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sides of Tina and leaned in to hold her up. Eventually, Tina grew so weak, she fell to the ground and died. However, Trista and
Teresia did not give up but continually tried to lift her. They managed to get Tina into a sitting position, but her body was lifeless and fell to the ground again. As the other elephant family members became more intensely involved in the aid, they tried to put grass into Tina's mouth. Teresia then put her tusks beneath Tina's head and front quarters and proceeded to lift her. As she did so, her right tusk broke completely off, right up to the lip and nerve cavity. The elephants gave up trying to lift Tina but did not leave her; instead, they began to bury her in a shallow grave and throw leaves over her body. They stood over Tina for the night and then began to leave in the morning. The last to leave was Teresia.
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another's sight. In 2004, Joseph Soltis conducted a study to understand the low-frequency vocalization elephants used to communicate across short-distances. The research found that closely allied female elephants were more likely to produce 'rumbles' to other members at twice the rate of those who had lesser integrated members. Female elephants are able to remember and distinguish the contact calls of female family and bond group members from those of females outside of their extended family network. They can also distinguish between the calls of family units depending upon how frequently they came across them.
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61:. Elephant brains are similar to those of humans and many other mammals in terms of general connectivity and functional areas, with several unique structural differences. Although initially estimated to have as many neurons as a human brain, the elephant's brain has about three times the amount of neurons as a human brain, this is in addition to their brain being about four times the size of a human's. However, the elephant's cerebral cortex has about one-third of the number of neurons as a human's cerebral cortex.
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fruit." When more than one apple was being dropped into the bucket, this meant that the elephants had to "keep running totals in their heads to keep track of the count." The results showed that "Seventy-four percent of the time, the animals correctly picked the fullest bucket. An
African elephant named Ashya scored the highest with an amazing eighty-seven percent … Humans in this same contest managed a success rate of just sixty-seven percent." The study was also filmed to ensure its accuracy.
500:, including her young calf, were all gently touching her body with their trunks, trying to lift her. The elephant herd were all rumbling loudly. The calf was observed to be weeping and made sounds that sounded like a scream, but then the entire herd fell silent. They then began to throw leaves and dirt over the body and broke off tree branches to cover her. They spent the next two days quietly standing over her body. They sometimes left to get water or food, but they would always return.
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654:, then later going back to drink from the same spot. They also often use branches to swat flies or scratch themselves. Asian elephants have also been known to drop large rocks onto an electric fence to break the fence or to cut off the electricity. Asian elephants in India have been known to break electric fences using logs and clear the surrounding wires using their tusks to provide a safe passageway.
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868:, she became very excitable. The colors she favored were green, yellow, blue and red. Once, a fire truck came and parked outside her enclosure where a man had just had a heart attack. The lights on the truck were flashing red, white and yellow. When Ruby painted later on in the day, she chose those colors. She also showed a preference for colors that the keepers wore.
725:. Rensch's test elephant could distinguish 12 tones in the music scale and could remember simple melodies. Even though played on varying instruments and at different pitches, timbres and meters, she recognized the tones a year and a half later. These results have been backed up by the Human-Elephant Learning Project which studies elephant intelligence.
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elephants by presenting them with a retractable (bungee) cord. In this setup, the cord is tied to a heavy log a few meters away from the elephant. A sugarcane (a favorite elephant treat) is attached to the cord, and can only be retrieved by repeated, coordinated, action of the trunk and another body part. The results were clearcut:
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876:(e.g., "Connie transfer"). Koko soon figured out what this meant. If the keepers asked an elephant to transfer and it did not budge, they would say, "Koko, give me a hand." When he heard this, Koko would help. After 27 years of working with elephants, Peachey firmly believes that they can understand the
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with humans as long as they are treated with respect and sensitivity. Koko worked out when his keepers needed a bit of "elephant help" when they were transferring the females of the group to another zoo. When the keepers wanted to transfer a female, they would usually say her name, followed by the word
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A conceptually similar experiment involved pre-training four logging Asian elephants to remove food from a cover-less bucket by inserting their trunk into the bucket. Next, a treat was placed at the bottom of a bucket and, at the same time, the bucket was covered with a lid. The elephants were then
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In 1957, researchers reported that a young Asian elephant needed 330 trials, over a period of several days, to consistently choose the reinforced response in her first discrimination task. In an experiment which employed another sense modality, an 8-year-old took 7.5 months to distinguish 12 tones.
843:, a device that closes when two opposite points are slid together. Bandula used to fiddle with the hook until it slid apart when it was aligned. Once she had freed herself, she would help the other elephants escape. In Bandula's case and certainly with other captive elephants, there was an element of
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All seven logging elephants fully mastered the string-drawing sequence within 1–3 experimental sessions. In all cases of retractable rope pulling, the sequence involved pulling by the trunk, and then securing the rope by either foot or mouth. After 2–6 coordinated pulls, while still holding the rope
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A 2010 experiment revealed that in order to reach food, "elephants can learn to coordinate with a partner in a task requiring two individuals to simultaneously pull two ends of the same rope to obtain a reward", putting them on an equal footing with chimpanzees in terms of their level of cooperative
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charged at him and knocked him over with her trunk, breaking one of his legs. In the evening, when he did not return, a search party was sent in a truck to find him. When the party discovered him, he was being guarded by an elephant. The animal charged the truck, so they shot over her and scared her
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woman who fell asleep under a tree after losing her way home. When she woke up, there was an elephant standing over her, gently touching her. She kept very still because she was very frightened. As other elephants arrived, they began to scream loudly and buried her under branches. She was found the
428:(elephant trainer). At a certain hole, the elephant refused to lower the log. The mahout came to investigate the hold-up and noticed a dog sleeping in the hole. The elephant only lowered the log when the dog was gone. When an elephant is hurt, other elephants (even if they are unrelated) aid them.
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As in the
Thorndike case, if the elephants understand the nature of the task, they should ignore the lid on the ground and retrieve the reward directly, as they used to do in pre-training sessions before the lid was introduced. But if they fail to understand the causal link between lid removal and
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argued that his cats and dogs escaped puzzle boxes through a mindless process of trial and error. Because understanding something as simple as pulling a loop to open a door must occur rapidly or not at all, it should have induced, at some point during the repeated introductions of his animals into
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Others argue that culling is necessary when biodiversity is threatened. However, the protection of biodiversity argument has been questioned by some animal rights advocates who argue that the animal which most greatly threatens and damages biodiversity is humanity, so if we are not willing to cull
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Harry
Peachey, an elephant trainer, developed a cooperative relationship with an elephant named Koko. Koko would help the keepers out, "prompting" them to encourage him with various commands and words that Koko would learn. Peachey stated that elephants are almost predisposed to cooperate and work
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Ecologist
Caitlin O'Connell-Rodwell conducted research in 1997 which concluded that elephants create low-frequency vibrations (seismic signals) through their trunks and feet to communicate across long distances. Elephants use contact calls to stay in touch with one another when they are out of one
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Two members of the family were shot by poachers, who were subsequently chased off by the remaining elephants. Although one of the elephants died, the other, named Tina, remained standing, but with knees beginning to give way. Two family members, Trista and
Teresia (Tina's mother), walked to both
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A study by Dr. Naoko Irie of Tokyo
University has shown that elephants demonstrate skills at arithmetic. The experiment "consist of dropping varying numbers of apples into two buckets in front of the elephants and then recording how often they could correctly choose the bucket holding the most
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Thorndike's dogs and cats learned to escape a box by, for instance, pulling a loop attached to a string that opened the box. On subsequent introductions to an open box when string-pulling no longer served a purpose, the animal continued to pull a string before getting out of the box. Thorndike
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Like
Thorndike's cats and dogs, the 13 elephants that did master a black/white or large/small discrimination task did so gradually, over several sessions. The slope of the time-curve again suggested the elephants failed to understand the cause-effect relationships between lid removal and food
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The ability to pull up food which is suspended by a thread, the pulled in loop being held by the foot while the bird reaches with its beak for the next pull, is doubtfully inborn and it has been subject to many experiments. The act appears at first sight to be a real and sudden solution of the
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Rendu, William; Beauval, Cédric; Crevecoeur, Isabelle; Bayle, Priscilla; Balzeau, Antoine; Bismuth, Thierry; Bourguignon, Laurence; Delfour, Géraldine; Faivre, Jean-Philippe; Lacrampe-Cuyaubère, François; Tavormina, Carlotta; Todisco, Dominique; Turq, Alain; Maureille, Bruno (7 January 2014),
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and Thomas
Bugnyar concluded that ravens' "behaviour in accessing meat on a string is not only a product of rapid learning but may involve some understanding of cause–effect relation between string, food and certain body parts." String-pulling behavior has been likewise studied in seven Asian
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is considered the original elephant art star, and her paintings have sold for as much as $ 25,000. Ruby chose her own colors and was said to have a keen sense of which color she wished to use. The Asian
Elephant Art & Conservation Project, an "elephant art academy" in New York, teaches
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who was 23 years old, also exhibited a unique form of mimicry. He was in a Swiss zoo with some Asian elephants. Asian elephants use chirps that are different from African elephants' deep rumbling noises. Calimero also began to chirp and not make the deep calls that his species normally would.
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known to have or have had any recognizable ritual around death. Elephants show a keen interest in the bones of their own kind (even unrelated elephants that have died long ago). They are often seen gently investigating the bones with their trunks and feet while remaining very quiet. Sometimes
702:, which specializes in debunking urban legends, lists the video as "partly true", in that the elephant produced the brush strokes, but notes that the similarity of the produced paintings is indicative of a learned sequence of strokes rather than a creative effort on the part of the elephant.
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as a means of controlling the population. Some scientists and environmentalists argue that it is "unnecessary and inhumane" to cull them since "elephants resemble humans in a number of ways, not least by having massive brains, social bonds that appear to be empathetic, long gestations, high
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is an ensemble of elephants who improvise music on specially made instruments with minimal interaction from their handlers. The orchestra was co-founded by pachyderm expert Richard Lair, who works at the Thai Elephant Conservation Center in Lampang, and David Sulzer (artist name,
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Comparing brain size at birth to the size of a fully developed adult's brain is one way to estimate how much an animal relies on learning as opposed to instinct. The majority of mammals are born with a brain close to 90% of the adult weight, while humans are born with 28%,
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trained to obtain the treat by removing the lid. Once this behavioral sequence was established, a treat was placed inside the bucket and, at the same time, the lid was placed on the ground alongside the bucket, so that the lid no longer obstructed access to the food.
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with either mouth or foot, the elephants disengaged the sugarcane from the rope while still using mouth or forefoot as an anchor, and then consumed the sugarcane. All elephants seemed to be flexible about the use of anchor, interchangeably using mouth, foreleg, or both.
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intelligence, offspring that require an extended period of dependent care, and long life spans." A South African animal rights group asked in a statement anticipating the announcement, "How much like us do elephants have to be before killing them becomes murder?"
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than to immediate forage conditions. In times of scarcity, they return to areas which have been reliable over many years rather than the last sites visited. They also favor travelling on dirt roads in the dry season, as easy walking terrain to conserve energy.
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in 1607, "There is no creature among all the Beasts of the world which hath so great and ample demonstration of the power and wisdom of almighty God as the elephant." Elephants are believed to be on par with chimpanzees with regard to their cooperative skills.
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The pre-training that preceded these Myanmar discrimination experiments involved learning to remove a lid from a bucket or to displace a box to uncover a hole in the ground. On average, the 20 elephants required 3.4 sessions to master the pre-training task.
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with 54%, and elephants with 35%. This may indicate that elephants require the second highest amount of learning while developing (next to humans), and that their behavior is less instinctual than taught. This is further supported by the elephant's long
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to local Turkana tribesmen and then dragged the rest of the carcass half a mile (800 m) away. That night, the other elephants found the body and took the shoulder blade and leg bone and returned the bones to the exact spot the elephant was killed.
400:, a family can be devastated by the death of another (especially a matriarch), and some groups never recover their organization. Cynthia Moss has observed a mother, after the death of her calf, walk sluggishly at the back of a family for many days.
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The Asian elephants in the study also displayed this type of behavior when standing in front of a 2.5-by-2.5-metre (8.2 ft × 8.2 ft) mirror – they inspected the mirror and brought food close to the mirror for consumption.
682:, elephants, using their trunks to hold brushes, create paintings which some have compared to the work of abstract expressionists. Elephant art is now commonly featured at zoos, and is shown in museums and galleries around the world.
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Occurrences of elephants' behaving this way around human beings are common throughout Africa. On many occasions, they have buried dead or sleeping humans or aided them when they were hurt. Meredith also recalls an event told to him by
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Similarly, in discrimination experiments with Asian elephants in the logging camps of Myanmar, only 13 Burmese elephants mastered black/white or large/small visual discrimination tasks, while 7 elephants failed to master the task.
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the box, a sudden reduction in escape time. The actual, gradual, slope of the time-curve that he did observe suggested to him that his subjects failed to understand the cause-effect relationships between their actions and escape.
277:(EQ) (the size of the brain relative to body size) of elephants ranges from 1.13 to 2.36. The average EQ is 2.14 for Asian elephants, and 1.67 for African, with the overall average being 1.88. In comparison to other animals, the
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650:, using their trunks like arms. Elephants have been observed digging holes to drink water and then ripping bark from a tree, chewing it into the shape of a ball, filling in the hole and covering over it with sand to avoid
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appear to play a central role in the development of intelligent behavior. As well as in humans and the rest of the great apes, spindle neurons are also found in the brains of both Asian and African elephants, as well as
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on her head with her trunk, a mark which could only be seen in the mirror. Happy ignored another mark made with colorless paint that was also on her forehead to ensure she was not merely reacting to a smell or feeling.
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at play on many occasions. They apparently do things for their own and others' entertainment. Elephants have been seen sucking up water, holding their trunk high in the air, and then spraying the water like a fountain.
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Aniruddh Patel, the orchestra's star drummer named Pratidah, exhibits musicality, stating: "Either when drumming alone or with the orchestra, Pratidah was remarkably steady". He also noted that she developed a
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away. The herdsman later told them that when he could not stand up, the elephant used her trunk to lift him under the shade of a tree. She guarded him for the day and would gently touch him with her trunk.
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839:, there lived an Asian elephant named Bandula. Bandula worked out how to break open or unlock several of the pieces of equipment used to keep the shackles on her feet secure. The most complex device was a
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animals that even aid other species, including humans, in distress. In India, an elephant was helping locals lift logs by following a truck and placing the logs in pre-dug holes upon instruction from the
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to utilize its minerals in what has been described as 'quarrying' and 'salt mining'. Although the elephants clearly do not understand that they require salt in their diet, they show interest only in the
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This section summarizes experiments that cannot be readily reconciled with the view that elephants are highly intelligent. These experiments, in turn, rely on pioneering early work with dogs and cats.
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In another case, a female elephant worked out how she could unscrew iron rods with an eye hole that was an inch (2.5 cm) thick. She used her trunk to create leverage and then untwisted the bolt.
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695:, in which elephants at a camp in Thailand were able to draw portraits with flowers. Although the images were drawn by the elephants, there was always a trainer assisting and guiding the movement.
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view the elephant as one of the world's most intelligent animals. With a mass of between 11-13 pounds, an elephant's brain has more mass than that of any other land animal, and although the largest
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elephants retired from the logging industry to paint. For paintings that resemble identifiable objects, teachers give the elephants guidance. An example of this was shown in the TV program
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in Kenya, has demonstrated vocal learning and imitation in elephants of sounds made by each other and in the environment. She is beginning to research whether sounds made by elephants have
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Okladnikov, A. P. (1952). "O znachenii zakhoronenii neandertaltsev dlya istorii pervobytnoi kultury (On the significance of Neandertal burials for the history of primitive culture)".
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Frans De Waal, who ran the study, stated, "These parallels between humans and elephants suggest a convergent cognitive evolution possibly related to complex society and cooperation."
928:, tusking it into smaller edible fragments. This activity is performed in groups, and years of tusk marks indicate the knowledge of the cave has been passed down over generations.
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Moss has often seen elephants going out of their way to avoid hurting or killing a human, even when it was difficult for them (such as having to walk backwards to avoid a person).
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have body masses twenty times those of a typical elephant, a whale's brain is barely twice the mass of an elephant's brain. In addition, elephants have around 257 billion
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problem from the start, and thus to qualify for inclusion under 'insight learning.' Successful performance in this task has been documented in well over ten bird species.
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Herculano-Houzel, Suzana; Avelino-de-Souza, Kamilla; Neves, Kleber; Porfírio, Jairo; Messeder, Débora; Mattos Feijó, Larissa; Maldonado, José; Manger, Paul R. (2014).
617:. Kosik produces these human-like sounds by putting his trunk in his mouth and then shaking it while breathing out, similar to how people whistle with their fingers.
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Shoshani, Jeheskel; Kupsky, William J.; Marchant, Gary H. (30 June 2006). "Elephant brain Part I: Gross morphology, functions, comparative anatomy, and evolution".
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Elephants are able to spend substantial time working on problems. They are able to change their behavior radically to face new challenges, a hallmark of complex
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recalls in his book an occurrence of a typical elephant death ritual as witnessed by Anthony Hall-Martin, a South African biologist who had studied elephants in
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in this regard. Due to such claims of high intelligence and due to strong family ties of elephants, some researchers argue it is morally wrong for humans to
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Hart, B.L.; L.A. Hart; M. McCoy; C.R. Sarath (November 2001). "Cognitive behaviour in Asian elephants: use and modification of branches for fly switching".
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food retrieval, they might continue to remove the lid before retrieving the food. The observations supported Thorndike's mechanical learning hypothesis.
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found that elephants, during an intelligence test employing food rewards, had found shortcuts that not even the experiment's researchers had thought of.
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Okladnikov, A. P. (1949). "Issledovaniya mustyerskoi stoyanki i pogrebeniya neandertaltsa v grote Teshik-Tash, Yuzhnyi Uzbekistan (Srednaya Aziya) ".
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Butti, C; Sherwood, CC; Hakeem, AY; Allman, JM; Hof, PR (2009). "Total number and volume of Von Economo neurons in the cerebral cortex of cetaceans".
1981:
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3232:"Elephants take to the road for reliable resources: In a national park, researchers study African elephant movement and vegetation using satellites"
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sounds they hear. The discovery was found when Mlaika, an orphaned elephant, would copy the sound of trucks passing by. So far, the only other
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A popular video showing an elephant painting a picture of another elephant became widespread on Internet news and video websites. The website
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The elephant has one of the most closely knit societies of any living species. Elephant families can only be separated by death or capture.
251:. The hippocampus of an elephant takes up about 0.7% of the central structures of the brain, comparable to 0.5% for humans and with 0.1% in
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Gargett, R.H. (1999). "Middle Palaeolithic burial is not a dead issue: the view from Qafzeh, Saint-Césaire, Kebara, Amud, and Dederiyeh".
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211:. Elephants are believed to rank equal with dolphins in terms of problem-solving abilities, and many scientists tend to rank elephant
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According to one source, elephants can figure out how to retrieve distant objects that they cannot otherwise reach by using a stick.
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concluded that the animal solved the task mechanically, without understanding the causal link between string-pulling and escaping.
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Scientists often debate the extent to which elephants feel emotion. Elephants have been one of few species of mammals other than
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266:, especially spatial. This is thought to be possibly why elephants suffer from psychological flashbacks and the equivalent of
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on Kuki Gallman's Laikipia Ranch. A ranch herder was walking alongside camels when he came across a family of elephants. The
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Stewart, T. D. (29 April 1977). "The Neanderthal skeletal remains from Shanidar cave, Iraq: A summary of findings to date".
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Goodman, M.; Sterner, K.; Islam, M.; Uddin, M.; Sherwood, C.; Hof, P.; Hou, Z.; Lipovich, L.; Jia, H. (19 November 2009).
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Hakeem, Atiya Y.; Chet. C. Sherwood; Christopher J. Bonar; Camilla Butti; Patrick R. Hof; John M. Allman (December 2009).
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Gladilin, V. N. (1979). "O kulturno-khronologicheskoi prinadlezhnosti neandertalskikh pogrebenii v grote Kiik-Koba ".
2094:"Structure of the cerebral cortex of the humpback whale, Megaptera novaeangliae (Cetacea, Mysticeti, Balaenopteridae)"
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In the wild, elephants display clever methods of finding resources. Elephants have keen memories, and when evaluating
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Heinrich, Bernd and Thomas Bugnyar (2005). "Testing Problem Solving in Ravens: String-Pulling to Reach Food".
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3523:"Phylogenomic analyses reveal convergent patterns of adaptive evolution in elephant and human ancestries"
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elephant from a herd that kept breaking into the government gardens of northern Kenya. George gave the
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of 4.56; chimpanzees at 2.49; dogs at 1.17, cats at 1.00; and mice at 0.50. Humans have an EQ of 7.44.
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Hakeem, A. Y.; Hof, P. R.; Sherwood, C. C.; Switzer Rc, 3rd; Rasmussen, L. E.; Allman, J. M. (2005).
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would often eavesdrop on conversations keepers would have talking about her. When she heard the word
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pattern more complex and with more numerous convolutions, or brain folds, than that of humans, other
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Evidence of elephant self-awareness was shown when the elephant Happy repeatedly touched a painted
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359:. The remarkable similarity between the elephant brain and the human brain supports the thesis of
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1685:"Brain of the African Elephant (Loxodonta africana): Neuroanatomy From Magnetic Resonance Images"
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of some of the words they hear. This is something thought to be very rare in the animal kingdom.
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2805:"African elephant vocal communication I: antiphonal calling behaviour among affiliated females"
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In Kolosov, Yu. G. (Ed.), Issledovaniye Paleolita V Krymu (Paleolithic Research in the Crimea)
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988:. The study was conducted with the Wildlife Conservation Society (WCS) using elephants at the
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Stoeger, Angela; D. Mietchen; S. Oh; S. de Silva; C. Herbst; S. Kwon; W. T. Fitch (2012).
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The Anatomical Record Part A: Discoveries in Molecular, Cellular, and Evolutionary Biology
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1628:"Elephant brain, Part I: Gross morphology, functions, comparative anatomy, and evolution"
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studied an elephant's ability to distinguish music, and in 1957 published the results in
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The Octopus and the Orangutan: More Tales of Animal Intrigue, Intelligence and Ingenuity
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in New York. Although many animals respond to a mirror, very few show any evidence that
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has caused the elephants to alter their behavior and avoid the more widely known caves.
4311:
4296:
4266:
3981:
3757:
3732:
3557:
3522:
3262:"Formation of cave salts and utilization by elephants in the Mount Elgon region, Kenya"
2718:
2685:
2421:
2229:
1825:
1244:
1217:
1165:
1138:
1110:
1100:
985:
954:
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509:
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403:
336:
331:
320:
294:
150:
89:
3859:
African Elephants have Expectations about the Locations of out-of-sight Family Members
3699:
2460:
Gremyatskii, M. A., and Nestrukh, M. F. (Eds.), Teshik-Tash: Paleoliticheskii Chelovek
4553:
4449:
4404:
4354:
4316:
3954:
3399:
3384:
3293:
3261:
2585:
2309:
1599:
521:
458:
Elephants in Africa self-medicate by chewing on the leaves of a tree from the family
240:
17:
3797:
Nissani, M. (2006). "Do Asian elephants apply causal reasoning to tool use tasks?".
2836:
2127:
2047:
1841:
1505:
1182:
4444:
4419:
4092:
4007:
2170:
1895:
1551:"The Debate Over Elephant Culling: Is it Ever Morally Justified to Cull Elephants?"
908:
804:
777:
757:
753:
481:
459:
372:
356:
344:
212:
3285:
2820:
2630:
2381:"Evidence supporting an intentional Neandertal burial at La Chapelle-aux-Saints",
1196:
Roth, Gerhard; Maxim I. Stamenov; Vittorio Gallese. "Is the human brain unique?".
485:
elephants that are completely unrelated to the deceased still visit their graves.
108:
an object by extending a finger, or equivalent. It is thought they are equal with
2303:
1658:
3949:
3580:
2564:
Gargett, R.H. (1989). "Grave Shortcomings: The Evidence for Neandertal Burial".
1866:(17). The International Society for Comparative Psychology: 1–16. Archived from
993:
861:
687:
651:
598:
432:
397:
348:
236:
216:
85:
64:
Elephants manifest a wide variety of behaviors, including those associated with
2383:
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
4113:
3810:
3433:
3137:
3033:
2709:
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109:
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3766:
3566:
2742:"Kosik, Talking Elephant, Attracts Researchers and Tourists in South Korea"
2727:
2550:
2542:
2430:
2162:
2119:
2039:
1935:. Chicago, Illinois: Trafalgar Square. pp. 131–133, 143–144, 155–157.
1833:
1711:
1497:
1460:
1253:
1174:
124:
described the elephant as "the animal that surpasses all others in wit and
3609:
1633:. Jeheskel Shoshani, William J. Kupsky b, Gary H. Marchant. Archived from
1216:
Plotnik, J. M.; Lair, R.; Suphachoksahakun, W.; de Waal, F. B. M. (2011).
188:
species, with one study suggesting elephants be placed in the category of
4193:
3838:
1595:
The Elephant's Secret Sense: The Hidden Lives of the Wild Herds of Africa
1105:
929:
896:
717:
circuses even featured "elephant bands". German evolutionary biologist
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571:
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376:
316:
278:
248:
224:
200:
101:
73:
50:
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4306:
3188:"Are Elephants Smarter than Humans When It Comes to Mental Arithmetic?"
1703:
1020:
925:
848:
760:
629:
259:
244:
185:
170:
113:
69:
3060:"Think Tank; A Band With a Lot More to Offer Than Talented Trumpeters"
2507:
2154:
4394:
4359:
3142:. The National Zoo, Smithsonian Institution, Washington DC: YouTube.
2110:
2093:
2030:
2013:
1218:"Elephants know when they need a helping trunk in a cooperative task"
921:
881:
706:
559:
551:
425:
263:
162:
93:
58:
3731:
Nissani, M., Hoefler-Nissani, D., Lay, U.T.& Htun, U.W. (2005).
1268:
http://news.bbc.co.uk/earth/hi/earth_news/newsid_9417000/9417308.stm
3864:
2577:
2190:
Elephant Memories: Thirteen Years in the Life of an Elephant Family
4399:
4219:
3139:
Shanthi, the National Zoo's Musical Elephant, Plays the Harmonica!
787:
661:
647:
575:
555:
547:
379:
specialising in elephants, recalls an event involving a family of
196:
140:
65:
54:
29:
994:
they recognize it is in fact themselves in the mirror reflection
286:
184:
processing of all existing land animals. It exceeds that of any
166:
125:
117:
4166:
3868:
3715:
Proboscideans. In: Grzimek's Encyclopedia of Mammals, Volume. 4
2625:
2623:
1857:"Cetacean Brain Evolution: Multiplication Generates Complexity"
2604:
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567:
192:
in terms of cognitive abilities for tool use and tool making.
3799:
Journal of Experimental Psychology: Animal Behavior Processes
4162:
705:
It was noted by ancient Romans and Asian elephant handlers (
215:
at the same level as cetaceans; a 2011 article published by
3099:. Air Date: Week of March 2, 2001: World Media Foundation.
2803:
Soltis, Joseph; Leong, Kirsten; Savage, Anne (2005-09-01).
2775:"Looking for earth-shaking clues to elephant communication"
1032:
our own species we cannot morally justify culling another.
911:
or to ingest inorganic matter for sodium, elephants in the
680:
several other species that are able to produce abstract art
3434:"Inner Life of Elephants, Part 7: Logging Camp / Insight?"
972:
Elephants have joined a small group of animals, including
899:
locations, respond more strongly to long‐term patterns of
2964:. National Geographic Society. p. 2. Archived from
3733:"Simultaneous visual discrimination in Asian elephants"
3352:. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press. p. 333.
2988:"Russian artists known for teaching elephants to paint"
235:
Elephants also have a very large and highly convoluted
2359:. London: Headline Book Publishing. pp. 175–177.
2357:
The Singing Gorilla: Understanding Animal Intelligence
1385:
1383:
1381:
1198:
Mirror Neurons and the Evolution of Brain and Language
1019:
There has been considerable debate over the issue of
100:. Further evidence suggests elephants may understand
3678:
Rensch, B. (1957). "The intelligence of elephants".
3400:"Elephant Cognition: A Review of Recent Experiments"
496:, for over eight years. The entire family of a dead
4507:
4472:
4462:
4437:
4377:
4340:
4333:
4237:
4207:
4200:
4106:
4065:
3990:
3902:
3610:"S. Africa elephant culling splits wildlife groups"
3260:Bowell, Rob; Warren, A.; Redmond, I. (1996-01-01).
2063:"Whales boast the brain cells that 'make us human'"
1807:
1805:
1659:"Mechanisms of Economic and Social Decision-Making"
466:. Kenyans also use this tree for the same purpose.
323:, which are associated in the storage of memories.
3646:Clarke, Paul A.B. and Andrew Linzey (eds.). 1990.
1392:"Elephants Outwit Humans During Intelligence Test"
1321:"Elephants Get the Point of Pointing, Study Shows"
1132:
1130:
799:Elephant stacking blocks to allow it to reach food
546:Recent studies have shown that elephants can also
2496:Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society
1288:"In Africa, Decoding the "Language" of Elephants"
396:Because elephants are so closely knit and highly
3737:Journal of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior
3266:Geological Society, London, Special Publications
2951:
2949:
1864:International Society for Comparative Psychology
851:looking around making sure no one was watching.
301:Brain size at birth relative to adult brain size
3527:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
3158:"Elephants know when they need a helping trunk"
740:. She reportedly always ended her songs with a
601:can imitate up to five Korean words, including
2502:(2). American Philosophical Society: 121–165.
1418:
1416:
632:, a trait that is rare in the animal kingdom.
513:next morning by the local herdsmen, unharmed.
4178:
3880:
2930:. National Geographic Society. Archived from
936:Applying the string-drawing task to elephants
907:Although it is common for herbivores to find
8:
3779:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
3003:
3001:
2890:
2888:
2886:
2884:
2882:
1350:
1348:
1200:. John Benjamins Publishing. pp. 63–76.
243:that is much bigger than that of any human,
176:Asian elephants have the greatest volume of
4539:List of elephants in mythology and religion
2606:. Canada: PublicAffairs. pp. 184–186.
2597:
2595:
2255:
2253:
2014:"Von Economo Neurons in the Elephant Brain"
1730:: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (
915:, Kenya, have learned to venture deep into
780:pattern when playing with other elephants.
646:Elephants show a remarkable ability to use
516:George Adamson also recalls when he shot a
262:through the processing of certain types of
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4434:
4374:
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4234:
4204:
4185:
4171:
4163:
3887:
3873:
3865:
3320:"The Salt Mining Elephants of Mount Elgon"
2092:Hof, P. R.; Van der Gucht, E. (Jan 2007).
3844:Elephant Cognition in Primate Perspective
3756:
3556:
3546:
2717:
2686:"An Asian elephant imitates human speech"
2420:
2402:
2294:
2292:
2290:
2288:
2286:
2109:
2029:
1243:
1233:
1164:
1154:
847:involved during the escapes, such as the
508:, a Kenyan game warden, regarding an old
1926:
1924:
1922:
1920:
1918:
1916:
1914:
1912:
2958:"Painting Elephants Get Online Gallery"
2924:"Painting Elephants Get Online Gallery"
2350:
2348:
2312:: Plume. pp. 16–17, 104–105, 191.
2182:
2180:
1479:
1477:
1126:
435:documented an encounter told to her by
27:Intelligence and awareness in elephants
3772:
3114:
3087:
3085:
2903:from the original on 14 September 2015
1723:
1266:BBC: Elephants know how to co-operate
1211:
1209:
1207:
157:) has a very large and highly complex
3846:by Richard W. Byrne and Lucy A. Bates
3792:
3790:
3726:
3724:
3717:. New York: McGraw-Hill. p. 474.
3658:
3656:
3058:Scigliano, Eric (December 16, 2000).
1564:(i). University of Zimbabwe: 76–81 .
1357:"Elephants smart as chimps, dolphins"
7:
3835:The Truth Behind Elephant Brainpower
2143:The Journal of Comparative Neurology
1776:Siebert, Charles (October 6, 2006).
1587:
1585:
1333:from the original on 10 October 2013
1073:Possible absence of causal reasoning
1023:African elephants in South Africa's
642:Tool use by animals § Elephants
219:suggests that, "elephants smart as
3861:by the Amboseli Trust for Elephants
419:Elephants are thought to be highly
3713:Reinert, cited by Alevogt (1990).
3667:. New York: Macmillan. p. 73.
3648:Political Theory and Animal Rights
3635:Cruelty to Animals: The Moral Debt
3186:Dubroff, M Dee (August 25, 2010).
3070:from the original on July 13, 2017
2073:from the original on 16 April 2008
1826:10.1016/j.brainresbull.2006.03.016
1790:from the original on April 3, 2018
1757:from the original on 19 April 2017
732:displayed the ability to play the
626:Amboseli Elephant Research Project
255:and 0.05% in bottlenose dolphins.
25:
3700:10.1038/scientificamerican0257-44
3581:"S Africa to allow elephant cull"
3493:"Cautious call for elephant cull"
3463:"Elephants' Jumbo Mirror Ability"
3136:Shanthi (elephant) (2012-05-01).
3103:from the original on 27 June 2015
3093:"Elephant Band : Transcript"
2897:"When I see an elephant...paint?"
2895:Flores, Graciela (June 1, 2007).
2631:"Elephants Learn Through Copying"
2234:The History of Four-Footed Beasts
1602:: Simon & Schuster. pp.
728:An elephant named Shanthi at the
408:The History of Four-Footed Beasts
4515:Cultural depictions of elephants
4147:
4146:
3854:Journal of Consciousness Studies
3612:. Associated Press. 2005-11-28.
3385:10.1111/j.1439-0310.2005.01133.x
3350:Learning and Instinct in Animals
3146:from the original on 2021-12-15.
2061:Coghlan, A. (27 November 2006).
1319:Zimmer, Carl (10 October 2013).
674:Elephant painting a taught image
207:, but less complex than that of
34:Elephant painting a taught image
3650:. Winchester, MA: Pluto Press.
3616:from the original on 2014-01-14
3591:from the original on 2009-10-07
3503:from the original on 2020-06-23
3473:from the original on 2007-10-05
3444:from the original on 2020-05-20
3414:from the original on 2021-11-22
3330:from the original on 2019-12-22
3300:from the original on 2021-11-22
3242:from the original on 2019-09-14
3198:from the original on 2015-09-14
3168:from the original on 2011-03-08
3040:from the original on 2008-04-03
3015:from the original on 2021-11-22
2868:from the original on 2012-02-18
2843:from the original on 2021-11-22
2755:from the original on 2015-09-19
2666:from the original on 2008-08-30
2641:from the original on 2006-08-20
2334:from the original on 2016-12-22
2272:from the original on 2007-10-08
2260:Holdrege, Craig (Spring 2001).
2211:from the original on 2021-11-22
2197:: University of Chicago Press.
1963:from the original on 2015-03-17
1665:from the original on 2015-04-26
1571:from the original on 2011-06-16
1521:"Elephants Really Don't Forget"
1424:"What Makes Dolphins So Smart?"
1367:from the original on 2015-09-23
1139:"The elephant brain in numbers"
730:National Zoo in Washington D.C.
281:dolphin has an EQ of 1.67; the
2660:"Elephant Mimics Truck Sounds"
1959:. Dolphins and Whales Window.
1745:Bekoff, Mark (20 April 2007).
1492:(5). Academic Press: 839–847.
1036:Arguments against intelligence
831:Adaptive behavior in captivity
268:post-traumatic stress disorder
195:The elephant brain exhibits a
1:
4129:Neuroscience and intelligence
3286:10.1144/GSL.SP.1996.113.01.06
3220:. San Francisco: Sierra Club.
3011:. snopes.com. 30 March 2006.
2821:10.1016/j.anbehav.2004.11.015
2447:. Naukova Dumka, Kiev: 67–76.
891:Adaptive behavior in the wild
258:The hippocampus is linked to
4534:List of fictional pachyderms
4520:List of individual elephants
3491:Wine, Michael (2007-03-01).
2862:"Size of the Elephant Brain"
2773:Shwartz, Mark (2005-06-01).
1933:Coming of Age with Elephants
1428:The Ultimate Guide: Dolphins
1286:Parsell, D.L. (2003-02-21).
767:, learning, and behavior at
2662:. Live Science. July 2005.
2268:(5). The Nature Institute.
1892:"Thinking about Brain Size"
1592:O'Connell, Caitlin (2007).
1519:Scott, David (2007-10-19).
1453:"Mind, memory and feelings"
811:Problem-solving experiments
239:, a brain structure in the
4581:
3850:Do Elephants Show Empathy?
3097:PRI : Living on Earth
2523:Journal of Human Evolution
2262:"Elephantine Intelligence"
1987:. Elsevier. Archived from
1015:Self-awareness and culling
756:) who studies the role of
639:
624:Poole, who is part of the
451:
406:stated in his publication
4142:
3925:Cognitive bias in animals
3811:10.1037/0097-7403.32.1.91
3663:Thorndike, E. L. (1911).
3009:"Elephant Painting Rumor"
2710:10.1016/j.cub.2012.09.022
2602:Meredith, Martin (2004).
1143:Frontiers in Neuroanatomy
913:Mount Elgon National Park
161:, a trait also shared by
4124:Encephalization quotient
4119:Brain-to-body mass ratio
3218:The Fate of the Elephant
3121:: CS1 maint: location (
2992:newsarchive.berkeley.edu
2962:National Geographic News
2928:National Geographic News
1390:Jennifer Viegas (2011).
1355:Jennifer Viegas (2011).
1156:10.3389/fnana.2014.00046
837:Marine World Africa, USA
533:Poole has observed wild
275:encephalization quotient
231:Other areas of the brain
145:Brain neurons (billions)
4262:African forest elephant
3749:10.1901/jeab.2005.34-04
3548:10.1073/pnas.0911239106
3216:Chadwick, D.H. (1992).
2404:10.1073/pnas.1316780110
1814:Brain Research Bulletin
1778:"An Elephant Crack Up?"
1457:Friends Of The Elephant
1235:10.1073/pnas.1101765108
860:, an Asian elephant at
784:Problem-solving ability
749:Thai Elephant Orchestra
351:, bottlenose dolphins,
106:nonverbally communicate
4250:North African elephant
3970:Tool use by non-humans
3960:Observational learning
3432:Nissani, Moti (2008).
2543:10.1006/jhev.1999.0301
2476:Sovetskaya Etnografiya
2187:Moss, Cynthia (2001).
1498:10.1006/anbe.2001.1815
1430:. 1999. Archived from
965:
951:
800:
675:
146:
132:Structure of the brain
35:
4526:Elephant Encyclopedia
4245:African bush elephant
4225:Seismic communication
4098:Pain in invertebrates
3935:Comparative cognition
3348:Thorpe, W.H. (1956).
2355:Page, George (1999).
2018:The Anatomical Record
1931:Poole, Joyce (1996).
1855:Marino, Lori (2004).
1549:Tom, Patrick (2002).
960:
946:
798:
693:Extraordinary Animals
673:
640:Further information:
452:Further information:
144:
33:
18:Elephant intelligence
3915:Animal consciousness
3910:Animal communication
3398:Nissani, M. (2008).
2566:Current Anthropology
2462:. MGU, Moscow: 7–85.
1957:"Dolphins Behaviour"
1045:Discrimination tasks
1025:Kruger National Park
765:memory consolidation
554:that are thought to
488:Elephant researcher
477:Homo sapiens sapiens
361:convergent evolution
283:Ganges river dolphin
49:. Most contemporary
4560:Animal intelligence
4282:Sri Lankan elephant
4088:Pain in crustaceans
4083:Pain in cephalopods
3965:Primate archaeology
3692:1957SciAm.196b..44R
3680:Scientific American
3665:Animal Intelligence
3539:2009PNAS..10620824G
3533:(49): 20824–20829.
3377:2005Ethol.111..962H
3318:Patowary, Kaushik.
3278:1996GSLSP.113...63B
3034:"Elephant Painting"
2934:on 26 December 2014
2779:Stanford University
2702:2012CBio...22.2144S
2535:1999JHumE..37...27G
2395:2014PNAS..111...81R
1747:"Do Elephants Cry?"
1293:National Geographic
978:bottlenose dolphins
769:Columbia University
723:Scientific American
715:Barnum & Bailey
308:bottlenose dolphins
149:The elephant (both
4073:Pain in amphibians
3940:Emotion in animals
3930:Cognitive ethology
3633:Brown, Les. 1988.
3497:The New York Times
3064:The New York Times
1783:The New York Times
1704:10.1002/ar.a.20255
1326:The New York Times
1273:2013-10-10 at the
801:
676:
494:Addo, South Africa
291:bottlenose dolphin
147:
39:Elephant cognition
36:
4547:
4546:
4503:
4502:
4458:
4457:
4433:
4432:
4385:Ballista elephant
4373:
4372:
4350:Elephant crushing
4329:
4327:
4326:
4287:Sumatran elephant
4233:
4232:
4160:
4159:
4134:Number of neurons
4107:Relation to brain
2968:on 1 January 2015
2956:Mayell, Hillary.
2922:Mayell, Hillary.
2899:. The Scientist.
2696:(22): 2144–2148.
2195:Chicago, Illinois
2155:10.1002/cne.22055
1982:"Elephants Brain"
1613:978-0-7432-8441-7
1228:(12): 5116–5121.
835:In the 1970s, at
796:
778:swing-type rhythm
671:
535:African elephants
415:Elephant altruism
381:African elephants
293:of 4.14; and the
104:: the ability to
16:(Redirected from
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3896:Animal cognition
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2809:Animal Behaviour
2800:
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2781:. Archived from
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2371:
2370:
2352:
2343:
2342:
2340:
2339:
2296:
2281:
2280:
2278:
2277:
2257:
2248:
2247:
2226:
2220:
2219:
2217:
2216:
2184:
2175:
2174:
2138:
2132:
2131:
2113:
2111:10.1002/ar.20407
2089:
2083:
2082:
2080:
2078:
2058:
2052:
2051:
2033:
2031:10.1002/ar.20829
2009:
2003:
2002:
2000:
1999:
1993:
1986:
1978:
1972:
1971:
1969:
1968:
1953:
1947:
1946:
1928:
1907:
1906:
1904:
1903:
1894:. Archived from
1888:
1882:
1881:
1879:
1878:
1872:
1861:
1852:
1846:
1845:
1809:
1800:
1799:
1797:
1795:
1773:
1767:
1766:
1764:
1762:
1742:
1736:
1735:
1729:
1721:
1719:
1718:
1698:(1): 1117–1127.
1689:
1680:
1674:
1673:
1671:
1670:
1655:
1649:
1648:
1646:
1645:
1639:
1632:
1624:
1618:
1617:
1589:
1580:
1579:
1577:
1576:
1570:
1555:
1546:
1540:
1539:
1537:
1536:
1527:. Archived from
1516:
1510:
1509:
1486:Animal Behaviour
1481:
1472:
1471:
1469:
1468:
1459:. Archived from
1449:
1443:
1442:
1440:
1439:
1420:
1411:
1410:
1408:
1407:
1402:on 12 April 2011
1398:. Archived from
1387:
1376:
1375:
1373:
1372:
1352:
1343:
1342:
1340:
1338:
1316:
1310:
1309:
1307:
1306:
1297:. Archived from
1283:
1277:
1264:
1258:
1257:
1247:
1237:
1213:
1202:
1201:
1193:
1187:
1186:
1168:
1158:
1134:
1116:Pig intelligence
1096:Animal cognition
1050:Edward Thorndike
982:Eurasian magpies
797:
771:. According to
747:Recording group
738:horn instruments
672:
597:Amusement Park,
580:African elephant
462:, which induces
454:Zoopharmacognosy
367:Elephant society
353:Risso's dolphins
253:Risso's dolphins
43:animal cognition
21:
4580:
4579:
4575:
4574:
4573:
4571:
4570:
4569:
4550:
4549:
4548:
4543:
4499:
4454:
4429:
4415:Temple elephant
4369:
4323:
4292:Syrian elephant
4277:Indian elephant
4272:Borneo elephant
4255:Desert elephant
4229:
4196:
4191:
4161:
4156:
4138:
4102:
4078:Pain in animals
4061:
3986:
3920:Animal language
3898:
3893:
3831:
3826:
3796:
3795:
3788:
3771:
3730:
3729:
3722:
3712:
3711:
3707:
3677:
3676:
3672:
3662:
3661:
3654:
3645:
3641:
3632:
3628:
3619:
3617:
3608:
3607:
3603:
3594:
3592:
3579:
3578:
3574:
3520:
3519:
3515:
3506:
3504:
3490:
3489:
3485:
3476:
3474:
3461:
3460:
3456:
3447:
3445:
3431:
3430:
3426:
3417:
3415:
3397:
3396:
3392:
3371:(10): 962–976.
3362:
3361:
3357:
3347:
3346:
3342:
3333:
3331:
3317:
3316:
3312:
3303:
3301:
3259:
3258:
3254:
3245:
3243:
3230:
3229:
3225:
3215:
3214:
3210:
3201:
3199:
3192:Digital Journal
3185:
3184:
3180:
3171:
3169:
3156:
3155:
3151:
3135:
3134:
3130:
3113:
3106:
3104:
3091:
3090:
3083:
3073:
3071:
3057:
3056:
3052:
3043:
3041:
3036:. youtube.com.
3032:
3031:
3027:
3018:
3016:
3007:
3006:
2999:
2986:
2985:
2981:
2971:
2969:
2955:
2954:
2947:
2937:
2935:
2921:
2920:
2916:
2906:
2904:
2894:
2893:
2880:
2871:
2869:
2864:. All Experts.
2860:
2859:
2855:
2846:
2844:
2802:
2801:
2797:
2788:
2786:
2772:
2771:
2767:
2758:
2756:
2749:Huffington Post
2744:
2740:
2739:
2735:
2690:Current Biology
2683:
2682:
2678:
2669:
2667:
2658:
2657:
2653:
2644:
2642:
2629:
2628:
2621:
2614:
2601:
2600:
2593:
2563:
2562:
2558:
2520:
2519:
2515:
2493:
2492:
2488:
2472:
2471:
2467:
2457:
2456:
2452:
2442:
2441:
2437:
2379:
2378:
2374:
2367:
2354:
2353:
2346:
2337:
2335:
2320:
2298:
2297:
2284:
2275:
2273:
2259:
2258:
2251:
2244:
2230:Topsell, Edward
2228:
2227:
2223:
2214:
2212:
2205:
2186:
2185:
2178:
2140:
2139:
2135:
2091:
2090:
2086:
2076:
2074:
2060:
2059:
2055:
2011:
2010:
2006:
1997:
1995:
1991:
1984:
1980:
1979:
1975:
1966:
1964:
1955:
1954:
1950:
1943:
1930:
1929:
1910:
1901:
1899:
1890:
1889:
1885:
1876:
1874:
1870:
1859:
1854:
1853:
1849:
1811:
1810:
1803:
1793:
1791:
1775:
1774:
1770:
1760:
1758:
1744:
1743:
1739:
1722:
1716:
1714:
1687:
1682:
1681:
1677:
1668:
1666:
1661:. Allman Labs.
1657:
1656:
1652:
1643:
1641:
1637:
1630:
1626:
1625:
1621:
1614:
1591:
1590:
1583:
1574:
1572:
1568:
1553:
1548:
1547:
1543:
1534:
1532:
1518:
1517:
1513:
1483:
1482:
1475:
1466:
1464:
1451:
1450:
1446:
1437:
1435:
1422:
1421:
1414:
1405:
1403:
1389:
1388:
1379:
1370:
1368:
1354:
1353:
1346:
1336:
1334:
1318:
1317:
1313:
1304:
1302:
1285:
1284:
1280:
1275:Wayback Machine
1265:
1261:
1215:
1214:
1205:
1195:
1194:
1190:
1136:
1135:
1128:
1124:
1092:
1075:
1047:
1038:
1017:
984:, that exhibit
970:
953:More recently,
938:
893:
833:
813:
788:
786:
719:Bernhard Rensch
662:
660:
644:
638:
591:Indian elephant
578:. Calimero, an
544:
531:
522:elephant's meat
490:Martin Meredith
472:
456:
450:
448:Self-medication
437:Colin Francombe
417:
369:
337:humpback whales
329:
327:Spindle neurons
317:juvenile period
303:
233:
178:cerebral cortex
139:
137:Cerebral cortex
134:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
4578:
4576:
4568:
4567:
4562:
4552:
4551:
4545:
4544:
4542:
4541:
4536:
4531:
4530:
4529:
4517:
4511:
4509:
4505:
4504:
4501:
4500:
4498:
4497:
4492:
4487:
4482:
4476:
4474:
4467:
4460:
4459:
4456:
4455:
4453:
4452:
4447:
4441:
4439:
4431:
4430:
4428:
4427:
4425:White elephant
4422:
4417:
4412:
4407:
4402:
4397:
4392:
4387:
4381:
4379:
4371:
4370:
4368:
4367:
4362:
4357:
4352:
4346:
4344:
4335:
4331:
4330:
4325:
4324:
4322:
4321:
4320:
4319:
4314:
4312:Dwarf elephant
4309:
4301:
4300:
4299:
4297:Javan elephant
4294:
4289:
4284:
4279:
4274:
4267:Asian elephant
4264:
4259:
4258:
4257:
4252:
4241:
4239:
4231:
4230:
4228:
4227:
4222:
4217:
4211:
4209:
4202:
4198:
4197:
4192:
4190:
4189:
4182:
4175:
4167:
4158:
4157:
4155:
4154:
4143:
4140:
4139:
4137:
4136:
4131:
4126:
4121:
4116:
4110:
4108:
4104:
4103:
4101:
4100:
4095:
4090:
4085:
4080:
4075:
4069:
4067:
4063:
4062:
4060:
4059:
4054:
4053:
4052:
4042:
4037:
4032:
4027:
4022:
4017:
4012:
4011:
4010:
4005:
3994:
3992:
3988:
3987:
3985:
3984:
3982:Vocal learning
3979:
3978:
3977:
3967:
3962:
3957:
3952:
3947:
3942:
3937:
3932:
3927:
3922:
3917:
3912:
3906:
3904:
3900:
3899:
3894:
3892:
3891:
3884:
3877:
3869:
3863:
3862:
3856:
3847:
3841:
3830:
3829:External links
3827:
3825:
3824:
3786:
3720:
3705:
3670:
3652:
3639:
3626:
3601:
3587:. 2008-02-25.
3572:
3513:
3483:
3469:. 2006-10-31.
3454:
3424:
3390:
3355:
3340:
3324:Amusing Planet
3310:
3252:
3223:
3208:
3178:
3149:
3128:
3081:
3050:
3025:
2997:
2979:
2945:
2914:
2878:
2853:
2815:(3): 579–587.
2795:
2765:
2751:. 2010-10-11.
2733:
2676:
2651:
2637:. 2005-03-23.
2619:
2612:
2591:
2578:10.1086/203725
2572:(2): 157–190.
2556:
2513:
2486:
2465:
2450:
2435:
2372:
2365:
2344:
2318:
2300:Linden, Eugene
2282:
2249:
2242:
2221:
2203:
2176:
2133:
2084:
2053:
2024:(2): 242–248.
2004:
1973:
1948:
1941:
1908:
1883:
1847:
1820:(2): 124–157.
1801:
1768:
1737:
1675:
1650:
1619:
1612:
1581:
1541:
1511:
1473:
1444:
1412:
1396:Discovery News
1377:
1344:
1311:
1278:
1259:
1203:
1188:
1125:
1123:
1120:
1119:
1118:
1113:
1111:Vocal learning
1108:
1103:
1101:Spindle neuron
1098:
1091:
1088:
1074:
1071:
1046:
1043:
1037:
1034:
1016:
1013:
986:self-awareness
969:
968:Self-awareness
966:
955:Bernd Heinrich
937:
934:
892:
889:
832:
829:
825:Discovery News
812:
809:
785:
782:
773:neurobiologist
711:Adam Forepaugh
659:
656:
637:
634:
543:
540:
530:
527:
506:George Adamson
471:
468:
449:
446:
416:
413:
404:Edward Topsell
394:
393:
392:
391:
368:
365:
328:
325:
321:temporal lobes
302:
299:
295:tucuxi dolphin
232:
229:
180:available for
138:
135:
133:
130:
90:self-awareness
45:as present in
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4577:
4566:
4563:
4561:
4558:
4557:
4555:
4540:
4537:
4535:
4532:
4528:
4527:
4523:
4522:
4521:
4518:
4516:
4513:
4512:
4510:
4506:
4496:
4493:
4491:
4488:
4486:
4483:
4481:
4478:
4477:
4475:
4471:
4468:
4465:
4461:
4451:
4450:Howdah pistol
4448:
4446:
4443:
4442:
4440:
4436:
4426:
4423:
4421:
4418:
4416:
4413:
4411:
4408:
4406:
4403:
4401:
4398:
4396:
4393:
4391:
4388:
4386:
4383:
4382:
4380:
4376:
4366:
4363:
4361:
4358:
4356:
4355:Elephant goad
4353:
4351:
4348:
4347:
4345:
4343:
4342:Domestication
4339:
4336:
4332:
4318:
4317:Pygmy mammoth
4315:
4313:
4310:
4308:
4305:
4304:
4302:
4298:
4295:
4293:
4290:
4288:
4285:
4283:
4280:
4278:
4275:
4273:
4270:
4269:
4268:
4265:
4263:
4260:
4256:
4253:
4251:
4248:
4247:
4246:
4243:
4242:
4240:
4236:
4226:
4223:
4221:
4218:
4216:
4213:
4212:
4210:
4206:
4203:
4199:
4195:
4188:
4183:
4181:
4176:
4174:
4169:
4168:
4165:
4153:
4145:
4144:
4141:
4135:
4132:
4130:
4127:
4125:
4122:
4120:
4117:
4115:
4112:
4111:
4109:
4105:
4099:
4096:
4094:
4091:
4089:
4086:
4084:
4081:
4079:
4076:
4074:
4071:
4070:
4068:
4064:
4058:
4055:
4051:
4048:
4047:
4046:
4043:
4041:
4038:
4036:
4033:
4031:
4028:
4026:
4023:
4021:
4018:
4016:
4013:
4009:
4006:
4004:
4001:
4000:
3999:
3996:
3995:
3993:
3989:
3983:
3980:
3976:
3973:
3972:
3971:
3968:
3966:
3963:
3961:
3958:
3956:
3955:Neuroethology
3953:
3951:
3948:
3946:
3943:
3941:
3938:
3936:
3933:
3931:
3928:
3926:
3923:
3921:
3918:
3916:
3913:
3911:
3908:
3907:
3905:
3901:
3897:
3890:
3885:
3883:
3878:
3876:
3871:
3870:
3867:
3860:
3857:
3855:
3851:
3848:
3845:
3842:
3840:
3836:
3833:
3832:
3828:
3820:
3816:
3812:
3808:
3804:
3800:
3793:
3791:
3787:
3782:
3776:
3768:
3764:
3759:
3754:
3750:
3746:
3742:
3738:
3734:
3727:
3725:
3721:
3716:
3709:
3706:
3701:
3697:
3693:
3689:
3685:
3681:
3674:
3671:
3666:
3659:
3657:
3653:
3649:
3643:
3640:
3636:
3630:
3627:
3615:
3611:
3605:
3602:
3590:
3586:
3582:
3576:
3573:
3568:
3564:
3559:
3554:
3549:
3544:
3540:
3536:
3532:
3528:
3524:
3517:
3514:
3502:
3498:
3494:
3487:
3484:
3472:
3468:
3464:
3458:
3455:
3443:
3439:
3435:
3428:
3425:
3413:
3409:
3405:
3401:
3394:
3391:
3386:
3382:
3378:
3374:
3370:
3366:
3359:
3356:
3351:
3344:
3341:
3329:
3325:
3321:
3314:
3311:
3299:
3295:
3291:
3287:
3283:
3279:
3275:
3271:
3267:
3263:
3256:
3253:
3241:
3237:
3233:
3227:
3224:
3219:
3212:
3209:
3197:
3193:
3189:
3182:
3179:
3167:
3163:
3162:New Scientist
3159:
3153:
3150:
3145:
3141:
3140:
3132:
3129:
3124:
3118:
3102:
3098:
3094:
3088:
3086:
3082:
3069:
3065:
3061:
3054:
3051:
3039:
3035:
3029:
3026:
3014:
3010:
3004:
3002:
2998:
2993:
2989:
2983:
2980:
2967:
2963:
2959:
2952:
2950:
2946:
2933:
2929:
2925:
2918:
2915:
2902:
2898:
2891:
2889:
2887:
2885:
2883:
2879:
2867:
2863:
2857:
2854:
2842:
2838:
2834:
2830:
2826:
2822:
2818:
2814:
2810:
2806:
2799:
2796:
2785:on 2021-02-25
2784:
2780:
2776:
2769:
2766:
2754:
2750:
2743:
2737:
2734:
2729:
2725:
2720:
2715:
2711:
2707:
2703:
2699:
2695:
2691:
2687:
2680:
2677:
2665:
2661:
2655:
2652:
2640:
2636:
2632:
2626:
2624:
2620:
2615:
2613:1-58648-233-5
2609:
2605:
2598:
2596:
2592:
2587:
2583:
2579:
2575:
2571:
2567:
2560:
2557:
2552:
2548:
2544:
2540:
2536:
2532:
2528:
2524:
2517:
2514:
2509:
2505:
2501:
2497:
2490:
2487:
2482:
2478:
2477:
2469:
2466:
2461:
2454:
2451:
2446:
2439:
2436:
2432:
2428:
2423:
2418:
2414:
2410:
2405:
2400:
2396:
2392:
2388:
2384:
2376:
2373:
2368:
2366:0-7472-7569-6
2362:
2358:
2351:
2349:
2345:
2333:
2329:
2325:
2321:
2319:0-452-28411-2
2315:
2311:
2310:New York City
2307:
2306:
2301:
2295:
2293:
2291:
2289:
2287:
2283:
2271:
2267:
2263:
2256:
2254:
2250:
2245:
2243:0-415-42695-2
2239:
2236:. Routledge.
2235:
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2206:
2204:0-226-54237-8
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2149:(2): 243–59.
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2067:New Scientist
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2027:
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2019:
2015:
2008:
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1994:on 2008-05-09
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1942:0-340-59179-X
1938:
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1600:New York City
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1522:
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1495:
1491:
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364:
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358:
357:beluga whales
354:
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345:killer whales
342:
338:
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332:Spindle cells
326:
324:
322:
318:
313:
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300:
298:
296:
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289:of 2.57; the
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4445:Elephant gun
4420:War elephant
4214:
4093:Pain in fish
4034:
3991:Intelligence
3853:
3805:(1): 91–96.
3802:
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3775:cite journal
3743:(1): 15–29.
3740:
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1299:the original
1291:
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942:W. H. Thorpe
939:
906:
901:productivity
894:
886:
873:
870:
865:
856:
853:
841:Brummel hook
834:
822:
818:
814:
805:intelligence
802:
758:dopaminergic
754:Dave Soldier
746:
736:and various
727:
722:
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614:
610:
606:
602:
585:
545:
532:
515:
502:
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482:Neanderthals
475:
473:
470:Death ritual
460:Boraginaceae
457:
430:
418:
407:
402:
395:
373:Cynthia Moss
370:
349:sperm whales
330:
310:with 42.5%,
304:
272:
257:
234:
213:intelligence
194:
175:
169:and certain
148:
78:use of tools
68:, learning,
63:
38:
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4473:By locality
4466:and history
3950:Mirror test
2104:(1): 1–31.
1361:ABC Science
1065:retrieval.
944:explained:
862:Phoenix Zoo
823:A study on
688:Phoenix Zoo
652:evaporation
599:South Korea
558:sounds are
433:Joyce Poole
398:matriarchal
312:chimpanzees
237:hippocampus
217:ABC Science
86:cooperation
51:ethologists
4554:Categories
4390:Executions
4114:Brain size
4020:Cephalopod
3975:sea otters
3620:2010-08-29
3595:2010-08-29
3507:2010-08-29
3477:2007-10-31
3448:2016-09-22
3418:2018-07-27
3334:2019-12-22
3304:2019-12-22
3246:2019-12-22
3202:2010-08-29
3172:2011-03-08
3044:2008-04-03
3019:2008-04-03
2872:2007-10-31
2847:2021-03-02
2789:2021-02-26
2759:2012-04-28
2670:2007-10-31
2645:2007-10-31
2483:: 159–180.
2338:2016-09-23
2276:2007-10-30
2266:In Context
2215:2016-09-23
1998:2007-10-31
1967:2013-03-02
1902:2013-08-10
1877:2013-08-10
1717:2008-01-23
1669:2007-11-03
1644:2007-11-09
1575:2010-08-29
1535:2007-10-30
1467:2007-12-20
1438:2007-10-30
1406:2011-03-19
1371:2011-03-08
1337:10 October
1305:2007-10-30
1122:References
974:great apes
917:Kitum Cave
909:salt licks
700:Snopes.com
421:altruistic
377:ethologist
341:fin whales
319:and large
205:carnivores
190:great apes
82:compassion
4565:Elephants
4334:Human use
4215:Cognition
4194:Elephants
3903:Cognition
3410:: 44–52.
3294:128410168
2829:0003-3472
2586:146781901
2077:27 August
1751:Emagazine
990:Bronx Zoo
940:In 1956,
878:semantics
845:deception
742:crescendo
734:harmonica
498:matriarch
441:matriarch
209:cetaceans
182:cognitive
173:species.
159:neocortex
122:Aristotle
110:cetaceans
47:elephants
4495:Thailand
4365:Trainers
4303:Extinct
4208:Behavior
4152:Category
4035:Elephant
4025:Cetacean
3839:BBC News
3819:16435969
3767:15762378
3614:Archived
3589:Archived
3585:BBC News
3567:19926857
3501:Archived
3471:Archived
3467:BBC News
3442:Archived
3412:Archived
3365:Ethology
3328:Archived
3298:Archived
3240:Archived
3196:Archived
3166:Archived
3144:Archived
3117:cite web
3107:28 March
3101:Archived
3068:Archived
3066:. Arts.
3038:Archived
3013:Archived
2972:21 March
2938:21 March
2907:21 March
2901:Archived
2866:Archived
2841:Archived
2837:53204034
2753:Archived
2728:23122846
2664:Archived
2639:Archived
2635:BBC News
2551:10375476
2431:24344286
2413:23770501
2332:Archived
2328:49627740
2302:(2002).
2270:Archived
2232:(1607).
2209:Archived
2163:19412956
2128:15460266
2120:17441195
2098:Anat Rec
2071:Archived
2048:12131241
2040:19089889
1961:Archived
1842:14339772
1834:16782503
1788:Archived
1761:19 April
1755:Archived
1712:16216009
1663:Archived
1604:174, 184
1566:Archived
1558:Zambezia
1506:53184282
1365:Archived
1331:Archived
1271:Archived
1254:21383191
1183:17022779
1175:24971054
1106:Tool use
1090:See also
930:Poaching
897:foraging
874:transfer
816:skills.
761:synapses
636:Tool use
630:dialects
615:lie down
595:Everland
572:primates
564:dolphins
279:La Plata
270:(PTSD).
249:cetacean
225:dolphins
201:primates
114:primates
102:pointing
74:altruism
72:, play,
4508:Related
4464:Culture
4438:Weapons
4307:Mammoth
4238:Species
4201:General
4050:Hominid
4045:Primate
4008:talking
3852:by the
3758:1193698
3688:Bibcode
3558:2791620
3535:Bibcode
3438:youtube
3373:Bibcode
3274:Bibcode
2745:(video)
2719:3548412
2698:Bibcode
2531:Bibcode
2422:3890882
2391:Bibcode
2171:6876656
1245:3064331
1166:4053853
1021:culling
926:zeolite
849:animals
707:mahouts
686:at the
552:animals
542:Mimicry
510:Turkana
260:emotion
245:primate
186:primate
171:dolphin
155:African
70:mimicry
59:neurons
4485:Europe
4410:Racing
4395:Howdah
4360:Mahout
4003:Pigeon
3945:Insect
3817:
3765:
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924:-rich
922:cation
882:syntax
560:whales
464:labour
426:mahout
355:, and
264:memory
221:chimps
163:humans
120:them.
96:, and
94:memory
55:whales
4480:China
4400:Ivory
4220:Musth
4057:Swarm
3404:Gajah
3290:S2CID
2833:S2CID
2582:S2CID
2504:JSTOR
2409:JSTOR
2167:S2CID
2124:S2CID
2044:S2CID
1992:(PDF)
1985:(PDF)
1871:(PDF)
1860:(PDF)
1838:S2CID
1688:(PDF)
1638:(PDF)
1631:(PDF)
1569:(PDF)
1554:(PDF)
1502:S2CID
1179:S2CID
866:paint
678:Like
648:tools
589:, an
587:Kosik
576:birds
556:mimic
548:mimic
375:, an
203:, or
197:gyral
151:Asian
66:grief
4405:Meat
4378:Uses
4066:Pain
4040:Fish
3998:Bird
3815:PMID
3781:link
3763:PMID
3563:PMID
3123:link
3109:2013
3076:2017
2974:2013
2940:2013
2909:2013
2825:ISSN
2724:PMID
2608:ISBN
2547:PMID
2427:PMID
2361:ISBN
2324:OCLC
2314:ISBN
2238:ISBN
2199:ISBN
2159:PMID
2116:PMID
2079:2017
2036:PMID
1937:ISBN
1830:PMID
1796:2017
1763:2017
1732:link
1708:PMID
1608:ISBN
1562:XXIX
1339:2013
1295:News
1250:PMID
1222:PNAS
1171:PMID
980:and
880:and
858:Ruby
713:and
684:Ruby
613:and
574:and
568:bats
529:Play
518:bull
480:and
287:orca
273:The
167:apes
153:and
126:mind
118:cull
112:and
4030:Dog
4015:Cat
3837:by
3807:doi
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