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447:(7,900 m) the engine died, and as she was trying to restart it, she lost consciousness (unbeknownst to her, the lead-encased oxygen bottle that she was wearing around her neck had cracked, allowing its content to leak out). The fuel line had probably frozen, and after she lost consciousness the now-powerless airplane went into a steep dive. Smith regained consciousness and began a cautious pullout at about 6,000 feet (1,800 m), and managed to guide the plane to an open spot in a housing development, nosing it over during the landing. For the second attempt ten days later, six upper wing ribs were replaced, the bent propeller was straightened, and another engine was installed (since the company was not sure why the first engine had quit). She ascended to 34,800 feet indicated on her altimeter. However, the barograph cylinder on her recording instrument had stuck at 28,000 feet, destroying hope of an official world's record.
410:, sudden turbulence wrested the hose from Trout's hands, covering her in airplane fuel, while at the other end of the hose Reinhart was left bleeding from cuts. Both planes made it successfully back to Metropolitan Airport, and no one was seriously hurt. A series of additional attempts lasted between 10 and 18 hours; the weak link each time was keeping the Pigeon's engine running. Finally, in late November 1929, with the rainy season approaching, enough of the right factors fell into place to allow them to set a meaningful record, albeit a more modest one than they hoped for. The Sunbeam flew better than usual; the Pigeon's Liberty engine made it through 36 hours, although when it did fail it was dramatic, and forced the refueling craft into an emergency landing with its hose trailing. Smith and Trout flew the Sunbeam nearly dry, stretching their flight out to exactly 42½ hours.
403:
large cargo capacity to carry fuel, but it was an outdated aircraft with a temperamental engine for which spare parts were not easily obtained. In refueling position, the Pigeon's pilot could not see the
Sunbeam at all, so there was no way to signal about any engine problems that would mean sudden loss of altitude. The Sunbeam was not a notably stable aircraft; in Smith's words, "it had to be flown every single minute with the concentration of a test flight." Furthermore, the two craft were mismatched in terms of velocity: whenever they were refueling, the Pigeon had to fly near its top speed while the Sunbeam slowed down to just above its stalling speed.
243:, she soloed for the first time at age 16. She began taking her father's Waco 9 up to higher altitudes than anyone had ever taken such a plane. (She later wrote in her memoir, "I had no business fooling around up there without oxygen—and I knew it.") Word got around, and it was arranged for her to get a
402:
engine, was piloted by Paul
Whittier with Pete Reinhart handling the hose. Smith and Trout were hoping for a record of at least 100 hours, and shooting for 164 hours (nearly a week), but this was not to be. The two craft were not terribly well suited to the task at hand. The Pigeon was chosen for its
283:
regulars had been betting on whether she could really do it, and those who were betting on her side had alerted the media so that there would be clear evidence on film that it was, indeed, her at the controls of the plane. By her own account, the only sanction she received for the unauthorized stunt
238:
as a pilot and flight instructor for both of them. However, during that time her father directed the instructors to not let her take off or land, because he was concerned for her safety. This prohibition was finally lifted by her mother while her father was out of town, and after ten days of intense
341:
The next day, Gentry crashed on takeoff while attempting to better Smith's achievement; Gentry was unharmed, but her plane was damaged. Bobbi Trout took back the endurance record with a 17-hour flight on
February 10–11, but three months later, in April 1929, Smith smashed that record, soloing 26½
329:
on a day when the temperature was 0 °F (−18 °C), Smith set a women's solo endurance record of 13½ hours. Her plan was to fly through the night and land in daylight: unbeknownst to those around her, although she had often landed at dusk she had never done a true night landing before.
317:
In late
January 1929, it became clear that Gentry was ready to have another go at the record. In the depths of a rough New York winter, Smith judged that Roosevelt Field was in no state for a heavily loaded takeoff. With some difficulty, she obtained permission to use the military's nearby
446:
on two attempts. Her altitude of 32,576 feet (9,929 m) on the second flight gave her back the women's record, and demonstrated the over-the-weather capability of the
Bellanca, but fell just short of the overall world record. The first flight nearly ended in calamity. At 26,000 feet
292:. A request for Elinor's autograph accompanied the Department's letter of reprimand. Tom D. Crouch writes that she had her license suspended for 15 days. In any case, the stunt and her devil-may-care attitude made her a celebrity and helped to win her the "Flying Flapper" nickname.
422:
broadcast interview after that flight won her a position as a broadcaster covering the world of aviation, including live broadcasts from air shows and interviews with other prominent aviators. In May 1930, still before her 19th birthday, she became the youngest pilot ever granted a
279:, she is the only person to do so. By her own account at the time, she first reconnoitered the route from above the bridges; nonetheless, she had to dodge several ships. Although she did not know it in advance, newsreel crews were there to film her at each bridge; the
40:
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flew for eight hours, six minutes. As far as Smith was concerned, all that did was to establish a tangible target, one that Red
Devereaux said Smith could break "standing on head." However, before Smith could finish her preparations, on January 2, 1929,
1165:"Miss Smith in Faint Sets Altitude Mark; Girl Flier Loses Consciousness When More Than 30,000 Feet Up, a Record for Women. Her Motor Fails at Peak; Fuel Line Frozen, Plane Drops Mile Before She Recovers to Make Difficult Landing.
330:
However, the effect of the cold on both her body and that of her aircraft forced her down early. By her own account, she managed to land with a heavy remaining load of fuel only due to the good fortune of being able to follow in
723:"Girl Flier Crashes at Roosevelt Field; Miss Gentry Smashes Plane in Ditch Where Fonck Craft Fell Three Years Ago. Was Taking Off with Load Preparing for Duration Attempt-- Elinor Smith Rests After Setting Record for Women",
113:
159:
Smith was born Elinor Regina
Patricia Ward (her actor father changed his name to Tom Smith, in order to avoid being mistaken for another performer, thus she became Elinor Smith) in New York City and grew up in
463:, though she continued for several years to be a prominent stunt flyer, performing numerous fund-raisers for the homeless and needy. In 1934, Smith became the third person—and first woman—to be pictured on a
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to do so, but does not name any man who might have done this previously. The page about her on the web site of the Cradle of
Aviation Museum says she is the only person ever to do this. In her memoir (
482:. She kept flying for a while after their 1933 marriage, but once she had a child she retired from flying and spent over 20 years as a suburban housewife, ultimately bearing and raising four children.
168:, New York. Her mother had been a professional singer before her marriage; her father was a comedian, singer and dancer. He toured extensively (including to Great Britain and France) in the role of
267:
To this point, her family had kept publicity to a minimum, to allow her to hone her flying skills without the distraction of public attention. This changed in
October 1928; on a dare, she flew a
338:. No one on the ground had seen the flare, so the runway lights had not been turned on. Upon landing she promised herself "never again to display this blend of incompetence and arrogance."
305:
Numerous other feats followed close on. Until late 1928, there was no established women's flying endurance record; Smith decided to establish one, but was beaten to it. On
December 20,
390:) in Los Angeles, she and Bobbi Trout (who functioned as co-pilot) set the first official women's record for endurance with mid-air refueling. They were aloft 42½ hours in a
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In March 1930 she added almost 1 mile (1.6 km) to the world altitude record, flying to a height of 27,419 feet (8,357 m). Her articulate performance in an
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vertical motion simulator, and became the oldest pilot to succeed in a simulated shuttle landing. In April 2001, at the age of 89, she flew an experimental C33
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biplane powered by a 300-horsepower J-6 Wright engine. Smith did the contact flying while Trout handled the fueling hoses. Their refueling craft, a
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of 11,889 feet (3,624 m) in the Waco 9. In September 1927, at 16, she became the youngest U.S.-government-licensed pilot on record.
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on a 6,000-mile (9,700 km) tour, making the 18-year-old Smith the first female Executive Pilot. On this tour, at the air races in
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914:, pp. 3–19) she accounts herself the only person to do this in a land plane, but indicates that it was reasonably routine for
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314:, flying in California, upped the record to 12 hours. Under FAI rules, endurance records had to be broken by a full hour.
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on Long Island. She immediately fell in love with flying, and took numerous rides that summer with the same French pilot,
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689:"Says She Flew Under East River Bridges; Elinor Smith, 17, Reports Feat at Curtiss Field--Tells of Dodging Ships",
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Miss Elinor Smith Wed Quietly in July; Aviatrix Became Wife of P.H. Sullivan, Nephew of Late Tammany Leader",
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The first attempt at the record nearly ended in disaster around the 12-hour mark. During refueling near
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The following month she set a woman's world speed record of 190.8 miles per hour (307.1 km/h) in a
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who tied blocks to the rudder pedals so Elinor's feet could reach. She received further lessons from
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finalized her FAI license, and three months after her first solo, she set an official light plane
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131:(August 17, 1911 – March 19, 2010) was a pioneering American aviator, once known as "The Flying
431:. In October 1930 a poll of licensed pilots selected her as the "Best Woman Pilot in America".
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350:. That flight also made her the first woman ever to pilot such a large and powerful aircraft.
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In 1918, at the age of six, along with her brother Joe, she took her first plane ride in a
182:. He wrote his own material for his vaudeville act, and in the 1920s wrote comedy bits for
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1045:"Miss Trout Sets Mark With 17-Hour Flight; Recaptures Record Miss Smith Took From Her",
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1008:"Girl Flier, 17, Sets Woman's Duration Mark; Remains in the Air 13 Hours 17 Minutes",
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interceding on her behalf to prevent any actual suspension of her license by the
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on Long Island, she attempted to set the world altitude record, again flying a
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Douglas Martin, "Evelyn Trout, Record-Setting Flier, Dies at 97" (obituary),
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Sullivan died in 1956, and Smith returned to the air. Her membership in the
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1036:, pp. 80–86; the "incompetence and arrogance" quotation is on p. 84.
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900:) says she was the first person to do so. An October 22, 1928, report in
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378:, Ohio, she was the pilot for an unprecedented seven-man parachute drop.
1326:"Elinor Smith, One of the Youngest Pioneers of Aviation, Is Dead at 98"
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1078:; p. 194 for this being the first establishment of such a record.
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scrubbed her hopes of a non-stop solo trans-Atlantic flight in a
506:
646:, Cradle of Aviation Museum. Accessed online December 15, 2008.
505:, California, as the pilot with an all-woman crew, she took on
151:). She was the youngest licensed pilot in the world at age 16.
1118:. The "concentration of a test flight" quotation is on p. 182.
594:
419:
1233:"Distinguished Statesman & Stateswoman of Aviation Award"
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was a 10-day "grounding" by the city of New York, with Mayor
532:. In 2001, she received the Elder Statesman Award from the
1297:
Wings: A History of Aviation from Kites to the Space Age.
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Wings: A History of Aviation from Kites to the Space Age
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Also in 1929, flying out of Metropolitan Airport (now
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circuit and was teaching him to fly as well, and from
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Smith married New York State legislator and attorney
601:, March 30, 2008. Accessed online December 15, 2008.
214:. At age 10 she began receiving flying lessons from
719:
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661:"Pioneering pilot Elinor Smith Sullivan dies at 98"
222:, who piloted her father around the country on the
103:
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87:
69:
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30:
1186:, Vol. 6, No. 6 (February/March 1992), pp. 24-26
370:, hired her to tour the United States, flying a
1309:Goldstein, Donald M. and Katherine V. Dillon.
497:for paratroop maneuvers. In March 2000 at the
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610:Donald M. Goldstein and Katherine V. Dillon,
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21:For other people with the same name, see
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206:that took off from a potato patch near
1384:American women aviation record holders
1311:Amelia: A Life of the Aviation Legend.
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769:, Farrar, Straus & Giroux (2010),
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245:Fédération Aéronautique Internationale
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612:Amelia: A Life of the Aviation Legend
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659:Patricia Sullivan (March 24, 2010).
362:military aircraft. In June 1929 the
290:United States Department of Commerce
1285:Farrar, Straus & Giroux, 2010.
263:Stunt flying under New York bridges
247:(FAI) license and an FAI-certified
271:under all four of New York City's
14:
1324:Hevesi, Dennis (March 27, 2010).
595:The Amazing Aviatrix Elinor Smith
539:Smith died on March 19, 2010, in
1379:American aviation record holders
906:describes her only as the first
382:Endurance with mid-air refueling
1374:Flight endurance record holders
534:National Aeronautic Association
1369:People from Freeport, New York
1364:Aviators from New York (state)
1196:Doyle, Jack (March 29, 2010).
23:Eleanor Smith (disambiguation)
1:
1404:Youth aviation record holders
1260:. Harcourt Brace Jovanovich.
444:575 hp P&W Wasp R-1340-23
434:In March 1931, flying out of
739:, pp. 22–23, 37, 39, 54
334:, who had seen her fire her
1394:21st-century American women
1198:Wheaties & Sport, 1930s
1184:Air & Space/Smithsonian
1062:, February 2, 2003, p. 142.
493:jet trainer and to take up
429:U.S. Department of Commerce
139:". She was the first woman
51:Elinor Regina Patricia Ward
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1049:, February 12, 1929. p. 1.
711:, November 10, 1933, p. 8.
642:November 20, 2008, at the
480:Timothy "Big Tim" Sullivan
275:bridges; according to the
20:
1012:, January 31, 1929. p. 1.
727:, February 1, 1929. p. 2.
693:, October 22, 1928. p. 3.
489:allowed her to pilot the
277:Cradle of Aviation Museum
172:in a stage production of
37:
918:to go under the bridges.
614:, Potomac Books (1999),
503:Moffett Federal Airfield
368:Irving Parachute Company
1169:, March 11, 1930. p. 1.
195:Early flying experience
64:New York City, New York
1399:Old age record holders
1256:Smith, Elinor (1981).
1200:. The Pop History Dig.
526:Langley Air Force Base
230:. Her father bought a
178:and was a star of the
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1313:Potomac Books, 1999.
541:Palo Alto, California
487:Air Force Association
220:Frederick Melvin Lund
123:Farmingdale, New York
116:
81:Palo Alto, California
1389:American test pilots
499:Ames Research Center
442:with a turbocharged
312:Evelyn "Bobbi" Trout
121:around 1928-1930 in
1299:W.W. Norton, 2004.
1281:Brown, Tami Lewis.
1102:, pp. 190, 194
666:The Washington Post
472:Patrick H. Sullivan
117:Smith (right) with
1330:The New York Times
1167:The New York Times
1142:, pp. 192–194
1060:The New York Times
1047:The New York Times
1010:The New York Times
903:The New York Times
896:Phyllis R. Moses (
765:Tami Lewis Brown,
725:The New York Times
709:The New York Times
691:The New York Times
593:Phyllis R. Moses,
372:Bellanca Pacemaker
147:and Bellanca (now
126:
99:Pioneering aviator
1291:978-0-374-37115-9
775:978-0-374-37115-9
440:6-seater Bellanca
425:Transport License
301:Endurance records
239:instruction from
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1236:. Retrieved
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664:
637:Elinor Smith
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484:
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400:Liberty L-12
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149:AviaBellanca
129:Elinor Smith
128:
127:
75:(2010-03-19)
32:Elinor Smith
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1359:2010 deaths
1354:1911 births
1214:|work=
599:Woman Pilot
451:Later years
342:hours in a
336:Véry pistol
228:Bert Acosta
166:Long Island
119:Helen Hicks
88:Nationality
1348:Categories
1152:Smith 1981
1140:Smith 1981
1128:Smith 1981
1112:Smith 1981
1100:Smith 1981
1088:Smith 1981
1072:Smith 1981
1034:Smith 1981
1022:Smith 1981
997:Smith 1981
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952:Smith 1981
940:Smith 1981
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912:Smith 1981
885:Smith 1981
873:Smith 1981
861:Smith 1981
849:Smith 1981
837:Smith 1981
825:Smith 1981
810:Smith 1981
798:Smith 1981
786:Smith 1981
749:Smith 1981
737:Smith 1981
672:January 3,
547:References
273:East River
234:and hired
224:vaudeville
208:Hicksville
155:Early life
141:test pilot
96:Occupation
57:1911-08-17
1335:March 25,
1231:Jetpack.
1216:ignored (
1206:cite book
975:, p. 282.
916:seaplanes
376:Cleveland
364:parachute
348:monoplane
249:barograph
145:Fairchild
143:for both
1258:Aviatrix
1116:et. seq.
1076:et. seq.
898:op. cit.
814:et. seq.
640:Archived
622:. p. 99.
530:Virginia
515:Raytheon
465:Wheaties
344:Bellanca
184:Broadway
162:Freeport
137:Freeport
91:American
1238:May 31,
1155:passim.
478:leader
476:Tammany
427:by the
398:with a
392:Sunbeam
366:-maker
360:Curtiss
327:biplane
269:Waco 10
133:Flapper
1317:
1303:
1289:
1264:
971:
773:
618:
495:C-119s
232:Waco 9
204:pusher
201:Farman
104:Spouse
908:woman
518:AGATE
467:box.
1337:2017
1315:ISBN
1301:ISBN
1287:ISBN
1262:ISBN
1240:2024
1218:help
969:ISBN
771:ISBN
674:2011
616:ISBN
507:NASA
455:The
70:Died
47:Born
524:at
509:'s
420:NBC
346:CH
135:of
1350::
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1208:}}
1204:{{
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55:(
25:.
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