Safety
1747:*Consumption = Generation - Exports + Imports - Distribution losses
226:, representing about 10% of electricity exports worldwide. Germany has
170:
Germany's installed capacity for electric generation increased from 121
2106:"Excluding VAT and other recoverable taxes and levies, first half 2020"
1425:
1362:
1305:
985:
913:
869:
288:
23:
2715:
2074:"Electricity price statistics, first half 2020 – Statistics Explained"
1910:. Freiburg, Germany: Fraunhofer Institute for Solar Energy Systems ISE
832:
TW⋅h). By 2019 it had fallen to 8th, behind smaller countries such as
2583:"Zeitreihen zur Entwicklung der erneuerbaren Energien in Deutschland"
1120:
In Germany, there also exists a single-phase AC grid operated at 16.7
1103:
223:
1959:"Renewable energy's share on German power grids reaches 55% in 2023"
910:. All nuclear power plants are to be phased out by the end of 2022.
2167:"Germany Energy Market Report | Energy Market Research in Germany"
1995:"Germany: Nuclear phase-out postponed for three and a half months"
1491:
1475:
1460:
1439:
1301:
1277:
1049:
972:
964:
956:
734:
726:
230:
with neighboring countries representing 10% of domestic capacity.
201:
133:
1867:
1366:
1352:
1297:
1113:
1071:
1063:
805:
743:
According to the IEA the gross production of electricity was 631
2913:
2811:"Germany installed 100,000 home batteries in "year of Corona""
2223:
Energy in Sweden, Facts and figures, The Swedish Energy Agency
1139:
1112:(renamed from EnBW Transportnetze AG and a 100% subsidiary of
1059:
2607:
1300:. Constructed between 1959 and 1962 as part of the line from
2543:"Electricity Production From Solar and Wind in Germany 2014"
2385:Öffentliche Nettostromerzeugung in Deutschland im Jahr 2023
1830:Öffentliche Nettostromerzeugung in Deutschland im Jahr 2021
1268:
Communication cable running down in the centre of the pylon
2712:"Germany Leads Way on Renewables, Sets 45% Target by 2030"
2049:"Electricity Price Germany: What households pay for power"
206:
Components of the German Electricity Price for Households
1510:
2021 Electricity in Germany - Generation and consumption
1369:. It was constructed between 1976 and 1978 to supplement
629:
599:* Non RE use = use – production of renewable electricity
969:
German renewable energy production by source, 2000–2017
935:
TW⋅h in 2008 (sixth top by 5.4% of world total) and 167
2300:
15 signals: evidence the energy transition is underway
848:
Commission on Growth, Structural Change and Employment
2769:"Will Nuke Phase-Out Make Offshore Farms Attractive?"
1282:
Elbe Crossing 1 (center) and 2 (right, one mast only)
2883:
Evans, Simon; Pearce, Rosamund (20 September 2016).
2390:
Public Net Electricity Generation in Germany in 2023
1835:
Public Net Electricity Generation in Germany in 2021
1019:
Germany's federal government is working to increase
3289:
3241:
3203:
2945:
2363:. Fraunhofer Institute for Solar Energy Systems ISE
931:
GW in 2004. The production of nuclear power was 148
122:
117:
94:
83:
72:
64:
50:
34:
29:
2354:"Power generation in Germany – assessment of 2017"
961:Germany renewable electricity production by source
939:TW⋅h in 2004 (fourth top by 6.1% of world total).
796:TW⋅h or 46% of Germany's overall production of 631
739:German electricity generation by source, 2000–2017
1904:Public Net Electricity Generation in Germany 2020
1480:Pylon with observation platform near Hürth (2005)
100:emissions from electricity generation (2013)
245:Electricity per capita in Germany* (kWh/person)
2885:"Mapped: how Germany generates its electricity"
1136:Special features of German transmission network
633:
2006:
2004:
601:* RE % = (production of RE / use) * 100%
2925:
2632:"Recent Facts About Photovoltaics in Germany"
1090:(owned by Elia, formerly owned by Vattenfall)
16:Overview of the electricity sector in Germany
8:
1822:
1820:
1274:Powerline crossings of Elbe river near Stade
21:
2738:"100% renewable electricity supply by 2050"
2217:
2215:
2213:
1351:providing overhead lines for four 380
2932:
2918:
2910:
2415:
2413:
2411:
2121:
2119:
234:Electricity per person and by power source
2129:. U.S. Energy Information Administration.
1187:Learn how and when to remove this message
988:has been called "the world's first major
46:min) interruption per subscriber per year
1977:"Germany's Energiewende, 20 Years Later"
1930:"Electricity generation | Energy Charts"
1508:
1377:A 76-metre-tall anchor pylon located in
731:Germany electricity production by source
243:
2904:Household electricity prices, 2006–2017
1798:
1210:
852:
573:
1313:bank of the Elbe and the other on the
149:Synchronous grid of Continental Europe
95:
20:
1896:
1894:
1892:
1033:, designates a significant change in
792:In 2008, power from coal supplied 291
7:
2025:from the original on 30 January 2019
2011:Kirschbaum, Erik (26 January 2019).
1953:
1951:
1296:electric powerline across the River
623:German electricity by source in 2023
2821:from the original on 25 March 2021.
2092:"EU price diagram, first half 2020"
1469:A 302 metres tall cooling tower of
2612:Number of Wind Turbines in Germany
2460:"Climate Change and Nuclear Power"
2442:"Coal consumption by country 2020"
2141:"Countries by Electricity Exports"
1827:Burger, Bruno (14 February 2022).
1169:Knowledge (XXG)'s inclusion policy
1021:renewable energy commercialization
14:
2809:Vorrath, Sophie (24 March 2021).
2767:Schultz, Stefan (23 March 2011).
2744:. 26 January 2011. Archived from
1861:"Energie-Info EE und das EEG2013"
1203:Garland-type communication cables
788:List of power stations in Germany
2563:Alexander Ochs (16 March 2012).
2481:"IEA Key energy statistics 2006"
2382:Burger, Bruno (3 January 2024).
1901:Burger, Bruno (4 January 2021).
1771:
1757:
1326:on the Schleswig-Holstein side.
1261:
1249:
1237:
1225:
1213:
1144:
876:
855:
1496:Radio relay tower on Goose Neck
1381:, on the Elbe's southern banks.
1373:, and consists of four towers:
1058:Grid owners included, in 2008,
993:offshore wind, with over 4 GW.
668:Natural gas: 45.79 TW⋅h (10.5%)
218:International electricity trade
2221:German numbers extracted from
51:Installed capacity (2020)
1:
2666:10.1080/10455752.2016.1229803
2654:Capitalism, Nature, Socialism
1023:, with a particular focus on
800:TW⋅h, but this dropped to 118
656:Brown coal: 77.5 TW⋅h (17.7%)
2940:Electricity sector in Europe
1681:Hydroelectric pumped storage
1014:Renewable Energy Sources Act
771:(3.2%) and Germany (3.1%).
662:Hard coal: 36.05 TW⋅h (8.3%)
2306:. Paris, France: WWF France
953:Renewable energy in Germany
846:In January 2019 the German
188:Russian invasion of Ukraine
3334:
2608:http://www.wind-energie.de
2589:(in German). February 2018
1486:74.84 metres high strainer
950:
923:capacity in Germany was 20
899:
781:
686:Biomass: 42.25 TW⋅h (9.7%)
485:
442:
399:
356:
313:
3318:Electric power in Germany
1734:
1723:
1712:
1701:
1697:
1680:
1663:
1576:
1559:
1542:
1525:
1520:
1517:
1514:
1361:(AC) circuits across the
1106:, formerly owned by E.ON)
1088:50Hertz Transmission GmbH
692:Nuclear: 6.72 TW⋅h (1.5%)
680:Solar: 53.48 TW⋅h (12.2%)
674:Wind: 139.77 TW⋅h (32.0%)
123:Average industrial tariff
2891:. London, United Kingdom
2333:www.energimyndigheten.se
1396:, on the northern shore.
902:Nuclear power in Germany
710:Other: 12.59 TW⋅h (2.9%)
698:Hydro: 19.48 TW⋅h (4.5%)
163:polluting list of 2021.
2796:The Wall Street Journal
2280:16 October 2013 at the
2269:20 January 2011 at the
1412:aircraft warning lights
1410:for maintenance of the
184:phase-out nuclear power
2988:Bosnia and Herzegovina
2517:Renewable Energy World
2193:"ENERGY UNION PACKAGE"
1870:. 2013. Archived from
1811:www.energy-charts.info
1497:
1481:
1471:Scholven Power Station
1466:
1445:
1388:and the other is near
1283:
1124:Hz to supply power to
1055:
982:
970:
962:
884:Coal-fired power plant
740:
732:
646:
591:geothermal electricity
210:
180:electricity generation
140:
125:(US$ /kW·h, 2013)
65:Production (2021)
22:Electricity sector of
2815:One Step Off The Grid
2799:Online, 24 April 2012
2617:29 March 2016 at the
2361:www.ise.fraunhofer.de
1495:
1479:
1464:
1443:
1281:
1053:
976:
968:
960:
947:Renewable electricity
784:Fossil-fuel phase-out
738:
730:
704:Oil: 3.15 TW⋅h (0.7%)
645:
228:grid interconnections
205:
137:
118:Tariffs and financing
2587:Erneuerbare Energien
1934:www.energy-charts.de
1484:From 1977 to 2010 a
1453:lines do not exist.
1046:Transmission network
808:at 4th place behind
35:Continuity of supply
3204:States with limited
2326:"Energimyndigheten"
2258:4 July 2011 at the
2247:4 July 2011 at the
2236:4 July 2011 at the
1735:Distribution losses
1511:
1359:alternating current
1349:transmission towers
1335:transmission towers
1322:, the other in the
1294:alternating current
1076:European Commission
1074:. According to the
1025:offshore wind farms
722:electricity in 2023
246:
26:
2718:on 2 December 2013
2493:on 12 October 2009
2297:(September 2016).
1509:
1498:
1482:
1467:
1446:
1436:Electricity pylons
1394:Schleswig-Holstein
1311:Schleswig-Holstein
1284:
1056:
983:
971:
963:
908:Fukushima accident
741:
733:
647:
615:Mode of production
244:
211:
194:Electricity prices
141:
3305:
3304:
2639:ise.fraunhofer.de
2550:ise.fraunhofer.de
2197:eur-lex.europa.eu
2173:. 1 December 2023
2018:Los Angeles Times
1965:. 3 January 2023.
1877:on 15 August 2013
1787:Energy in Germany
1745:
1744:
1613:Biomass and waste
1197:
1196:
1189:
1003:More than 23,000
977:Wind turbines in
927:GW in 2008 and 21
863:Gas power station
612:
611:
608:
132:
131:
3325:
3242:Dependencies and
2946:Sovereign states
2934:
2927:
2920:
2911:
2900:
2898:
2896:
2870:
2865:
2859:
2856:
2850:
2847:
2841:
2838:
2832:
2829:
2823:
2822:
2806:
2800:
2792:
2786:
2785:
2783:
2781:
2764:
2758:
2757:
2755:
2753:
2734:
2728:
2727:
2725:
2723:
2714:. Archived from
2708:
2702:
2701:
2700:on 2 March 2012.
2699:
2693:. Archived from
2692:
2684:
2678:
2677:
2649:
2643:
2642:
2636:
2628:
2622:
2605:
2599:
2598:
2596:
2594:
2579:
2573:
2572:
2560:
2554:
2553:
2547:
2539:
2533:
2532:
2530:
2528:
2523:on 12 March 2023
2519:. Archived from
2509:
2503:
2502:
2500:
2498:
2492:
2486:. Archived from
2485:
2477:
2471:
2470:
2467:assets.panda.org
2464:
2456:
2450:
2449:
2438:
2432:
2431:
2425:
2417:
2406:
2405:
2403:
2401:
2395:
2379:
2373:
2372:
2370:
2368:
2358:
2350:
2344:
2343:
2341:
2339:
2330:
2322:
2316:
2315:
2313:
2311:
2305:
2291:
2285:
2219:
2208:
2207:
2205:
2203:
2189:
2183:
2182:
2180:
2178:
2171:www.enerdata.net
2163:
2157:
2156:
2154:
2152:
2147:. 1 January 1970
2137:
2131:
2130:
2123:
2114:
2113:
2102:
2096:
2095:
2088:
2082:
2081:
2070:
2064:
2063:
2061:
2059:
2045:
2039:
2038:
2032:
2030:
2008:
1999:
1998:
1991:
1985:
1984:
1973:
1967:
1966:
1955:
1946:
1945:
1943:
1941:
1936:. Fraunhofer ISE
1926:
1920:
1919:
1917:
1915:
1909:
1898:
1887:
1886:
1884:
1882:
1876:
1865:
1857:
1851:
1850:
1848:
1846:
1840:
1824:
1815:
1814:
1803:
1781:
1776:
1775:
1767:
1762:
1761:
1760:
1630:Hydroelectricity
1518:Generation (GWh)
1512:
1265:
1253:
1241:
1229:
1217:
1192:
1185:
1181:
1178:
1172:
1148:
1147:
1140:
1123:
1009:solar PV systems
1007:and 1.4 million
990:renewable energy
938:
934:
930:
926:
880:
859:
831:
823:
815:
803:
799:
795:
746:
709:
703:
697:
691:
685:
679:
673:
667:
661:
655:
632:
574:
247:
106:
99:
86:renewable energy
57:
45:
41:
27:
3333:
3332:
3328:
3327:
3326:
3324:
3323:
3322:
3308:
3307:
3306:
3301:
3285:
3243:
3237:
3223:Northern Cyprus
3205:
3199:
3120:North Macedonia
2941:
2938:
2894:
2892:
2882:
2879:
2874:
2873:
2866:
2862:
2857:
2853:
2848:
2844:
2839:
2835:
2830:
2826:
2808:
2807:
2803:
2793:
2789:
2779:
2777:
2766:
2765:
2761:
2751:
2749:
2736:
2735:
2731:
2721:
2719:
2710:
2709:
2705:
2697:
2690:
2686:
2685:
2681:
2651:
2650:
2646:
2634:
2630:
2629:
2625:
2619:Wayback Machine
2606:
2602:
2592:
2590:
2581:
2580:
2576:
2562:
2561:
2557:
2545:
2541:
2540:
2536:
2526:
2524:
2513:"News Archives"
2511:
2510:
2506:
2496:
2494:
2490:
2483:
2479:
2478:
2474:
2462:
2458:
2457:
2453:
2440:
2439:
2435:
2423:
2421:"IEA Key Stats"
2419:
2418:
2409:
2399:
2397:
2393:
2381:
2380:
2376:
2366:
2364:
2356:
2352:
2351:
2347:
2337:
2335:
2328:
2324:
2323:
2319:
2309:
2307:
2303:
2293:
2292:
2288:
2282:Wayback Machine
2271:Wayback Machine
2260:Wayback Machine
2249:Wayback Machine
2238:Wayback Machine
2220:
2211:
2201:
2199:
2191:
2190:
2186:
2176:
2174:
2165:
2164:
2160:
2150:
2148:
2139:
2138:
2134:
2125:
2124:
2117:
2104:
2103:
2099:
2090:
2089:
2085:
2072:
2071:
2067:
2057:
2055:
2047:
2046:
2042:
2028:
2026:
2010:
2009:
2002:
1993:
1992:
1988:
1975:
1974:
1970:
1957:
1956:
1949:
1939:
1937:
1928:
1927:
1923:
1913:
1911:
1907:
1900:
1899:
1890:
1880:
1878:
1874:
1863:
1859:
1858:
1854:
1844:
1842:
1838:
1826:
1825:
1818:
1807:"Energy-Charts"
1805:
1804:
1800:
1795:
1777:
1770:
1763:
1758:
1756:
1753:
1507:
1459:
1444:Donaumast pylon
1438:
1430:deep-water port
1371:Elbe Crossing 1
1345:Elbe Crossing 2
1339:Port of Hamburg
1290:Elbe Crossing 1
1276:
1269:
1266:
1257:
1254:
1245:
1242:
1233:
1230:
1221:
1218:
1205:
1193:
1182:
1176:
1173:
1159:Please help by
1158:
1149:
1145:
1138:
1121:
1100:Tennet TSO GmbH
1048:
955:
949:
936:
932:
928:
924:
904:
898:
891:
881:
872:
866:Nossener Brücke
860:
829:
821:
813:
801:
797:
793:
790:
780:
744:
725:
724:
723:
717:
716:
715:
714:
713:
707:
701:
695:
689:
683:
677:
671:
665:
659:
653:
649:
648:
644:
630:
624:
617:
602:
600:
598:
576:
236:
220:
196:
162:
147:is part of the
145:electrical grid
124:
112:
104:
68:490.6 TW⋅h
55:
43:
39:
17:
12:
11:
5:
3331:
3329:
3321:
3320:
3310:
3309:
3303:
3302:
3300:
3299:
3297:European Union
3293:
3291:
3290:Other entities
3287:
3286:
3284:
3283:
3278:
3273:
3268:
3263:
3258:
3253:
3247:
3245:
3244:other entities
3239:
3238:
3236:
3235:
3230:
3225:
3220:
3215:
3209:
3207:
3201:
3200:
3198:
3197:
3195:United Kingdom
3192:
3187:
3182:
3177:
3172:
3167:
3162:
3157:
3152:
3147:
3142:
3137:
3132:
3127:
3122:
3117:
3112:
3107:
3102:
3097:
3092:
3087:
3082:
3077:
3072:
3067:
3062:
3060:
3055:
3050:
3045:
3040:
3035:
3030:
3025:
3020:
3015:
3010:
3008:Czech Republic
3005:
3000:
2995:
2990:
2985:
2980:
2975:
2970:
2965:
2960:
2955:
2949:
2947:
2943:
2942:
2939:
2937:
2936:
2929:
2922:
2914:
2908:
2907:
2901:
2878:
2877:External links
2875:
2872:
2871:
2860:
2851:
2842:
2833:
2824:
2801:
2787:
2774:Spiegel Online
2759:
2729:
2703:
2679:
2660:(2): 103–119.
2644:
2623:
2600:
2574:
2555:
2534:
2504:
2472:
2451:
2433:
2407:
2374:
2345:
2317:
2286:
2209:
2184:
2158:
2132:
2115:
2097:
2083:
2065:
2040:
2000:
1986:
1968:
1947:
1921:
1888:
1852:
1816:
1797:
1796:
1794:
1791:
1790:
1789:
1783:
1782:
1768:
1765:Germany portal
1752:
1749:
1743:
1742:
1739:
1736:
1732:
1731:
1728:
1725:
1721:
1720:
1717:
1714:
1710:
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1706:
1703:
1699:
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1678:
1677:
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1671:
1668:
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1654:
1651:
1648:
1644:
1643:
1640:
1637:
1634:
1631:
1627:
1626:
1623:
1620:
1617:
1614:
1610:
1609:
1606:
1603:
1600:
1597:
1593:
1592:
1589:
1586:
1583:
1580:
1577:
1574:
1573:
1570:
1567:
1564:
1561:
1557:
1556:
1553:
1550:
1547:
1544:
1540:
1539:
1536:
1533:
1530:
1527:
1523:
1522:
1521:Capacity (MW)
1519:
1516:
1506:
1503:
1458:
1457:Other features
1455:
1437:
1434:
1421:
1420:
1416:
1415:
1398:
1397:
1382:
1347:is a group of
1275:
1272:
1271:
1270:
1267:
1260:
1258:
1255:
1248:
1246:
1243:
1236:
1234:
1231:
1224:
1222:
1219:
1212:
1204:
1201:
1195:
1194:
1152:
1150:
1143:
1137:
1134:
1126:rail transport
1118:
1117:
1107:
1097:
1091:
1047:
1044:
1040:overproduction
951:Main article:
948:
945:
919:The installed
900:Main article:
897:
894:
893:
892:
882:
875:
873:
861:
854:
779:
776:
718:
712:
711:
705:
699:
693:
687:
681:
675:
669:
663:
657:
650:
628:
627:
626:
625:
622:
621:
620:
619:
618:
616:
613:
610:
609:
605:European Union
571:
570:
567:
564:
561:
558:
555:
552:
549:
546:
543:
540:
537:
534:
531:
527:
526:
523:
520:
517:
514:
511:
508:
505:
502:
499:
496:
493:
490:
487:
483:
482:
479:
476:
474:
471:
468:
465:
462:
459:
456:
453:
450:
447:
444:
440:
439:
436:
433:
431:
428:
425:
422:
419:
416:
413:
410:
407:
404:
401:
397:
396:
393:
390:
388:
385:
382:
379:
376:
373:
370:
367:
364:
361:
358:
354:
353:
350:
347:
345:
342:
339:
336:
333:
330:
327:
324:
321:
318:
315:
311:
310:
304:
297:
292:
286:
279:
273:
268:
267:Fossil %
265:
262:
259:
256:
253:
250:
235:
232:
219:
216:
195:
192:
160:
130:
129:
126:
120:
119:
115:
114:
110:
101:
92:
91:
88:
81:
80:
77:
70:
69:
66:
62:
61:
52:
48:
47:
36:
32:
31:
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3330:
3319:
3316:
3315:
3313:
3298:
3295:
3294:
3292:
3288:
3282:
3279:
3277:
3274:
3272:
3269:
3267:
3264:
3262:
3259:
3257:
3256:Faroe Islands
3254:
3252:
3249:
3248:
3246:
3240:
3234:
3231:
3229:
3228:South Ossetia
3226:
3224:
3221:
3219:
3216:
3214:
3211:
3210:
3208:
3202:
3196:
3193:
3191:
3188:
3186:
3183:
3181:
3178:
3176:
3173:
3171:
3168:
3166:
3163:
3161:
3158:
3156:
3153:
3151:
3148:
3146:
3143:
3141:
3138:
3136:
3133:
3131:
3128:
3126:
3123:
3121:
3118:
3116:
3113:
3111:
3108:
3106:
3103:
3101:
3098:
3096:
3093:
3091:
3088:
3086:
3083:
3081:
3080:Liechtenstein
3078:
3076:
3073:
3071:
3068:
3066:
3063:
3061:
3059:
3056:
3054:
3051:
3049:
3046:
3044:
3041:
3039:
3036:
3034:
3031:
3029:
3026:
3024:
3021:
3019:
3016:
3014:
3011:
3009:
3006:
3004:
3001:
2999:
2996:
2994:
2991:
2989:
2986:
2984:
2981:
2979:
2976:
2974:
2971:
2969:
2966:
2964:
2961:
2959:
2956:
2954:
2951:
2950:
2948:
2944:
2935:
2930:
2928:
2923:
2921:
2916:
2915:
2912:
2905:
2902:
2890:
2886:
2881:
2880:
2876:
2869:
2864:
2861:
2855:
2852:
2846:
2843:
2837:
2834:
2828:
2825:
2820:
2816:
2812:
2805:
2802:
2798:
2797:
2791:
2788:
2776:
2775:
2770:
2763:
2760:
2748:on 9 May 2011
2747:
2743:
2739:
2733:
2730:
2717:
2713:
2707:
2704:
2696:
2689:
2683:
2680:
2675:
2671:
2667:
2663:
2659:
2655:
2648:
2645:
2640:
2633:
2627:
2624:
2620:
2616:
2613:
2609:
2604:
2601:
2588:
2584:
2578:
2575:
2570:
2566:
2559:
2556:
2551:
2544:
2538:
2535:
2522:
2518:
2514:
2508:
2505:
2489:
2482:
2476:
2473:
2468:
2461:
2455:
2452:
2447:
2443:
2437:
2434:
2429:
2422:
2416:
2414:
2412:
2408:
2391:
2387:
2386:
2378:
2375:
2362:
2355:
2349:
2346:
2334:
2327:
2321:
2318:
2302:
2301:
2296:
2290:
2287:
2283:
2279:
2276:
2272:
2268:
2265:
2261:
2257:
2254:
2250:
2246:
2243:
2239:
2235:
2232:
2228:
2224:
2218:
2216:
2214:
2210:
2198:
2194:
2188:
2185:
2172:
2168:
2162:
2159:
2146:
2142:
2136:
2133:
2128:
2127:"Electricity"
2122:
2120:
2116:
2111:
2107:
2101:
2098:
2093:
2087:
2084:
2079:
2075:
2069:
2066:
2054:
2050:
2044:
2041:
2037:
2024:
2020:
2019:
2014:
2007:
2005:
2001:
1996:
1990:
1987:
1983:
1978:
1972:
1969:
1964:
1960:
1954:
1952:
1948:
1935:
1931:
1925:
1922:
1906:
1905:
1897:
1895:
1893:
1889:
1873:
1869:
1862:
1856:
1853:
1836:
1832:
1831:
1823:
1821:
1817:
1812:
1808:
1802:
1799:
1792:
1788:
1785:
1784:
1780:
1779:Energy portal
1774:
1769:
1766:
1755:
1750:
1748:
1740:
1737:
1733:
1729:
1726:
1722:
1718:
1715:
1711:
1707:
1704:
1700:
1696:
1692:
1689:
1686:
1683:
1679:
1675:
1672:
1669:
1666:
1662:
1658:
1655:
1652:
1649:
1646:
1645:
1641:
1638:
1635:
1632:
1629:
1628:
1624:
1621:
1618:
1615:
1612:
1611:
1607:
1604:
1601:
1598:
1595:
1594:
1590:
1587:
1584:
1581:
1578:
1575:
1571:
1568:
1565:
1562:
1558:
1554:
1551:
1548:
1545:
1541:
1537:
1534:
1531:
1528:
1524:
1513:
1505:Summary table
1504:
1502:
1494:
1490:
1487:
1478:
1474:
1472:
1463:
1456:
1454:
1451:
1442:
1435:
1433:
1431:
1427:
1418:
1417:
1413:
1409:
1405:
1400:
1399:
1395:
1391:
1387:
1383:
1380:
1376:
1375:
1374:
1372:
1368:
1364:
1360:
1357:
1354:
1350:
1346:
1342:
1340:
1336:
1333:
1332:lattice-steel
1327:
1325:
1321:
1316:
1312:
1307:
1303:
1299:
1295:
1291:
1287:
1280:
1273:
1264:
1259:
1252:
1247:
1240:
1235:
1228:
1223:
1216:
1211:
1209:
1202:
1200:
1191:
1188:
1180:
1170:
1166:
1162:
1156:
1153:This section
1151:
1142:
1141:
1135:
1133:
1131:
1127:
1115:
1111:
1108:
1105:
1101:
1098:
1095:
1092:
1089:
1086:
1085:
1084:
1082:
1077:
1073:
1069:
1065:
1061:
1052:
1045:
1043:
1041:
1036:
1035:energy policy
1032:
1031:
1026:
1022:
1017:
1015:
1010:
1006:
1005:wind turbines
1001:
999:
998:Angela Merkel
994:
991:
987:
980:
975:
967:
959:
954:
946:
944:
940:
922:
921:nuclear power
917:
915:
911:
909:
903:
896:Nuclear power
895:
890:
889:
885:
879:
874:
871:
867:
864:
858:
853:
851:
849:
844:
841:
839:
835:
827:
819:
811:
807:
789:
785:
777:
775:
772:
770:
766:
762:
758:
754:
750:
749:United States
737:
729:
721:
720:Net generated
706:
700:
694:
688:
682:
676:
670:
664:
658:
652:
651:
614:
606:
596:
592:
588:
584:
580:
572:
568:
565:
562:
559:
556:
553:
550:
547:
544:
541:
538:
535:
532:
529:
528:
524:
521:
518:
515:
512:
509:
506:
503:
500:
497:
494:
491:
488:
484:
480:
477:
475:
472:
469:
466:
463:
460:
457:
454:
451:
448:
445:
441:
437:
434:
432:
429:
426:
423:
420:
417:
414:
411:
408:
405:
402:
398:
394:
391:
389:
386:
383:
380:
377:
374:
371:
368:
365:
362:
359:
355:
351:
348:
346:
343:
340:
337:
334:
331:
328:
325:
322:
319:
316:
312:
308:
305:
302:
298:
296:
293:
290:
287:
284:
280:
277:
274:
272:
269:
266:
263:
260:
257:
254:
251:
249:
248:
242:
239:
233:
231:
229:
225:
217:
215:
209:
204:
200:
193:
191:
189:
185:
181:
175:
173:
168:
164:
156:
152:
150:
146:
136:
128:medium: 20.60
127:
121:
116:
113:
102:
98:
93:
89:
87:
82:
78:
76:
75:fossil energy
71:
67:
63:
60:
53:
49:
37:
33:
28:
25:
19:
3233:Transnistria
3037:
2893:. Retrieved
2889:Carbon Brief
2888:
2863:
2854:
2845:
2836:
2827:
2814:
2804:
2794:
2790:
2778:. Retrieved
2772:
2762:
2750:. Retrieved
2746:the original
2732:
2720:. Retrieved
2716:the original
2706:
2695:the original
2682:
2657:
2653:
2647:
2638:
2626:
2603:
2591:. Retrieved
2586:
2577:
2568:
2558:
2549:
2537:
2525:. Retrieved
2521:the original
2516:
2507:
2495:. Retrieved
2488:the original
2475:
2466:
2454:
2445:
2436:
2427:
2398:. Retrieved
2389:
2384:
2377:
2365:. Retrieved
2360:
2348:
2336:. Retrieved
2332:
2320:
2310:17 September
2308:. Retrieved
2299:
2289:
2226:
2222:
2200:. Retrieved
2196:
2187:
2175:. Retrieved
2170:
2161:
2149:. Retrieved
2144:
2135:
2110:ec.europa.eu
2109:
2100:
2086:
2078:ec.europa.eu
2077:
2068:
2056:. Retrieved
2053:Strom-Report
2052:
2043:
2034:
2027:. Retrieved
2016:
1989:
1980:
1971:
1962:
1938:. Retrieved
1933:
1924:
1912:. Retrieved
1903:
1879:. Retrieved
1872:the original
1855:
1843:. Retrieved
1834:
1829:
1810:
1801:
1746:
1702:Consumption*
1543:Fossil fuels
1499:
1483:
1468:
1450:de:Donaumast
1447:
1422:
1379:Lower Saxony
1344:
1343:
1328:
1315:Lower Saxony
1289:
1288:
1285:
1206:
1198:
1183:
1174:
1161:spinning off
1154:
1119:
1094:Amprion GmbH
1057:
1030:Energiewende
1028:
1018:
1002:
995:
984:
941:
918:
912:
905:
886:
865:
845:
842:
838:South Africa
791:
773:
742:
261:Exp. %
240:
237:
221:
212:
197:
176:
169:
165:
157:
153:
142:
79:40.9% (2021)
18:
3271:Isle of Man
3206:recognition
3180:Switzerland
3115:Netherlands
2497:22 February
2367:29 December
2229:: IEA/OECD
1356:three-phase
1177:August 2023
996:Chancellor
834:South Korea
255:Production
3150:San Marino
3110:Montenegro
3090:Luxembourg
3070:Kazakhstan
2973:Azerbaijan
2906:(CC image)
2722:9 December
2569:Worldwatch
2527:4 February
2400:12 January
2338:4 February
2202:4 February
2177:4 February
2151:4 February
2029:27 January
1793:References
1647:Geothermal
1560:Renewables
1324:Buhnenfeld
1165:relocating
1110:TransnetBW
1102:(owned by
1068:Vattenfall
979:Baltic Sea
824:TW⋅h) and
782:See also:
597:until 2008
595:wind power
583:waterpower
143:Germany's
90:55% (2023)
3261:Gibraltar
3085:Lithuania
2895:6 October
2674:157399085
2036:Saturday.
1390:Hetlingen
755:(17.1%),
751:(21.5%),
172:gigawatts
84:Share of
73:Share of
3312:Category
3281:Svalbard
3266:Guernsey
3213:Abkhazia
3165:Slovenia
3160:Slovakia
3135:Portugal
2993:Bulgaria
2819:Archived
2780:26 March
2615:Archived
2593:9 August
2446:Statista
2278:Archived
2275:2010 T49
2267:Archived
2264:2009 T25
2256:Archived
2253:2008 T26
2245:Archived
2242:2007 T25
2234:Archived
2231:2006 T23
2145:AtlasBig
2023:Archived
1751:See also
1408:elevator
1386:Lühesand
1320:Lühesand
888:Scholven
767:(4.1%),
763:(5.1%),
759:(5.3%),
577:* Other
309: %
278: %
139:lignite)
42:h (16.89
3190:Ukraine
3140:Romania
3100:Moldova
3058:Ireland
3053:Iceland
3048:Hungary
3038:Germany
3033:Georgia
3023:Finland
3018:Estonia
3013:Denmark
2998:Croatia
2983:Belgium
2978:Belarus
2968:Austria
2963:Armenia
2958:Andorra
2953:Albania
2428:iea.org
2058:3 March
1963:Reuters
1881:21 June
1724:Imports
1713:Exports
1705:511,660
1664:Nuclear
1582:113,624
1569:137,762
1563:233,000
1546:260,790
1538:100.0%
1535:250,385
1529:557,144
1426:Hamburg
1306:Hamburg
986:Germany
981:in 2013
914:Siemens
870:Dresden
816:TW⋅h),
291:+waste
271:Nuclear
264:Fossil
258:Export
24:Germany
3276:Jersey
3218:Kosovo
3185:Turkey
3175:Sweden
3155:Serbia
3145:Russia
3130:Poland
3125:Norway
3105:Monaco
3075:Latvia
3043:Greece
3028:France
3003:Cyprus
2752:4 June
2672:
2621:, 2012
2392:]
2227:Source
1940:3 June
1914:3 June
1845:17 May
1837:]
1738:26,582
1727:51,336
1719:12.6%
1716:70,237
1708:91.8%
1684:-2,087
1667:65,441
1659:0.02%
1633:19,252
1622:10,439
1616:49,883
1608:23.5%
1605:58,728
1599:49,992
1591:25.5%
1588:63,865
1572:55.0%
1555:39.3%
1552:98,311
1532:100.0%
1515:Source
1365:river
1363:German
1128:, see
1122:
1104:TenneT
937:
933:
929:
925:
830:
822:
820:(2,133
814:
812:(2,733
802:
798:
794:
769:Canada
761:Russia
745:
708:
702:
696:
690:
684:
678:
672:
666:
660:
654:
603:Note:
569:38.2%
566:3,501
563:1,252
554:13.2%
548:48.6%
545:3,199
536:6,678
533:6,038
525:17.6%
481:16.8%
438:16.3%
395:11.7%
352:11.4%
281:Other
224:France
208:Source
105:
56:
54:211.31
44:
40:
38:0.2815
3251:Åland
3170:Spain
3095:Malta
3065:Italy
2698:(PDF)
2691:(PDF)
2670:S2CID
2635:(PDF)
2546:(PDF)
2491:(PDF)
2484:(PDF)
2463:(PDF)
2424:(PDF)
2394:(PDF)
2388:[
2357:(PDF)
2329:(PDF)
2304:(PDF)
1908:(PDF)
1875:(PDF)
1864:(PDF)
1839:(PDF)
1833:[
1741:4.8%
1730:9.2%
1693:2.5%
1690:6,199
1687:-0.4%
1676:3.2%
1673:8,113
1670:11.7%
1653:0.04%
1642:2.5%
1639:6,199
1625:4.2%
1596:Solar
1585:20.4%
1566:41.8%
1549:46.8%
1526:Total
1302:Stade
1096:(RWE)
1083:are:
826:India
810:China
765:India
757:Japan
753:China
587:solar
542:9.5%
530:2017
522:5,811
510:23.3%
507:1,644
504:59.9%
501:4,314
492:7,200
489:7,051
478:6,196
467:24.2%
464:1,804
458:4,635
449:7,693
446:7,450
435:6,303
424:22.7%
421:1,706
415:4,796
406:7,727
403:7,528
392:6,597
381:26.5%
378:1,977
375:62.1%
372:4,674
363:7,523
360:7,468
349:6,597
338:27.2%
335:2,025
332:61.5%
329:4,603
320:7,476
317:7,445
303:use*
103:363.7
2897:2016
2782:2011
2754:2011
2724:2018
2595:2018
2529:2024
2499:2011
2402:2024
2369:2018
2340:2024
2312:2016
2273:and
2204:2024
2179:2024
2153:2024
2060:2021
2031:2019
1942:2020
1916:2021
1883:2016
1868:BDEW
1847:2022
1636:3.5%
1619:9.0%
1602:9.0%
1579:Wind
1404:span
1367:Elbe
1298:Elbe
1114:EnBW
1081:TSOs
1072:E.ON
1070:and
1064:EnBW
836:and
828:(569
806:coal
786:and
778:Coal
593:and
589:and
560:574
557:711
551:873
539:640
519:461*
513:288*
498:2.1%
486:2009
455:3.3%
443:2008
412:2.6%
400:2006
369:0.7%
357:2005
326:0.4%
314:2004
299:Non
295:Wind
276:Nuc.
252:Use
30:Data
2662:doi
2295:WWF
1650:249
1428:'s
1392:in
1304:to
1163:or
1060:RWE
868:in
818:USA
581:is
516:491
495:149
473:381
470:873
461:60%
452:243
430:369
427:856
418:62%
409:199
387:201
384:670
344:194
341:654
289:Bio
107:Mt
97:GHG
3314::
2887:.
2817:.
2813:.
2771:.
2740:.
2668:.
2658:28
2656:.
2637:.
2610:,
2567:.
2548:.
2515:.
2465:.
2444:.
2426:.
2410:^
2359:.
2331:.
2262:,
2251:,
2240:,
2212:^
2195:.
2169:.
2143:.
2118:^
2108:.
2076:.
2051:.
2033:.
2021:.
2015:.
2003:^
1979:.
1961:.
1950:^
1932:.
1891:^
1866:.
1819:^
1809:.
1656:46
1432:.
1353:kV
1132:.
1066:,
1062:,
1016:.
840:.
585:,
579:RE
366:55
323:32
307:RE
301:RE
285:*
283:RE
159:CO
109:CO
59:GW
2933:e
2926:t
2919:v
2899:.
2784:.
2756:.
2726:.
2676:.
2664::
2641:.
2597:.
2571:.
2552:.
2531:.
2501:.
2469:.
2448:.
2430:.
2404:.
2371:.
2342:.
2314:.
2284:.
2206:.
2181:.
2155:.
2112:.
2094:.
2080:.
2062:.
1997:.
1944:.
1918:.
1885:.
1849:.
1813:.
1190:)
1184:(
1179:)
1175:(
1171:.
1157:.
1116:)
161:2
111:2
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