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31:
367:, intending to show the importance of the Wollmans' findings. He picked up from where they had left off, including work from an unpublished manuscript. Using new specialized equipment that had not been available to the Wollmans, Lwoff was able to observe processes the Wollmans had speculated about. He developed a hypothesis critical to the understanding of viruses, and viruses and cancer. In 1965, he was awarded the
1051:
323:, the cycle of infections in bacteria. They were among the first to recognise bacteriophage transmission of infection, a phenomenon they initially called "paraheredity". The Wollmans identified alternating infectious and non-infectious stages. Their studies in infection in bacteria made them early pioneers of
275:
from 1910 to 1920. During that time, she gave birth to three children, Alice, Élie, and Nadine. Alice became a medical doctor. Élie
Wollman was the couple's second child, born in 1917, and named after Metchnikoff. He became a microbiologist and prominent scientist. Nadine Marty became a physicist and
378:
A plaque in memory of
Elisabeth, Eugène, and Élie Wollman was unveiled at the Émile-Roux pavilion of the Pasteur Institute in Paris in 2009. An Elisabeth Wollman archive is held at the Pasteur Institute, including personal correspondence and administrative records, as well as a scientific notebook.
354:
Elisabeth and Eugène
Wollman were sent to Auschwitz in Convoy 63, leaving Paris by rail on 17 December. Just over half of the group of around 900 people were selected for the gas chambers on arrival, and only 22 of the others survived to 1945. As both Wollman and her husband both died in Auschwitz
314:
The
Wollmans co-authored most of the major publications of their work. Elisabeth had also co-authored a publication with Eugène in 1915. In 1933, she published a paper without his co-authorship, preceding a joint publication on the topic in 1935, indicative of the prominent role she had in their
335:
The couple's work was first limited, and then ended, by the Nazi occupation of France, beginning in 1940. Although they could not publish their work, and Eugène could not continue in his leadership position, the couple continued their research at the institute. In March 1943, police came to the
247:, both had prominent careers in science. One of the Wollman's daughters, Nadine Marty, became a professor of physics, and the other, Alice, became a medical doctor. Elisabeth, Eugène, and Élie Wollman are memorialized for their contributions to biology by a plaque at the Pasteur Institute.
310:
In 1919, Eugène was promoted to head of a laboratory at the
Pasteur, and Elisabeth collaborated with him, again on a voluntary basis, from 1923 to 1943. Between 1929 and 1932, the family lived in Chile, when Eugène served as the director of the Institute Sanitas in Santiago.
255:
Elisabeth
Wollman (née Michelis) was born in Minsk, then in the Russian Empire. Her husband-to-be, Eugène Wollman, was the son of longterm family friends. Both were Jewish, and moved to Belgium to study, with Michelis gaining a degree in physics and mathematics at the
227:
Michelis; 15 August 1888 – 22 December 1943) was a microbiologist at the
Pasteur Institute in Paris. Born in Minsk in a Jewish family, she graduated from the University of Liège with a degree in physics and mathematics. She married the son of family friends,
232:, and moved with him to Paris, where he began his career at the Pasteur Institute. Pioneers in the field of molecular genetics, the Wollmans collaborated for two decades on work that lay critical groundwork for understanding viruses, cancer, and HIV.
301:
During the First World War, Eugène volunteered as a doctor. He served in Paris, at the eastern front, and in Africa, and was awarded a military medal. In 1922, he gained French citizenship in recognition of his war service.
375:, had been collaborating on lysogeny studies with the Wollmans' son, Élie. Lwoff's work in turn led to the understanding of retroviruses that enabled the discovery of the cause of HIV, as well as understanding of cancer.
343:(Marie Curie's son-in-law). Joliot-Curie managed to secure Nadine's release by getting the Japanese embassy to intervene. Élie Wollman was living under an assumed name in the south-west of France and active in the
1137:
339:
On 4 December, police arrested
Elisabeth and Nadine at the Wollman home, and Eugène was arrested on the 10th. Nadine had married fellow physicist Claude Marty by then, and the couple worked for
336:
Pasteur
Institute to arrest Eugène, but the institute's director admitted him to hospital and told the police he was too ill to be moved. Wollman then slept at the hospital every night.
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In
December 1943, the couple were deported to the Auschwitz concentration camp, where they died soon after arrival, presumably murdered in gas chambers. A former student,
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827:"Arrêté du 25 octobre 2002 portant apposition de la mention « Mort en déportation » sur les actes et jugements déclaratifs de décès"
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L'invention de la régulation génétique: les Nobel 1965, Jacob, Lwoff, Monod, et le modèle de l'opéron dans l'histoire de la biologie
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After the war, colleagues, joined by their son, continued the Wollmans' work. A former young student at the Pasteur Institute,
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785:
562:
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854:"From obstacle to lynchpin: the evolution of the role of bacteriophage lysogeny in defining and understanding viruses"
340:
1092:
1082:
620:"The Contributions – and Collapse – of Lamarckian Heredity in Pasteurian Molecular Biology: 1. Lysogeny, 1900–1960"
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263:
The couple married after Eugène qualified as a doctor of medicine in 1909. He had a scholarship to study at the
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for this work, acknowledging the Wollmans' work in his Nobel lecture. One of his joint Nobel prize recipients,
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244:
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concentration camp on 22 December 1943, it is assumed they were among those murdered in the gas chambers.
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102:
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271:. Elisabeth accompanied him there, working as a voluntary assistant to physicist, biologist, and chemist
364:
347:. He came back to Paris to try to get his parents released. However, the Wollmans remained interred at
236:
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1072:
277:
750:
411:
Gayon, Jean; Burian, Richard M. (2017). "Eugène et Élisabeth Wollman: la question de la lysogénie".
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joint experimental work. From 1920 to 1943, the couple conducted experiments in bacteria to study
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Le Mémorial de la déportation des Juifs de France (Memorial to the Jews deported from France)
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Association des Anciens Élèves de l'Institut Pasteur (Pasteur Institute alumni bulletin)
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professor, serving as the director of a division of the nuclear physics institute of
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239:, continued their work after the war, leading to a Nobel Prize in 1965. Their son,
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448:"Hommage à Eugene, Elisabeth et Elie Wollman: Pose d'une plaque commémorative"
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Photos of her as a student in Liège in 1908, and later with her husband, are
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Notes and Records: The Royal Society Journal of the History of Science
534:"Francis-André Wollman: Liste des membres de l'Académie des sciences"
1005:
Varmus, Harold (1996). "The Pastorian: A Legacy of Louis Pasteur".
618:
Loison, Laurent; Gayon, Jean; Burian, Richard M. (February 2017).
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60:
802:
894:"The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1965: André Lwoff"
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Kostyrka, Gladys; Sankaran, Neeraja (20 December 2020).
284:, also became a biologist, and research director of the
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French people who died in Auschwitz concentration camp
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Biographical Memoirs of Fellows of the Royal Society
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481:"Elie Wollman (1917–2008) – Notice biographique"
593:"Elisabeth Wollman (1888–1943) Notice du fonds"
564:Elie Wollman 1917 — 2008: A biographical memoir
920:"François Jacob. 17 June 1920 — 19 April 2013"
807:(2012 ed.). Paris: Klarsfeld. p. 600
286:French National Centre for Scientific Research
570:. Washington DC: National Academy of Sciences
8:
508:Annuaire 1974 Institut de Physique Nucleaire
801:Klarsfeld, Serge; Klarsfeld, Beate (1978).
29:
18:
1143:Belarusian Jews who died in the Holocaust
935:
869:
697:
561:Dantzer, Robert; Kelley, Keith W (2009).
959:Galperin, Charles (January–March 1994).
243:, was part of the team. He and his son,
1128:French people who died in the Holocaust
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154: 1910; died 1943)
1133:French Jews who died in the Holocaust
369:Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine
7:
1088:19th-century French women scientists
36:Elisabeth Wollman in the early 1920s
16:French microbiologist and physicist
726:"Nobel Lecture, December 11, 1965"
14:
624:Journal of the History of Biology
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918:Morange, Michel (January 2017).
381:online at the Pasteur Institute
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1123:20th-century French physicists
1:
1019:10.1016/s0065-230x(08)60858-1
965:Revue d'histoire des sciences
751:"The JUST Act Report: France"
415:. Paris: Éditions Rue d'Ulm.
267:, working as an assistant to
690:10.1128/br.17.4.269-337.1953
88:Auschwitz concentration camp
1007:Advances in Cancer Research
961:"Virus, provirus et cancer"
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672:LWOFF, A (December 1953).
296:Eugène Wollman, circa 1910
636:10.1007/s10739-015-9434-3
514:. Université de Paris Sud
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183:
28:
776:Pinault, Michel (2000).
538:www.academie-sciences.fr
306:Scientific collaboration
1118:French women physicists
1098:French women biologists
678:Bacteriological Reviews
278:Université de Paris Sud
1108:French microbiologists
937:10.1098/rsbm.2016.0021
871:10.1098/rsnr.2019.0033
831:www.legifrance.gouv.fr
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92:German-occupied Poland
1113:Women microbiologists
977:10.3406/rhs.1994.1189
833:. The French Republic
778:Frédéric Joliot-Curie
757:. US State Department
341:Frédéric Joliot-Curie
294:
282:Francis-André Wollman
245:Francis-André Wollman
780:. Paris: O. Jacob.
258:University of Liège
103:University of Liège
599:. Institut Pasteur
487:. Institut Pasteur
461:(4): 152–154. 2009
325:molecular genetics
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116:Molecular genetics
47:Elisabeth Michelis
1093:Pasteur Institute
1083:People from Minsk
597:webext.pasteur.fr
485:webext.pasteur.fr
359:Scientific legacy
345:French Resistance
265:Pasteur Institute
221:Elisabeth Wollman
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185:Scientific career
23:Elisabeth Wollman
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365:André Lwoff
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674:"Lysogeny"
387:References
251:Early life
53:1888-08-15
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652:254545964
331:Holocaust
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319:and
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43:Born
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Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
