216:
structural stability of the plants. Wind-exposed trees invest more of their resources to increasing strength than to growth, compared to non-wind-exposed trees. The increased focus on strengthening leads to thicker trunks and twigs, which increases the ability of the trees to withstand greater wind stresses near the ridge-crest, where the majority of wind-exposed trees are found. A large percentage of energy is also allocated to growing and maintaining heavy and extensive root structures, further strengthening the tree and increasing its resistance to high winds.
712:. A combination of uplift and changes in ocean level formed a system of terraces, resulting in an “ecological staircase”, with each terrace approximately 100,000 years older than the one below it and supporting a distinct association of soils, microbes, plants, and animals. A dune being pushed farther away from the coast by fluctuating sea levels slides over the one before it and solidifies, raising the terraces. Pioneer plant communities colonize the young terrace. The succession of plant communities that repeats on each terrace eventually forms a very specific
1036:
142:
529:
292:
71:
45:
701:
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279:, dry season precipitation ranged from 1–4 days per month, while in the wet season, although increased, it was still a relatively low 4 to 12 days per month, supporting the idea that the majority of the water in this region is held in low cloud cover and fog interception. Sunshine duration is distributed bimodally and correlates with
716:
known as the
Blacklock series, which offers an inhospitable environment for species and greatly stunts further growth on the terrace. Part of this soil profile includes an underlying clay or iron hardpan. Each terrace is relatively level and many are footed by paleo-dunes. Drainage is poor at best on
691:
The
Californian climate usually exhibits wet winters and dry summers. Plants found in elfin forests grow during winter months, and become dormant during the summer due to drought stress. Plant communities also rely on taking in moisture from the air by intercepting fog to supplement the low, seasonal
215:
are found due to high wind speeds, low temperatures and light reduction from persistent clouds and fog, which limit the growth of tall plants. The high wind speeds act as the determining factor of the stature in dwarf forest flora, especially on ridges and slopes. A low stature increases the
187:
are typically higher among mountains in close proximity to other mountains. The mountains in close proximity affect the rate of wind and heat retention, decreasing the negative effects of climate. When the treeline is lower on isolated mountains, the climatic effects are more severe.
165:. The water supplied is primarily available during the night, when clouds move from the ocean over the mountains, and are intercepted by the vegetation. During the day, water demands are increased as clouds rise over the mountain peaks without dissipating into available forms of
794:. Bishop pine occurs in both dwarfed and full size form, the latter being trees whose roots have broken through the hardpan layer into the more fertile soil beneath. This forest is found in several discontinuous areas, with significant portions on the following public lands:
721:
and acids for much of the wet season. Due to limited root mobility and acidic soil, plant communities on these terraces grow into stunted forms. Remnants of ecological staircases doubtless exist, however most have been destroyed for development or logging.
104:
such as rodents and lizards. They are usually located at high elevations, under conditions of sufficient air humidity but poor soil. There are two main dwarf forest ecosystem types, involving different species and environmental characteristics: coastal
524:
Fire occurs at low-moderate frequency with high severity. Many plants have adapted to this by having serotinous seeds that open to germinate only under high heat. Because of this, they are often the first to colonize a new area.
202:
Within montane dwarf forests, there are relatively few species, with a small number of dominant species that make up a large portion of the population. Low, horizontally-branching, shrub-like plants, and dense populations of
901:. Bishop pine, which tolerates extreme podzol conditions better than Monterey pine, is found in the most heavily podzolized areas, with a zone of bishop pine/Monterey pine hybrids dominating the less heavily podzolized area.
863:
has a much smaller pygmy forest and a fifth terrace prairie ranging from 900 to 1000 feet and formerly supporting elk populations. Like the
Mendocino forest, the dominant trees are also bishop pine, bolander pine, and
850:
Pygmy Forest, located along the northern border of the park. A second pygmy forest location on the southern border has a self-guided nature trail built entirely on an elevated walkway forming a short loop through the
1219:
Cavelier, Jaime; Tanner, Edmund; SantamarĂa, Johanna (January 2000). "Effect of water, temperature and fertilizers on soil nitrogen net transformations and tree growth in an elfin cloud forest of
Colombia".
271:
Rainfall tends to be highly seasonal, sparse, and far between, therefore fog interception is a significant water source during dry seasons. Throughout the year, wind speed, temperature and
1073:
in Sweden. In that area there are certain extents of pygmy tree growth and also areas devoid of trees entirely with many associations of rare species, due to the unique soil chemistry.
1577:
997:
trees. The mountain's serpentine soil stunts the growth of these trees, causing them to grow only a few feet tall. On Old Stage Road, 0.5 miles northeast of the
Bootjack Picnic Area.
176:. The epiphytes make up a large portion of the canopy, with greater abundances in high-elevation tropical elfin forests than what is found in other, non-elfin, tropical forests.
1723:. Philippine Council for Agriculture, Aquatic and Natural Resources Research and Development (PCCARD), Department of Science and Technology (DOST), Republic of the Philippines
360:). At 6,834 hectares (16,890 acres) the extensive pygmy forest of Mount Hamiguitan is the largest known dwarf forest in the Philippines and possibly the world. It merges with
832:
1716:
157:
contain mossy wet elfin forests due to high-elevation precipitation. These regions are characterized by low rainfall, with most of the water in the form of
480:, which range in height from 4 – 20 feet, compared to the typical 30–80 feet. This region also contains the federally endangered Morro shoulderband snail (
974:
495:
319:
555:
Some of the plants commonly found in
Californian elfin forests, including many introduced species, are: diminutive plants such as Mount Hood pussypaws (
243:
and low transpiration rates of the plants. One study showed that leaves of ten plant species had approximately 70–98% of all leaves damaged by insects.
56:
1181:
Cavelier, Jaime; Mejia, Carlos A. (November 1990). "Climatic factors and tree stature in the elfin cloud forest of
Serrania de Macuira, Colombia".
2198:
1996:
552:-like in the summer, native plants in these dry elfin forests are generally much shorter, smaller, and compact than related plants elsewhere.
2230:
1786:"First List of the Vertebrates of Los Tres Picachos State Forest, Puerto Rico, with Data on Relative Abundance and Altitudinal Distribution"
1586:
1863:
Lillywhite, H.B.; Friedman, G.; Ford, N. (16 March 1977). "Color matching and perch selection by lizards in recently burned chaparral".
417:
are the primary example of coastal temperate dwarf forests. They are expansive, and cover most of the mountains in the southern half of
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958:
stunts growth. Protected within the 1,334 acre Cuesta Ridge
Botanical Special Interest Area, in the Santa Lucia Ranger District of the
817:
805:
408:
129:. There are also other isolated examples of dwarf forests scattered across the world, while the largest dwarf forest is found in the
315:
1491:
Cavelier, Jaime; Goldstein, Guillermo (August 1989). "Mist and fog interception in elfin cloud forests in
Colombia and Venezuela".
219:
Plants here have leaves with moisture-tolerant characteristics, such as drip tips and waxy cuticles. They also have a slow rate of
259:
during seasonal shifts, such as for reproduction, or in response to food abundance. Other vertebrate species mostly include small
1443:
980:
797:
441:
1898:
Heske, Edward J.; Rosenblatt, Daniel L.; Sugg, Derrick (March 1997). "Population
Dynamics of Small Mammals in an Oak Woodland".
800:, where it is the feature of the highest portion of the Ecological Staircase Trail. Adjacent, to the east, is the Pygmy Forest
383:
197:
1407:
Lawton, Robert O. (September 1982). "Wind Stress and Elfin Stature in a Montane Rain Forest Tree: An Adaptive Explanation".
38:
2133:
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1104:, dwarf plant size is attributed to drier, nutrient-poor soil, exposure to winds, and frequent wildfires in the area.
75:
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Cuesta Ridge Elfin Forest — in the Cuesta Ridge Botanical Special Interest Area, on western Cuesta Ridge of the
811:
1836:
Keeley, Jon E.; Fotheringham, C. J. (October 1998). "Smoke-Induced Seed Germination in California Chaparral".
350:
1270:
Nadkarni, Nalini M. (December 1984). "Epiphyte Biomass and Nutrient Capital of a Neotropical Elfin Forest".
1081:
910:
847:
638:
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As a result, the pine trees in the area are rarely more than three or four feet high, in a sort of natural
528:
1011:
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605:
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sub-shrubs, lichens and mosses. While the same species are present in the vast surrounding region of the
251:
Elfin forests occur at high elevations, which are generally associated with low vertebrate biodiversity.
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856:
517:
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433:. Other expanses of elfin forest are found throughout the state, in the northern and central regions.
356:
2000:
1585:. Municipality of San Isidro, Province of Davao Oriental, Republic of the Philippines. Archived from
1325:
1316:
Grubb, P.J. (1 January 1971). "Interpretation of the 'Massenerhebung' Effect on Tropical Mountains".
1279:
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984:
934:
843:
756:. Only yards away, but with younger soils, the same species of tree grows many dozens of feet high.
342:). Several species are endemic to Mount Hamiguitan itself, like the Mount Hamiguitan pitcher plant (
950:
892:
557:
506:
477:
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335:
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The forests are characterized by small trees (5–8 m), with shallow root systems, and abundant
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1717:"Endangered, Endemic, and Economically Important Plants in Hamiguitan Range Wildlife Sanctuary"
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Formation of coastal elfin forests in northern California and Oregon, began with a series of
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due to low temperatures and low radiation penetration. A large percentage of plants possess
53:
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trees that reach a height of as little as four feet at maturity. The ground cover includes
70:
1444:"Climatic Conditions and Tropical Montane Forest Productivity: The Fog Has Not Lifted Yet"
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118:
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476:. The area is approximately 90 acres. It derives the “elfin forest” title from the short
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Elfin forests in California serve important roles in regulating stream flow, preventing
941:. A raised wooden boardwalk loops through and around the forest, with viewing platforms.
737:, which limits the ability of plants to grow. Low pH conditions support formation of an
275:
are fairly consistent, with humidity usually greater than 90%. At one study site in the
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44:
31:
1970:"National Natural Landmarks - National Natural Landmarks (U.S. National Park Service)"
1784:
Miranda Castro, Leopoldo; Puente RolĂłn, Alberto R.; Vega Castillo, Sondra (May 2000).
1065:
Stunted tree growth can also occur in some cases of highly alkaline soils such as the
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220:
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122:
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1744:"Dwarf Forest Recovery after Disturbances in the Luquillo Mountains of Puerto Rico"
1353:
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for agricultural and economic development, amongst other things, may disrupt this.
1132:
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1001:
753:
646:
361:
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154:
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and bats make up a large proportion of the vertebrates in some areas, usually as
781:
704:
Trail signs at Salt Point alert hikers they are entering a pygmy forested region
660:
505:
Factors such as soil moisture, solar radiation, and rockiness of soil influence
379:
299:
280:
252:
130:
60:
1657:
780:(nutrient-poor, highly acidic) soils. The forest flora is dominated by dwarfed
752:
effect. Many of the tree trunks, though only an inch thick, contain 80 or more
2137:
1504:
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1077:
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Dwarf forests may occur over various world locations, with different origins.
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Dwarf forests should be more commonly found on isolated mountains due to the
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545:
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236:
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93:
17:
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is centered on the small Huckleberry Hill pygmy forest of bishop pine and
395:
326:
in 2014. It is estimated to have around 1,380 different species; with 341
1154:
1113:
1070:
965:
Dwarf Cupressus Preserve — a second West Cuesta Ridge grove of the pygmy
509:
along an elevation gradient, resulting in certain shrub species, such as
469:
311:
272:
184:
173:
113:
tropical regions. Temperate coastal dwarf forest is common for parts of
2046:
1884:
1428:
1393:
1299:
1080:, the 3,830-acre (15 km) West Pine Plains Natural Area within the
430:
327:
2134:"LCSLO-Land Conservancy of San Luis Obispo County — Land Conservation"
1941:
1529:
1467:
1337:
777:
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599:
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426:
422:
260:
208:
49:
1876:
1420:
1385:
1291:
382:
features dwarf forest areas at elevations above 900 m, as does
314:, Philippines at the elevation of 1160–1200 m a.s.l.). It is a
1933:
1920:
Bowman, Isaiah (1913). "The Dwarf Forests of Southern California".
1459:
617:
Californian elfin forest fauna includes many species of deer mice (
2187:. Washington DC: National Council for Science and the Environment.
1999:. Natural Reserve System, University of California. Archived from
1372:
Howard, Richard A. (1970). "The 'alpine' plants of the Antilles".
1055:
1034:
873:
699:
527:
394:
290:
140:
117:. Montane tropical forests are found across tropical highlands of
101:
69:
43:
37:"Elfin forest" redirects here. For places named Elfin Forest, see
2219:. Department of Environmental Protection of State of New Jersey.
923:— 90 acre State Nature Reserve of 'pygmy oaks' (coast live oak,
742:
738:
680:
593:
204:
158:
97:
1691:"Mount Hamiguitan: Hiking to the World's Largest Pygmy Forest"
162:
2233:. New Jersey: Pinelands Preservation Alliance. Archived from
2067:
2021:
1850:
10.1890/0012-9658(1998)079[2320:sisgic]2.0.co;2
868:. Most of Salt Point is on the northernmost portion of the
2201:. Ă–lands Tourist Office. 23 December 2015. Archived from
1553:"Davao's Mt Hamiguitan named UNESCO World Heritage site"
820:
includes a large pygmy forest area east of the towns of
1050:
On the British west coast, notable occurrences include
831:
The Hans Jenny Pygmy Forest Reserve, co-managed by the
764:
Examples of high-terrace podzol pygmy forests include:
609:) which naturally grow less than 20 ft (7m) tall.
1639:
Amoroso, Victor B.; Aspiras, Reyno A. (January 2011).
948:, in San Luis Obispo County. A pygmy sargent cypress (
548:
areas can be waterlogged in the winter, and arid and
239:
from insects. This may also account for the low leaf
1135:, and preventing evaporation by shading the ground.
1124:
rates means these mountain regions retain moisture.
916:
Other examples of California pygmy forests include:
717:these stairs and plants sit in a bath of their own
444:
is home to an elfin forest with Mendocino cypress (
1000:San Geronimo Ridge — just south of Whites Hill in
872:and the terrace staircase drops suddenly into the
725:Analyses of pygmy forest soils show low levels of
183:. The massenerhebung effect is a phenomenon where
1956:"Official Series Description - BLACKLOCK Series"
1641:"Hamiguitan Range: A sanctuary for native flora"
921:Elfin Forest Natural Area - El Moro Elfin Forest
745:and preventing internal drainage of soil water.
741:hardpan, preventing the trees from setting deep
2049:. California Department of Parks and Recreation
833:University of California Natural Reserve System
149:, Sumatra, at an elevation of about 3000 m
2089:"Cuesta Ridge Botanical Special Interest Area"
1612:"Mount Hamiguitan: A World Heritage Sanctuary"
897:, in the middle of a more extensive forest of
456:), which is partially within a section of the
1922:Bulletin of the American Geographical Society
1026:species can be found on the northwest slopes.
8:
1442:Bruijnzeel, L. A.; Veneklaas, E. J. (1998).
653:spp.) and several species of spiny lizards (
1530:"Mount Hamiguitan Range Wildlife Sanctuary"
1634:
1632:
975:Land Conservancy of San Luis Obispo County
521:, being present in elfin forest habitats.
496:Land Conservancy of San Luis Obispo County
2183:. In P. Saundry; C. J. Cleveland (eds.).
2022:"Charlotte M. Hoak Memorial Pygmy Forest"
1666:
1656:
1579:Mount Hamiguitan Range Wildlife Sanctuary
1069:(Great Alvar) formation on the island of
675:spp.), and various species of scorpions,
573:); and trees and shrubs such as chamise (
2161:. Golden Gate National Parks Conservancy
1915:
1913:
1831:
1829:
1524:
1522:
1084:preserves a pygmy forest, consisting of
929:). Located on the southeastern shore of
904:
1813:
1811:
1166:
567:), and species of bird's-foot trefoil (
2068:"Welcome to the Los Osos Elfin Forest"
1822:(Second ed.). Times-mirror Press.
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1484:
1367:
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1311:
1309:
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1261:
1259:
1214:
1212:
1176:
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1172:
1170:
1018:. A pygmy cypress forest dominated by
983:— select pygmy forest locales in the
153:High-elevation tropical locations in
7:
1645:Saudi Journal of Biological Sciences
235:, likely to combat a high amount of
137:High-elevation tropical dwarf forest
2070:. El Moro Elfin Forest Natural Area
1183:Agricultural and Forest Meteorology
1151:– subarctic and alpine dwarf forest
909:Pygmy forest on northwest slope of
883:SFB Morse Botanical Reserve in the
818:Jackson Demonstration State Forest
806:Jackson Demonstration State Forest
733:, and high levels of exchangeable
409:California chaparral and woodlands
330:to the Philippines (including the
25:
1997:"Hans Jenny Pygmy Forest Reserve"
1062:on the Isle of Mull in Scotland.
993:dwarf forest — a forest of small
981:Henry Cowell Redwoods State Park
798:Jug Handle State Natural Reserve
442:Henry Cowell Redwoods State Park
100:, inhabited by small species of
1721:Environment Information Network
464:, on the southeastern shore of
1820:The Elfin Forest of California
784:, bolander pine (a variety of
659:spp.), along with other small
391:Coastal temperate elfin forest
384:Los Tres Picachos State Forest
348:), the Mount Hamiguitan fern (
322:since 2004 and was declared a
198:Elevational diversity gradient
1:
2115:. Santa Lucia Ranger District
74:An elfin forest in Sumatra's
39:Elfin Forest (disambiguation)
2110:"Los Padres National Forest"
1790:Caribbean Journal of Science
1751:Caribbean Journal of Science
1610:Maentz, Jacob (2017-01-16).
1551:Ranada, Pia (24 June 2014).
1532:. Unesco World Heritage List
1203:10.1016/0168-1923(90)90127-R
1058:and isolated patches in the
770:Mendocino County, California
500:San Luis Obispo Elfin Forest
1900:The Southwestern Naturalist
1493:Journal of Tropical Ecology
1222:Journal of Tropical Ecology
536:in elfin forest, California
462:Central Coast of California
76:Gunung Leuser National Park
2282:
2179:Hogan, C. Michael (2011).
1818:Fultz, Francis M. (1923).
1658:10.1016/j.sjbs.2010.07.003
1409:American Journal of Botany
960:Los Padres National Forest
768:Mendocino pygmy forest in
483:Helminthoglypta walkeriana
450:), and Sargent's cypress (
406:
324:UNESCO World Heritage Site
195:
65:UNESCO World Heritage Site
36:
29:
2217:"Bass River State Forest"
1742:Weaver, Peter L. (2008).
1505:10.1017/S0266467400003709
1234:10.1017/s0266467400001280
1126:Environmental degradation
861:Sonoma County, California
802:National Natural Landmark
474:Elfin Forest Natural Area
376:El Yunque National Forest
345:Nepenthes hamiguitanensis
812:Russian Gulch State Park
643:Chaetodipus californicus
351:Lindsaea hamiguitanensis
30:Not to be confused with
27:Type of forest ecosystem
1082:Bass River State Forest
639:California pocket mouse
576:Adenostoma fasciculatum
512:Adenostoma fasciculatum
2047:"Van Damme State Park"
1763:10.18475/cjos.v44i2.a4
1116:elfin forests reduced
1112:In the high-elevation
1044:
939:San Luis Obispo County
913:
837:The Nature Conservancy
705:
606:Quercus berberidifolia
537:
404:
403:in northern California
302:
150:
78:
67:
2185:Encyclopedia of Earth
2181:"Sea of the Hebrides"
2091:. USDA Forest service
1984:Year designated: 1969
1038:
987:in Santa Cruz County.
908:
857:Salt Point State Park
772:, for example, is an
703:
635:Microtus californicus
623:spp.), harvest mice (
531:
518:Arctostaphylos glauca
472:contains the El Moro
458:Zayante Sandhill Area
401:Salt Point State Park
398:
354:) and the butterfly (
294:
181:massenerhebung effect
144:
73:
47:
2205:on 23 December 2015.
2140:on September 3, 2011
985:Santa Cruz Mountains
844:Van Damme State Park
776:community caused by
502:of dwarf cypresses.
478:California live oaks
372:at lower elevations.
298:pygmy forest in the
257:altitudinal migrants
96:featuring miniature
2231:"Pygmy Pine Plains"
1330:1971Natur.229...44G
1284:1984Biotr..16..249N
1195:1990AgFM...53..105C
1043:, southwest England
1039:Dartmoor Forest in
951:Cupressus sargentii
876:that lies over the
687:Seasonal variations
669:burrowing scorpions
558:Cistanthe umbellata
507:species composition
438:northern California
366:dipterocarp forests
336:Philippine cockatoo
267:Seasonal variations
115:Southern California
1122:evapotranspiration
1045:
973:), managed by the
914:
889:Monterey Peninsula
706:
538:
405:
340:Philippine tarsier
303:
151:
79:
68:
2199:"The Great Alvar"
2159:"Mount Tamalpais"
1128:may affect this.
946:Santa Lucia Range
926:Quercus agrifolia
878:San Andreas Fault
848:Charlotte M. Hoak
791:Cupressus pygmaea
603:) and scrub-oak (
561:), alkali heath (
447:Cupressus pygmaea
421:, extending into
413:Elfin forests of
277:Guajira Peninsula
16:(Redirected from
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2136:. Archived from
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2026:pygmy-forest.com
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1844:(7): 2320–2336.
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1433:
1432:
1415:(8): 1224–1230.
1404:
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1369:
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1313:
1304:
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1267:
1254:
1253:
1216:
1207:
1206:
1189:(1–2): 105–123.
1178:
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885:Del Monte Forest
564:Frankenia salina
399:Pygmy forest at
357:Delias magsadana
332:Philippine eagle
308:Mount Hamiguitan
306:Pygmy forest of
296:Mount Hamiguitan
233:natural products
145:Elfin forest on
54:Mount Hamiguitan
21:
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2015:
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1954:
1953:
1949:
1919:
1918:
1911:
1897:
1896:
1892:
1877:10.2307/1443512
1862:
1861:
1857:
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1827:
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1421:10.2307/2442746
1406:
1405:
1401:
1386:10.2307/2989784
1371:
1370:
1361:
1324:(5279): 44–45.
1315:
1314:
1307:
1292:10.2307/2387932
1269:
1268:
1257:
1218:
1217:
1210:
1180:
1179:
1168:
1164:
1145:
1118:solar radiation
1110:
1033:
991:Mount Tamalpais
956:serpentine soil
762:
710:marine terraces
698:
689:
673:Opistophthalmus
631:California vole
626:Reithrodontomys
615:
543:
534:coast live oaks
486:). At a higher
411:
393:
370:montane forests
289:
269:
249:
200:
194:
139:
119:Central America
92:is an uncommon
42:
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
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2277:
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2101:
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2059:
2038:
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1961:
1947:
1934:10.2307/200360
1909:
1890:
1871:(1): 115–121.
1855:
1825:
1807:
1776:
1757:(2): 150–163.
1734:
1708:
1682:
1628:
1602:
1569:
1543:
1518:
1499:(3): 309–322.
1480:
1460:10.2307/176859
1434:
1399:
1359:
1305:
1278:(4): 249–256.
1255:
1208:
1165:
1163:
1160:
1159:
1158:
1152:
1144:
1141:
1109:
1106:
1052:Wistman's Wood
1041:Wistman's Wood
1032:
1029:
1028:
1027:
1024:Arctostaphylos
1005:
998:
988:
978:
967:cypress forest
963:
942:
903:
902:
881:
870:Salinian Block
854:
853:
852:
840:
829:
815:
809:
761:
758:
731:micronutrients
697:
694:
688:
685:
614:
611:
582:Arctostaphylos
579:), manzanita (
542:
539:
392:
389:
388:
387:
373:
320:protected area
288:
285:
268:
265:
248:
245:
193:
190:
138:
135:
127:Southeast Asia
32:Dwarf Fortress
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
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2236:
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2105:
2102:
2090:
2084:
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2048:
2042:
2039:
2027:
2023:
2017:
2014:
2003:on 2015-12-23
2002:
1998:
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1985:
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1971:
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1948:
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1939:
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1697:. 8 July 2017
1696:
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1606:
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1592:on 2016-06-29
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1137:Clear cutting
1134:
1129:
1127:
1123:
1119:
1115:
1107:
1105:
1103:
1099:
1095:
1091:
1090:blackjack oak
1087:
1083:
1079:
1074:
1072:
1068:
1067:Stora Alvaret
1063:
1061:
1057:
1053:
1048:
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1037:
1030:
1025:
1021:
1017:
1016:Sonoma County
1013:
1009:
1008:Hood Mountain
1006:
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989:
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972:
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928:
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911:Hood Mountain
907:
900:
899:Monterey pine
896:
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695:
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678:
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670:
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665:Invertebrates
662:
658:
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362:mossy forests
359:
358:
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346:
341:
337:
333:
329:
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317:
316:national park
313:
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221:transpiration
217:
214:
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199:
191:
189:
186:
182:
177:
175:
170:
168:
167:precipitation
164:
160:
156:
155:cloud forests
148:
143:
136:
134:
132:
128:
124:
123:South America
120:
116:
112:
108:
103:
99:
95:
91:
87:
83:
77:
72:
66:
62:
58:
57:National Park
55:
51:
46:
40:
33:
19:
2239:. Retrieved
2235:the original
2225:
2211:
2203:the original
2193:
2184:
2174:
2163:. Retrieved
2153:
2142:. Retrieved
2138:the original
2128:
2117:. Retrieved
2104:
2093:. Retrieved
2083:
2072:. Retrieved
2062:
2051:. Retrieved
2041:
2029:. Retrieved
2025:
2016:
2005:. Retrieved
2001:the original
1991:
1983:
1977:. Retrieved
1973:
1964:
1950:
1928:(1): 13–16.
1925:
1921:
1903:
1899:
1893:
1868:
1864:
1858:
1841:
1837:
1819:
1798:. Retrieved
1796:(1): 117–126
1793:
1789:
1779:
1754:
1750:
1737:
1725:. Retrieved
1720:
1711:
1699:. Retrieved
1694:
1685:
1648:
1644:
1619:. Retrieved
1615:
1605:
1594:. Retrieved
1587:the original
1578:
1572:
1560:. Retrieved
1556:
1546:
1536:December 28,
1534:. Retrieved
1496:
1492:
1471:. Retrieved
1451:
1447:
1437:
1412:
1408:
1402:
1380:(1): 24–28.
1377:
1373:
1321:
1317:
1275:
1271:
1228:(1): 83–99.
1225:
1221:
1186:
1182:
1157:(soil study)
1133:soil erosion
1130:
1111:
1108:Conservation
1102:Pine Barrens
1075:
1064:
1060:Ross of Mull
1049:
1046:
1023:
1020:C. sargentii
1019:
1002:Marin County
994:
971:C. sargentii
970:
949:
924:
915:
894:C. goveniana
893:
865:
789:
774:oligotrophic
763:
754:growth rings
747:
724:
707:
690:
672:
654:
650:
647:kangaroo rat
642:
634:
624:
618:
616:
604:
598:
592:
586:
580:
574:
568:
562:
556:
554:
544:
523:
516:
510:
504:
498:manages the
492:Cuesta Ridge
481:
453:C. sargentii
452:
445:
435:
412:
355:
349:
343:
270:
253:Hummingbirds
250:
241:surface area
218:
201:
178:
171:
152:
90:pygmy forest
89:
86:elfin forest
85:
82:Dwarf forest
81:
80:
18:Elfin forest
1974:www.nps.gov
1651:(1): 7–15.
1473:December 2,
1031:Other types
937:of coastal
842:Within the
782:bishop pine
661:vertebrates
380:Puerto Rico
300:Philippines
281:evaporation
131:Philippines
121:, northern
61:Philippines
48:A "natural
2255:Categories
2241:2015-12-23
2165:2015-12-23
2144:2012-01-06
2119:2015-12-23
2095:2015-12-23
2074:2015-12-23
2053:2015-12-23
2007:2015-12-23
1979:2019-04-14
1906:(1): 1–12.
1800:7 February
1727:19 October
1701:20 October
1695:eazytravel
1621:19 October
1596:2019-10-19
1562:19 October
1454:(1): 3–9.
1374:Biotropica
1272:Biotropica
1162:References
1086:pitch pine
1078:New Jersey
1012:Santa Rosa
995:C. pigmaea
866:C. pigmaea
786:shore pine
778:podzolized
692:rainfall.
656:Sceloporus
620:Peromyscus
419:California
415:California
407:See also:
231:and other
225:metabolism
213:liverworts
196:See also:
147:Mt. Kemiri
2031:7 January
1771:130838921
1242:0266-4674
1149:Krummholz
1094:bearberry
931:Morro Bay
822:Mendocino
804:. within
735:aluminium
696:Formation
651:Dipodomys
597:), sage (
591:, sumac (
588:Ceanothus
546:Chaparral
488:elevation
466:Morro Bay
460:. On the
237:herbivory
229:alkaloids
185:treelines
174:epiphytes
107:temperate
94:ecosystem
52:" in the
2266:Pedology
1677:23961098
1513:85796076
1346:16059069
1250:85622844
1155:Pedology
1143:See also
1120:and low
1114:Antilles
1098:teaberry
935:Los Osos
760:Examples
667:include
470:Los Osos
338:and the
312:Mindanao
287:Examples
273:humidity
2261:Forests
1885:1443512
1838:Ecology
1668:3730927
1557:Rappler
1448:Ecology
1429:2442746
1394:2989784
1354:4245810
1326:Bibcode
1300:2387932
1280:Bibcode
1191:Bibcode
1010:— near
887:of the
846:is the
788:), and
719:tannins
677:spiders
629:spp.),
431:Arizona
328:endemic
283:rates.
261:rodents
111:montane
59:in the
1942:200360
1940:
1883:
1865:Copeia
1769:
1675:
1665:
1511:
1468:176859
1466:
1427:
1392:
1352:
1344:
1318:Nature
1298:
1248:
1240:
826:Casper
750:bonsai
727:macro-
714:podzol
600:Salvia
550:desert
532:Pygmy
494:, the
429:, and
427:Nevada
423:Mexico
368:, and
334:, the
318:and a
211:, and
209:lichen
50:bonsai
2113:(PDF)
1938:JSTOR
1881:JSTOR
1767:S2CID
1747:(PDF)
1590:(PDF)
1583:(PDF)
1509:S2CID
1464:JSTOR
1425:JSTOR
1390:JSTOR
1350:S2CID
1296:JSTOR
1246:S2CID
1071:Ă–land
1056:Devon
933:, in
874:gulch
851:site.
743:roots
681:ticks
613:Fauna
570:Lotus
541:Flora
490:, on
247:Fauna
192:Flora
102:fauna
98:trees
88:, or
2033:2016
1869:1977
1802:2020
1729:2019
1703:2019
1673:PMID
1623:2019
1564:2019
1538:2015
1475:2014
1342:PMID
1238:ISSN
1096:and
1088:and
1022:and
835:and
824:and
739:iron
729:and
679:and
594:Rhus
515:and
223:and
205:moss
161:and
159:mist
125:and
109:and
63:, a
1930:doi
1873:doi
1846:doi
1759:doi
1663:PMC
1653:doi
1501:doi
1456:doi
1417:doi
1382:doi
1334:doi
1322:229
1288:doi
1230:doi
1199:doi
1076:In
1054:in
1014:in
859:in
645:),
637:),
585:),
436:In
378:of
310:on
163:fog
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Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
