1681:
1044:, she again left the city for Melun. In August she staged an entry to Paris for the Dauphin, and early in the new year, Charles signed an ordinance giving the 13-year-old the power to rule in the Queen's absence. During these years, Isabeau's greatest concern was the Dauphin's safety as she prepared him to take up the duties of the King; she formed alliances to further those aims. At this point, the Queen and her influence were still crucial to the power struggle. Physical control of Isabeau and her children became important to both parties and she was frequently forced to change sides, for which she was criticized and called unstable. She joined the Burgundians from 1409 to 1413, then switched sides to form an alliance with the Orléanists from 1413 to 1415.
920:", their son, until he reached 13 years of age, giving her additional political power on the regency council. Charles appointed Isabeau co-guardian of their children in 1393, a position shared with the royal dukes and her brother, Louis of Bavaria, while he gave Orléans full power of the regency. In appointing Isabeau, Charles acted under laws enacted by his father, Charles V, which gave the Queen full power to protect and educate the heir to the throne. These appointments separated power between Orléans and the royal uncles, increasing ill-will among the factions. The following year, as Charles' bouts of illness became more severe and prolonged, Isabeau became the leader of the regency council, giving her power over the royal dukes and the
1225:, allied with the English, putting enormous pressure on France and Isabeau, who remained loyal to the King. In 1420, Henry sent an emissary to confer with the Queen, after which, according to Adams, Isabeau "ceded to what must have been a persuasively posed argument by Henry V's messenger". France had effectively been left without an heir to the throne, even before the Treaty of Troyes. Charles VI had disinherited the Dauphin, whom he considered responsible for "breaking the peace for his involvement in the assassination of the duke of Burgundy"; he wrote in 1420 of the Dauphin that he had "rendered himself unworthy to succeed to the throne or any other title". Charles of Orléans, next in line as heir under
1059:(guardianship of the Dauphin) upon John the Fearless, made him the master of Paris, and allowed him to mentor the Dauphin, after he had Jehan de Montagu, Grand Master of the King's household, executed. At that point, the Duke essentially controlled the Dauphin and Paris and was popular in the city because of his opposition to taxes levied by Isabeau and Orléans. Isabeau's actions with respect to John the Fearless angered the Armagnacs, who in the fall of 1410 marched to Paris to "rescue" the Dauphin from the Duke's influence. At that time, members of the University of Paris, Jean Gerson in particular, proposed that all feuding members of the Royal Council step down and be immediately removed from power.
1659:
970:, preached a long sermon to the court denouncing excess and depravity, in particular mentioning Isabeau and her habit of wearing clothing with exposed necks, shoulders and décolletage. The monk presented his sermon as allegory so as not to offend Isabeau overtly, but he cast her and her ladies-in-waiting as "furious, vengeful characters". He said to Isabeau, "If you don't believe me, go out into the city disguised as a poor woman, and you will hear what everyone is saying." Thus he accused Isabeau as having lost touch with the commoners and the court with its subjects. At about the same time, a satirical political pamphlet called
1641:
1233:
56:
940:, and he turned control of the treasury over to her. After Philip the Bold died in 1404 and his son John the Fearless became Duke of Burgundy, the new duke continued the political strife in an attempt to gain access to the royal treasury for Burgundian interests. Orléans and the royal dukes thought John was usurping power for his own interests and Isabeau, at that time, aligned herself with Orléans to protect the interests of the crown and her children. Furthermore, she distrusted John the Fearless who she thought overstepped himself in rank—he was cousin to the King, whereas Orléans was Charles' brother.
631:
828:
disagree about her appearance. She is variously described as "small and brunette" or "tall and blonde"; contemporaneous evidence is contradictory—chroniclers said of her either that she was "beautiful and hypnotic, or so obese through dropsy that she was crippled." Despite her continuous residence in France from the time of her marriage as a teenager, she spoke with a heavy German accent that never diminished. Tuchman describes this as giving her an "alien" cast at the French court. Tracy Adams describes
Isabeau as a talented diplomat who navigated court politics with ease, grace and charisma.
796:"far out of the way; no medicine could help him", although he had recovered from the first attack within months. For the first 20 years of his illness, he experienced sustained periods of lucidity to the extent that he could continue to rule. Suggestions were made to replace him with a regent, although there was uncertainty and debate as to whether a regency could assume the full role of a living monarch. When he was incapable of ruling, his brother, the duke of Orléans, and their cousin John the Fearless, duke of Burgundy, were chief among those who sought to take control of the government.
1618:
553:, but on the first meeting, Charles felt "happiness and love enter his heart, for he saw that she was beautiful and young, and thus he greatly desired to gaze at her and possess her". She did not yet speak French and may not have reflected the idealized beauty of the period, perhaps inheriting her mother's dark Italian features, which were considered unfashionable at the time. Nonetheless, Charles and Isabeau were married just three days later. Froissart documented the royal wedding with jokes about the lascivious guests at the feast and the "hot young couple".
1406:
1721:
844:
1333:
755:("The Ball of the Burning Men"). Charles was almost killed and four of the dancers burned to death when a spark from a torch brought by the duke of Orléans (the king's brother) lit one of the dancer's costumes on fire. The disaster undermined confidence in king's capacity to rule. Parisians considered it proof of courtly decadence and threatened to rebel against the more powerful members of the nobility. The public's outrage forced the King and the duke of Orléans, whom a contemporary chronicler accused of attempted
1735:
1172:, confiscating her personal property (clothing, jewels and money), dismantling her household, and separating her from the younger children as well as her ladies-in-waiting. She secured her freedom in November with the help of the Duke of Burgundy. Accounts of her release vary: Monstrelet writes that Burgundy "delivered" her to Troyes, and Pintoin that the Duke negotiated Isabeau's release to gain control of her authority. Isabeau maintained her alliance with Burgundy from that period until the
982:, with her household and children a day or so behind. John immediately left in pursuit, intercepting the party of chaperones and royal children. He took possession of the Dauphin, and returned him to Paris under control of Burgundian forces; however, the boy's uncle, the duke of Berry, quickly took control of the child at the orders of the Royal Council. At that time, Charles was lucid for about a month and able to help with the crisis. The incident, that came to be known as the
1325:
interpretations of her role in the negotiations with
England, resulting in the Treaty of Troyes, and in the rumors of her marital infidelity with Orléans. Gibbons writes that a queen's duty was to secure the succession to the crown and look after her husband; historians described Isabeau as having failed in both respects. Gibbons goes on to say that even her physical appearance is uncertain; depictions of her vary depending on whether she was to be portrayed as good or evil.
1119:
1134:
811:, the daughter of a horse-dealer. According to Tuchman, Odette is said to have resembled Isabeau and was called "the little Queen". She had probably assumed this role by 1405 with Isabeau's consent, but during his remissions, the King still had sexual relations with his wife, whose last pregnancy occurred in 1407. Records show that Isabeau was in the King's chamber on 23 November 1407, the night of the assassination of the duke of Orléans, and again in 1408.
1606:
sent to other households to live (as was the custom at the time). Pintoin records that she was dismayed at the marriage contract that stipulated her third surviving son, John, be sent to live in
Hainaut. She maintained relationships with her daughters after their marriages, writing letters to them frequently. She sent them out of Paris during an outbreak of plague, staying behind herself with the youngest infant, John, too young to travel. The
473:
1097:
actions of John the
Fearless, Charles of Orléans denied funds from the royal treasury to all members of the royal family. In 1414, instead of allowing her son, then 17, to lead, Isabeau allied herself with Charles of Orléans. The Dauphin, in return, changed allegiance and joined John, which Isabeau considered unwise and dangerous. The result was continued civil war in Paris. Parisian commoners joined forces with John the Fearless in the
999:
944:
1287:
1298:
English claim. Furthermore, gossip spread that Joan of Arc was
Isabeau and Orleans' illegitimate daughter—a rumor Gibbons finds improbable because Joan of Arc almost certainly was not born for some years after Orléans' assassination. Stories circulated that the dauphins were murdered, and attempts were made to poison the other children, all of which added to Isabeau's reputation of one of history's great villains.
1083:
691:
1703:
1435:
609:
414:. During this period, Bavaria was counted among the most powerful German states, divided though it was at certain times among members of the House of Wittelsbach. The Visconti family was anxious to cultivate political connections with the powerful Wittelsbachs, and three of Taddea's siblings also married members of various branches of the family. Isabeau was most likely born in
1203:
767:
1348:
can imagine all sorts of things". Pintoin said of the Queen and Orléans that they neglected
Charles, behaved scandalously and "lived on the delights of the flesh", spending large amounts of money on court entertainment. The alleged affair, however, is based on a single paragraph from Pintoin's chronicles, according to Adams, and is no longer considered proof.
1018:
involvement in the assassination, but quickly admitted that the act was done for the Queen's honor, claiming he acted to "avenge" the monarchy of the alleged adultery between
Isabeau and Orléans. His royal uncles, shocked at his confession, forced him to leave Paris while the Royal Council attempted a reconciliation between the Houses of Burgundy and Orléans.
1352:
1283:, considered virginally pure, in the allegedly popular saying "Even as France had been lost by a woman it would be saved by a woman". Adams writes that Joan of Arc has been attributed with the words "France, having been lost by a woman, would be restored by a virgin", but neither saying can be substantiated by contemporary documentation or chronicles.
804:" As his illness worsened at the turn of the century, she was accused of abandoning him, particularly when she moved her residence to the HĂ´tel Barbette. Historian Rachel Gibbons speculates that Isabeau wanted to distance herself from her husband and his illness, writing, "it would be unjust to blame her if she did not want to live with a madman."
800:
her great distress by demanding her removal when she entered his chamber. The Monk of St Denis wrote in his chronicle, "What distressed her above all was to see how on all occasions ... the king repulsed her, whispering to his people, 'Who is this woman obstructing my view? Find out what she wants and stop her from annoying and bothering me.
986:, almost caused full-scale war, but it was averted. Orléans quickly raised an army while John encouraged Parisians to revolt. They refused, claiming loyalty to the King and his son; Berry was made captain general of Paris and the city's gates were locked. In October, Isabeau became active in mediating the dispute in response to a letter from
1397:, about which Adams writes, "submitting the queen to his ideology of gallantry, gives her rapaciousness a cold and calculating violence ... a woman who carefully manages her greed for maximum gratification." She goes on to say that de Sade admitted to "being perfectly aware that the charges against the queen are without ground."
540:, had Isabeau discard her Bavarian style of dress, which would have been deemed unsuitable as courtly attire in France, and taught her etiquette suitable for the French court. She learned quickly, suggestive of an intelligent and quick-witted character. On 13 July 1385, she traveled to Amiens to be presented to Charles.
1157:; in a period of lucidity, Charles had raised the Count to be the Constable of France. Isabeau attempted to intervene by arranging a meeting with Jacqueline in 1416, but Armagnac refused to allow Isabeau to reconcile with the House of Burgundy, while William II continued to prevent the young Dauphin from entering Paris.
1244:
him; which, according to
Gibbons, gave her "perpetual responsibility in having sworn away France". For many centuries, Isabeau stood accused of relinquishing the crown because of the Treaty. Under the terms of the Treaty, Charles remained as King of France but Henry V, who married Charles' and Isabeau's daughter,
1183:) and turned to securing control of Paris and the King. John took control of Paris by force on 28 May 1418, slaughtering Armagnacs. The Dauphin fled the city. According to Pintoin's chronicle, the Dauphin refused Isabeau's invitation to join her in an entry to Paris. She entered the city with John on 14 July.
1329:
Gibbons' scholarship. Furthermore, Adams admits she believed the allegations against
Isabeau until she delved into contemporary chronicles: there she found little evidence against the Queen except that many of the rumors came from only a few passages, and in particular from Pintoin's pro-Burgundian writing.
2259:
Called
Elisabeth until her marriage, Gibbons says she started using the name Isabeau probably soon after becoming queen of France. See Gibbons, 53. Famiglietti writes that she signed letters in French as "Ysabel", transformed first to "Ysabeau" and then "Isabeau" in the 15th century. See Famiglietti,
1377:
that, reportedly, required widened doorways to pass through. In 1406, a pro-Burgundian satirical pamphlet in verse allegory listed Isabeau's supposed lovers. She was accused of leading France into a civil war because of her inability to support a single faction; she was described as an "empty headed"
1328:
Rumored to be a bad mother, she was accused of "incest, moral corruption, treason, avarice and profligacy ... political aspirations and involvements". Adams writes that historians reassessed her reputation in the late 20th century, exonerating her of many of the accusations, seen particularly in
319:
In 1392, Charles suffered the first attack of what was to become a lifelong and progressive mental illness, resulting in periodic withdrawal from government. The episodes occurred with increasing frequency, leaving a court both divided by political factions and steeped in social extravagances. A 1393
1343:
After the onset of the King's illness, a common belief was that Charles' mental illness and inability to rule were due to Isabeau's witchcraft; as early as the 1380s, rumors spread that the court was steeped in sorcery. In 1397 Orléans' wife, Valentina Visconti, was forced to leave Paris because she
1535:
The birth of each of Isabeau's 12 children is well chronicled; even the decoration schemes of the rooms in which she gave birth are described. She had six sons and six daughters. The first son, born in 1386, died as an infant and the last, Philip, born in 1407, lived a single day. Three others died
1347:
The accusations of adultery were rampant. According to Pintoin's chronicle, " clung a bit too closely to his sister-in-law, the young and pretty Isabeau of Bavaria, the queen. This ardent brunette was twenty-two; her husband was insane and her seductive brother-in-law loved to dance, beyond that we
1297:
In 1429, when Isabeau lived in English-occupied Paris, the accusation was again put forth that Charles VII was not the son of Charles VI. At that time, with two contenders for the French throne—the young Henry VI and disinherited Charles—this could have been propaganda to prop up the
932:
During Charles' illness, Orléans became financially powerful as the official tax collector, and in the following decade Isabeau and Orléans agreed to raise the level of taxation. In 1401, during one of the King's absences, Orléans installed his own men to collect royal revenues, angering Philip the
795:
Charles suffered a second and more prolonged attack of insanity the following June; it removed him from his duties for about six months and set a pattern that would hold for the next three decades as his condition deteriorated. Froissart described the bouts of illness as so severe that the King was
1243:
In the absence of an official heir to the throne, Isabeau accompanied King Charles to sign the Treaty of Troyes in May 1420. Gibbons writes that the treaty "only confirmed outlaw status." The King's illness prevented him from appearing at the signing of the treaty, forcing Isabeau to stand in for
1096:
broke out in 1411. John gained the upper hand during the first year, but the Dauphin began to build a power base; Christine de Pizan wrote of him that he was the savior of France. Still only 15, he lacked the power or backing to defeat John, who fomented revolt in Paris. In retaliation against the
1017:
In 1407, John the Fearless ordered Orléans' assassination. On 23 November, hired killers attacked the duke as he returned to his Paris residence, cut off his hand holding the horse's reins, and "hacked to death with swords, axes, and wooden clubs". His body was left in a gutter. John first denied
977:
John the Fearless accused Isabeau and Orléans of fiscal mismanagement and again demanded money for himself, in recompense for the loss of royal revenues after his father's death; an estimated half of Philip the Bold's revenues had come from the French treasury. John raised a force of 1,000 knights
831:
Charles VI attained sole control of the monarchy when was crowned King in 1387 at the age of 20. His first acts included the dismissal of his uncles who had been acting as regents and the reinstatement of the so-called Marmousets—a group of clerics and lesser nobles who had served as councilors to
799:
When Charles became ill in the 1390s, Isabeau was 22; she had three children remaining to her after losing two infants (seven more would be born up to 1407, of whom only the last one failed to survive early childhood). During the worst of his illness, Charles was unable to recognize her and caused
1605:
According to modern historians, Isabeau stayed in close proximity to the children during their childhood, had them travel with her, bought them gifts, wrote letters, bought devotional texts, and arranged for her daughters to be educated. She resisted separation and reacted against having her sons
1386:
is, according to Adams, where "Isabeau's black legend attains its full expression in a violent attack on the French royalty in general and queens in particular." Karalio wrote: "Isabeau was raised by the furies to bring about the ruin of the state and to sell it to its enemies; Isabeau of Bavaria
725:
and dissolving the so-called Marmouset council, a group of clerics and lesser nobles who had advised Charles V. The uncles of Charles VI ruled France as members of a regency council during his minority between 1380 and 1388. The Marmousets then returned as royal counselors until Charles VI became
954:
Rumors that Isabeau and Orléans were lovers began to circulate, a relationship that was considered incestuous. Whether the two were intimate has been questioned by contemporary historians, including Gibbons who believes the rumor may have been planted as propaganda against Isabeau as retaliation
827:
Isabeau's movements and political activities are well documented after the time of her marriage, partially because of the unusual positions of power she occupied as a result of her husband's recurring illnesses. Nevertheless, not much is known about her personal characteristics - historians even
1101:, and at the height of the revolt, a group of butchers entered Isabeau's home in search of traitors, arresting and taking away up to 15 of her ladies-in-waiting. In his chronicles, Pintoin wrote that Isabeau was firmly allied with the Orléanists and the 60,000 Armagnacs who invaded Paris and
836:. Additionally, he gave his brother, the duke of Orléans, more responsibility in affairs of state. Some years later, after the King's first attack of illness, tensions mounted between the duke of Orléans and the three royal uncles: Philip the Bold, Duke of Burgundy; John, Duke of Berry; and
389:
Isabeau was popularly seen as a spendthrift and irresponsible philanderess. In the late 20th and early 21st centuries historians re-examined the extensive chronicles of her lifetime, concluding that many unflattering elements of her reputation were unearned and stemmed from factionalism and
1381:
In the 18th and 19th centuries, historians characterized Isabeau as "an adulterous, luxurious, meddlesome, scheming, and spendthrift queen", overlooking her political achievements and influence. A popular book written by Louise de Karalio (1758–1822) about the "bad" French queens prior to
1324:
Isabeau was dismissed by historians in the past as a wanton, weak and indecisive leader. Modern historians now see her as taking an unusually active leadership role for a queen of her period, forced to take responsibility as a direct result of Charles' illness. Her critics accepted skewed
377:
accused her of adultery with the Duke of Orléans; when she sided with the Burgundians, the Armagnacs removed her from Paris and she was imprisoned. In 1407, John the Fearless assassinated Orléans, sparking hostilities between the factions. The war ended soon after Isabeau's son
1680:
814:
The King's bouts of illness continued unabated until his death. He and Isabeau may have still felt mutual affection, and Isabeau exchanged gifts and letters with him during his periods of lucidity, but she distanced herself during the prolonged attacks of insanity. Historian
1194:, whom Charles "hacked to death" on the bridge. His father, King Charles, immediately disinherited his son. The civil war ended after John's death. The Dauphin's actions fueled more rumor about his legitimacy, and his disinheritance set the stage for the Treaty of Troyes.
1037:. Petit then argued that John should be exonerated because he had defended the King and monarchy by assassinating Orléans. Charles, "insane during the oration", was convinced by Petit's argument and pardoned John the Fearless, only to rescind the pardon in September.
1344:
was accused of using magic. The court of the "mad king" attracted magicians with promises of cures who were often used as political tools by the various factions. Lists of people accused of bewitching Charles were compiled, with Isabeau and Orléans both listed.
513:). He was adamant that she was not to know that she was being sent to France to be examined as a prospective bride for Charles and refused permission for her to be examined in the nude, as was customary at the time. According to the contemporary chronicler
1510:—with a letter exclaiming "I am firmly convinced the feminine cause is worthy of defense. This I do here and have done with my other works." In 1410 and again in 1411, Pizan solicited the Queen, presenting her in 1414 an illuminated copy of her works. In
496:
As part of his duties as a member of the regency council that governed France during the minority of Charles VI, the king's uncle, Philip the Bold, thought that the proposed marriage to Isabeau would be an ideal means to build an alliance with the
1658:
671:, which covered the bridge, and put a crown on her head." The angel was then pulled back up into the church. An acrobat carrying two candles walked along a rope suspended from the spires of the cathedral to the tallest house in the city.
1617:
2322:
The day before the wedding, Isabeau signed a treaty clearly spelling out that John the Fearless was cousin to the King (son of his uncle Philip the Bold), and thus of a lower rank than Louis of Orléans, the King's brother. See Adams,
1153:, Dauphin John was a Burgundian sympathizer. William of Bavaria refused to send him to Paris during a period of upheaval as Burgundians plundered the city and Parisians revolted against another wave of tax increases initiated by
1115:. Nearly an entire generation of military leaders died or were taken prisoner in a single day. John, still feuding with the royal family and the Armagnacs, remained neutral as Henry V went on to conquer towns in northern France.
1610:
allowed "whenever and as often as she liked, she and her children could enter the monastery and church ... their vineyards and gardens, both for devotion and for entertainment and pleasure of herself and her children."
744:
Harsigny recommended a program of amusements to assist the king's recovery. A member of the court suggested that Charles surprise Isabeau and the other ladies by joining a group of courtiers who would disguise themselves as
1640:
1520:, which scholar Karen Green believes for de Pizan is "the culmination of fifteen years of service during which Christine formulated an ideology that supported Isabeau's right to rule as regent in this time of crisis."
1271:
writes it was the disinherited Dauphin who had the man killed. Described as a former lover of Isabeau as well as a "poisoner and wife-murderer", Charles kept him as a favorite at his court until ordering his drowning.
933:
Bold who in retaliation raised an army, threatening to enter Paris with 600 men-at-arms and 60 knights. At that time Isabeau intervened between Orléans and Burgundy, preventing bloodshed and the outbreak of civil war.
568:(the Monk of St. Denis), describe similarly as a match rooted in desire aroused by Isabeau's beauty. The day after the wedding, Charles departed for a military campaign against the English, whereas Isabeau traveled to
659:
for the coronation ceremony. As Tuchman describes the event, "So many wonders were to be seen and admired that it was evening before the procession crossed the bridge leading to Notre Dame and the climactic display."
2286:
speculates that the depiction of obesity might stem from a mistranslation saying the Queen bore a heavy burden, which Adams believes refers to the heavy burden Isabeau assumed because of Charles' illness. See Adams,
334:—ended in disaster with Charles almost burning to death. Although the King demanded Isabeau's removal from his presence during his illness, he consistently allowed her to act on his behalf. In this way she became
1305:
with her brother's second wife, Catherine of Alençon. She was accompanied by her ladies-in-waiting Amelie von Orthenburg and Madame de Moy, the latter of whom had traveled from Germany and had stayed with her as
1478:
of the period. Weighing 26 pounds (12 kg), the gold piece is encrusted with rubies, sapphires and pearls. It depicts Charles kneeling on a platform above a double set of stairs, presenting himself to the
1387:
appeared, and her marriage, celebrated in Amiens on 17 July 1385, would be regarded as the most horrifying moment in our history". Isabeau was painted as Orléans' passionate lover, and the inspiration for the
840:. Forced to assume a greater role in maintaining peace amidst the growing power struggle, which was to persist for many years, Isabeau succeeded in her role as peacekeeper among the various court factions.
717:, he attacked his retinue, including his brother Orléans, killing four men. After the attack he fell into a coma that lasted four days. Few believed he would recover. His uncles, the dukes of Burgundy and
1248:, was allowed to keep control of the territories he conquered in Normandy and was to be Charles' successor, governing France with the Duke of Burgundy. Isabeau was to live in English-controlled Paris.
1523:
Isabeau showed great piety, essential for a queen of her period. During her lifetime, and in her will, she bequeathed property and personal possessions to Notre Dame, St. Denis, and the convent in
1393:
682:. Isabeau, then seven months pregnant, nearly fainted from heat on the first of the five days of festivities. To pay for the extravagant event, taxes were raised in Paris two months later.
564:), and he continued to give her gifts of rings, tableware and clothing. The king's uncles were apparently also pleased with the match, which contemporary chroniclers, notably Froissart and
1491:. A jewel encrusted trellis or bower is above; beneath stands a squire holding the golden horse. Isabeau also exchanged New Year's gifts with the Duke of Berry; one extant piece is the
1474:
Charles revived to establish rank and alliances during the period of factionalism and war. With the exception of manuscripts, the Little Golden Horse is the single surviving documented
1378:
German; of her children, it was said that she "took pleasure in a new pregnancy only insofar as it offered her new gifts"; and her political mistakes were attributed to her being fat.
1186:
Shortly after he assumed the title of Dauphin, Charles negotiated a truce with John in Pouilly. Charles then requested a private meeting with John, on 10 September 1419 at a bridge in
3619:
501:
in opposition to the crown of England. Isabeau's father reluctantly agreed to the plan and sent her to France with his brother Frederick on the pretext of taking a pilgrimage to
1598:, died without issue, also at the age of 18. The fifth Dauphin, yet another Charles (1403-1461), became King Charles VII of France after his father's death. He was married to
1275:
Rumors about Isabeau's promiscuity flourished, which Adams attributes to English propaganda intended to secure England's grasp on the throne. An allegorical pamphlet, called
549:, saying that Isabeau stood motionless while being inspected, exhibiting perfect behavior by the standards of her time. Arrangements were made for the two to be married in
312:. At age 15 or 16, Isabeau was sent to France to marry the young Charles VI; the couple wed three days after their first meeting. Isabeau was honored in 1389 with a lavish
1259:
acting as regent. Rumors circulated about Isabeau again; some chronicles describe her living in a "degraded state". According to Tuchman, Isabeau had a farmhouse built in
807:
Since the King often did not recognize her during his psychotic episodes and was upset by her presence, it was eventually deemed advisable to provide him with a mistress,
974:, now considered by historians to be pro-Burgundian propaganda, was released and widely distributed in Paris. The pamphlet hinted at the Queen's relations with Orléans.
870:, formed a pro-Visconti faction at court in alliance with the Duke of Burgundy. An anti-Visconti faction formed in opposition to them that included Isabeau, her brother
674:
After Isabeau's crowning, the procession made its way back from the cathedral along a route lit by 500 candles. They were greeted by a royal feast and a progression of
1160:
In 1417, Henry V invaded Normandy with 40,000 men. Later that year, in April, Dauphin John died and another shift in power occurred when Isabeau's sixth and last son,
2304:, whose Papal dispensation allowed the marriage between Visconti's daughter Valentina to her first cousin Louis, the duke of Orléans, the King's brother. See Adams, 8
741:—a venerable 92-year-old physician—was summoned to treat him. Charles regained consciousness and his fever subsided; he was gradually returned to Paris in September.
667:
to Notre Dame, a person dressed as an angel descended from the church by mechanical means and "passed through an opening of the hangings of blue taffeta with golden
4483:
1074:. Before the wedding, Isabeau negotiated a treaty with John the Fearless in which she clearly defined family hierarchy and her position in relation to the throne.
386:, which decided that the English king should inherit the French crown after the death of her husband. She lived in English-occupied Paris until her death in 1435.
647:. More than a thousand burghers stood along the route; those on one side were dressed in green facing, those on the opposite in red. The procession began at the
1179:
Isabeau at first assumed the role of sole regent but in January 1418 yielded her position to John the Fearless. Together Isabeau and John abolished parliament (
4453:
1421:
Like many of the Valois, Isabeau was an appreciative art collector. She loved jewels and was responsible for the commissions of particularly lavish pieces of
1726:
1029:
at the royal palace before a large courtly audience. Petit argued convincingly that in the King's absence Orléans had become a tyrant, practiced sorcery and
4365:
1263:
where she looked after livestock, and in her later years, during a lucid episode, Charles arrested one of her lovers whom he tortured, then drowned in the
3725:
1702:
1336:
1142:
1041:
867:
1543:
Her first son, Charles (b. 1386), the first Dauphin, died in infancy. A daughter, Joan, born two years later, lived until 1390. The second daughter,
4498:
1071:
454:
878:. At that time, Isabeau lacked the political power to effect change. Some years later, however, at the 1396 wedding of her seven-year-old daughter
2300:
of Milan, and his active aggression toward other Italian states caused factionalism in France, affecting in particular relations with the Avignon
1924:
1502:
Medieval author Christine de Pizan solicited the Queen's patronage at least three times. In 1402, she sent a compilation of her literary argument
1734:
1141:
In December 1415, Dauphin Louis died suddenly at age 18 of illness, leaving Isabeau's political status unclear. Her 17-year-old fourth-born son,
819:
writes that Isabeau's attachment and loyalty is evident in the great efforts she made to retain the crown for his heirs in the ensuing decades.
556:
Charles seemingly loved his young wife, and he lavished gifts on her. On the occasion of their first New Year in 1386, he gave her a red velvet
1256:
1047:
At the Peace of Chartres in March 1409, John the Fearless was reinstated to the Royal Council after a public reconciliation with Orléans' son,
4543:
4533:
4518:
4240:
4126:
3592:
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3448:
3425:
3411:
3397:
898:
517:, Isabeau was 13 or 14 when the match was proposed and about 16 at the time of the marriage in 1385, suggesting a birth date of around 1370.
31:
3552:
Solterer, Helen. (2007). "Making Names, Breaking Lives: Women and Injurious Language at the Court of Isabeau of Bavaria and Charles VI". In
1111:
took advantage of the internal strife in France, invading the northwest coast, and in 1415, he delivered a crushing defeat to the French at
4146:
4091:
1720:
913:
in Avignon welcomed Isabeau's presence given her record as an effective mediator. However, the effort faded when Clement VII died in 1394.
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and invade the masquerade celebrating the remarriage of Isabeau's lady-in-waiting, Catherine de Fastaverin. This came to be known as the
4528:
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escorted by knights. Philip the Bold wore a doublet embroidered with 40 sheep and 40 swans, each decorated with a bell made of pearls.
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young with only her youngest son, Charles VII, living to adulthood. Five of the six daughters survived; four were married and one,
1427:— a newly developed technique of making enamel-covered gold pieces. Documentation suggests she commissioned several fine pieces of
713:
In 1392, Charles suffered the first of what was to become a lifelong series of bouts of insanity when, on a hot August day outside
3468:
1312:
since 1409. Isabeau possibly died there in late September 1435. Her death and funeral were documented by Jean Chartier (member of
4210:
3884:
313:
66:
1221:
By 1419, Henry V had occupied much of Normandy and demanded an oath of allegiance from the residents. The new Duke of Burgundy,
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1150:
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38:
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630:
4338:
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1512:
1279:, was published in the mid-1420s painting Isabeau and Orleans as lovers. During the same period, Isabeau was contrasted with
1154:
729:
The King's sudden onset of insanity was seen by some as a sign of divine anger and punishment and by others as the result of
4548:
4508:
4468:
4463:
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4136:
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3718:
1582:
Of her remaining sons, the second Dauphin was another Charles (1392–1401), who died at age eight of a "wasting illness".
1260:
1026:
788:
4180:
3952:
3922:
1862:
1778:
399:
259:
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2163:
1804:
1146:
875:
423:
369:. Isabeau shifted allegiances as she chose the most favorable paths for the heir to the throne. When she followed the
234:
4358:
4333:
3453:
Gibbons, Rachel. (1996). "Isabeau of Bavaria, Queen of France (1385–1422). The Creation of a Historical Villainess".
1552:
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1006:
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During his short-lived recovery in the 1390s, Charles made arrangements for Isabeau to be "principal guardian of the
354:
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3927:
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1127:
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55:
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As early as the late 1380s and early 1390s, Isabeau demonstrated that she possessed diplomatic influence when the
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1650:
1560:
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781:
703:
618:
544:
525:
209:
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himself saw the Wittelsbach clan as useful potential allies in the continuing war with England." See Gibbons, 52
936:
Charles trusted Isabeau enough by 1402 to allow her to arbitrate the growing dispute between the Orléanists and
843:
580:, where, in the early years of their marriage, Charles frequently joined her. It soon became her favorite home.
4448:
3711:
3322:
1405:
485:
3957:
956:
2269:
Gibbons writes of Isabeau, "she was not quite the 'nobody' that had been suggested ... it is clear that
905:, and in recognition of her negotiating skills, he placed Isabeau on the council. The French wanted both the
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and passed under a canopy of sky-blue cloth beneath which children dressed as angels sang, winding into the
577:
86:
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2137:
1591:
1583:
1369:
Isabeau was accused of indulging in extravagant and expensive fashions, jewel-laden dresses and elaborate
1062:
To defuse tension with the Burgundians, a second double marriage was arranged in 1409. Isabeau's daughter
1010:
863:
734:
224:
219:
1251:
Charles VI died in October 1422. As Henry V had died earlier the same year, his infant son by Catherine,
886:, Isabeau successfully negotiated an alliance between France and Florence with the Florentine ambassador
382:
had John assassinated in 1419—an act that saw him disinherited. Isabeau attended the 1420 signing of the
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1632:
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Violence again broke out after the assassination; Isabeau had troops patrol Paris and, to protect the
4478:
4309:
4235:
4131:
4106:
4086:
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4061:
3962:
3637:
2301:
910:
760:
695:
477:
434:
297:
293:
249:
160:
147:
346:), and sat on the regency council, allowing her far more power than was usual for a medieval queen.
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214:
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61:
1302:
1133:
3460:
Green, Karen. (2006). "Isabeau de Bavière and the Political Philosophy of Christine de Pizan".
17:
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4185:
4151:
4121:
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3932:
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3588:
3574:
3557:
3543:
3526:
3512:
3495:
3481:
3444:
3416:
Buettner, Brigitte. (2001). "Past Presents: New Year's Gifts at the Valois Courts, ca. 1400".
3407:
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1308:
1123:
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947:
917:
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648:
537:
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442:
366:
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183:
3277:
1290:
15th-century miniature showing Isabeau's funeral cortege on the Seine, from the chronicle of
978:
and entered Paris in 1405. Orléans hastily retreated with Isabeau to the fortified castle of
592:
into Paris. The noblewomen in the coronation procession were dressed in lavish costumes with
4348:
4314:
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2020:
1956:
1488:
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1237:
1173:
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675:
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529:
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383:
3604:
4299:
4161:
4031:
3623:
3535:
3504:
2333:
2101:
1672:
1388:
1229:, had been taken prisoner at the Battle of Agincourt and was kept in captivity in London.
1222:
1067:
998:
943:
772:
751:
664:
446:
403:
362:
330:
305:
289:
269:
78:
1255:, was proclaimed King of France according to the terms of the Treaty of Troyes, with the
3187:
1540:(1393–1438), was sent at age four to be raised in a convent, where she became prioress.
1286:
721:, took advantage of his illness to seize power quickly by re-establishing themselves as
4195:
4017:
3997:
3695:
3329:
1599:
1414:
1313:
1268:
1165:
906:
902:
565:
514:
3188:
New York Metropolitan Museum of Art "Patronage at the Early Valois Courts (1328–1461)"
1202:
1190:, promising his personal guarantee of protection. The meeting, however, was a ploy to
1082:
1070:, son of John the Fearless; Isabeau's son, the Dauphin Louis, married John's daughter
924:, while at the same time making her vulnerable to attack from various court factions.
690:
4432:
4170:
4007:
343:
4051:
3874:
1712:
1694:
1507:
1434:
1351:
1215:
965:
679:
668:
3492:
The Art of Illumination: The Limbourg Brothers and the Belles Heures of Jean Berry
1463:
3478:
Olivier de Clisson and Political Society in France under Charles V and Charles VI
1466:, Bavaria. Contemporary documents identify the statuette as a New Year's gift—an
1361:
3889:
3869:
3864:
3819:
3814:
2283:
1480:
1423:
1280:
894:
816:
576:, who taught her courtly traditions. In September, she took up residence at the
2332:
In the same year the piece was pawned to pay for Louis of Bavaria's wedding to
3904:
3854:
3829:
3774:
1607:
1576:
1055:, although the feuding continued. In December that year, Isabeau bestowed the
1030:
101:
3470:
The Royal Image: Illustrations of the Grandes Chroniques de France, 1274–1422
955:
against tax increases she and Orléans ordered in 1405. An Augustinian friar,
3982:
3972:
3834:
3809:
3804:
3799:
1226:
847:
Signing of the truce between England and France in which Isabeau's daughter
608:
461:, one of the brothers of Margaret of Bavaria. Charles, then 17, rode in the
410:, Lord of Milan, who turned her over to Duke Stephen for a dowry of 100,000
370:
3703:
1516:, Pizan praised Isabeau lavishly, and again in the illuminated collection,
465:
at the wedding. He was an attractive, physically fit young man who enjoyed
3326:(in German), vol. 25, Berlin: Duncker & Humblot, pp. 256–257
766:
733:. Modern historians speculate that he may have suffered from the onset of
560:
saddle trimmed with copper and decorated with an intertwined K and E (for
437:. The match was proposed again at the lavish Burgundian double wedding in
3937:
3908:
3859:
3849:
3844:
3824:
3784:
3779:
3769:
3286:(in German), vol. 36, Leipzig: Duncker & Humblot, pp. 68–71
866:
affair. The duke of Orléans, who was married to Gian Galeazzo's daughter
859:
756:
746:
643:
The procession lasted from morning to night. The streets were lined with
466:
441:
in April 1385. At this event, John, Count of Nevers (who became known as
37:"Queen Isabeau" redirects here. For other queens with the same name, see
1301:
Isabeau was removed from political influence and retired to live in the
1168:
and favored the Armagnacs. At that time, Armagnac imprisoned Isabeau in
3794:
3404:
The Concept of Woman: The Early Humanist Reformation, 1250–1500, Part 2
1471:
1145:, now the Dauphin, had been raised since childhood in the household of
1102:
722:
714:
557:
481:
462:
438:
244:
1649:, shown in a late 17th-century or early 18th-century drawing, married
1567:(1395–1422), first wife to Philip the Good, died childless at age 27.
3789:
1668:
1524:
1374:
502:
415:
335:
321:
588:
Isabeau's coronation was celebrated on 23 August 1389 with a lavish
1033:, was driven by greed, and had planned to commit fratricide at the
532:, who also ruled part of the hereditary Wittelsbach territories of
422:. Her notable Wittelsbach ancestors included her great-grandfather
349:
Charles' illness created a power vacuum that eventually led to the
1433:
1404:
1370:
1350:
1331:
1285:
1264:
1231:
1201:
1169:
1164:, age 14, became Dauphin. He was betrothed to Armagnac's daughter
1132:
1117:
1081:
997:
979:
942:
842:
765:
689:
569:
550:
471:
411:
309:
1671:(from the center panel of a Flemish triptych), was first wife to
909:
and Roman popes to abdicate in favor of a single papacy in Rome;
1413:
giving Queen Isabeau a book as a New Year's gift in the queen's
3707:
1623:
Miniature from a late 15th-century manuscript of Froissart's
1373:
hairstyles coiled into tall shells, covered with wide double
636:
Miniature showing Isabeau's entry in Paris on 23 August 1389
480:
at the hunt. Queen Isabeau and her retinue are shown riding
2296:
He had deposed and murdered Isabeau's maternal grandfather
1339:, was forced to leave Paris, charged with using witchcraft.
928:
Political crises in France at the start of the 15th century
624:, showing entertainers and acrobats at Isabeau's coronation
509:
housed a celebrated relic of the time (the reputed head of
3441:
Tales of the Marriage Bed from Medieval France (1300–1500)
1602:. Her last son, Philip, died in infancy in the year 1407.
3585:
Magic and Divination at the Courts of Burgundy and France
3194:. Metropolitan Museum of Art. Retrieved 10 November 2012
1394:
Histoire secrète d'Isabelle de Bavière, reine de France
862:
delegation requested her political intervention in the
433:, suggested that she be considered as a bride for King
3556:. ed. Eglat Doss-Quimby, et al. Cambridge: DS Brewer.
3540:
The Hundred Years War: The English in France 1337–1453
3480:. Philadelphia, PA: University of Pennsylvania Press.
1594:(1398-1417), the fourth Dauphin, the first husband of
1005:
ordered the assassination of Isabeau's political ally
994:
The assassination of the Duke of Orléans and aftermath
3436:, ed. Charles de Robillard de Beaurepaire, Rouen 1870
3605:
Statue of Isabeau at the Palace of Poitiers, c. 1390
1462:), now part of the treasure of the Marian shrine of
520:
Before her presentation to Charles, Isabeau visited
4394:
4375:
4347:
4323:
4279:
4254:
4160:
4016:
3898:
3759:
2687:
2685:
2643:
2641:
2639:
2637:
2618:
2616:
1446:) given to Charles VI by Isabeau of Bavaria in 1404
737:. The comatose king was returned to Le Mans, where
265:
255:
243:
182:
154:
140:
130:
117:
113:
100:
92:
85:
48:
3271:
3269:
3203:Young, Bonne. (1968). "A Jewel of St. Catherine".
2313:Ratified on 26 September 1396. See Adams (2010), 8
3392:. Baltimore, MD: Johns Hopkins University Press.
3311:
3309:
3307:
3305:
1092:Despite Isabeau's efforts to keep the peace, the
30:For other people named Elisabeth of Bavaria, see
4415:Consorts to debatable or disputed rulers are in
3362:
3360:
791:at middle left and burning dancers in the center
3462:Historical Reflections / RĂ©flexions Historiques
2993:
2991:
2466:
2464:
2462:
2460:
1586:(1397-1415), was the third Dauphin, married to
524:for about a month, staying with her granduncle
3583:Veenstra, Jan R. and Laurens Pignon. (1997).
3098:
3096:
2981:
2979:
2977:
2967:
2965:
2963:
2736:
2734:
2732:
2588:
2586:
2584:
2582:
2580:
2578:
2576:
2574:
2572:
2570:
2365:
2363:
2361:
1693:, shown in a 19th-century woodcut, printed by
1198:The Treaty of Troyes and Isabeau's later years
3719:
3571:A Distant Mirror: The Calamitous 14th Century
3473:. Berkeley, CA: UC Press E-Books Collection.
3340:
3338:
3295:
3293:
3250:
3248:
3246:
3244:
3242:
3240:
2757:
2755:
2560:
2558:
2432:
2430:
2428:
2426:
2424:
2422:
787:: Charles VI huddling under the skirt of the
418:, where she was baptized as Elisabeth at the
8:
3455:Transactions of the Royal Historical Society
3390:The Life and Afterlife of Isabeau of Bavaria
2919:
2917:
2907:
2905:
2903:
2866:
2864:
2836:
2834:
2832:
2830:
2828:
2791:
2789:
2787:
2785:
2722:
2720:
2718:
2708:
2706:
2412:
2410:
1450:In 1404, Isabeau gave Charles a spectacular
698:attacked his knights in 1392, as shown in a
3429:. Tome I 1839; Tome II 1840; Tome III, 1841
2666:
2664:
2662:
469:and hunting and was anxious to be married.
3726:
3712:
3704:
3628:
2953:
2951:
2949:
2947:
2400:
2398:
1759:
1750:
1740:Issue of Charles VI and Isabeau of Bavaria
1559:(1391–1433), who lived to age 42, married
45:
3494:. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press.
3406:. Grand Rapids, MI: Eerdmans Publishing.
3077:
3075:
2507:
2505:
2503:
1316:), who may well have been an eyewitness.
990:and an ordinance from the Royal Council.
572:to live with his step-great-grandmother,
296:from 1385 to 1422. She was born into the
3554:Cultural Performances in Medieval France
1711:shown in a mid-15th-century portrait by
1571:, Queen of England (1401–1437), married
1547:(1389-1409) was married at age seven to
3617:Harley 4380 miniatures, British Library
3205:The Metropolitan Museum of Art Bulletin
2379:
2377:
2375:
2348:
2252:
1613:
1506:—in which she questions the concept of
1122:Miniature showing the assassination of
763:, into offering penance for the event.
543:Froissart writes of the meeting in his
175: 1385; died 1422)
4484:Burials at the Basilica of Saint-Denis
3182:
3180:
2539:
2537:
2535:
2117:
2000:
1996:
1986:
1878:
1768:
1764:
1337:Valentina Visconti, Duchess of Orléans
1025:presented a lengthy and well-attended
823:Court intrigues of the 1380s and 1390s
3523:The Valois: Kings of France 1328–1589
3426:Chronique du religieux de Saint-Denys
3276:Riezler, Sigmund Ritter von (1893), "
2193:
2183:
2179:
2167:
2161:
2151:
2135:
2125:
2121:
2105:
2099:
2089:
2076:
2066:
2062:
2050:
2044:
2034:
2018:
2008:
2004:
1980:
1970:
1954:
1944:
1940:
1928:
1922:
1912:
1896:
1886:
1882:
1866:
1860:
1850:
1834:
1824:
1820:
1808:
1802:
1792:
1776:
1772:
1483:and child Jesus, who are attended by
1355:19th-century depiction of Isabeau by
899:Chancellor of the University of Paris
449:as duke of Burgundy in 1404) married
288:; c. 1370 – September 1435) was
32:Elisabeth of Bavaria (disambiguation)
7:
3373:Dizionario Biografico degli Italiani
1009:in 1407, depicted in a 15th-century
901:, formed a council to eliminate the
678:, complete with a depiction of the
3367:Rondinini, Gigliola Soldi (1989).
353:between supporters of his brother
25:
4386:Maria Amalia of Naples and Sicily
3443:. Providence, RI: Picardy Press.
3192:Heilbrunn Timeline of Art History
400:Stephen III of Bavaria-Ingolstadt
302:Stephen III of Bavaria-Ingolstadt
27:Queen of France from 1385 to 1422
4454:People of the Hundred Years' War
2858:Huizinga (2009 edition), 208–209
1733:
1719:
1701:
1679:
1657:
1639:
1616:
629:
607:
316:ceremony and entry into Paris.
54:
4499:French people of German descent
3525:. London: Hambledon Continuum.
3423:Bellaguet, Louis-François, ed.
1754:Ancestors of Isabeau of Bavaria
1596:Jacqueline, Countess of Hainaut
1555:. The third daughter, another
459:William II of Bavaria-Straubing
429:In 1383, Isabeau's uncle, Duke
286:Elisabeth of Bavaria-Ingolstadt
172:
18:Elisabeth of Bavaria-Ingolstadt
3420:, Volume 83, pp. 598–625
3283:Allgemeine Deutsche Biographie
1513:The Book of the City of Ladies
1236:Isabeau and Charles VI at the
1151:Countess Jacqueline of Hainaut
1042:Dauphin Louis, Duke of Guyenne
694:In his first bout of illness,
445:after he succeeded his father
96:17 July 1385 – 21 October 1422
1:
4137:Joan II, Countess of Burgundy
3750:List of French royal consorts
3509:The Waning of the Middle Ages
3476:Henneman, John Bell. (1996).
3263:Qtd. in Adams (2010), 251–252
1155:Count Bernard VII of Armagnac
1137:Burgundians enter Paris, 1418
1094:Armagnac–Burgundian Civil War
431:Frederick of Bavaria-Landshut
351:Armagnac–Burgundian Civil War
300:as the only daughter of Duke
215:Michelle, Duchess of Burgundy
189:
121:
77:. Illumination on parchment,
71:
67:Le Livre de la Cité des Dames
4544:14th-century German nobility
4534:15th-century French nobility
4519:14th-century French nobility
4181:Joan I, Countess of Auvergne
3069:Adams (2010), xviii, xiii–xv
2822:Huizinga (2009 edition), 214
2488:Huizinga (2009 edition), 236
1863:Stephen III, Duke of Bavaria
1779:Louis IV, Holy Roman Emperor
1575:; on his death she took Sir
1504:Querelle du Roman de la Rose
398:Isabeau's parents were Duke
260:Stephen III, Duke of Bavaria
3375:(in Italian). Vol. 37.
3111:Qtd. in Veenstra (1997), 46
2164:Beatrice Regina della Scala
1805:Stephen II, Duke of Bavaria
1197:
876:John III, Count of Armagnac
424:Holy Roman Emperor Louis IV
235:Charles VII, King of France
230:Catherine, Queen of England
4570:
4529:15th-century French people
4504:15th-century women regents
4459:14th-century women regents
3928:Desiderata of the Lombards
3611:Little Golden Horse Shrine
3490:Husband, Timothy. (2008).
3439:Famiglietti, R.C. (1992).
3316:Schwertl, Gerhard (2013),
3090:Veenstra (1997), 45, 81–82
2601:Qtd. in Gibbons (1996), 61
2552:Qtd. in Seward (1987), 144
2336:. See Buettner (2001), 607
2111:
1998:
1872:
1766:
1727:Louis, Dauphin of Viennois
1456:Little Golden Horse Shrine
1444:Little Golden Horse Shrine
1431:from Parisian goldsmiths.
1391:'s unpublished 1813 novel
1147:Duke William II of Bavaria
1128:Master of the Prayer Books
872:Louis VII, Duke of Bavaria
220:Louis, Dauphin of Viennois
200:Isabella, Queen of England
36:
29:
4539:14th-century German women
4524:15th-century French women
4514:14th-century French women
4413:
3739:
3687:
3678:
3665:
3658:
3631:
3467:Hedeman, Anne D. (1991).
3402:Allen, Prudence. (2006).
2181:
2173:
2145:
2123:
2119:
2083:
2064:
2056:
2028:
2006:
2002:
1964:
1942:
1934:
1906:
1884:
1880:
1844:
1822:
1814:
1786:
1770:
1651:John VI, Duke of Brittany
1561:John VI, Duke of Brittany
984:enlèvement of the dauphin
838:Louis II, Duke of Bourbon
686:The illness of Charles VI
453:, whereas John's sister,
328:—an event later known as
225:John, Dauphin of Viennois
210:Marie, Prioress of Poissy
205:Joan, Duchess of Brittany
53:
4439:Queens consort of France
4359:Marie Joséphine of Savoy
4334:Joséphine de Beauharnais
3734:Royal consorts of France
3573:. New York: Ballantine.
3521:Knecht, Robert. (2007).
3507:. (1924, 2009 edition).
3323:Neue Deutsche Biographie
3156:Qtd. in Adams (2010), 61
3147:Qtd. in Adams (2010), 60
2497:Henneman (1991), 173–175
1667:, shown here in a white
1553:Charles, Duke of Orléans
1206:Isabeau's youngest son,
1049:Charles, Duke of Orléans
957:Jacques Legrand (writer)
486:Enguerrand de Monstrelet
355:Louis I, Duke of Orléans
60:Queen Isabeau receiving
3745:List of Frankish queens
3681:Queen consort of France
3511:. Oxford: Benediction.
3369:"DELLA SCALA, Beatrice"
3345:Simeoni, Luigi (1937).
3042:Famiglietti (1992), 194
2997:Tuchman (1978), 586–587
2529:Tuchman (1978), 502–504
2470:Tuchman (1978), 455–457
1899:Frederick III of Sicily
1579:as her second husband.
1563:. The fourth daughter,
1551:and after his death to
1149:in Hainaut. Married to
1109:King Henry V of England
1087:King Henry V of England
663:As Isabeau crossed the
655:before arriving at the
596:embroidery and rode in
87:Queen consort of France
4494:German Roman Catholics
4489:French Roman Catholics
4351:(1814–1815; 1815–1830)
4305:Maria Theresa of Spain
3993:Beatrice of Vermandois
3840:Brunhilda of Austrasia
3388:Adams, Tracy. (2010).
3102:Adams (2010), xiii–xiv
2631:Famiglietti (1992), 89
2138:Mastino II della Scala
1592:John, Duke of Touraine
1590:, who died at age 18.
1584:Louis, Duke of Guyenne
1447:
1418:
1366:
1340:
1294:
1240:
1218:
1138:
1130:
1089:
1014:
951:
864:Gian Galeazzo Visconti
855:
792:
735:paranoid schizophrenia
710:
493:
406:, the eldest child of
4067:Adelaide of Maurienne
4027:Adelaide of Aquitaine
3958:Ermentrude of Orléans
3948:Ermengarde of Hesbaye
3542:. New York: Penguin.
3464:, Volume 32, 247–272
3351:Enciclopedia Italiana
3254:Adams (2010), 230–233
3234:Green (2006), 256–258
3216:Husband (2008), 21–22
2985:Gibbons (1996), 68–69
2971:Gibbons (1996), 70–71
2761:Adams (2010), 168–174
2740:Gibbons (1996), 65–66
2436:Gibbons (1996), 57–59
2416:Adams (2010), 225–227
2383:Gibbons (1996), 52–53
2194:15. Taddea da Carrara
1709:Charles VII of France
1633:Richard II of England
1549:Richard II of England
1437:
1408:
1354:
1335:
1320:Reputation and legacy
1289:
1235:
1208:Charles VII of France
1205:
1136:
1121:
1085:
1001:
946:
884:Richard II of England
853:Richard II of England
846:
809:Odette de Champdivers
769:
739:Guillaume de Harsigny
693:
574:Queen Dowager Blanche
475:
324:for one of Isabeau's
4549:French queen mothers
4509:15th-century regents
4469:Nobility from Munich
4464:14th-century regents
4444:House of Wittelsbach
4241:Elisabeth of Austria
4231:Catherine de' Medici
4132:Clementia of Hungary
4127:Margaret of Burgundy
4107:Margaret of Provence
4087:Isabella of Hainault
4077:Constance of Castile
4072:Eleanor of Aquitaine
4062:Bertrade of Montfort
3963:Richilde of Provence
3638:House of Wittelsbach
3587:. New York: Brill.
3434:Chronique Rouennaise
3207:, Volume 26, 316–324
3174:Buettner (2001), 609
2888:Solterer (2007), 203
2749:Solterer (2007), 214
2520:Knecht (2007), 42–47
578:Château de Vincennes
455:Margaret of Burgundy
435:Charles VI of France
394:Lineage and marriage
298:House of Wittelsbach
292:as the wife of King
250:House of Wittelsbach
161:Charles VI of France
148:Basilica of St Denis
4147:Marie of Luxembourg
4142:Blanche of Burgundy
4092:Ingeborg of Denmark
3978:Théodrate of Troyes
3880:Balthild of Chelles
3633:Isabeau of Bavaria
3347:"Viscónti, Bernabò"
3299:Tuchman (1978), 145
3138:Adams (2010), 58–59
3129:Tuchman (1978), 504
3024:Adams (2010), 40–44
3006:Tuchman (1978), 516
2932:Adams (2010), 33–34
2923:Adams (2010), 30–32
2911:Adams (2010), 27–30
2897:Veenstra (1997), 38
2879:Veenstra (1997), 37
2870:Adams (2010), 25–26
2849:Veenstra (1997), 36
2840:Adams (2010), 21–23
2813:Tuchman (1978), 582
2770:Veenstra (1997), 46
2726:Adams (2010), 17–18
2712:Adams (2010), 13–15
2700:Hedeman (1991), 172
2691:Adams (2010), 16–17
2622:Tuchman (1978), 515
2564:Hedeman (1991), 137
2543:Veenstra (1997), 45
2511:Tuchman (1978), 496
2479:Tuchman (1978), 547
2454:Tuchman (1978), 420
2392:Tuchman (1978), 419
2369:Tuchman (1978), 416
2077:13. Valentina Doria
1925:Elizabeth of Sicily
1837:Beatrice of Silesia
1687:Catherine of Valois
1569:Catherine of Valois
1518:The Letter of Othea
1485:John the Evangelist
1181:Chambre des comptes
922:Constable of France
562:Karol and Elisabeth
451:Margaret of Bavaria
4554:Daughters of dukes
4405:Eugénie de Montijo
4396:House of Bonaparte
4325:House of Bonaparte
4290:Margaret of Valois
4257:House of Lancaster
4246:Louise of Lorraine
4226:Eleanor of Austria
4201:Charlotte of Savoy
4191:Isabeau of Bavaria
4176:Blanche of Navarre
4112:Isabella of Aragon
4102:Blanche of Castile
4082:Adela of Champagne
4042:Constance of Arles
4037:Bertha of Burgundy
4003:Gerberga of Saxony
3692:Title next held by
3670:Title last held by
3622:2020-08-01 at the
3060:Gibbons (1996), 55
3051:Gibbons (1996), 56
3015:Seward (1978), 214
2647:Gibbons (1996), 62
2610:Gibbons (1996), 61
2592:Gibbons (1996), 54
2355:Gibbons (1996), 68
1983:Isabeau of Bavaria
1691:Henry V of England
1665:Michelle of Valois
1588:Margaret of Nevers
1573:Henry V of England
1448:
1419:
1411:Christine de Pizan
1409:Miniature showing
1367:
1341:
1295:
1292:Martial d'Auvergne
1241:
1219:
1139:
1131:
1090:
1053:Chartres Cathedral
1015:
988:Christine de Pizan
952:
950:, Duke of Burgundy
856:
793:
711:
676:narrative pageants
649:Porte de St. Denis
494:
476:Miniature showing
420:Church of Our Lady
278:Isabeau of Bavaria
62:Christine de Pizan
49:Isabeau of Bavaria
4424:
4423:
4327:(1804–1814; 1815)
4310:Marie Leszczyńska
4270:Margaret of Anjou
4186:Joanna of Bourbon
4122:Joan I of Navarre
4057:Bertha of Holland
4047:Matilda of Frisia
3988:Eadgifu of Wessex
3968:Adelaide of Paris
3953:Judith of Bavaria
3702:
3701:
3674:Joanna of Bourbon
3593:978-90-04-10925-4
3579:978-0-345-34957-6
3562:978-1-84384-112-8
3548:978-1-101-17377-0
3531:978-1-85285-522-2
3517:978-1-84902-895-0
3500:978-0-300-13671-5
3486:978-0-8122-3353-7
3457:, Volume 6, 51–73
3449:978-0-9633494-2-2
3412:978-0-8028-3347-1
3398:978-0-8018-9625-5
3225:Allen (2006), 590
3186:Chapuis, Julien.
3120:Adams (2010), xvi
2804:Knecht (2007), 52
2779:Adams (2010), 175
2679:Adams (2010), 6–8
2670:Adams (2010), 8–9
2656:Adams (2010), 228
2445:Adams (2010), 223
2404:Adams (2010), 3–4
2238:
2237:
2234:
2233:
1124:John the Fearless
1003:John the Fearless
948:John the Fearless
888:Buonaccorso Pitti
851:was betrothed to
538:Margaret of Brieg
536:. Albert's wife,
534:Bavaria-Straubing
499:Holy Roman Empire
443:John the Fearless
367:John the Fearless
359:dukes of Burgundy
340:Dauphin of France
326:ladies-in-waiting
275:
274:
16:(Redirected from
4561:
4377:House of Orléans
4349:House of Bourbon
4315:Marie Antoinette
4295:Marie de' Medici
4281:House of Bourbon
4221:Claude of France
4206:Anne of Brittany
4171:Joan of Burgundy
4117:Marie of Brabant
4097:Agnes of Merania
3918:Bertrada of Laon
3728:
3721:
3714:
3705:
3654:
3647:
3629:
3567:Tuchman, Barbara
3432:Cochon, Pierre.
3418:The Art Bulletin
3377:
3376:
3364:
3355:
3354:
3342:
3333:
3330:full text online
3327:
3313:
3300:
3297:
3288:
3287:
3273:
3264:
3261:
3255:
3252:
3235:
3232:
3226:
3223:
3217:
3214:
3208:
3201:
3195:
3184:
3175:
3172:
3166:
3165:Adams (2010), 61
3163:
3157:
3154:
3148:
3145:
3139:
3136:
3130:
3127:
3121:
3118:
3112:
3109:
3103:
3100:
3091:
3088:
3082:
3079:
3070:
3067:
3061:
3058:
3052:
3049:
3043:
3040:
3034:
3033:Adams (2010), 47
3031:
3025:
3022:
3016:
3013:
3007:
3004:
2998:
2995:
2986:
2983:
2972:
2969:
2958:
2957:Adams (2010), 36
2955:
2942:
2941:Adams (2010), 35
2939:
2933:
2930:
2924:
2921:
2912:
2909:
2898:
2895:
2889:
2886:
2880:
2877:
2871:
2868:
2859:
2856:
2850:
2847:
2841:
2838:
2823:
2820:
2814:
2811:
2805:
2802:
2796:
2795:Adams (2010), 19
2793:
2780:
2777:
2771:
2768:
2762:
2759:
2750:
2747:
2741:
2738:
2727:
2724:
2713:
2710:
2701:
2698:
2692:
2689:
2680:
2677:
2671:
2668:
2657:
2654:
2648:
2645:
2632:
2629:
2623:
2620:
2611:
2608:
2602:
2599:
2593:
2590:
2565:
2562:
2553:
2550:
2544:
2541:
2530:
2527:
2521:
2518:
2512:
2509:
2498:
2495:
2489:
2486:
2480:
2477:
2471:
2468:
2455:
2452:
2446:
2443:
2437:
2434:
2417:
2414:
2405:
2402:
2393:
2390:
2384:
2381:
2370:
2367:
2356:
2353:
2337:
2330:
2324:
2320:
2314:
2311:
2305:
2302:Pope Clement VII
2298:Bernabò Visconti
2294:
2288:
2280:
2274:
2267:
2261:
2257:
2047:Bernabò Visconti
2021:Stefano Visconti
1957:Eleanor of Anjou
1760:
1751:
1737:
1723:
1705:
1683:
1661:
1643:
1620:
1489:John the Baptist
1417:with her ladies.
1384:Marie Antoinette
1365:
1238:Treaty of Troyes
1192:assassinate John
1174:Treaty of Troyes
1143:John of Touraine
1099:Cabochien Revolt
1007:Louis of Orléans
969:
803:
789:Duchess of Berry
645:tableaux vivants
633:
611:
590:ceremonial entry
530:Count of Holland
511:John the Baptist
408:Bernabò Visconti
384:Treaty of Troyes
357:, and the royal
193:
176:
174:
126:
123:
106:23 August 1389,
76:
75: 1410–1414
73:
58:
46:
21:
4569:
4568:
4564:
4563:
4562:
4560:
4559:
4558:
4449:House of Valois
4429:
4428:
4425:
4420:
4409:
4390:
4371:
4343:
4319:
4300:Anne of Austria
4275:
4250:
4162:House of Valois
4156:
4032:Rozala of Italy
4012:
3903:
3894:
3755:
3754:
3735:
3732:
3693:
3684:
3671:
3648:
3642:
3641:
3634:
3624:Wayback Machine
3601:
3536:Seward, Desmond
3505:Huizinga, Johan
3385:
3380:
3366:
3365:
3358:
3344:
3343:
3336:
3315:
3314:
3303:
3298:
3291:
3275:
3274:
3267:
3262:
3258:
3253:
3238:
3233:
3229:
3224:
3220:
3215:
3211:
3202:
3198:
3185:
3178:
3173:
3169:
3164:
3160:
3155:
3151:
3146:
3142:
3137:
3133:
3128:
3124:
3119:
3115:
3110:
3106:
3101:
3094:
3089:
3085:
3081:Adams (2010), 7
3080:
3073:
3068:
3064:
3059:
3055:
3050:
3046:
3041:
3037:
3032:
3028:
3023:
3019:
3014:
3010:
3005:
3001:
2996:
2989:
2984:
2975:
2970:
2961:
2956:
2945:
2940:
2936:
2931:
2927:
2922:
2915:
2910:
2901:
2896:
2892:
2887:
2883:
2878:
2874:
2869:
2862:
2857:
2853:
2848:
2844:
2839:
2826:
2821:
2817:
2812:
2808:
2803:
2799:
2794:
2783:
2778:
2774:
2769:
2765:
2760:
2753:
2748:
2744:
2739:
2730:
2725:
2716:
2711:
2704:
2699:
2695:
2690:
2683:
2678:
2674:
2669:
2660:
2655:
2651:
2646:
2635:
2630:
2626:
2621:
2614:
2609:
2605:
2600:
2596:
2591:
2568:
2563:
2556:
2551:
2547:
2542:
2533:
2528:
2524:
2519:
2515:
2510:
2501:
2496:
2492:
2487:
2483:
2478:
2474:
2469:
2458:
2453:
2449:
2444:
2440:
2435:
2420:
2415:
2408:
2403:
2396:
2391:
2387:
2382:
2373:
2368:
2359:
2354:
2350:
2346:
2341:
2340:
2334:Anne of Bourbon
2331:
2327:
2321:
2317:
2312:
2308:
2295:
2291:
2281:
2277:
2268:
2264:
2258:
2254:
2249:
2244:
2239:
2102:Taddea Visconti
1748:
1741:
1738:
1729:
1724:
1715:
1706:
1697:
1684:
1675:
1673:Philip the Good
1662:
1653:
1644:
1635:
1631:'s marriage to
1621:
1533:
1497:Saint Catherine
1454:, known as the
1403:
1389:Marquis de Sade
1359:
1322:
1303:HĂ´tel Saint-Pol
1257:Duke of Bedford
1223:Philip the Good
1200:
1080:
1068:Philip the Good
1035:Bal des Ardents
1021:In March 1408,
996:
972:Songe Veritable
959:
930:
825:
801:
773:Bal des Ardents
752:Bal des Ardents
688:
653:Rue Saint-Denis
641:
640:
639:
638:
637:
634:
626:
625:
612:
586:
478:King Charles VI
457:, married Duke
447:Philip the Bold
404:Taddea Visconti
396:
363:Philip the Bold
331:Bal des Ardents
306:Taddea Visconti
290:Queen of France
270:Taddea Visconti
239:
187:
186:
178:
170:
166:
163:
150:
145:
135:
124:
81:
79:British Library
74:
42:
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
4567:
4565:
4557:
4556:
4551:
4546:
4541:
4536:
4531:
4526:
4521:
4516:
4511:
4506:
4501:
4496:
4491:
4486:
4481:
4476:
4471:
4466:
4461:
4456:
4451:
4446:
4441:
4431:
4430:
4422:
4421:
4414:
4411:
4410:
4408:
4407:
4401:
4399:
4392:
4391:
4389:
4388:
4382:
4380:
4373:
4372:
4370:
4369:
4362:
4354:
4352:
4345:
4344:
4342:
4341:
4336:
4330:
4328:
4321:
4320:
4318:
4317:
4312:
4307:
4302:
4297:
4292:
4286:
4284:
4277:
4276:
4274:
4273:
4265:
4263:
4252:
4251:
4249:
4248:
4243:
4238:
4233:
4228:
4223:
4218:
4213:
4211:Joan of France
4208:
4203:
4198:
4196:Marie of Anjou
4193:
4188:
4183:
4178:
4173:
4167:
4165:
4158:
4157:
4155:
4154:
4152:Joan of Évreux
4149:
4144:
4139:
4134:
4129:
4124:
4119:
4114:
4109:
4104:
4099:
4094:
4089:
4084:
4079:
4074:
4069:
4064:
4059:
4054:
4049:
4044:
4039:
4034:
4029:
4023:
4021:
4018:House of Capet
4014:
4013:
4011:
4010:
4005:
4000:
3998:Emma of France
3995:
3990:
3985:
3980:
3975:
3970:
3965:
3960:
3955:
3950:
3945:
3940:
3935:
3930:
3925:
3920:
3914:
3912:
3896:
3895:
3893:
3892:
3887:
3882:
3877:
3872:
3867:
3862:
3857:
3852:
3847:
3842:
3837:
3832:
3827:
3822:
3817:
3812:
3807:
3802:
3797:
3792:
3787:
3782:
3777:
3772:
3766:
3764:
3757:
3756:
3753:
3752:
3747:
3741:
3740:
3737:
3736:
3733:
3731:
3730:
3723:
3716:
3708:
3700:
3699:
3696:Marie of Anjou
3691:
3686:
3677:
3669:
3663:
3662:
3660:French royalty
3656:
3655:
3653:September 1435
3635:
3632:
3627:
3626:
3614:
3607:
3600:
3599:External links
3597:
3596:
3595:
3581:
3564:
3550:
3533:
3519:
3502:
3488:
3474:
3465:
3458:
3451:
3437:
3430:
3421:
3414:
3400:
3384:
3381:
3379:
3378:
3356:
3334:
3301:
3289:
3265:
3256:
3236:
3227:
3218:
3209:
3196:
3176:
3167:
3158:
3149:
3140:
3131:
3122:
3113:
3104:
3092:
3083:
3071:
3062:
3053:
3044:
3035:
3026:
3017:
3008:
2999:
2987:
2973:
2959:
2943:
2934:
2925:
2913:
2899:
2890:
2881:
2872:
2860:
2851:
2842:
2824:
2815:
2806:
2797:
2781:
2772:
2763:
2751:
2742:
2728:
2714:
2702:
2693:
2681:
2672:
2658:
2649:
2633:
2624:
2612:
2603:
2594:
2566:
2554:
2545:
2531:
2522:
2513:
2499:
2490:
2481:
2472:
2456:
2447:
2438:
2418:
2406:
2394:
2385:
2371:
2357:
2347:
2345:
2342:
2339:
2338:
2325:
2315:
2306:
2289:
2275:
2262:
2251:
2250:
2248:
2245:
2243:
2240:
2236:
2235:
2232:
2231:
2229:
2227:
2225:
2223:
2221:
2219:
2217:
2215:
2213:
2211:
2209:
2207:
2205:
2202:
2201:
2199:
2196:
2195:
2192:
2189:
2188:
2185:
2184:
2182:
2180:
2178:
2175:
2174:
2172:
2169:
2168:
2166:
2160:
2157:
2156:
2153:
2152:
2150:
2147:
2146:
2144:
2141:
2140:
2134:
2131:
2130:
2127:
2126:
2124:
2122:
2120:
2118:
2116:
2113:
2112:
2110:
2107:
2106:
2104:
2098:
2095:
2094:
2091:
2090:
2088:
2085:
2084:
2082:
2079:
2078:
2075:
2072:
2071:
2068:
2067:
2065:
2063:
2061:
2058:
2057:
2055:
2052:
2051:
2049:
2043:
2040:
2039:
2036:
2035:
2033:
2030:
2029:
2027:
2024:
2023:
2017:
2014:
2013:
2010:
2009:
2007:
2005:
2003:
2001:
1999:
1997:
1995:
1992:
1991:
1988:
1987:
1985:
1979:
1976:
1975:
1972:
1971:
1969:
1966:
1965:
1963:
1960:
1959:
1953:
1950:
1949:
1946:
1945:
1943:
1941:
1939:
1936:
1935:
1933:
1930:
1929:
1927:
1921:
1918:
1917:
1914:
1913:
1911:
1908:
1907:
1905:
1902:
1901:
1895:
1892:
1891:
1888:
1887:
1885:
1883:
1881:
1879:
1877:
1874:
1873:
1871:
1868:
1867:
1865:
1859:
1856:
1855:
1852:
1851:
1849:
1846:
1845:
1843:
1840:
1839:
1833:
1830:
1829:
1826:
1825:
1823:
1821:
1819:
1816:
1815:
1813:
1810:
1809:
1807:
1801:
1798:
1797:
1794:
1793:
1791:
1788:
1787:
1785:
1782:
1781:
1775:
1773:
1771:
1769:
1767:
1765:
1763:
1756:
1755:
1749:
1747:
1744:
1743:
1742:
1739:
1732:
1730:
1725:
1718:
1716:
1707:
1700:
1698:
1685:
1678:
1676:
1663:
1656:
1654:
1647:Joan of France
1645:
1638:
1636:
1622:
1615:
1600:Marie of Anjou
1532:
1529:
1460:Goldenes Rössl
1440:Goldenes Rössl
1402:
1399:
1321:
1318:
1314:St Denis Abbey
1309:dame d'honneur
1269:Desmond Seward
1199:
1196:
1166:Marie of Anjou
1079:
1076:
995:
992:
929:
926:
903:Western Schism
893:In the 1390s,
824:
821:
687:
684:
669:fleurs-des-lis
635:
628:
627:
613:
606:
605:
604:
603:
602:
594:thread-of-gold
585:
582:
566:Michel Pintoin
515:Jean Froissart
395:
392:
273:
272:
267:
263:
262:
257:
253:
252:
247:
241:
240:
238:
237:
232:
227:
222:
217:
212:
207:
202:
196:
194:
180:
179:
168:
164:
159:
158:
156:
152:
151:
146:
142:
138:
137:
134:September 1435
132:
128:
127:
119:
115:
114:
111:
110:
104:
98:
97:
94:
90:
89:
83:
82:
59:
51:
50:
39:Queen Isabella
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4566:
4555:
4552:
4550:
4547:
4545:
4542:
4540:
4537:
4535:
4532:
4530:
4527:
4525:
4522:
4520:
4517:
4515:
4512:
4510:
4507:
4505:
4502:
4500:
4497:
4495:
4492:
4490:
4487:
4485:
4482:
4480:
4477:
4475:
4472:
4470:
4467:
4465:
4462:
4460:
4457:
4455:
4452:
4450:
4447:
4445:
4442:
4440:
4437:
4436:
4434:
4427:
4418:
4412:
4406:
4403:
4402:
4400:
4397:
4393:
4387:
4384:
4383:
4381:
4378:
4374:
4368:
4367:
4366:Marie-Thérèse
4363:
4361:
4360:
4356:
4355:
4353:
4350:
4346:
4340:
4337:
4335:
4332:
4331:
4329:
4326:
4322:
4316:
4313:
4311:
4308:
4306:
4303:
4301:
4298:
4296:
4293:
4291:
4288:
4287:
4285:
4282:
4278:
4272:
4271:
4267:
4266:
4264:
4262:
4259:
4258:
4253:
4247:
4244:
4242:
4239:
4237:
4234:
4232:
4229:
4227:
4224:
4222:
4219:
4217:
4214:
4212:
4209:
4207:
4204:
4202:
4199:
4197:
4194:
4192:
4189:
4187:
4184:
4182:
4179:
4177:
4174:
4172:
4169:
4168:
4166:
4163:
4159:
4153:
4150:
4148:
4145:
4143:
4140:
4138:
4135:
4133:
4130:
4128:
4125:
4123:
4120:
4118:
4115:
4113:
4110:
4108:
4105:
4103:
4100:
4098:
4095:
4093:
4090:
4088:
4085:
4083:
4080:
4078:
4075:
4073:
4070:
4068:
4065:
4063:
4060:
4058:
4055:
4053:
4050:
4048:
4045:
4043:
4040:
4038:
4035:
4033:
4030:
4028:
4025:
4024:
4022:
4019:
4015:
4009:
4008:Emma of Italy
4006:
4004:
4001:
3999:
3996:
3994:
3991:
3989:
3986:
3984:
3981:
3979:
3976:
3974:
3971:
3969:
3966:
3964:
3961:
3959:
3956:
3954:
3951:
3949:
3946:
3944:
3941:
3939:
3936:
3934:
3931:
3929:
3926:
3924:
3921:
3919:
3916:
3915:
3913:
3910:
3906:
3901:
3897:
3891:
3888:
3886:
3883:
3881:
3878:
3876:
3873:
3871:
3868:
3866:
3863:
3861:
3858:
3856:
3853:
3851:
3848:
3846:
3843:
3841:
3838:
3836:
3833:
3831:
3828:
3826:
3823:
3821:
3818:
3816:
3813:
3811:
3808:
3806:
3803:
3801:
3798:
3796:
3793:
3791:
3788:
3786:
3783:
3781:
3778:
3776:
3773:
3771:
3768:
3767:
3765:
3762:
3758:
3751:
3748:
3746:
3743:
3742:
3738:
3729:
3724:
3722:
3717:
3715:
3710:
3709:
3706:
3698:
3697:
3690:
3683:
3682:
3676:
3675:
3668:
3664:
3661:
3657:
3652:
3645:
3640:
3639:
3630:
3625:
3621:
3618:
3615:
3613:
3612:
3608:
3606:
3603:
3602:
3598:
3594:
3590:
3586:
3582:
3580:
3576:
3572:
3568:
3565:
3563:
3559:
3555:
3551:
3549:
3545:
3541:
3537:
3534:
3532:
3528:
3524:
3520:
3518:
3514:
3510:
3506:
3503:
3501:
3497:
3493:
3489:
3487:
3483:
3479:
3475:
3472:
3471:
3466:
3463:
3459:
3456:
3452:
3450:
3446:
3442:
3438:
3435:
3431:
3428:
3427:
3422:
3419:
3415:
3413:
3409:
3405:
3401:
3399:
3395:
3391:
3387:
3386:
3382:
3374:
3370:
3363:
3361:
3357:
3352:
3348:
3341:
3339:
3335:
3331:
3325:
3324:
3319:
3318:"Stephan II."
3312:
3310:
3308:
3306:
3302:
3296:
3294:
3290:
3285:
3284:
3279:
3272:
3270:
3266:
3260:
3257:
3251:
3249:
3247:
3245:
3243:
3241:
3237:
3231:
3228:
3222:
3219:
3213:
3210:
3206:
3200:
3197:
3193:
3189:
3183:
3181:
3177:
3171:
3168:
3162:
3159:
3153:
3150:
3144:
3141:
3135:
3132:
3126:
3123:
3117:
3114:
3108:
3105:
3099:
3097:
3093:
3087:
3084:
3078:
3076:
3072:
3066:
3063:
3057:
3054:
3048:
3045:
3039:
3036:
3030:
3027:
3021:
3018:
3012:
3009:
3003:
3000:
2994:
2992:
2988:
2982:
2980:
2978:
2974:
2968:
2966:
2964:
2960:
2954:
2952:
2950:
2948:
2944:
2938:
2935:
2929:
2926:
2920:
2918:
2914:
2908:
2906:
2904:
2900:
2894:
2891:
2885:
2882:
2876:
2873:
2867:
2865:
2861:
2855:
2852:
2846:
2843:
2837:
2835:
2833:
2831:
2829:
2825:
2819:
2816:
2810:
2807:
2801:
2798:
2792:
2790:
2788:
2786:
2782:
2776:
2773:
2767:
2764:
2758:
2756:
2752:
2746:
2743:
2737:
2735:
2733:
2729:
2723:
2721:
2719:
2715:
2709:
2707:
2703:
2697:
2694:
2688:
2686:
2682:
2676:
2673:
2667:
2665:
2663:
2659:
2653:
2650:
2644:
2642:
2640:
2638:
2634:
2628:
2625:
2619:
2617:
2613:
2607:
2604:
2598:
2595:
2589:
2587:
2585:
2583:
2581:
2579:
2577:
2575:
2573:
2571:
2567:
2561:
2559:
2555:
2549:
2546:
2540:
2538:
2536:
2532:
2526:
2523:
2517:
2514:
2508:
2506:
2504:
2500:
2494:
2491:
2485:
2482:
2476:
2473:
2467:
2465:
2463:
2461:
2457:
2451:
2448:
2442:
2439:
2433:
2431:
2429:
2427:
2425:
2423:
2419:
2413:
2411:
2407:
2401:
2399:
2395:
2389:
2386:
2380:
2378:
2376:
2372:
2366:
2364:
2362:
2358:
2352:
2349:
2343:
2335:
2329:
2326:
2319:
2316:
2310:
2307:
2303:
2299:
2293:
2290:
2285:
2279:
2276:
2272:
2266:
2263:
2256:
2253:
2246:
2241:
2230:
2228:
2226:
2224:
2222:
2220:
2218:
2216:
2214:
2212:
2210:
2208:
2206:
2204:
2203:
2200:
2198:
2197:
2191:
2190:
2187:
2186:
2177:
2176:
2171:
2170:
2165:
2159:
2158:
2155:
2154:
2149:
2148:
2143:
2142:
2139:
2133:
2132:
2129:
2128:
2115:
2114:
2109:
2108:
2103:
2097:
2096:
2093:
2092:
2087:
2086:
2081:
2080:
2074:
2073:
2070:
2069:
2060:
2059:
2054:
2053:
2048:
2042:
2041:
2038:
2037:
2032:
2031:
2026:
2025:
2022:
2016:
2015:
2012:
2011:
1994:
1993:
1990:
1989:
1984:
1978:
1977:
1974:
1973:
1968:
1967:
1962:
1961:
1958:
1952:
1951:
1948:
1947:
1938:
1937:
1932:
1931:
1926:
1920:
1919:
1916:
1915:
1910:
1909:
1904:
1903:
1900:
1894:
1893:
1890:
1889:
1876:
1875:
1870:
1869:
1864:
1858:
1857:
1854:
1853:
1848:
1847:
1842:
1841:
1838:
1832:
1831:
1828:
1827:
1818:
1817:
1812:
1811:
1806:
1800:
1799:
1796:
1795:
1790:
1789:
1784:
1783:
1780:
1774:
1762:
1761:
1758:
1757:
1753:
1752:
1745:
1736:
1731:
1728:
1722:
1717:
1714:
1710:
1704:
1699:
1696:
1692:
1688:
1682:
1677:
1674:
1670:
1666:
1660:
1655:
1652:
1648:
1642:
1637:
1634:
1630:
1626:
1619:
1614:
1612:
1609:
1603:
1601:
1597:
1593:
1589:
1585:
1580:
1578:
1574:
1570:
1566:
1562:
1558:
1554:
1550:
1546:
1541:
1539:
1530:
1528:
1526:
1521:
1519:
1515:
1514:
1509:
1505:
1500:
1498:
1494:
1490:
1486:
1482:
1477:
1473:
1469:
1465:
1461:
1457:
1453:
1445:
1441:
1436:
1432:
1430:
1429:tableaux d'or
1426:
1425:
1416:
1412:
1407:
1400:
1398:
1396:
1395:
1390:
1385:
1379:
1376:
1372:
1363:
1358:
1353:
1349:
1345:
1338:
1334:
1330:
1326:
1319:
1317:
1315:
1311:
1310:
1304:
1299:
1293:
1288:
1284:
1282:
1278:
1273:
1270:
1266:
1262:
1258:
1254:
1253:Henry VI
1249:
1247:
1239:
1234:
1230:
1228:
1224:
1217:
1213:
1210:, shown in a
1209:
1204:
1195:
1193:
1189:
1184:
1182:
1177:
1175:
1171:
1167:
1163:
1158:
1156:
1152:
1148:
1144:
1135:
1129:
1126:, painted by
1125:
1120:
1116:
1114:
1110:
1106:
1104:
1100:
1095:
1088:
1084:
1077:
1075:
1073:
1069:
1065:
1060:
1058:
1054:
1050:
1045:
1043:
1038:
1036:
1032:
1028:
1027:justification
1024:
1019:
1012:
1008:
1004:
1000:
993:
991:
989:
985:
981:
975:
973:
967:
963:
958:
949:
945:
941:
939:
934:
927:
925:
923:
919:
914:
912:
908:
904:
900:
896:
891:
889:
885:
881:
877:
873:
869:
865:
861:
854:
850:
845:
841:
839:
835:
829:
822:
820:
818:
812:
810:
805:
797:
790:
786:
785:
779:
775:
774:
768:
764:
762:
758:
754:
753:
748:
742:
740:
736:
732:
727:
724:
720:
716:
708:
707:
701:
697:
692:
685:
683:
681:
677:
672:
670:
666:
661:
658:
654:
650:
646:
632:
623:
622:
616:
610:
601:
599:
595:
591:
583:
581:
579:
575:
571:
567:
563:
559:
554:
552:
548:
547:
541:
539:
535:
531:
527:
526:Duke Albert I
523:
518:
516:
512:
508:
504:
500:
491:
487:
483:
479:
474:
470:
468:
464:
460:
456:
452:
448:
444:
440:
436:
432:
427:
425:
421:
417:
413:
409:
405:
401:
393:
391:
387:
385:
381:
376:
372:
368:
364:
360:
356:
352:
347:
345:
344:heir apparent
341:
337:
333:
332:
327:
323:
317:
315:
311:
307:
303:
299:
295:
291:
287:
283:
279:
271:
268:
264:
261:
258:
254:
251:
248:
246:
242:
236:
233:
231:
228:
226:
223:
221:
218:
216:
213:
211:
208:
206:
203:
201:
198:
197:
195:
192:
191:
185:
181:
162:
157:
153:
149:
143:
139:
133:
129:
120:
116:
112:
109:
105:
103:
99:
95:
91:
88:
84:
80:
69:
68:
63:
57:
52:
47:
44:
40:
33:
19:
4474:1370s births
4426:
4416:
4364:
4357:
4339:Marie Louise
4268:
4260:
4255:
4190:
4052:Anne of Kiev
3900:Carolingians
3875:Bertechildis
3761:Merovingians
3694:
3688:
3679:
3672:
3666:
3650:
3643:
3636:
3610:
3584:
3570:
3553:
3539:
3522:
3508:
3491:
3477:
3469:
3461:
3454:
3440:
3433:
3424:
3417:
3403:
3389:
3372:
3350:
3328:; (
3321:
3281:
3278:Stephan III.
3259:
3230:
3221:
3212:
3204:
3199:
3191:
3170:
3161:
3152:
3143:
3134:
3125:
3116:
3107:
3086:
3065:
3056:
3047:
3038:
3029:
3020:
3011:
3002:
2937:
2928:
2893:
2884:
2875:
2854:
2845:
2818:
2809:
2800:
2775:
2766:
2745:
2696:
2675:
2652:
2627:
2606:
2597:
2548:
2525:
2516:
2493:
2484:
2475:
2450:
2441:
2388:
2351:
2328:
2318:
2309:
2292:
2278:
2265:
2255:
1982:
1713:Jean Fouquet
1695:Edmund Evans
1624:
1604:
1581:
1542:
1534:
1522:
1517:
1511:
1508:courtly love
1503:
1501:
1492:
1475:
1472:Roman custom
1467:
1459:
1455:
1451:
1449:
1443:
1439:
1428:
1422:
1420:
1392:
1380:
1368:
1357:Paul Lormier
1346:
1342:
1327:
1323:
1307:
1300:
1296:
1276:
1274:
1250:
1242:
1220:
1216:Jean Fouquet
1185:
1180:
1178:
1159:
1140:
1107:
1091:
1061:
1056:
1046:
1039:
1034:
1020:
1016:
983:
976:
971:
953:
935:
931:
915:
897:, later the
892:
857:
832:his father,
830:
826:
813:
806:
798:
794:
783:
782:Froissart's
771:
750:
743:
728:
712:
705:
704:Froissart's
680:Fall of Troy
673:
662:
642:
620:
619:Froissart's
587:
561:
555:
545:
542:
519:
495:
489:
428:
397:
390:propaganda.
388:
348:
329:
318:
285:
281:
277:
276:
188:
144:October 1435
65:
43:
4479:1435 deaths
4398:(1852–1870)
4379:(1830–1848)
4283:(1589–1792)
4261:(1422–1453)
4236:Mary Stuart
4164:(1328–1589)
3890:Chrothildis
3870:Wulfefundis
3865:Ragintrudis
3820:Austregilde
3815:Theudechild
3569:. (1978).
2284:Tracy Adams
1493:ronde-bosse
1481:Virgin Mary
1452:ronde-bosse
1424:ronde-bosse
1360: [
1281:Joan of Arc
960: [
938:Burgundians
911:Clement VII
895:Jean Gerson
817:Tracy Adams
375:Burgundians
125: 1370
4433:Categories
4216:Mary Tudor
4020:(987–1328)
3905:Robertians
3855:Gomentrude
3830:Galswintha
3775:Ultragotha
3685:1385–1422
3538:. (1978).
2282:Historian
2242:References
1689:, meeting
1625:Chronicles
1608:Celestines
1577:Owen Tudor
1495:statuette
1277:Pastorelet
1031:necromancy
1023:Jean Petit
860:Florentine
784:Chronicles
706:Chronicles
696:Charles VI
665:Grand Pont
657:Notre Dame
621:Chronicles
584:Coronation
546:Chronicles
314:coronation
294:Charles VI
108:Notre-Dame
102:Coronation
3983:Frederuna
3973:Richardis
3933:Hildegard
3911:(751–987)
3885:Bilichild
3835:Fredegund
3810:Marcovefa
3805:Merofleda
3800:Ingoberga
3763:(509–751)
2344:Citations
2271:Charles V
1464:Altötting
1401:Patronage
1246:Catherine
1227:Salic law
1212:miniature
1188:Montereau
1176:in 1420.
1113:Agincourt
1078:Civil war
1011:miniature
868:Valentina
834:Charles V
778:miniature
700:miniature
615:Miniature
507:Cathedral
490:Chronique
371:Armagnacs
3943:Luitgard
3938:Fastrada
3923:Gerberga
3909:Bosonids
3860:Nanthild
3850:Sichilde
3845:Bertrude
3825:Audovera
3785:Radegund
3780:Guntheuc
3770:Clotilde
3620:Archived
1746:Ancestry
1629:Isabella
1627:showing
1565:Michelle
1545:Isabella
1531:Children
1476:Ă©trennes
1468:Ă©trennes
1261:St. Ouen
1072:Margaret
1066:married
1064:Michelle
880:Isabella
849:Isabella
757:regicide
747:wild men
505:, whose
482:palfreys
467:jousting
463:tourneys
282:Isabelle
4417:italics
3795:Aregund
3646:c. 1370
3383:Sources
1375:hennins
1371:braided
1162:Charles
1103:Picardy
1057:tutelle
918:Dauphin
907:Avignon
761:sorcery
723:regents
715:Le Mans
598:litters
558:palfrey
522:Hainaut
484:. From
439:Cambrai
380:Charles
338:to the
284:; also
177:
169:
165:
3790:Ingund
3689:Vacant
3667:Vacant
3649:
3591:
3577:
3560:
3546:
3529:
3515:
3498:
3484:
3447:
3410:
3396:
1669:hennin
1525:Poissy
1458:, (or
1415:closet
874:, and
503:Amiens
416:Munich
412:ducats
373:, the
336:regent
322:masque
266:Mother
256:Father
190:Detail
155:Spouse
141:Burial
93:Tenure
3651:Died:
3644:Born:
2323:17–18
2247:Notes
1538:Marie
1364:]
1265:Seine
1170:Tours
1051:, at
980:Melun
968:]
780:from
776:in a
731:magic
726:ill.
719:Berry
702:from
617:from
570:Creil
551:Arras
310:Milan
245:House
184:Issue
171:(
167:
136:Paris
3907:and
3589:ISBN
3575:ISBN
3558:ISBN
3544:ISBN
3527:ISBN
3513:ISBN
3496:ISBN
3482:ISBN
3445:ISBN
3408:ISBN
3394:ISBN
2136:14.
2019:12.
1955:11.
1897:10.
1557:Joan
1487:and
1438:The
770:The
759:and
402:and
365:and
304:and
280:(or
131:Died
118:Born
3280:",
2287:224
2260:190
2162:7.
2100:3.
2045:6.
1981:1.
1923:5.
1861:2.
1835:9.
1803:4.
1777:8.
1470:—a
1214:by
882:to
488:'s
308:of
64:'s
4435::
3371:.
3359:^
3349:.
3337:^
3320:,
3304:^
3292:^
3268:^
3239:^
3190:.
3179:^
3095:^
3074:^
2990:^
2976:^
2962:^
2946:^
2916:^
2902:^
2863:^
2827:^
2784:^
2754:^
2731:^
2717:^
2705:^
2684:^
2661:^
2636:^
2615:^
2569:^
2557:^
2534:^
2502:^
2459:^
2421:^
2409:^
2397:^
2374:^
2360:^
1527:.
1499:.
1362:fr
1267:.
1105:.
966:de
964:;
962:fr
890:.
528:,
426:.
361:,
173:m.
122:c.
72:c.
70:,
4419:.
3902:,
3727:e
3720:t
3713:v
3353:.
3332:)
1442:(
1013:.
802:'
709:.
492:.
342:(
41:.
34:.
20:)
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