Electricity sector in Mexico

429: 1043:(ORM) was 21.3%. It is estimated that both reserve margins will remain high during the 2009-2013 period. However, from 2014, the RM is expected to decrease to 29.2%, with the ORM reaching an 8.3%. Those values would be about 25% and 6% respectively in 2017. The commissioning of the Agua Prieta II, Norte II, Norte III, Noreste and Valle de Mexico II and III is essential to avoid power deficits in the northern and central parts of the country. However, irrespective of the reserve margins in the SIN, there are restrictions in transmission capacity that generate bottlenecks or the need to import power. 2502: 2814:

which a product or work is involved. The State assumes the risk since PEMEX or CFE sign the contract as guarantee, while the investors recover their investment in the agreed time. As a result, Pidiregas cannot be considered as true private investment since, under true private sector participation, firms would make investment decisions and bear the full risk. The viability of the program has been questioned as its effect in the public budget is similar to the emission of public debt. Furthermore, until 2006, the Pidigeras scheme resulted in losses.

430: 2729:

received large subsidies since the electricity they consume is significantly underpriced. Extensive subsidies have contributed to a rapid growth in demand. In 2000, the average residential tariff covered only 43% of the costs, while the average tariff for agricultural use covered 31%. Total subsidies amounted to 46% of total electricity sales. In addition, residential subsidies were mostly captured by medium and high income classes as the amount of the subsidy raised with consumption.

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electricity and base load (i.e. geothermal and combined cycles) could be exported to the SIN. As a result, there would be a reduction of investment costs in generation infrastructure and of total production costs. In addition, the interconnection would open new opportunities for electricity exchanges with power utilities in Western United States through the existing transmission links with California. It is expected that the interconnection will be commissioned in 2013.

1099:(CFE), the state-owned utility, is still the dominant player in the generation sector, with two-thirds of installed capacity. As of the end of 2008, private generators held about 23 GW of generation capacity, mostly consisting of combined-cycle, gas-fired turbines (CCGFT). Private generators have to sell all their output to CFE since they are not allowed to sell directly to users. There is indeed a commercialization monopoly controlled by CFE. 2775: 1233: 5262: 426: 22: 5272: 2469:(CFLs) in the residential sector, (ii) an appliances replacement program, (iii) the modernization of the public transport system for long distances and surroundings, (iv) a program for energy efficiency in municipalities, (v) industrial and commercial energy efficiency programs, (vi) supply side energy efficiency in the electricity sector, and (vii) energy efficiency in the national oil company, 3324: 3310: 2112: 1332: 1340: 2385:. Among other issues, the decree also specified that electricity is not a public service of general interest but a commercial service. Both reform attempts failed, opposed on grounds that the electricity and, more broadly, the energy sector is strategic for national sovereignty. As required by the Constitution, the electricity sector remained federally owned, with the 2353: 2549:

to participate in the energy sector, so the 2013 decree restored Article 27 to its previous state and included a similar provision for developing the electrical sector: a market for electricity generation would be established in which private entities could participate, but the control, transmission and distribution would remain an exclusive task of the state as a

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energy inventory, (d) establishing a methodology to determine the extent to which renewable energies may contribute to total electricity generation, (e) defining transmission expansion plans to connect power generation from renewable energy to the national grid, and (f) promoting the development of renewable energy projects to increase access in rural areas.

2786: 503:) and 3.3% renewable other than hydro. The general trend in thermal generation is a decline in petroleum-based fuels and a growth in natural gas and coal. Since Mexico is a net importer of natural gas, higher levels of natural gas consumption (i.e. for power generation) will likely depend upon higher imports from either the United States or via 1287:) In 2009, there were 22 private mini-hydro installations (12 in operation, 2 inactive and 8 under construction), adding up to a total of 83.5 MW in operation, with 105 MW under development. The number of publicly owned hydro plants in 2009 was 42: 31 of them (270MW) belong to CFE, while the remaining 11 (23.4MW) belong to LFC. 432: 2733:

2002, even after the 21% increase in price due to the reform. In addition, the share of subsidies going to the non-poor population remained high, estimated at 64%. Agricultural tariffs were also modified in 2003, when a fixed price per kWh was fixed. These new tariffs sought charging higher prices for excess energy use.

521:). Self-supply and cogeneration will add another 2,490 MW in new capacity. Total public installed capacity in 2017 is estimated at 61,074 MW, 40% and 21% of which would be combined-cycles and hydroelectric plants respectively. However, the deactivation of LFC on October 10, 2009, is likely to change this figure. 2948:

announced the National Climate Change Strategy which focuses on climate change as a central part of Mexico's national development policy. The ENACC sets the long-term climate change agenda for the country, together with medium to long-term goals for adaptation and mitigation. In December 2008, Mexico

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In 2002, a restructuring of residential tariffs significantly raised the infra-marginal tariffs paid by middle and especially high consumers of electricity. Currently, billing schedules vary by temperature, season and consumption level. In spite of this reform, price/cost ratio was still under 40% in

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made a first reform, which affirmed that the natural resources belong exclusively to the nation, but allowed the participation of private enterprises in the extraction and handling of these resources on behalf of the state. In 1960 a protectionist reform had made it impossible for any private company

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The CRE is responsible for developing rules and norms regarding the implementation of LAERFTE, including provisions for promotion, production, purchase and exchange of electricity from renewable sources. The CRE, in coordination with the Secretary of Finance (SCHP) and SENER, will determine the price

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unconstitutional. The Energy Regulatory Commission (CRE) was created in 1993 as an autonomous agency in charge of regulating the natural gas and electricity industries. However, its functions were only related to private power producers (e.g. award of permits, arbitration, tariff studies) and did not

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The Energy Secretariat (SENER) is in charge of defining the energy policy of the country within the framework defined by the Constitution. The Energy Regulatory Commission (CRE) is, since 1995, the main regulatory agency of the electricity and gas sector. However, CRE's attributions are limited since

396:

relies heavily on thermal sources (75% of total installed capacity), followed by hydropower generation (19%). Although exploitation of solar, wind, and biomass resources has a large potential, geothermal energy is the only renewable source (excluding hydropower) with a significant contribution to the

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Federal Electricity Commission Law (LCFE). The firm is established as a "productive company" of the state, in order to produce additional value and return of investment through industrial, commercial, or entrepreneurial activities. This contrasts with its previous ordinance in which it only provided

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The creation of the National Subsystem of Information for Energy Use to register, organize, update and disseminate information about (i) energy consumption, its end-uses in distinct industries and geographical regions of the country, (ii) factors that impel these uses, and (iii) indicators of energy

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The establishment of the National Commission for Efficient Energy Use (CONUEE) as a decentralized body of SENER that (i) will advise the national public administration and (ii) promote the implementation of best practices related to energy efficiency. This entity replaced the National Commission for

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and allowing for the unbundling of the sector, including the creation of distribution companies under 3-year concessions. Existing power plants would also be sold, except for nuclear and hydro power plants. In 2001, President Fox issued a reform decree that would allow independent power producers to

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Mexico also has a large potential to produce energy from biomass. It is estimated that, taking into account agricultural and forest waste with energy potential and solid urban waste from the ten main cities, the country has a potential capacity of 803 MW and could generate 4,507 MWh per year. In the

1404:

In 2012, according to SENER, CFE will have 593MW of installed wind generation capacity in Mexico. Currently, there are several projects in operation and under development. The tables below show both the wind farms that have already been committed and some of the potential ones: in Mexico some groups

2420:

The Renewable Energy Development and Energy Transition Financing Law (LAERFTE) mandated the Secretary of Energy (SENER) to produce a Special Program for Development of Renewable Energy (PEAER), and a National Strategy for Energy Transition and Sustainable Energy Use (ENTEASE), to be updated yearly.

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was approved in June 2006. This two-phase project will receive a US$ 25.35 million grant from GEF, while the remaining $ US 125 million will be financed by local and private sources. The project seeks to assist Mexico in developing initial experience in commercially based, grid-connected renewable

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As required by the Constitution, the electricity sector in Mexico remains federally owned, with the Comisión Federal de Electricidad (CFE) essentially controlling the whole sector. Although generation was opened to private participation in 1992, CFE is still the dominant player, with two-thirds of

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The following functions are the responsibility of SENER, among others: (a) defining a national program for ensuring a sustainable energy development both in the short and the longer term, (b) creating and coordinating the necessary instruments to enforce the law, (c) preparing a national renewable

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Among the different proposals for the reform of the electricity sector, the main ones are the creation of the CFE's Fundamental Law and the modification of this firm's operations and the extension of Electricity Regulatory Commission's (CRE) competencies. Also important is the promotion of private

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In June 2009, the Government of Mexico formally committed itself to a detailed long-term plan for emission reductions embedded in the Special Climate Change Program (PECC) that provides an accounting of emissions by sector, creates a framework for monitoring improvements and establishes a legally

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CFE holds a monopoly on electricity transmission and distribution in the country. CFE operates the national transmission grid, composed of 27,000 miles (43,000 km) of high voltage lines, 28,000 miles (45,000 km) of medium voltage lines, and 370,000 miles (600,000 km) of low voltage

1026:

Electricity demand has grown steadily in the last decade and the Energy Secretariat (SENER) forecasts that consumption will grow by 3.3% a year for the next ten years, reaching 281.5 TWh in 2017. Demand growth forecasts have been revised down, from an estimated 4.8% a year in the projections from

385:

or CFE) essentially controlling the whole sector; private participation and foreign companies are allowed to operate in the country only through specific service contracts. Attempts to reform the sector have traditionally faced strong political and social resistance in Mexico, where subsidies for

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scheme, for a project to be executed under Pidiregas, the resources that it generates from the sale of goods and services have to be enough to cover the incurred financial obligations. Projects are paid with the revenues generated during their operation and require the signature of a contract in

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In 1995-1996 the Mexican government created Pidiregas ("Proyectos de Inversión Diferida En El Registro del Gasto " – Investment Projects with Deferred Expenditure Registration) to finance long-term productive infrastructure projects. Due to budgetary restrictions, the government realized that it

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On 30 June 2015 the government presented the Program for Development of the National Electric System (PRODESEN) which establishes a master plan for the electrical system until 2030. On 8 September 2015 the SENER published the first Rules for the Electricity Market establishing the new rights and

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The Renewable Energy Law creates a Fund for the Energy Transition and the Sustainable Use of Energy. This fund will assure the financing of projects evaluated and approved by the Technical Committee, chaired by SENER. The fund will begin with US$ 200 million for each year between 2009 and 2011.

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The two main government agencies in charge of developing renewable energy resources are SEMARNAT and SENER. The Environment and Natural Resources Secretariat (SEMARNAT) is responsible for environmental policy and the preservation of renewable and non-renewable resources, while SENER defines the

4119:

DECRETO por el que se expiden la Ley de Petróleos Mexicanos y la Ley de la Comisión Federal de Electricidad, y se reforman y derogan diversas disposiciones de la Ley Federal de las Entidades Paraestatales; la Ley de Adquisiciones, Arrendamientos y Servicios del Sector Público y la Ley de Obras

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with the National Interconnected System (SIN) would be both a technically and economically sound decision. This interconnection would allow to serve peak demand in the Baja California system with generation resources from the SIN. Conversely, in period of low demand in Baja California, surplus

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These reforms meant that in November 2015 the first public offering for private generation and CELs was made, with a decision of the winning bidders being announced on 30 March 2016. After a first round of evaluation, 227 offers were made by 69 private companies, which translated to 18 winning

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For the industrial and commercial sectors, electricity supply is priced on a rational cost basis for large firms. As a result, they receive no government subsidy, while subsidies for small firms are relatively small. On the other hand, agricultural and residential customers have traditionally

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e resulted from the combustion of fossil fuels (over 60 percent of total emissions). The sources of Mexico's GHG emissions are energy generation (24%), transport (18%), forests and land-use change (14%), waste management (10%), manufacturing and construction (8%), industrial processes (8%),

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Electric Industry Law (LIE). Its objective is to regulate the generation, transmission, distribution, and commercialization of the electricity, the planning and control of the national electric system (SEN), and the operation of the wholesale electricity marker (MEM). The law gives further

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that suppliers will pay to the renewable energy generators. Payments will be based on technology and geographic location. In addition, CRE will set rules for contracting between energy generators and suppliers, obliging the latter to establish long-term contracts from renewable sources.

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The creation of an Advisory Committee for Sustainable Energy Use (CCASE) as part of the CONUEE to evaluate the compliance of objectives, strategies, actions and goals of the program, consisting of the Energy Minister (SENER) and six academic researchers with extensive experience in the

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binding blueprint for emission reduction initiatives, sector by sector. The PECC sets out a four pillar program that includes (i) a long-term vision for government action; (ii) sectoral plans for GHG mitigation; (iii) plans for adaptation; and (iv) cross-cutting policy initiatives.

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The low tariffs, together with LFC's inefficiencies, absorb a large amount of fiscal resources. For 2008, it was estimated that the subsidies paid through electricity tariffs to final CFE and LFC consumers by the Federal Government amounted to US$ 10 billion (close to 1% of GDP).

1051:

Total electricity coverage in Mexico is 98.7% (2015). With 99.7% coverage in urban areas with more than 100,000 inhabitants; 99.3% in locales with 15,000-99,999 inhabitants; 98.8% in areas with 2,500-14,999 inhabitants and 96.1% in locales with fewer than 2,500 inhabitants.

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and a US$ 15 million World Bank loan is currently in the pipeline. This US$ 110 million project is focused in the design and implementation of sustainable energy models for areas without access to the electricity network. The project includes 50,000 households in Oaxaca,

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by 2024, from 28% in 2015 (which includes 18% of hydroelectric energy). After announcing the winners of the first bid, the second public offering for energy was shortly announced, and the resulting decision made in October 2016, in which 28% is renewable energy, mostly

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of clean energy, no matter the specific technology. The SENER also mandated that qualified users (big consumers) acquire 5% of their own consumption in CELs for 2018 and 2019. Furthermore, the SENER published simplified rules for interconnection of private generators.

1301:

Mexico is the country with the world's third largest solar potential. The country's gross solar potential is estimated at 5 kWh/m daily, which corresponds to 50 times the national electricity generation. Currently, there is over 1 million square meters of

4484: 2659:), 3) wind and solar energy produced by individuals, and 4) other. AMLO insists that previous reforms were made with the intention of privatizing the energy sector and will require either massive subsidies or huge price increases for consumers. 2436:

The Sustainable Energy Use Law (LASE) has as its objective to provide incentives for the sustainable use of energy in all processes and activities related to its exploitation, production, transformation, distribution and consumption, including

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During the last decade, average electricity tariffs in Mexico have been held below cost with the aim of maintaining macroeconomic and social stability. For all tariffs, an interagency group composed of CFE (Federal Electricity Commission, or

3958: 3165: 2822:

Since 1995, states and municipalities hold the responsibility for the planning and financing of grid extension and off-grid supply. A large part of the investment is financed through FAIS (Fund to Support Social Infrastructure). The

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In the period between 1997 and 2009, CRE has awarded 22 permits for Independent Power Producers (IPP), for a total of 13 GW. Total private generation permits awarded by CRE as of September 2009 are summarized in the table below:

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and SEDESOL (Secretariat for Social Development) also finance an important share of grid extension. Once a particular system has been constructed, its assets and operational and financial responsibility are transferred to CFE.

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The Secretariat of Environment and Natural Resources (SEMARNAT), created in 2000 from the previous Secretariat of Environment, Natural Resources and Fishing (SEMARNAP) holds the responsibilities for the environment in Mexico.

2107:

production worldwide. In 2009, geothermal installed capacity was 964.5 MW and total production was 7.1 TWh. There are four geothermal fields under exploitation: Cerro Prieto, Los Azufres, Los Humeros and Las Tres Vírgenes.

2647:. The proposal, which must be approved in 30 days, would reverse the energy reform approved under former president Enrique Peña Nieto. There are four priorities: 1) hydroelectric energy, 2) other energy produced by CFE ( 2580:

Regulating Institutions in Energy Matters Law. Establishes the collaboration between the most important government bodies, such as SENER and CENACE, in order to implement the energy policies, and recommend changes to

3176: 3150: 3139: 3115: 1224:. The Special Program contains tentative targets for renewable generation for different technologies. Those targets will be revised as SENER and CRE advance in the completion of the activities included in the law. 4799: 4481: 2794:

could not provide all the resources needed and decided to complement the public sector's efforts with Pidiregas, a deferred financing schedule. This mechanism, which only applied to investments carried out by

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the electricity industry and formally gave the government exclusive "responsibility" for generating, transmitting, transforming, and distributing electricity. During this decade, the government also created

4365: 3232:

was approved in August 2005. The US$ 146,000 provided by the IDB are complemented with US$ 30,000 from the country. The broad objective of the project is assessing the competitiveness of ethanol as a fuel.

433: 2609:

projects from 11 companies, including 84.6% of the requested CELs. The commencement of operation of the winning projects is scheduled to begin on 28 March 2018. The sole buyer of the energy is the CFE.

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was approved to support the implementation of a pilot initiative to use alternative energy sources and implement energy efficiency measures. This technical cooperation is still awaiting implementation.

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obligations for the generators, resellers, and qualified users of the market, to be overseen by the CRE and the CENACE. The wholesale electric market officially commenced operations on 1 January 2016.

4380: 978:. The 400 kV interconnection line Mexico - Guatemala was commissioned in April 2009 and has an estimated transmission capacity of 200 MW from Mexico to Guatemala and 70 MW in the opposite direction. 3955: 3162: 2445:

The creation of a National Program for Sustainable Energy Use (PRONASE), which targets energy efficiency promotion in the public sector, as well as research and diffusion of sustainable energy use.

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to carry out a comprehensive reform of the electricity sector in Mexico faced strong political resistance. In 1999, President Zedillo sent an ambitious bill to Congress requesting a change of the

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DECRETO por el que se expiden la Ley de la Industria Eléctrica, la Ley de Energía Geotérmica y se adicionan y reforman diversas disposiciones de la Ley de Aguas Nacionales (Secretaría de Energía)

967:. These connections have primarily been used to import and export electricity during emergencies. In 2007, Mexico exported 1.3 TWh of electricity to the United States, while importing 0.6 TWh. 2700:

Except for the tariff set for the agricultural sector, average electricity prices have followed an upward trend since the year 2002. In 2008, average tariffs for the different sectors were:

2612:

On 24 December 2015 the Energy Transition Law (LTE) was published, strengthening the integration of renewables into the generation mix. It also establishes ambitious plans for having 35% of

3899: 3406: 2754:

629,106 million (US$ 47 billion). The breakdown of the investment is: 41.2% for generation, 21.2% for transmission, 23.9% for distribution, 11.8% for maintenance and 1.9% for other needs.

4824: 4808: 3883: 2561:

attributions to the Secretary of Energy (SENER) and the Energy Regulatory Commission (CRE) to execute the energy policies. It also supposes the transfer of certain obligations from the

4792: 434: 2421:

The main objective of the law is to regulate the use of renewable energy resources and clean technology, as well as to establish financing instruments to allow Mexico to scale-up

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DECRETO por el que se reforman y adicionan diversas disposiciones de la Constitución Política de los Estados Unidos Mexicanos, en Materia de Energía (Secretaría de Gobernación)

3838: 970:

Companies have built power plants near the United States - Mexico border with the aim of exporting generation to the United States. There are also plans to connect Mexico with

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energy applications. It will do so by supporting the construction of an approximately 101 megawatt independent power producer (IPP) wind farm, designated as "La Venta III".

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In 2008, the average number of interruptions per subscriber was 2.3 for CFE and 4.2 for LFC. Duration of interruptions per subscriber was 2.2 hours for CFE and 3 for LFC.

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production is still very limited in Mexico, although the country's potential is estimated to be very high. Three main areas for wind generation have been identified: the

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In 2009, 4,000 MW were already compromised (i.e. with secured financing). The table below summarizes the projects that are currently (September 2009) under construction:

3218:. This US$ 1,168,000 project aims to assess CFE performance and management capability in dealing with environmental and social impacts of large hydroelectric projects. 4257: 982: 2300:

During the 1960s and the 1970s, Mexico alienated private investment and decided to prevent market forces from entering the power system. In addition, the surge in

517:

The expansion program contemplated by SENER for the period 2008-2017 includes the addition of 14,794 MW by the public service: 14,033 MW by CFE and 761 MW by LFC (

4353: 3865: 2425:

based on renewable resources. SENER and the Energy Regulatory Commission (CRE) are responsible for defining those mechanisms and establishing legal instruments.

4520: 2565:(CFE) to the National Center for Energy Control (CENACE), which becomes independent from CFE, in order to manage the electric system (SEN) and the market (MEM). 435: 3477: 2697:) meet regularly and once a year they prepare a tariff proposal for the subsequent year. Tariffs are approved by SHCP and not by the energy sector regulator. 4581: 2593: 510:

Gross generation was 234 TWh that same year (not including cogeneration and autogeneration), with 79.2% coming from conventional thermal sources, 16.6% from

4377: 3225: 5022: 3981:

DECRETO por el que se expide la Ley para el Aprovechamiento de Energías Renovables y el Financiamiento de la Transición Energética (Secretaría de Energía)

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In September 2009, there are 47 energy-related registered CDM projects in Mexico with a total emission reduction potential of about 3.5 million tons of CO

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or Financed Public Works), 8.8% to Independent Power Production, 51.5% to budgeted works and the remaining 5.9% to financial schemes still to be defined.

4432: 3796: 3769: 3146:, will contribute to reduce GHG emissions through the installation of an Integrated Solar Combined Cycle System (ISCCS) using solar parabolic technology. 1221: 3903: 3441: 499:

Installed electricity capacity in 2008 was 58 GW. Of the installed capacity, 75.3% is thermal, 19% hydro, 2.4% nuclear (the single nuclear power plant

3572: 2824: 2284:(CFE), a newly create state-owned and state-financed enterprise, came to dominate all investment in new capacity. In 1960, a constitutional amendment 1317:, located in Puerto Libertad, Sonora, Northwest of Mexico, will have capacity of 46.8 MW from an array of 187,200 solar panels when complete in 2013. 1220:, which entered into force on November 28, 2008, mandated SENER to produce a National Strategy for Energy Transition and Sustainable Energy Use and a 2907:

SEMARNAT was one of the government agencies within the Intersectoral Commission for Climate Change that elaborated Mexico's Climate Change Strategy.

3676: 990: 401:(2% of total generation capacity). Expansion plans for the period 2006-2015 estimate the addition of some 14.8 GW of new generation capacity by the 4651: 3417: 3179:. The project, with a total budget of US$ 12.2 million, has will contribute to the establishment of policies that will assist towards a long-term 2489:, dissolving the company, laying off the workers, and putting its operations, which supply power to 25 million Mexicans, under the control of the 5133: 4982: 4969: 4396: 2629: 3881: 963:

The external electricity trade is carried out through nine interconnections between the United States and Mexico and one interconnection with

5180: 3377: 4766: 4736: 4641: 5265: 5206: 5201: 2963: 2556:

By the end of 2014, several decrees transformed the Mexican national electric sector. On 11 August 2014 the following laws were published:

4334: 2393:

independent power production and the discussion of the role played by Pidiregas (see Financing below) in the financing of large projects.

5047: 4937: 4761: 4460: 3595: 2386: 382: 164: 4291: 3623: 1001:

Consumption of electricity in 2008 was 184 TWh, which corresponds to 1,655 kWh per capita. Consumption share by sector was as follows:

4691: 2648: 2537: 2406: 1248:

About 19% of the electricity produced in Mexico comes from hydroelectric resources. The largest hydro plant in Mexico is the 2,400 MW

4741: 4493: 3842: 3516: 1217: 5296: 4586: 4513: 3709: 2332: 2277: 2103:

activity. This potential has been estimated at 1,395 MW by CFE, although this figure is likely to be much higher. It ranks third in

2640: 2276:

The electricity sector in Mexico underwent its first serious process of reorganizations during the 1930s, under the mandate of the

338: 4859: 4631: 3925: 3352: 2562: 2490: 2357: 1213:, the National Secretariat for Social Development, includes the promotion and use of renewable energy in some of their projects. 500: 4198: 3727: 5211: 4877: 4646: 4621: 4541: 4157: 2501: 192: 180: 168: 4696: 2381:

sell directly to industrial customers and would also allow the sale of private power to CFE under long-term contracts without

5165: 5037: 4912: 4882: 4854: 4606: 3826: 2633: 2369: 2281: 4731: 3550: 4139: 5232: 5196: 5032: 4932: 4907: 4751: 1209:, the National Commission for Energy Savings, is responsible for promoting energy savings and energy efficiency. Finally, 4746: 1210: 5247: 5170: 5138: 5057: 4947: 4927: 4917: 4834: 4756: 4561: 4506: 3639: 3372: 2305: 1344: 1310:(photo-voltaic). It is expected that in 2012 there will be 1.8 million square meters of installed solar thermal panels. 4726: 4636: 4546: 3863: 5128: 5098: 5093: 5088: 5083: 5017: 5007: 4997: 4992: 4977: 4952: 4849: 4844: 4721: 4716: 4711: 4601: 4566: 3382: 3135: 3119: 2806:

uses them for as much as four times the amount of CFE), although the original motivation for their existence is gone.

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for electricity generation. Only during the late 1980s and the early 1990s, the Mexican government implemented market

368: 361: 4706: 4596: 381:

As required by the Constitution, the electricity sector is federally owned, with the Federal Electricity Commission (

4671: 4576: 4551: 3484: 5237: 5216: 5175: 5160: 5123: 5113: 5108: 5103: 5067: 5052: 5012: 5002: 4942: 4892: 4887: 4816: 4701: 4686: 4681: 4611: 4591: 4571: 3357: 2993: 2981: 2656: 1199: 4626: 4556: 3222: 3215: 5242: 5062: 5042: 5027: 4922: 4902: 4897: 4839: 4829: 4676: 2977: 2636:(SENER) limiting connections to the CFE distribution by private renewable energy producers was unconstitutional. 2320: 4087: 4869: 2466: 1036: 739: 4436: 3776: 1237: 1040: 3999:

DECRETO por el que se expide la Ley para el Aprovechamiento Sustentable de la Energía (Secretaría de Energía)

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are promoting wind power through outreach activities to increase population awareness of renewable energies.

1260:. This is the world's fourth most productive hydroelectric plant. The 750 MW El Cajon hydroelectric plant in 5275: 2799: 2461:

In this context, the Government carries the following specific activities: (i) a program aimed at replacing

4311: 3579: 2798:(Petróleos Mexicanos) and CFE aimed to create the conditions for the penetration of private initiatives in 2541: 2422: 1354: 3698: 1206: 5118: 3367: 2644: 2521: 1296: 504: 328: 4013: 3803: 2545: 2517: 2509: 2263:

sugarcane industry, the estimated power generation protential from bagasse is over 3,000 MWh per year.

281: 4294:(Energy Sector Management Assistance Programme (ESMAP) technical paper). Vol. 47. Washington, DC. 3110:

is contributing funds and assistance through several projects related to the energy sector in Mexico.

3362: 2438: 1386: 1326: 4183: 4118: 4104: 4061: 3998: 3980: 3208: 3201: 285: 2529: 2414: 2301: 1374: 5271: 937:

Secretaría de Energía with data from Comisión Federal de Electricidad and Luz y Fuerza del Centro

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emissions, the country has committed to reduce its emissions voluntarily. In May 2007, President

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Community Outreach Program of Wind Energy in Mexico, First Phase Completion. Yahoo Finance 2014

2945: 2402: 4329: 3705: 3342: 3180: 2779: 2533: 2462: 1087:

CFE (Federal Electricity Commission) and LFC (Central Light and Power) are outside its scope.

4464: 2577:, resulting in more transparency, better bookkeeping, and increase in operational efficiency. 4987: 4777: 3620: 3347: 2652: 2613: 2410: 2328: 2104: 1249: 511: 101: 3609: 2327:. This modification, which allowed for private participation in generation, was debated as 4488: 4384: 4338: 4186:(DOF: 24/12/2015) (in Spanish). Diario Oficial de la Federación, México. 24 December 2015. 4064:(DOF: 20/12/2013) (in Spanish). Diario Oficial de la Federación, México. 20 December 2013. 3962: 3887: 3869: 3731: 3627: 3554: 3536: 3520: 3513: 3229: 3169: 2997: 2989: 2832: 2810: 2365: 2313: 2285: 1394: 1370: 1362: 986: 2493:. According to the government, spending at the company was increasingly outpacing sales. 2323:

reformed the electricity law, establishing that private electricity production was not a

993:, and it also has a few other interconnections across the border with the United States. 4122:(DOF: 11/08/2014) (in Spanish). Diario Oficial de la Federación, México. 11 August 2014. 4107:(DOF: 11/08/2014) (in Spanish). Diario Oficial de la Federación, México. 11 August 2014. 2802:

and electricity generation. Pidiregas have been extended and have also grown in amount (

35:

Please help update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information.

2985: 2941: 2937: 2774: 2550: 2324: 1257: 1232: 122: 4498: 3932: 5290: 3724: 3329: 3315: 2618: 2505: 2166: 1303: 402: 112: 90: 4184:

DECRETO por el que se expide la Ley de Transición Energética (Secretaría de Energía)

3880:

Energía eólica: Proyecciones en México para el 2014. America Latina Business Review

2449:

Energy Saving (CONAE), which had been the leading government energy efficiency body.

1264:, which started operations in November 2006, is the latest completed large project. 3196:

Currently, four IDB financed energy activities are under implementation in Mexico.

2949:

announced that it would reduce its GHG emissions by 50% below 2002 levels by 2050.

2720:

The average tariff, US$ 0.137/kWh, was 16.5% higher in 2008 when compared to 2007.

2377: 2142: 4036: 3214:

In May 2007, US$ 200,000 was approved to finance a project that aims at providing

4420: 4258:"La Jornada - Envía AMLO iniciativa que da prioridad a CFE en despacho eléctrico" 3547: 3407:"Principales resultados de la Encuesta Intercensal 2015 Estados Unidos Mexicanos" 2340:

cover CFE and LFC. In this period the CRE's functions were mainly focused on the

2973: 2382: 2373: 2341: 2294: 2111: 1331: 1095:

The generation sector was opened to private participation in 1992. However, the

3216:

Assistance to CFE on Environmental and Social Aspects of Hydroelectric Projects

3158: 2254:: SENER 2009, Programa especial para el aprovechamiento de energías renovables 2087:: SENER 2009, Programa especial para el aprovechamiento de energías renovables 1876:: SENER 2009, Programa especial para el aprovechamiento de energías renovables 1306:

panels installed in Mexico, while in 2005, there were 115,000 square meters of

3305: 3107: 2622: 2574: 1350: 1339: 1314: 1268: 1218:

Renewable Energy Development and Financing for Energy Transition Law (LAERFTE)

1073:

Total electricity losses in 2008 were 11% for CFE and as high as 32% for LFC.

398: 3643: 3323: 3223:

Support for the Energy Secretariat on the Feasibility of Bio-Ethanol as Fuel

2592:

During this time the SENER published the general rules to obtain and assign

2309: 1390: 971: 4226:"La Suprema Corte declara inconstitucional la política energética de la 4T" 3997:

Cámara de Diputados del Honorable Congreso de la Unión (28 November 2008).

3979:

Cámara de Diputados del Honorable Congreso de la Unión (28 November 2008).

2352: 2171: 1027:

2006, due to the expected effects of the economic crisis on energy demand.

4088:

Programa de desarrollo del sistema eléctrico nacional (PRODESEN) 2016-2030

2919:, the country emitted 643 million tons of carbon dioxide equivalent (Mt CO 2750:

Necessary investment to carry out the 2008-2017 expansion plan amounts to

3128: 3124: 2536:, and it was signed into effect on 20 December by its publication in the 2516:

The energy sector in Mexico was reformed by an initiative that president

2147: 2100: 2096: 1398: 1307: 1276: 82: 4120:

Públicas y Servicios Relacionados con las Mismas (Secretaría de Energía)

4001:(DOF: 28/11/2008) (in Spanish). Diario Oficial de la Federación, México. 3983:(DOF: 28/11/2008) (in Spanish). Diario Oficial de la Federación, México. 2785: 2643:(AMLO) sent an initiative to reform the Electricity Industry Law to the 2584:

Other associated laws, such as Geothermic Energy Law, Hydrocarbons Law,

2716:

Industrial: medium industry US$ 0.153/kWh, large industry US$ 0.118/kWh

1382: 1284: 1272: 1261: 1253: 1241: 1008:

Industrial: 59% (38% for mid-sized industry and 21% for large industry)

941:

Thermoelectric power plants (residual fuel oil, natural gas and diesel)

3926:"The Mexican Electricity Sector: Economic, Legal and Political Issues" 1039:(RM) in the National Interconnected System (SIN) was 45.8%, while the 3337: 3143: 3013:

equivalent. The table below presents the number of projects by type:

2969: 2916: 2570: 2525: 2485:

On 12 October 2009, the police seized the offices of the state-owned

2216: 1378: 1358: 1280: 975: 964: 392: 3442:

Capacidad instalada de la CFE y del resto de los permisionarios (MW)

3244:

The Mexican Electricity Sector: Economic, Legal and Political Issues

3161:

approved in December 2006 a US$ 12.29 million investment loan for a

4199:"Éstos son los ganadores de la segunda subasta eléctrica de México" 2573:. This presumes structural changes in the company, creation of new 3413: 2803: 2795: 2784: 2773: 2585: 2500: 2470: 2351: 2110: 1338: 1330: 1231: 3269:

Programa Especial para el Aprovechamiento de Energías Renovables.

3175:

A US$ 5.8 million GEF grant was approved in October 2002 for the

3770:

Programa especial para el aprovechamiento de energías renovables

2928:

agriculture (7%), fugitive emissions (6%), and other uses (5%).

129: 4781: 4502: 3183:

in a climate-friendly, more efficient and less polluting, less

2976:, and for the same reason, it is in its interest to look into 2751: 2597: 144: 15: 3257:

Energías renovables para el desarrollo sustentable en México.

3699:

Energías renovables para el desarrollo sustentable en México

3797:"Perspectiva del Mercado de la Energía Renovable en México" 3401: 3399: 3397: 2988:(GHG) emissions by 2020 and 50% by 2050, as well as in the 2544:

returned to the wording that it had in 1938 when president

2095:

Mexico has a large geothermal potential due to its intense

386:

residential consumers absorb substantial fiscal resources.

4494:

List of Inter-American Development Bank projects in Mexico

4461:"Environment and Natural Resources Secretariat (SEMARNAT)" 3204:

support to the National Program for Sustainable Energy Use

2915:

According to Mexico's Third National Communication to the

2849:

Summary of private participation in the electricity sector

514:, 4.2% from nuclear power and 3% from geothermal sources. 4314:(Public expenditure review). Vol. 2. Washington, DC. 4312:

Mexico: public expenditure review, Volume II: Main report

3288:

Mexico: public expenditure review, Volume II: Main report

2280:(PRI). The National Electricity Code was created and the 424: 309: 4158:"Sener modifica resultados de primera subasta eléctrica" 3093:: United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change 1343:

Wind turbines at the Parques Eólicos Ventika located in

1186:

distribution lines, through one of its departments, the

3919: 3917: 3915: 3913: 3677:

Mexico: infrastructure public expenditure review (IPER)

3295:

Mexico: infrastructure public expenditure review (IPER)

3187:

transport for the Mexico City Metropolitan Area (MCMA).

2992:. 19% of this new mitigation plan will be dedicated to 4419:

United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change

4397:"Building carbon capture technical capacity in Mexico" 3177:

Introduction of Climate Friendly Measures in Transport

2532:

one day later. On 18 December the reform was declared

4305: 4303: 4301: 3670: 3668: 3666: 3664: 3662: 3660: 3931:(working paper). Stanford University. Archived from 3839:"Tiene Sonora condiciones para crear energía eólica" 3202:

US$ 1 million non-reimbursable technical cooperation

2316:

in several economic sectors, including electricity.

2308:, which allowed the country to maintain substantial 5225: 5189: 5153: 5076: 4968: 4961: 4868: 4815: 4660: 4534: 3138:financing was approved for the US$ 49.35 million 2831:Recent studies have concluded that interconnecting 2757:

From the required total, 33.9% corresponds to OFP (

2681:), SHCP (Ministry of Finance and Public Credit, or 2405:, on 28 November 2008 two decrees published in the 1271:potential, estimated at 3,250 MW (in the states of 949:

Dual power plants can operate with coal or fuel oil

4376:SEMARNAT, Programa Especial para Cambio Climático 4352:SEMARNAT, Estrategia Nacional de Cambio Climático 3605: 3603: 3532: 3530: 3528: 3209:US$ 749,000 non-reimbursable technical cooperation 2980:solutions for its corresponding emissions. In the 2524:on 12 August 2013. The reform was approved by the 2512:celebrating the promulgation of the Energy reform. 945:Installed capacity of Independent Power Producers. 4366:Mexico Third National Communication to the UNFCCC 4348: 4346: 4285: 4283: 4281: 4279: 4133: 4131: 4129: 3763: 3761: 3759: 3692: 3690: 3688: 3686: 3471: 3469: 3142:. This project, located in the northern state of 2540:. The initiative proposed that Article 27 of the 4081: 4079: 4077: 4075: 4073: 4071: 3757: 3755: 3753: 3751: 3749: 3747: 3745: 3743: 3741: 3739: 3566: 3564: 3562: 3467: 3465: 3463: 3461: 3459: 3457: 3455: 3453: 3451: 3449: 3151:Large-Scale Renewable Energy Development Project 2397:Renewable Energy and Energy Efficiency laws 2008 4251: 4249: 4247: 2441:measures. More specifically, the law proposes: 983:North American Electric Reliability Corporation 428: 3025:Estimated annual emission reductions (ktons CO 2984:on 2012, Mexico promised to reduce 20% of its 4793: 4514: 4086:Secretaría de Energía (SENER) (30 May 2016). 3775:(report) (in Spanish). Mexico. Archived from 3578:(report) (in Spanish). Mexico. Archived from 3483:(report) (in Spanish). Mexico. Archived from 2569:electricity as a public service with a fixed 2331:for a long time; in fact in 2002 the Mexican 985:, though its transmission system in northern 416:Installed capacity by source in Mexico (2020) 200:Average agricultural tariff (US$ /kWh, 2008) 155:2.2 hrs interruption per subscriber per year 125:emissions from electricity generation (2004) 8: 4325: 4323: 4321: 3679:(Public expenditure review). Washington, DC. 3140:Agua Prieta Hybrid Solar Thermal Power Plant 3056:Methane recovery and electricity generation 2689:), CRE (Regulatory Commission of Energy, or 176:Average residential tariff (US$ /kWh, 2008) 106:35.0% (hydro, wind, solar & geothermal) 52:Overview of the electricity sector in Mexico 3263:Prospectiva del sector eléctrico 2008-2017. 3251:Prospectiva del sector eléctrico 2006-2015. 188:Average industrial tariff (US$ /kWh, 2008) 4965: 4800: 4786: 4778: 4521: 4507: 4499: 4140:Prospectiva del sector eléctrico 2015-2029 3974: 3972: 3970: 3924:Carreón, Victor; Jimenez, Armando (2003). 3573:Prospectiva del sector eléctrico 2006-2015 3478:Prospectiva del sector eléctrico 2008-2017 3275:Prospectiva del sector eléctrico 2015-2029 2693:), and CNA (National Water Commission, or 2632:(SCJN) ruled that a May 2020 order by the 2389:essentially controlling the whole sector. 1118:Percentage of total national capacity (%) 1077:Responsibilities in the Electricity Sector 448:Fossil (oil, gas, coal): 55,776 MW (66.3%) 405:, with a predominance of combined cycles. 364:transactions related to the energy sector 4809:Renewable energy by country and territory 2825:National Commission for Indigenous People 4037:"Mexico shuts down troubled energy firm" 3282:Energy Policies and the Mexican Economy. 3015: 2856: 2683:Secretaria de Hacienda y Crédito Público 2528:on 11 December of that year, and by the 2118: 1878: 1639:Instituto de Investigaciones Eléctricas 1407: 1188:Centro Nacional de Control de la Energía 1105: 991:Western Electricity Coordinating Council 797: 623:CC San Lorenzo Conversion from GT to CC 526: 269:Competitive supply to residential users 253:Share of private sector in distribution 4292:Energy policies and the Mexican economy 3992: 3990: 3393: 976:Central American Interconnection System 4224:Fierro, Juan Omar (February 3, 2021). 4014:"Mexico power takeover creates sparks" 2940:does not require Mexico to reduce its 2630:Supreme Court of Justice of the Nation 2291:Compañía de la Luz y Fuerza del Centro 54: 4482:List of World Bank projects in Mexico 3791: 3789: 3509: 3507: 3505: 3503: 3501: 3499: 3497: 3378:Water supply and sanitation in Mexico 2972:highly depends on the burning of its 2923:e) in 2002, of which almost 400 Mt CO 1636:Centro Regional de Tecnología Eólica 216:Share of self-financing by utilities 7: 4529:Electricity sector in North America 4256:Méndez, Enrique (February 1, 2021). 2964:Carbon capture and storage in Mexico 2677:), LFC (Central Light and Power, or 2663:Tariffs, Cost Recovery and Subsidies 1816:Fuerza Eólica del Istmo (2nd phase) 1250:Manuel Moreno Torres (Chicoasén Dam) 1222:Special Program for Renewable Energy 325:Responsibility for renewable energy 3596:Invest in Guatemala, April 28, 2009 1151:Independent Power Production (IPP) 1097:Comisión Federal de la Electricidad 1061:Interruption frequency and duration 335:Responsibility for the environment 245:Share of private sector generation 4016:. Mexico City: Wall Street Journal 2899:Responsibility for the environment 2538:Official Journal of the Federation 2407:Official Journal of the Federation 317:Responsibility for policy setting 288:(LFC now part of CFE, since 2009) 261:Competitive supply to large users 14: 3118:with a US$ 15 million grant from 2691:Comisión Reguladora de la Energía 2685:), SENER (Ministry of Energy, or 2596:(CEL), which are equivalent to 1 2409:created two laws, one addressing 2278:Institutional Revolutionary Party 2267:History of the electricity sector 1907:Fuerza Eólica de Baja California 208:Annual investment in electricity 5270: 5261: 5260: 4825:Democratic Republic of the Congo 4642:Saint Vincent and the Grenadines 4012:José Córdoba (12 October 2009). 3353:Index of Mexico-related articles 3322: 3308: 2962:This section is an excerpt from 2675:Comisión Federal de Electricidad 2358:Laguna Verde nuclear power plant 383:Comisión Federal de Electricidad 298:Comisión Federal de Electricidad 293:Responsibility for transmission 20: 3704:(report) (in Spanish). Mexico. 2894:Electricity and the environment 2348:Reform attempts 1990s and 2000s 2293:(LFC) to supply electricity to 1796:Unión Fenosa Generación México 1696:Eoliatec del Istmo (2nd phase) 1361:; La Rumorosa, in the state of 348:Yes (1976, last revision 1992) 305:National electricity regulator 140:Average electricity use (2008) 4290:World Bank (15 January 2004). 4145:(report) (in Spanish). Mexico. 3827:Sonora Energy Group Hermosillo 3675:World Bank (24 October 2005). 2639:On 1 February 2021, President 2563:Federal Electricity Commission 2282:Federal Electricity Commission 1656:Desarrollos Eólicos Mexicanos 1559:EdF Energies Nouvelles-Mitsui 1556:Eléctrica del Valle de México 375:e annual emissions reductions 224:Share of Government financing 1: 4310:World Bank (10 August 2004). 3416:. p. 106. Archived from 3116:Rural Electrification Project 2982:General Law on Climate Change 2778:Oil platform in the Campeche 2401:During the term of president 2372:(PAN) in 2000, and president 1576:Bii Nee Stipa Energía Eólica 1516:Parques Ecológicos de México 1267:The country has an important 1181:Transmission and Distribution 1022:Demand and supply projections 539:TOTAL EXPECTED CAPACITY (MW) 409:Electricity Supply and Demand 191:medium: 0.153, large: 0.118 ( 4767:United States Virgin Islands 4197:Forbes (22 September 2016). 3373:Petroleum industry in Mexico 2996:and specifically 10% to the 2297:and the neighboring states. 715:Budget Implementation (LFC) 277:Number of service providers 70:Electricity coverage (2015) 3730:September 15, 2007, at the 3383:Renewable energy by country 3242:Carreón and Jimenez, 2003. 3005:CDM projects in electricity 2657:combined cycle gas turbines 2641:Andrés Manuel López Obrador 2368:in the late 1990s, by the 1236:A panoramic picture of the 794:Effective Energy Generation 5313: 3868:February 19, 2014, at the 3358:Renewable energy in Mexico 2994:carbon capture and storage 2961: 2957:Carbon Capture and storage 2871:25% of installed capacity 2863:Private participation (%) 2759:Obras Públicas Financiadas 2713:Agriculture: US$ 0.051/kWh 2704:Residential: US$ 0.106/kWh 2695:Comisión Nacional del Agua 1335:La Venta in Oaxaca, Mexico 1324: 1294: 1200:Renewable energy in Mexico 1197: 1194:Renewable Energy Resources 974:and Belize as part of the 556:External Energy Producers 366: 355: 347: 337: 327: 319: 307: 295: 279: 271: 263: 255: 247: 239: 226: 218: 210: 202: 190: 178: 162: 154: 142: 127: 116: 105: 94: 80: 78:Installed capacity (2020) 72: 59:Mexico: Electricity sector 5256: 4742:Saint Pierre and Miquelon 4205:(in Spanish). Mexico City 4164:(in Spanish). Mexico City 3519:October 17, 2007, at the 2932:Climate change mitigation 2707:Commercial: US$ 0.255/kWh 2594:clean energy certificates 2497:Reforms from 2013 onwards 2467:compact fluorescent lamps 981:CFE is not a part of the 478:Geothermal: 951 MW (1.1%) 231: 64: 57: 29:This article needs to be 5297:Electric power in Mexico 4762:Turks and Caicos Islands 4264:(in Spanish). La Jornada 4156:Forbes (30 March 2016). 3697:SENER & GTZ (2006). 3626:October 1, 2007, at the 2911:Greenhouse gas emissions 2746:Investment by sub-sector 2741:Investment and Financing 2344:and not on electricity. 1776:Energía Alterna Istmeña 1536:Fuerza Eólica del Istmo 1205:national energy policy. 1041:operating reserve margin 1037:installed reserve margin 472:Nuclear: 1,608 MW (1.9%) 454:Hydro: 12,612 MW (15.0%) 371:project; 3.7 million tCO 195:average in 2005: 0.107) 183:average in 2005: 0.115) 171:average in 2005: 13.6%) 4035:BBC (12 October 2009). 3553:April 20, 2011, at the 3255:SENER & GTZ, 2006. 2800:hydrocarbon exploration 2710:Services: US$ 0.172/kWh 2679:Luz y Fuerza del Centro 2487:Luz y Fuerza del Centro 2479:Luz y Fuerza del Centro 2304:provided a windfall to 2302:oil prices of the 1970s 2137:GROSS GENERATION (GWh) 736:Distributed generation 519:Luz y Fuerza del Centro 345:Electricity Sector Law 4692:British Virgin Islands 4383:July 11, 2009, at the 4093:(Report) (in Spanish). 3961:April 7, 2004, at the 3610:Indicators CFE and LFC 2790: 2782: 2655:, thermoelectric, and 2542:Constitution of Mexico 2513: 2423:electricity generation 2364:Attempts by president 2361: 2116: 2047:Eólica Santa Catarina 1676:Eoliatec del Pacífico 1539:Fuerza Eólica-Peñoles 1355:Isthmus of Tehuantepec 1347: 1336: 1245: 600:Financed Public Works 484:Biomass: 408 MW (0.5%) 466:Solar: 5,795 MW (6.9%) 438: 391:electricity sector in 4632:Saint Kitts and Nevis 4232:(in Spanish). Proceso 3368:Solar power in Mexico 3207:In September 2008, a 3163:Wind Umbrella Project 3159:Prototype Carbon Fund 3078:Wastewater treatment 2788: 2777: 2687:Secretaria de Energia 2645:Congress of the Union 2634:Secretariat of Energy 2522:Congress of the Union 2504: 2370:National Action Party 2355: 2114: 1342: 1334: 1297:Solar power in Mexico 1235: 1082:Policy and Regulation 1047:Access to electricity 505:liquefied natural gas 460:Wind: 6,977 MW (8.3%) 437: 353:Renewable Energy Law 152:Continuity of supply 4401:Global CCS Institute 3906:on January 22, 2014. 3363:Wind power in Mexico 2854:installed capacity. 2360:complex in Veracruz. 2176:Baja California Sur 1930:Unión Fenosa/Geobat 1389:, and the states of 1327:Wind power in Mexico 1115:Total capacity (MW) 646:CCC Baja California 160:Total losses (2008) 4647:Trinidad and Tobago 4542:Antigua and Barbuda 4433:"Mexico Presidency" 4331:Cámara de Diputados 3423:on 10 December 2015 3097:External assistance 2530:Chamber of Deputies 2383:competitive bidding 2319:In 1992, president 1902:COMMISSIONING DATE 1882:POTENTIAL PROJECTS 1431:COMMISSIONING DATE 1411:COMMITTED PROJECTS 1375:Baja California Sur 959:Imports and exports 790:: SENER Statistics 4582:Dominican Republic 4487:2013-07-06 at the 4337:2008-02-27 at the 3886:2014-02-01 at the 3293:World Bank, 2005. 3286:World Bank, 2004. 3280:World Bank, 2004. 3228:2007-05-16 at the 3221:Financing for the 3200:In August 2009, a 3168:2012-10-06 at the 2791: 2783: 2518:Enrique Peña Nieto 2514: 2510:Enrique Peña Nieto 2463:incandescent bulbs 2362: 2134:NET CAPACITY (MW) 2117: 1756:Vientos del Istmo 1367:Gulf of California 1365:; The area of the 1357:, in the state of 1348: 1337: 1313:The project named 1246: 1240:, in the state of 1112:Number of permits 495:Installed capacity 439: 237:Sector unbundling 5284: 5283: 5149: 5148: 4775: 4774: 4664:other territories 3343:Economy of Mexico 3134:In October 2006, 3088: 3087: 2891: 2890: 2520:presented to the 2439:energy efficiency 2415:energy efficiency 2249: 2248: 2082: 2081: 2010:State Government 1871: 1870: 1387:Yucatán Peninsula 1369:, which includes 1178: 1177: 1165:Small Generation 955: 932: 931: 785: 784: 742:and Mexico State 379: 378: 50: 49: 5304: 5274: 5264: 5263: 5207:French Polynesia 4966: 4802: 4795: 4788: 4779: 4732:Saint Barthélemy 4662:Dependencies and 4535:Sovereign states 4523: 4516: 4509: 4500: 4475: 4473: 4472: 4463:. Archived from 4448: 4447: 4445: 4444: 4435:. Archived from 4429: 4423: 4417: 4411: 4410: 4408: 4407: 4393: 4387: 4374: 4368: 4362: 4356: 4350: 4341: 4327: 4316: 4315: 4307: 4296: 4295: 4287: 4274: 4273: 4271: 4269: 4253: 4242: 4241: 4239: 4237: 4221: 4215: 4214: 4212: 4210: 4194: 4188: 4187: 4180: 4174: 4173: 4171: 4169: 4153: 4147: 4146: 4144: 4135: 4124: 4123: 4115: 4109: 4108: 4101: 4095: 4094: 4092: 4083: 4066: 4065: 4058: 4052: 4051: 4049: 4047: 4032: 4026: 4025: 4023: 4021: 4009: 4003: 4002: 3994: 3985: 3984: 3976: 3965: 3953: 3947: 3946: 3944: 3943: 3937: 3930: 3921: 3908: 3907: 3902:. Archived from 3896: 3890: 3878: 3872: 3860: 3854: 3853: 3851: 3850: 3841:. Archived from 3835: 3829: 3824: 3818: 3817: 3815: 3814: 3808: 3802:. Archived from 3801: 3793: 3784: 3783: 3781: 3774: 3765: 3734: 3722: 3716: 3715: 3703: 3694: 3681: 3680: 3672: 3655: 3654: 3652: 3651: 3642:. Archived from 3640:"CRE Indicators" 3636: 3630: 3618: 3612: 3607: 3598: 3593: 3587: 3586: 3584: 3577: 3568: 3557: 3545: 3539: 3537:SENER Statistics 3534: 3523: 3511: 3492: 3491: 3489: 3482: 3473: 3444: 3439: 3433: 3432: 3430: 3428: 3422: 3411: 3403: 3348:Energy in Mexico 3332: 3327: 3326: 3318: 3313: 3312: 3311: 3185:carbon-intensive 3016: 2857: 2840:Renewable energy 2614:renewable energy 2411:renewable energy 2356:Panorama of the 2329:unconstitutional 2152:Baja California 2131:NUMBER OF UNITS 2119: 2105:geothermal power 2013:Baja California 1993:Baja California 1987:Baja California 1973:Baja California 1953:Baja California 1933:Baja California 1913:Baja California 1879: 1665:Small generator 1645:Small generator 1462:Baja California 1408: 1106: 1005:Residential: 26% 939: 798: 649:Baja California 527: 512:hydroelectricity 483: 477: 471: 465: 459: 453: 447: 427: 102:renewable energy 55: 45: 42: 36: 24: 23: 16: 5312: 5311: 5307: 5306: 5305: 5303: 5302: 5301: 5287: 5286: 5285: 5280: 5252: 5221: 5185: 5145: 5072: 4957: 4864: 4811: 4806: 4776: 4771: 4665: 4663: 4656: 4530: 4527: 4489:Wayback Machine 4470: 4468: 4459: 4456: 4451: 4442: 4440: 4431: 4430: 4426: 4418: 4414: 4405: 4403: 4395: 4394: 4390: 4385:Wayback Machine 4375: 4371: 4363: 4359: 4351: 4344: 4339:Wayback Machine 4328: 4319: 4309: 4308: 4299: 4289: 4288: 4277: 4267: 4265: 4255: 4254: 4245: 4235: 4233: 4223: 4222: 4218: 4208: 4206: 4196: 4195: 4191: 4182: 4181: 4177: 4167: 4165: 4155: 4154: 4150: 4142: 4137: 4136: 4127: 4117: 4116: 4112: 4103: 4102: 4098: 4090: 4085: 4084: 4069: 4060: 4059: 4055: 4045: 4043: 4034: 4033: 4029: 4019: 4017: 4011: 4010: 4006: 3996: 3995: 3988: 3978: 3977: 3968: 3963:Wayback Machine 3954: 3950: 3941: 3939: 3935: 3928: 3923: 3922: 3911: 3898: 3897: 3893: 3888:Wayback Machine 3879: 3875: 3870:Wayback Machine 3861: 3857: 3848: 3846: 3837: 3836: 3832: 3825: 3821: 3812: 3810: 3806: 3799: 3795: 3794: 3787: 3779: 3772: 3767: 3766: 3737: 3732:Wayback Machine 3723: 3719: 3712: 3701: 3696: 3695: 3684: 3674: 3673: 3658: 3649: 3647: 3638: 3637: 3633: 3628:Wayback Machine 3619: 3615: 3608: 3601: 3594: 3590: 3582: 3575: 3570: 3569: 3560: 3555:Wayback Machine 3546: 3542: 3535: 3526: 3521:Wayback Machine 3512: 3495: 3487: 3480: 3475: 3474: 3447: 3440: 3436: 3426: 3424: 3420: 3409: 3405: 3404: 3395: 3391: 3328: 3321: 3314: 3309: 3307: 3304: 3239: 3230:Wayback Machine 3194: 3170:Wayback Machine 3106:Currently, the 3104: 3099: 3028: 3012: 3007: 3002: 3001: 2998:energy industry 2990:Paris Agreement 2967: 2959: 2934: 2926: 2922: 2913: 2901: 2896: 2851: 2842: 2833:Baja California 2820: 2811:project finance 2772: 2767: 2748: 2743: 2726: 2670: 2665: 2546:Lázaro Cárdenas 2499: 2483: 2403:Felipe Calderón 2399: 2366:Ernesto Zedillo 2350: 2306:oil-rich Mexico 2274: 2269: 2260: 2093: 2056:Autogeneration 2036:Autogeneration 2016:Autogeneration 1996:Autogeneration 1736:Gamesa Energia 1725:Autogeneration 1485:Public Service 1465:Public Service 1456:Guerrero Negro 1445:Public Service 1371:Baja California 1363:Baja California 1329: 1323: 1299: 1293: 1230: 1202: 1196: 1183: 1123:Autogeneration 1093: 1084: 1079: 1071: 1063: 1058: 1056:Service Quality 1049: 1033: 1024: 1014:Agriculture: 4% 999: 989:is part of the 987:Baja California 961: 951: 947: 943: 938: 796: 652:Combined Cycle 629:Combined Cycle 583:Combined Cycle 497: 492: 491: 490: 489: 488: 487: 481: 475: 469: 463: 457: 451: 445: 441: 440: 436: 425: 418: 411: 374: 167:), 32% (LFC); ( 133: 60: 53: 46: 40: 37: 34: 25: 21: 12: 11: 5: 5310: 5308: 5300: 5299: 5289: 5288: 5282: 5281: 5279: 5278: 5268: 5257: 5254: 5253: 5251: 5250: 5245: 5240: 5235: 5229: 5227: 5223: 5222: 5220: 5219: 5214: 5209: 5204: 5199: 5193: 5191: 5187: 5186: 5184: 5183: 5178: 5173: 5168: 5163: 5157: 5155: 5151: 5150: 5147: 5146: 5144: 5143: 5142: 5141: 5134:United Kingdom 5131: 5126: 5121: 5116: 5111: 5106: 5101: 5096: 5091: 5086: 5080: 5078: 5074: 5073: 5071: 5070: 5065: 5060: 5055: 5050: 5045: 5040: 5035: 5030: 5025: 5020: 5015: 5010: 5005: 5000: 4995: 4990: 4985: 4983:Czech Republic 4980: 4974: 4972: 4970:European Union 4963: 4959: 4958: 4956: 4955: 4950: 4945: 4940: 4935: 4930: 4925: 4920: 4915: 4910: 4905: 4900: 4895: 4890: 4885: 4880: 4874: 4872: 4866: 4865: 4863: 4862: 4857: 4852: 4847: 4842: 4837: 4832: 4827: 4821: 4819: 4813: 4812: 4807: 4805: 4804: 4797: 4790: 4782: 4773: 4772: 4770: 4769: 4764: 4759: 4754: 4752:Sint Eustatius 4749: 4744: 4739: 4734: 4729: 4724: 4719: 4714: 4709: 4704: 4699: 4697:Cayman Islands 4694: 4689: 4684: 4679: 4674: 4668: 4666: 4661: 4658: 4657: 4655: 4654: 4649: 4644: 4639: 4634: 4629: 4624: 4619: 4614: 4609: 4604: 4599: 4594: 4589: 4584: 4579: 4574: 4569: 4564: 4559: 4554: 4549: 4544: 4538: 4536: 4532: 4531: 4528: 4526: 4525: 4518: 4511: 4503: 4497: 4496: 4491: 4479: 4477: 4455: 4454:External links 4452: 4450: 4449: 4424: 4412: 4388: 4369: 4357: 4342: 4317: 4297: 4275: 4262:jornada.com.mx 4243: 4230:proceso.com.mx 4216: 4189: 4175: 4148: 4138:SENER (2015). 4125: 4110: 4096: 4067: 4053: 4027: 4004: 3986: 3966: 3948: 3909: 3891: 3873: 3855: 3830: 3819: 3785: 3782:on 2011-07-16. 3768:SENER (2009). 3735: 3717: 3710: 3682: 3656: 3631: 3613: 3599: 3588: 3585:on 2007-10-05. 3571:SENER (2006). 3558: 3540: 3524: 3493: 3490:on 2011-07-16. 3476:SENER (2009). 3445: 3434: 3392: 3390: 3387: 3386: 3385: 3380: 3375: 3370: 3365: 3360: 3355: 3350: 3345: 3340: 3334: 3333: 3319: 3303: 3300: 3299: 3298: 3291: 3284: 3278: 3271: 3265: 3259: 3253: 3247: 3238: 3235: 3234: 3233: 3219: 3212: 3205: 3193: 3190: 3189: 3188: 3173: 3155: 3147: 3132: 3103: 3100: 3098: 3095: 3086: 3085: 3082: 3079: 3075: 3074: 3071: 3068: 3064: 3063: 3060: 3057: 3053: 3052: 3049: 3046: 3042: 3041: 3038: 3035: 3031: 3030: 3026: 3023: 3020: 3010: 3006: 3003: 2986:greenhouse gas 2968: 2960: 2958: 2955: 2938:Kyoto Protocol 2933: 2930: 2924: 2920: 2912: 2909: 2900: 2897: 2895: 2892: 2889: 2888: 2885: 2881: 2880: 2877: 2873: 2872: 2869: 2865: 2864: 2861: 2850: 2847: 2841: 2838: 2819: 2818:Grid extension 2816: 2789:Cantarell RIGS 2771: 2768: 2766: 2763: 2747: 2744: 2742: 2739: 2725: 2722: 2718: 2717: 2714: 2711: 2708: 2705: 2669: 2666: 2664: 2661: 2590: 2589: 2582: 2578: 2566: 2551:public service 2534:constitutional 2508:and President 2498: 2495: 2482: 2475: 2459: 2458: 2454: 2450: 2446: 2413:and the other 2398: 2395: 2349: 2346: 2335:ruled that it 2325:public service 2321:Carlos Salinas 2273: 2270: 2268: 2265: 2259: 2256: 2247: 2246: 2243: 2240: 2237: 2235: 2233: 2229: 2228: 2225: 2222: 2219: 2214: 2211: 2207: 2206: 2203: 2200: 2197: 2194: 2191: 2187: 2186: 2183: 2180: 2177: 2174: 2169: 2163: 2162: 2159: 2156: 2153: 2150: 2145: 2139: 2138: 2135: 2132: 2129: 2126: 2123: 2092: 2089: 2080: 2079: 2077: 2074: 2072: 2070: 2068: 2064: 2063: 2060: 2057: 2054: 2051: 2048: 2044: 2043: 2040: 2037: 2034: 2031: 2028: 2024: 2023: 2020: 2017: 2014: 2011: 2008: 2004: 2003: 2000: 1997: 1994: 1991: 1990:Fuerza Eólica 1988: 1984: 1983: 1980: 1977: 1974: 1971: 1970:Sempra Energy 1968: 1964: 1963: 1960: 1957: 1954: 1951: 1948: 1944: 1943: 1940: 1937: 1934: 1931: 1928: 1924: 1923: 1920: 1917: 1914: 1911: 1910:Fuerza Eólica 1908: 1904: 1903: 1900: 1899:CAPACITY (MW) 1897: 1894: 1891: 1888: 1884: 1883: 1869: 1868: 1866: 1863: 1861: 1859: 1857: 1853: 1852: 1849: 1846: 1843: 1840: 1837: 1833: 1832: 1829: 1826: 1825:Autogenerator 1823: 1820: 1819:Fuerza Eólica 1817: 1813: 1812: 1809: 1806: 1805:Autogenerator 1803: 1800: 1797: 1793: 1792: 1789: 1786: 1785:Autogenerator 1783: 1780: 1777: 1773: 1772: 1769: 1766: 1765:Autogenerator 1763: 1760: 1757: 1753: 1752: 1749: 1746: 1745:Autogenerator 1743: 1740: 1737: 1733: 1732: 1729: 1726: 1723: 1720: 1717: 1713: 1712: 1709: 1706: 1705:Autogenerator 1703: 1700: 1697: 1693: 1692: 1689: 1686: 1685:Autogenerator 1683: 1680: 1677: 1673: 1672: 1669: 1666: 1663: 1660: 1657: 1653: 1652: 1649: 1646: 1643: 1640: 1637: 1633: 1632: 1629: 1626: 1623: 1620: 1617: 1613: 1612: 1609: 1606: 1603: 1600: 1597: 1593: 1592: 1589: 1586: 1585:Autogenerator 1583: 1580: 1577: 1573: 1572: 1569: 1566: 1565:Autogenerator 1563: 1560: 1557: 1553: 1552: 1549: 1546: 1545:Autogenerator 1543: 1540: 1537: 1533: 1532: 1529: 1526: 1525:Autogenerator 1523: 1520: 1517: 1513: 1512: 1509: 1506: 1505:Autogenerator 1503: 1500: 1497: 1493: 1492: 1489: 1486: 1483: 1480: 1477: 1473: 1472: 1469: 1466: 1463: 1460: 1457: 1453: 1452: 1449: 1446: 1443: 1440: 1437: 1433: 1432: 1429: 1428:CAPACITY (MW) 1426: 1423: 1420: 1417: 1413: 1412: 1325:Main article: 1322: 1319: 1295:Main article: 1292: 1289: 1258:Grijalva River 1252:in Chicoasén, 1229: 1226: 1198:Main article: 1195: 1192: 1182: 1179: 1176: 1175: 1172: 1169: 1166: 1162: 1161: 1158: 1155: 1152: 1148: 1147: 1144: 1141: 1138: 1134: 1133: 1130: 1127: 1124: 1120: 1119: 1116: 1113: 1110: 1092: 1089: 1083: 1080: 1078: 1075: 1070: 1067: 1062: 1059: 1057: 1054: 1048: 1045: 1032: 1031:Reserve margin 1029: 1023: 1020: 1019: 1018: 1015: 1012: 1011:Commercial: 7% 1009: 1006: 998: 995: 960: 957: 930: 929: 926: 923: 920: 917: 914: 911: 908: 905: 902: 898: 897: 894: 891: 888: 885: 882: 879: 876: 873: 870: 866: 865: 862: 859: 856: 853: 850: 847: 844: 841: 838: 834: 833: 828: 825: 822: 819: 816: 813: 810: 807: 806:Hydro electric 804: 795: 792: 783: 782: 779: 776: 773: 770: 767: 765: 763: 759: 758: 756: 754: 752: 749: 746: 743: 737: 733: 732: 730: 728: 726: 723: 720: 718: 716: 712: 711: 708: 706: 704: 702: 699: 698:Hydroelectric 696: 693: 689: 688: 686: 683: 681: 679: 676: 673: 670: 666: 665: 663: 661: 658: 656: 653: 650: 647: 643: 642: 640: 638: 635: 633: 630: 627: 624: 620: 619: 616: 613: 610: 608: 605: 603: 601: 597: 596: 594: 591: 589: 586: 584: 581: 578: 574: 573: 571: 569: 566: 564: 561: 559: 557: 553: 552: 549: 546: 543: 540: 537: 534: 531: 530:ENERGY SOURCE 496: 493: 486: 485: 479: 473: 467: 461: 455: 449: 442: 423: 422: 421: 420: 419: 414: 413: 412: 410: 407: 377: 376: 372: 367:47 registered 365: 358: 357: 354: 350: 349: 346: 342: 341: 336: 332: 331: 326: 322: 321: 318: 314: 313: 306: 302: 301: 294: 290: 289: 280:dominating 2: 278: 274: 273: 270: 266: 265: 262: 258: 257: 254: 250: 249: 246: 242: 241: 238: 234: 233: 229: 228: 225: 221: 220: 217: 213: 212: 209: 205: 204: 201: 197: 196: 189: 185: 184: 177: 173: 172: 161: 157: 156: 153: 149: 148: 141: 137: 136: 131: 126: 119: 118: 115: 113:nuclear energy 108: 107: 104: 97: 96: 93: 86: 85: 79: 75: 74: 71: 67: 66: 62: 61: 58: 51: 48: 47: 28: 26: 19: 13: 10: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 5309: 5298: 5295: 5294: 5292: 5277: 5273: 5269: 5267: 5259: 5258: 5255: 5249: 5246: 5244: 5241: 5239: 5236: 5234: 5231: 5230: 5228: 5226:South America 5224: 5218: 5215: 5213: 5210: 5208: 5205: 5203: 5200: 5198: 5195: 5194: 5192: 5188: 5182: 5181:United States 5179: 5177: 5174: 5172: 5169: 5167: 5164: 5162: 5159: 5158: 5156: 5154:North America 5152: 5140: 5137: 5136: 5135: 5132: 5130: 5127: 5125: 5122: 5120: 5117: 5115: 5112: 5110: 5107: 5105: 5102: 5100: 5097: 5095: 5092: 5090: 5087: 5085: 5082: 5081: 5079: 5075: 5069: 5066: 5064: 5061: 5059: 5056: 5054: 5051: 5049: 5046: 5044: 5041: 5039: 5036: 5034: 5031: 5029: 5026: 5024: 5021: 5019: 5016: 5014: 5011: 5009: 5006: 5004: 5001: 4999: 4996: 4994: 4991: 4989: 4986: 4984: 4981: 4979: 4976: 4975: 4973: 4971: 4967: 4964: 4960: 4954: 4951: 4949: 4946: 4944: 4941: 4939: 4936: 4934: 4931: 4929: 4926: 4924: 4921: 4919: 4916: 4914: 4911: 4909: 4906: 4904: 4901: 4899: 4896: 4894: 4891: 4889: 4886: 4884: 4881: 4879: 4876: 4875: 4873: 4871: 4867: 4861: 4858: 4856: 4853: 4851: 4848: 4846: 4843: 4841: 4838: 4836: 4833: 4831: 4828: 4826: 4823: 4822: 4820: 4818: 4814: 4810: 4803: 4798: 4796: 4791: 4789: 4784: 4783: 4780: 4768: 4765: 4763: 4760: 4758: 4755: 4753: 4750: 4748: 4745: 4743: 4740: 4738: 4735: 4733: 4730: 4728: 4725: 4723: 4720: 4718: 4715: 4713: 4710: 4708: 4705: 4703: 4700: 4698: 4695: 4693: 4690: 4688: 4685: 4683: 4680: 4678: 4675: 4673: 4670: 4669: 4667: 4659: 4653: 4652:United States 4650: 4648: 4645: 4643: 4640: 4638: 4635: 4633: 4630: 4628: 4625: 4623: 4620: 4618: 4615: 4613: 4610: 4608: 4605: 4603: 4600: 4598: 4595: 4593: 4590: 4588: 4585: 4583: 4580: 4578: 4575: 4573: 4570: 4568: 4565: 4563: 4560: 4558: 4555: 4553: 4550: 4548: 4545: 4543: 4540: 4539: 4537: 4533: 4524: 4519: 4517: 4512: 4510: 4505: 4504: 4501: 4495: 4492: 4490: 4486: 4483: 4480: 4478: 4467:on 2008-07-01 4466: 4462: 4458: 4457: 4453: 4439:on 2007-07-12 4438: 4434: 4428: 4425: 4422: 4416: 4413: 4402: 4398: 4392: 4389: 4386: 4382: 4379: 4373: 4370: 4367: 4361: 4358: 4355: 4349: 4347: 4343: 4340: 4336: 4333: 4332: 4326: 4324: 4322: 4318: 4313: 4306: 4304: 4302: 4298: 4293: 4286: 4284: 4282: 4280: 4276: 4263: 4259: 4252: 4250: 4248: 4244: 4231: 4227: 4220: 4217: 4204: 4203:Forbes Mexico 4200: 4193: 4190: 4185: 4179: 4176: 4163: 4162:Forbes Mexico 4159: 4152: 4149: 4141: 4134: 4132: 4130: 4126: 4121: 4114: 4111: 4106: 4100: 4097: 4089: 4082: 4080: 4078: 4076: 4074: 4072: 4068: 4063: 4057: 4054: 4042: 4038: 4031: 4028: 4015: 4008: 4005: 4000: 3993: 3991: 3987: 3982: 3975: 3973: 3971: 3967: 3964: 3960: 3957: 3952: 3949: 3938:on 2016-10-12 3934: 3927: 3920: 3918: 3916: 3914: 3910: 3905: 3901: 3895: 3892: 3889: 3885: 3882: 3877: 3874: 3871: 3867: 3864: 3859: 3856: 3845:on 2011-07-07 3844: 3840: 3834: 3831: 3828: 3823: 3820: 3809:on 2008-02-27 3805: 3798: 3792: 3790: 3786: 3778: 3771: 3764: 3762: 3760: 3758: 3756: 3754: 3752: 3750: 3748: 3746: 3744: 3742: 3740: 3736: 3733: 3729: 3726: 3721: 3718: 3713: 3711:970-9983-07-5 3707: 3700: 3693: 3691: 3689: 3687: 3683: 3678: 3671: 3669: 3667: 3665: 3663: 3661: 3657: 3646:on 2010-02-21 3645: 3641: 3635: 3632: 3629: 3625: 3622: 3617: 3614: 3611: 3606: 3604: 3600: 3597: 3592: 3589: 3581: 3574: 3567: 3565: 3563: 3559: 3556: 3552: 3549: 3544: 3541: 3538: 3533: 3531: 3529: 3525: 3522: 3518: 3515: 3510: 3508: 3506: 3504: 3502: 3500: 3498: 3494: 3486: 3479: 3472: 3470: 3468: 3466: 3464: 3462: 3460: 3458: 3456: 3454: 3452: 3450: 3446: 3443: 3438: 3435: 3419: 3415: 3408: 3402: 3400: 3398: 3394: 3388: 3384: 3381: 3379: 3376: 3374: 3371: 3369: 3366: 3364: 3361: 3359: 3356: 3354: 3351: 3349: 3346: 3344: 3341: 3339: 3336: 3335: 3331: 3330:Energy portal 3325: 3320: 3317: 3316:Mexico portal 3306: 3301: 3296: 3292: 3289: 3285: 3283: 3279: 3276: 3273:SENER, 2015. 3272: 3270: 3267:SENER, 2009. 3266: 3264: 3261:SENER, 2009. 3260: 3258: 3254: 3252: 3249:SENER, 2006. 3248: 3245: 3241: 3240: 3236: 3231: 3227: 3224: 3220: 3217: 3213: 3210: 3206: 3203: 3199: 3198: 3197: 3191: 3186: 3182: 3178: 3174: 3171: 3167: 3164: 3160: 3156: 3152: 3148: 3145: 3141: 3137: 3133: 3130: 3126: 3121: 3117: 3113: 3112: 3111: 3109: 3101: 3096: 3094: 3092: 3083: 3080: 3077: 3076: 3072: 3069: 3066: 3065: 3061: 3058: 3055: 3054: 3050: 3047: 3045:Cogeneration 3044: 3043: 3039: 3036: 3033: 3032: 3024: 3021: 3019:Project type 3018: 3017: 3014: 3004: 2999: 2995: 2991: 2987: 2983: 2979: 2975: 2971: 2965: 2956: 2954: 2950: 2947: 2943: 2939: 2936:Although the 2931: 2929: 2918: 2910: 2908: 2905: 2898: 2893: 2886: 2884:Distribution 2883: 2882: 2878: 2876:Transmission 2875: 2874: 2870: 2867: 2866: 2862: 2859: 2858: 2855: 2848: 2846: 2839: 2837: 2834: 2829: 2826: 2817: 2815: 2812: 2807: 2805: 2801: 2797: 2787: 2781: 2776: 2769: 2764: 2762: 2760: 2755: 2753: 2745: 2740: 2738: 2734: 2730: 2723: 2721: 2715: 2712: 2709: 2706: 2703: 2702: 2701: 2698: 2696: 2692: 2688: 2684: 2680: 2676: 2667: 2662: 2660: 2658: 2654: 2650: 2646: 2642: 2637: 2635: 2631: 2626: 2624: 2620: 2615: 2610: 2606: 2602: 2599: 2595: 2587: 2583: 2579: 2576: 2572: 2567: 2564: 2559: 2558: 2557: 2554: 2552: 2547: 2543: 2539: 2535: 2531: 2527: 2523: 2519: 2511: 2507: 2506:Ricardo Anaya 2503: 2496: 2494: 2492: 2488: 2480: 2476: 2474: 2472: 2468: 2464: 2455: 2451: 2447: 2444: 2443: 2442: 2440: 2434: 2430: 2426: 2424: 2418: 2416: 2412: 2408: 2404: 2396: 2394: 2390: 2388: 2384: 2379: 2375: 2371: 2367: 2359: 2354: 2347: 2345: 2343: 2338: 2337:may have been 2334: 2333:Supreme Court 2330: 2326: 2322: 2317: 2315: 2311: 2307: 2303: 2298: 2296: 2292: 2287: 2283: 2279: 2271: 2266: 2264: 2257: 2255: 2253: 2244: 2241: 2238: 2236: 2234: 2231: 2230: 2226: 2223: 2220: 2218: 2215: 2212: 2209: 2208: 2204: 2201: 2198: 2195: 2192: 2189: 2188: 2184: 2181: 2178: 2175: 2173: 2170: 2168: 2167:Tres Virgenes 2165: 2164: 2160: 2157: 2154: 2151: 2149: 2146: 2144: 2141: 2140: 2136: 2133: 2130: 2127: 2125:MUNICIPALITY 2124: 2121: 2120: 2113: 2109: 2106: 2102: 2098: 2090: 2088: 2086: 2078: 2075: 2073: 2071: 2069: 2066: 2065: 2061: 2058: 2055: 2052: 2049: 2046: 2045: 2041: 2038: 2035: 2032: 2029: 2027:Los Vergeles 2026: 2025: 2021: 2018: 2015: 2012: 2009: 2006: 2005: 2001: 1998: 1995: 1992: 1989: 1986: 1985: 1981: 1978: 1975: 1972: 1969: 1966: 1965: 1961: 1958: 1955: 1952: 1950:Cannon Power 1949: 1946: 1945: 1941: 1938: 1935: 1932: 1929: 1926: 1925: 1921: 1918: 1915: 1912: 1909: 1906: 1905: 1901: 1898: 1895: 1892: 1889: 1886: 1885: 1881: 1880: 1877: 1875: 1867: 1864: 1862: 1860: 1858: 1855: 1854: 1850: 1847: 1844: 1841: 1838: 1836:Oaxaca II-IV 1835: 1834: 1830: 1827: 1824: 1821: 1818: 1815: 1814: 1810: 1807: 1804: 1801: 1799:Unión Fenosa 1798: 1795: 1794: 1790: 1787: 1784: 1781: 1778: 1775: 1774: 1770: 1767: 1764: 1761: 1758: 1755: 1754: 1750: 1747: 1744: 1741: 1738: 1735: 1734: 1730: 1727: 1724: 1721: 1718: 1716:Los Vergeles 1715: 1714: 1710: 1707: 1704: 1701: 1698: 1695: 1694: 1690: 1687: 1684: 1681: 1678: 1675: 1674: 1670: 1667: 1664: 1661: 1658: 1655: 1654: 1650: 1647: 1644: 1641: 1638: 1635: 1634: 1630: 1627: 1624: 1621: 1618: 1615: 1614: 1610: 1607: 1604: 1601: 1598: 1596:La Venta III 1595: 1594: 1590: 1587: 1584: 1581: 1578: 1575: 1574: 1570: 1567: 1564: 1561: 1558: 1555: 1554: 1550: 1547: 1544: 1541: 1538: 1535: 1534: 1530: 1527: 1524: 1521: 1518: 1515: 1514: 1510: 1507: 1504: 1501: 1498: 1495: 1494: 1490: 1487: 1484: 1481: 1478: 1475: 1474: 1470: 1467: 1464: 1461: 1458: 1455: 1454: 1450: 1447: 1444: 1441: 1438: 1435: 1434: 1430: 1427: 1424: 1421: 1418: 1415: 1414: 1410: 1409: 1406: 1402: 1400: 1396: 1392: 1388: 1384: 1380: 1376: 1372: 1368: 1364: 1360: 1356: 1352: 1346: 1345:General Bravo 1341: 1333: 1328: 1320: 1318: 1316: 1311: 1309: 1305: 1304:solar thermal 1298: 1290: 1288: 1286: 1282: 1278: 1274: 1270: 1265: 1263: 1259: 1255: 1251: 1243: 1239: 1234: 1227: 1225: 1223: 1219: 1214: 1212: 1208: 1201: 1193: 1191: 1189: 1180: 1173: 1170: 1167: 1164: 1163: 1159: 1156: 1153: 1150: 1149: 1145: 1142: 1139: 1137:Cogeneration 1136: 1135: 1131: 1128: 1125: 1122: 1121: 1117: 1114: 1111: 1108: 1107: 1104: 1100: 1098: 1090: 1088: 1081: 1076: 1074: 1068: 1066: 1060: 1055: 1053: 1046: 1044: 1042: 1038: 1035:In 2008, the 1030: 1028: 1021: 1016: 1013: 1010: 1007: 1004: 1003: 1002: 996: 994: 992: 988: 984: 979: 977: 973: 968: 966: 958: 956: 954: 950: 946: 942: 936: 927: 924: 921: 918: 915: 912: 909: 906: 903: 900: 899: 895: 892: 889: 886: 883: 880: 877: 874: 871: 868: 867: 863: 860: 857: 854: 851: 848: 845: 842: 839: 836: 835: 832: 829: 826: 823: 820: 817: 814: 811: 808: 805: 803: 800: 799: 793: 791: 789: 780: 777: 774: 771: 768: 766: 764: 761: 760: 757: 755: 753: 750: 747: 745:Gas turbines 744: 741: 738: 735: 734: 731: 729: 727: 724: 721: 719: 717: 714: 713: 709: 707: 705: 703: 700: 697: 694: 691: 690: 687: 684: 682: 680: 677: 674: 671: 669:CCE Pacífico 668: 667: 664: 662: 659: 657: 654: 651: 648: 645: 644: 641: 639: 636: 634: 631: 628: 625: 622: 621: 617: 614: 611: 609: 606: 604: 602: 599: 598: 595: 592: 590: 587: 585: 582: 579: 576: 575: 572: 570: 567: 565: 562: 560: 558: 555: 554: 550: 547: 544: 541: 538: 535: 532: 529: 528: 525: 522: 520: 515: 513: 508: 506: 502: 494: 480: 474: 468: 462: 456: 450: 444: 443: 417: 408: 406: 404: 403:public sector 400: 395: 394: 387: 384: 370: 363: 360: 359: 352: 351: 344: 343: 340: 334: 333: 330: 324: 323: 316: 315: 311: 304: 303: 299: 292: 291: 287: 283: 276: 275: 268: 267: 260: 259: 252: 251: 244: 243: 236: 235: 232:Institutions 230: 223: 222: 215: 214: 207: 206: 199: 198: 194: 187: 186: 182: 175: 174: 170: 166: 159: 158: 151: 150: 146: 139: 138: 135: 124: 121: 120: 114: 110: 109: 103: 99: 98: 92: 91:fossil energy 88: 87: 84: 77: 76: 69: 68: 63: 56: 44: 32: 27: 18: 17: 5202:Cook Islands 4860:South Africa 4757:Sint Maarten 4737:Saint Martin 4616: 4469:. Retrieved 4465:the original 4441:. Retrieved 4437:the original 4427: 4415: 4404:. Retrieved 4400: 4391: 4372: 4360: 4330: 4266:. Retrieved 4261: 4234:. Retrieved 4229: 4219: 4207:. Retrieved 4202: 4192: 4178: 4166:. Retrieved 4161: 4151: 4113: 4099: 4056: 4044:. Retrieved 4040: 4030: 4018:. Retrieved 4007: 3951: 3940:. Retrieved 3933:the original 3904:the original 3894: 3876: 3858: 3847:. Retrieved 3843:the original 3833: 3822: 3811:. Retrieved 3804:the original 3777:the original 3725:"La Jornada" 3720: 3648:. Retrieved 3644:the original 3634: 3616: 3591: 3580:the original 3543: 3485:the original 3437: 3425:. Retrieved 3418:the original 3294: 3287: 3281: 3274: 3268: 3262: 3256: 3250: 3243: 3195: 3105: 3090: 3089: 3008: 2974:fossil fuels 2951: 2935: 2914: 2906: 2902: 2852: 2843: 2830: 2821: 2809:Following a 2808: 2792: 2758: 2756: 2749: 2735: 2731: 2727: 2719: 2699: 2694: 2690: 2686: 2682: 2678: 2674: 2671: 2638: 2627: 2619:photovoltaic 2611: 2607: 2603: 2591: 2575:subsidiaries 2555: 2515: 2486: 2484: 2478: 2477:Takeover of 2460: 2435: 2431: 2427: 2419: 2400: 2391: 2378:Constitution 2363: 2336: 2318: 2299: 2290: 2286:nationalized 2275: 2272:20th Century 2261: 2251: 2250: 2193:Cd. Hidalgo 2143:Cerro Prieto 2094: 2084: 2083: 1927:Mexico Wind 1873: 1872: 1579:CISA-Gamesa 1476:La Venta II 1403: 1349: 1312: 1300: 1266: 1247: 1238:El Cajón dam 1215: 1203: 1187: 1184: 1101: 1096: 1094: 1085: 1072: 1069:Total losses 1064: 1050: 1034: 1025: 1017:Services: 4% 1000: 980: 969: 962: 952: 948: 944: 940: 934: 933: 830: 827:Wind- driven 801: 787: 786: 692:CH La Yesca 523: 518: 516: 509: 501:Laguna Verde 498: 415: 390: 388: 380: 297: 38: 30: 5212:New Zealand 5119:Switzerland 5048:Netherlands 4938:Philippines 4878:Afghanistan 4727:Puerto Rico 4637:Saint Lucia 4587:El Salvador 4268:February 1, 4236:February 3, 3181:modal shift 2868:Generation 2465:(IBs) with 2457:efficiency. 2374:Vicente Fox 2295:Mexico City 2213:Chignautla 2053:Nuevo León 2033:Tamaulipas 1722:Tamaulipas 1174:negligible 953:Preliminary 824:Geo thermal 818:Coal- fired 536:TECHNOLOGY 356:Yes (2008) 147:per capita 41:August 2010 5166:Costa Rica 5038:Luxembourg 4913:Kazakhstan 4883:Bangladesh 4855:Seychelles 4722:Montserrat 4717:Martinique 4712:Guadeloupe 4567:Costa Rica 4471:2007-10-02 4443:2007-10-02 4406:2021-05-26 4364:SEMARNAT, 4209:11 October 4168:11 October 4046:11 October 4020:11 October 3942:2016-10-11 3849:2010-01-31 3813:2008-02-27 3650:2009-09-02 3427:9 December 3389:References 3108:World Bank 3102:World Bank 2978:mitigation 2653:geothermal 2342:gas sector 2196:Michoacán 2091:Geothermal 1967:Baja Wind 1890:DEVELOPER 1519:Iberdrola 1419:DEVELOPER 1351:Wind power 1315:SEGH-CFE 1 1269:mini-hydro 1190:(CENACE). 1091:Generation 577:CCC Norte 399:energy mix 5233:Argentina 5197:Australia 5033:Lithuania 4933:Palestine 4908:Indonesia 4707:Greenland 4622:Nicaragua 4597:Guatemala 2860:Activity 2770:Pidiregas 2765:Financing 2724:Subsidies 2310:subsidies 2115:El Virgen 2050:Econergy 1896:MODALITY 1699:Eoliatec 1679:Eoliatec 1616:Oaxaca I 1436:La Venta 1425:MODALITY 1391:Zacatecas 1256:, in the 1109:Modality 972:Guatemala 672:Guerrero 533:LOCATION 111:Share of 100:Share of 89:Share of 5291:Category 5266:Category 5248:Colombia 5171:Honduras 5139:Scotland 5058:Portugal 4948:Thailand 4928:Pakistan 4918:Malaysia 4835:Ethiopia 4672:Anguilla 4607:Honduras 4577:Dominica 4552:Barbados 4485:Archived 4421:(UNFCCC) 4381:Archived 4335:Archived 4041:BBC News 3959:Archived 3956:Stanford 3900:"Stocks" 3884:Archived 3866:Archived 3728:Archived 3624:Archived 3551:Archived 3517:Archived 3302:See also 3226:Archived 3166:Archived 3129:Veracruz 3125:Guerrero 2946:Calderón 2210:Humeros 2190:Azufres 2148:Mexicali 2122:PROJECT 2101:volcanic 2097:tectonic 1887:PROJECT 1851:09/2011 1779:Preneal 1759:Preneal 1611:11/2010 1531:01/2009 1511:12/2009 1499:Acciona 1491:01/2007 1471:03/1999 1451:11/1994 1416:PROJECT 1399:Veracruz 1308:solar PV 1277:Veracruz 1244:, Mexico 809:Thermal 695:Nayarit 580:Durango 339:SEMARNAT 179:0.106; ( 5190:Oceania 5129:Ukraine 5099:Iceland 5094:Belarus 5089:Armenia 5084:Albania 5023:Ireland 5018:Hungary 5008:Germany 4998:Finland 4993:Denmark 4978:Austria 4953:Vietnam 4850:Nigeria 4845:Morocco 4702:Curaçao 4687:Bonaire 4682:Bermuda 4612:Jamaica 4592:Grenada 4547:Bahamas 4354:(ENACC) 3548:ENERGIA 3237:Sources 3022:Number 2668:Tariffs 2649:nuclear 2314:reforms 2258:Biomass 2128:ENTITY 1976:Export 1956:Export 1936:Export 1916:Export 1893:REGION 1842:Oaxaca 1822:Oaxaca 1802:Oaxaca 1782:Oaxaca 1762:Oaxaca 1742:Oaxaca 1739:Gamesa 1702:Oaxaca 1682:Oaxaca 1662:Oaxaca 1642:Oaxaca 1622:Oaxaca 1602:Oaxaca 1582:Oaxaca 1562:Oaxaca 1542:Oaxaca 1522:Oaxaca 1502:Oaxaca 1482:Oaxaca 1442:Oaxaca 1422:REGION 1395:Hidalgo 1383:Sinaloa 1285:Tabasco 1273:Chiapas 1262:Nayarit 1254:Chiapas 1242:Nayarit 1211:SEDESOL 1157:13,250 935:Source: 928:51,105 896:51,686 864:52,945 821:Nuclear 626:Puebla 507:(LNG). 81:86.034 31:updated 5276:Portal 5238:Brazil 5217:Tuvalu 5176:Mexico 5161:Canada 5124:Turkey 5114:Russia 5109:Norway 5104:Kosovo 5068:Sweden 5053:Poland 5013:Greece 5003:France 4988:Cyprus 4962:Europe 4943:Taiwan 4893:Brunei 4888:Bhutan 4817:Africa 4627:Panama 4617:Mexico 4562:Canada 4557:Belize 4378:(PECC) 3708: 3338:Mexico 3144:Sonora 3091:Source 3073:2,242 3034:Hydro 2970:Mexico 2917:UNFCCC 2571:budget 2526:Senate 2453:field. 2252:Source 2245:7,056 2232:Total 2227:7,055 2217:Puebla 2205:1,517 2202:194.5 2172:Mulegé 2161:5,176 2085:Source 2076:1,450 2067:Total 1874:Source 1865:2,565 1856:Total 1848:304.2 1808:227.5 1788:215.9 1708:142.2 1688:160.5 1668:227.5 1659:Demex 1628:101.4 1608:101.4 1496:Eurus 1385:, the 1379:Sonora 1359:Oaxaca 1281:Puebla 1160:19.5% 1143:3,255 1129:6,102 997:Demand 965:Belize 910:11,457 907:21,191 904:11,343 878:11,457 875:21,731 872:11,383 846:11,907 843:21,742 840:11,503 812:IPP's 788:Source 769:2,399 762:Total 607:1,789 482: 476: 470: 464: 458: 452: 446: 393:Mexico 320:SENER 284:& 203:0.051 143:1,665 128:114 Mt 95:65.0% 73:98.7% 5243:Chile 5077:Other 5063:Spain 5043:Malta 5028:Italy 4923:Nepal 4903:India 4898:China 4840:Kenya 4830:Egypt 4677:Aruba 4602:Haiti 4143:(PDF) 4091:(PDF) 3936:(PDF) 3929:(PDF) 3807:(PDF) 3800:(PDF) 3780:(PDF) 3773:(PDF) 3702:(PDF) 3621:SENER 3583:(PDF) 3576:(PDF) 3488:(PDF) 3481:(PDF) 3421:(PDF) 3414:INEGI 3410:(PDF) 3067:Wind 2804:PEMEX 2796:PEMEX 2780:Sound 2623:eolic 2586:Pemex 2581:them. 2471:PEMEX 2042:2010 2030:SEER 1982:2011 1831:2011 1811:2010 1791:2012 1771:2012 1751:2011 1731:2010 1719:SEER 1711:2011 1691:2011 1671:2011 1631:2010 1591:2009 1588:26.3 1571:2009 1568:67.5 1551:2010 1528:79.9 1488:83.3 1448:1.35 1291:Solar 1228:Hydro 1207:CONAE 1146:4.5% 919:1,365 916:2,600 913:2,100 887:1,365 884:2,600 881:2,100 855:1,365 852:2,600 849:2,778 837:2010 831:Total 815:Dual 802:Years 675:Coal 551:2012 548:2010 545:2009 542:2007 329:SENER 308:Yes ( 296:CFE ( 163:11% ( 117:2.4% 65:Data 4870:Asia 4747:Saba 4572:Cuba 4270:2021 4238:2021 4211:2016 4170:2016 4048:2016 4022:2016 3706:ISBN 3429:2015 3157:The 3127:and 3062:899 3051:261 3040:119 2628:The 2621:and 2588:Law. 2481:2009 2242:965 2158:720 2099:and 2062:N/A 2039:160 2022:N/A 2019:300 2007:N/A 2002:N/A 1979:250 1962:N/A 1959:200 1947:N/A 1942:N/A 1939:500 1922:N/A 1919:300 1845:IPP 1839:CFE 1768:180 1748:288 1728:160 1651:N/A 1625:IPP 1619:CFE 1605:IPP 1599:CFE 1508:250 1479:CFE 1468:0.6 1459:CFE 1439:CFE 1381:and 1321:Wind 1283:and 1216:The 1126:589 901:2008 869:2009 781:750 778:651 775:838 772:160 751:160 748:160 740:D.F. 725:160 722:160 710:750 701:750 685:651 678:651 660:272 655:272 637:116 632:116 618:750 615:651 612:388 593:450 588:450 568:450 563:450 389:The 248:25% 227:n/a 219:n/a 211:n/a 3514:EIA 3192:IDB 3136:GEF 3120:GEF 3084:19 3059:32 3029:e) 2942:GHG 2887:0% 2879:0% 2752:MXN 2598:MWh 2491:CFE 2387:CFE 2239:38 2224:40 2199:15 2185:42 2182:10 2155:13 2059:20 1999:10 1828:50 1548:30 1168:19 1154:22 1140:57 1132:6% 922:965 890:965 858:965 369:CDM 362:CDM 310:CRE 286:LFC 282:CFE 272:No 264:No 256:0% 240:No 193:LAC 181:LAC 169:LAC 165:CFE 145:kWh 123:GHG 5293:: 4399:. 4345:^ 4320:^ 4300:^ 4278:^ 4260:. 4246:^ 4228:. 4201:. 4160:. 4128:^ 4070:^ 4039:. 3989:^ 3969:^ 3912:^ 3788:^ 3738:^ 3685:^ 3659:^ 3602:^ 3561:^ 3527:^ 3496:^ 3448:^ 3412:. 3396:^ 3149:A 3114:A 3081:2 3070:8 3048:1 3037:3 2651:, 2625:. 2553:. 2473:. 2417:. 2221:8 2179:2 1648:5 1401:. 1397:, 1393:, 1377:, 1373:, 1279:, 1275:, 1171:3 925:85 893:85 861:85 312:) 300:) 130:CO 83:GW 4801:e 4794:t 4787:v 4522:e 4515:t 4508:v 4476:. 4474:. 4446:. 4409:. 4272:. 4240:. 4213:. 4172:. 4050:. 4024:. 3945:. 3852:. 3816:. 3714:. 3653:. 3431:. 3297:. 3290:. 3277:. 3246:. 3172:. 3131:. 3027:2 3011:2 3000:. 2966:. 2925:2 2921:2 373:2 134:e 132:2 43:) 39:( 33:.

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