Elizabeth of Russia - Knowledge (XXG)

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attendance, most of whom were the nation's leading merchants, members of the lower nobility and guards stationed in and around the city of the event. The other ball was a much smaller affair reserved for her closest friends and members of the highest echelons of nobility. The smaller gatherings began as masked balls, but evolved into the famous metamorphoses balls by 1744. At these metamorphoses balls, guests were expected to dress as the opposite sex, with Elizabeth often dressing up as Cossack or carpenter in honour of her father. Costumes not permitted at the event were those of pilgrims and harlequins, which she considered profane and indecent respectively. Most courtiers thoroughly disliked the balls, as most guests by decree looked ridiculous, but Elizabeth adored them; as Catherine the Great's advisor Potemkin posited, this was because she was "the only woman who looked truly fine and completely a man.... As she was tall and possessed a powerful body, male attire suited her".

899: 957: 285: 918: 1317: 1250: 1026: 491: 1122:, who would have been Paul's biological father. Peter never gave any indication that he believed Paul to have been fathered by anyone but himself but took no interest in parenthood. Elizabeth most certainly took an active interest and acted as if she were his mother, instead of Catherine. Shortly after Paul's birth the Empress ordered the midwife to take the baby and to follow her, and Catherine did not see her child for another month, for a short churching ceremony. Six months later, Elizabeth let Catherine see the child again. The child had, in effect, become a ward of the state and, in a larger sense, the property of the state. 990: 937: 856: 763: 708:. There was little love lost between the cousins and no prospect of either any Russian nobleman or any foreign prince seeking Elizabeth's hand in marriage. Nor could she marry a commoner because it would cost her royal status, property rights and claim to the throne. The fact that Elizabeth was something of a beauty did not improve marriage prospects, but instead earned her resentment. When the Empress Anna asked the Chinese minister in Saint Petersburg to identify the most beautiful woman at her court, he pointed to Elizabeth, much to Anna's displeasure. 78: 843:. The circumstances of Elizabeth's birth would later be used by her political opponents to challenge her right to the throne on grounds of illegitimacy. When Countess Lopukhina's son, Ivan Lopukhin, complained of Elizabeth in a tavern, he implicated his mother, himself and others in a plot to reinstate Ivan VI as tsar. Ivan Lopukhin was overheard and tortured for information. All the conspirators were sentenced to death. The female conspirators had their sentences commuted to having their tongues removed and being publicly flogged. The men were 734:. Razumovsky had been brought from his village to Saint Petersburg by a nobleman to sing for a church choir, but the Grand Duchess purchased the talented serf from the nobleman for her own choir. A simple-minded man, Razumovsky never showed interest in affairs of state during all the years of his relationship with Elizabeth, which spanned from the days of her obscurity to the height of her power. As the couple was devoted to each other, there is reason to believe that they might even have married in a secret ceremony. In 1742, the 1340:, induced the court of Versailles on the evening of 22 January 1761 to present to the court of Saint Petersburg a dispatch to the effect that the king of France, by reason of the condition of his dominions, absolutely desired peace. The Russian empress's reply was delivered to the two ambassadors on 12 February. It was inspired by the most uncompromising hostility towards the king of Prussia. Elizabeth would not consent to any pacific overtures until the original object of the league had been accomplished. 276: 1079: 1461: 626: 683: 4051: 1014: 1492:

One famous story exemplifying her vanity is that once Elizabeth got a bit of powder in her hair and was unable to remove it except by cutting a patch of her hair. She made all of the court ladies cut patches out of their hair too, which they did "with tears in their eyes". This aggressive vanity became a tenet of the court throughout her reign, particularly as she grew older. According to historian

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that a daughter born to his former maid might one day inherit the Russian throne, which had until that point never been occupied by a woman; as such, it was left to Catherine to raise the girls, a task met with considerable difficulty due to her own lack of education. Despite this, Elizabeth was still considered to be a bright girl, if not brilliant, and had a French governess who gave lessons of

3011: 1430: 943: 4039: 1131: 1195: 617:. The wife of the British ambassador described Grand Duchess Elizabeth as "fair, with light brown hair, large sprightly blue eyes, fine teeth and a pretty mouth. She is inclinable to be fat, but is very genteel and dances better than anyone I ever saw. She speaks German, French and Italian, is extremely gay, and talks to everyone..." 4027: 1344:

mysterious negotiation seems to have been to reconcile France and Great Britain, in return for which signal service France was to throw all her forces into the attack on Prussia. This project, which lacked neither ability nor audacity, foundered upon Louis XV's invincible jealousy of the growth of Russian influence in

1379:, "We ought now to think of preserving for my nephew, by way of negotiation, whatever fragments of my territory we can save from the avidity of my enemies." A fortnight later, he wrote to Prince Ferdinand of Brunswick, "The sky begins to clear. Courage, my dear fellow. I have received the news of a great event." The 832:, worried that they would stir up trouble for her in other parts of Europe. Fearing a coup on Ivan's favour, Elizabeth set about destroying all papers, coins or anything else depicting or mentioning Ivan. She had issued an order that if any attempt were made for the adult Ivan to escape, he was to be eliminated. 1504:

noted that Elizabeth had beautiful legs, and loved to wear male attire because of the tight trousers. Though the balls were by far her most personally beloved and lavish events, Elizabeth often threw children's birthday parties and wedding receptions for those affiliated with her Court, going so far

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However, on 14 February 1758, Bestuzhev was removed from office. The future Catherine II recorded, "He was relieved of all his decorations and rank, without a soul being able to reveal for what crimes or transgressions the first gentleman of the Empire was so despoiled, and sent back to his house as

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and arrested the infant Emperor, his parents, and their own lieutenant-colonel, Count Burkhard Christoph von Munnich. It was a daring coup and, amazingly, succeeded without bloodshed. Elizabeth had vowed that if she became Empress, she would not sign a single death sentence, an extraordinary promise

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From the end of 1759 to the end of 1761, the eagerness of the Russian Empress was the one constraining political force that held together the heterogeneous, incessantly jarring elements of the anti-Prussian combination. From the Russian point of view, her greatness as a stateswoman consisted of her

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During the reign of her cousin Anna (1730–1740), Elizabeth was gathering support in the background. Being the daughter of Peter the Great, she enjoyed much support from the Russian Guards regiments. She often visited the elite Guards regiments, marking special events with the officers and acting as

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and refused to take the medication she had been prescribed. The Empress forbade the word "death" in her presence until she suffered a stroke on 24 December 1761 (O.S.). Knowing that she was dying, Elizabeth used her last remaining strength to make her confession, to recite with her confessor the

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against anyone wearing the same hairstyle, dress, or accessory as the Empress. One woman accidentally wore the same item as the Empress and was lashed across the face for it. Another law required French fabric salesmen to sell to the Empress first, and those who disregarded that law were arrested.

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Frederick himself was quite aware of his danger. "I'm at the end of my resources," he wrote at the beginning of 1760. "The continuance of this war means for me utter ruin. Things may drag on perhaps till July, but then a catastrophe must come." On 21 May 1760, a fresh convention was signed between

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With all her shortcomings (documents often waited months for her signature), Elizabeth had inherited her father's genius for government. Her usually keen judgement and her diplomatic tact again and again recalled Peter the Great. What sometimes appeared as irresolution and procrastination was most

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on 25 April 1742 (O.S.), which would become standard for all emperors of Russia until 1896. At the age of thirty-three, with relatively little political experience, she found herself at the head of a great empire at one of the most critical periods of its existence. Her proclamation explained that

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as King of Sweden and whose patrimony was at that time under Danish occupation. Despite all this, the prince was of impeccable birth and well-connected to many royal houses; it was a respectable and politically useful alliance. In the same year, Elizabeth was betrothed to marry Charles Frederick's

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stated, the court was "arrayed in cloth of gold, her nobles satisfied with only the most luxurious garments, the most expensive foods, the rarest drinks, that largest number of servants and they applied this standard of lavishness to their dress as well". A great number of silver and gold objects

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As a child, Elizabeth was the favourite of her father, whom she resembled both physically and temperamentally. Even though he adored his daughter, Peter did not devote time or attention to her education; having both a son and grandson from his first marriage to a noblewoman, he did not anticipate

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French plays quickly became the most popular and often were performed twice a week. In tandem, music became very important. Many attribute its popularity to Elizabeth's supposed husband, the "Emperor of the Night", Alexei Razumovsky, who reportedly relished music. Elizabeth spared no expense in

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agreed to unite their forces to oppose the entry of or the passage through Germany of troops of every foreign power, as utterly subversive of the previous conventions between Great Britain and Russia. Elizabeth sided against Prussia over a personal dislike of Frederick the Great. She wanted him

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and the Winter Palace, though she died before its completion. The Palace is said to contain 1,500 rooms, 1,786 doors, and 1,945 windows, including bureaucratic offices and the Imperial Family's living quarters arranged in two enfilades, from the top of the Jordan Staircase. Regarding the Smolny

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Despite the substantial changes made by Peter the Great, he had not exercised a really formative influence on the intellectual attitudes of the ruling classes as a whole. Although Elizabeth lacked the early education necessary to flourish as an intellectual (once finding the reading of secular

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28 January] 1725) a few weeks before the nuptials. In Elizabeth's case, however, her fiancé died on 31 May 1727, before her wedding could be celebrated. This came as a double blow to Elizabeth, because her mother (who had ascended to the throne as Catherine I) had died just two weeks

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With much of his fame resting on his effective efforts to modernise Russia, Tsar Peter desired to see his children married into the royal houses of Europe, something which his immediate predecessors had consciously tended to avoid. Peter's son Aleksei Petrovich, born of his first marriage to a

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Simultaneously, Elizabeth had conveyed to Louis XV a confidential letter in which she proposed the signature of a new treaty of alliance of a more comprehensive and explicit nature than the preceding treaties between the two powers without the knowledge of Austria. Elizabeth's object in the

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Despite her volatile and often violent reactions to others regarding her appearance, Elizabeth was ebullient in most other matters, particularly when it came to court entertainment. It was reported that she threw two balls a week; one would be a large event with an average of 800 guests in

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literature to be "injurious to health"), she was clever enough to know its benefits and made considerable groundwork for her eventual successor, Catherine the Great. She made education freely available to all social classes (except for serfs), encouraged establishment of the first

820:. Arriving at the regimental headquarters wearing a warrior's metal breastplate over her dress and grasping a silver cross, she challenged them: "Whom do you want to serve: me, your natural sovereign, or those who have stolen my inheritance?" Won over, the regiment marched to the 1110:, was a sister of Elizabeth's own fiancé, who had died before the wedding. On her conversion to the Russian Orthodox Church, Sophie was given the name Catherine in memory of Elizabeth's mother. The marriage took place on 21 August 1745. Nine years later a son, the future 1237:

a prisoner." No specific crime was ever pinned on Bestuzhev. Instead, it was inferred that he had attempted to sow discord between the Empress and her heir and his consort. Enemies of the pro-Austrian Bestuzhev were his rivals; the Shuvalov family, Vice-Chancellor

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often a wise suspension of judgement under exceptionally difficult circumstances. From the Russian point of view, her greatness as a stateswoman consisted of her steady appreciation of national interests and her determination to promote them against all obstacles.

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and Louis XV to get rid of Bestuzhev failed. Instead, they put the Russian court into the centre of a tangle of intrigue during the earlier years of Elizabeth's reign. Ultimately, the minister's strong support from the Empress prevailed.

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taverns, but work temporarily ceased due to lack of resources. Ultimately, taxes were increased on salt and alcohol to completely fund the extra costs. However, Elizabeth's incredible extravagance ended up greatly benefiting the country's

792:. Menshikov was arrested, stripped of all his honours and properties, and exiled to northern Siberia, where he died in November 1729. The Dolgorukovs hated the memory of Peter the Great and practically banished his daughter from Court. 1182:, who had Elizabeth's support. She placed Bestuzhev at the head of foreign affairs immediately after her accession. He represented the anti-Franco-Prussian side of her council, and his objective was an alliance with England and 1232:

by forcing him into hostile alliances. All this would have been impossible without the steady support of Elizabeth who trusted him completely in spite of the Chancellor's many enemies, most of whom were her personal friends.

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was deeply involved in planning a coup to depose the regent, whose foreign policy was opposed to the interests of France, and bribed numerous officers in the Imperial Guard to support Elizabeth's coup. The French adventurer

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There is considerable speculation as to the actual paternity of Paul. It is suggested that he was not Peter's son at all but that his mother had engaged in an affair, to which Elizabeth had consented, with a young officer,

4106: 1301:(19 September 1757), the fall of Bestuzhev (21 February 1758) and the cabals and intrigues of the various foreign powers at Saint Petersburg, did not interfere with the progress of the war. The crushing defeat of 3832: 917: 4141: 558:") on 6 March 1711. Of the twelve children born to Peter and Catherine (five sons and seven daughters), only the sisters survived to adulthood. They had one older surviving sibling, crown prince 1098:. The young Peter had lost his mother shortly after he was born, and his father at the age of eleven. Elizabeth invited her young nephew to Saint Petersburg, where he was received into the 828:

Despite Elizabeth's promise, there was still cruelty in her regime. Although she initially thought of allowing the young tsar and his mother to leave Russia, she imprisoned them later in a

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family, deeply resented Menshikov. With Peter II's attachment to Prince Ivan Dolgorukov and two of their family members on the Supreme State Council, they had the leverage for a successful

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were produced, the most the country had seen thus far in its history. It was common to order over a thousand bottles of French champagnes and wines to be served at one event and to serve

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steady appreciation of Russian interests and her determination to promote them against all obstacles. She insisted throughout that the King of Prussia must be reduced to the rank of a

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importing leading musical talents from Germany, France, and Italy. She reportedly owned 15,000 dresses, several thousand pairs of shoes and a seemingly unlimited number of stockings.

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helped her actions according to the advice of the marquis de La Chétardie and the Swedish ambassador, who were particularly interested in toppling the regime of Anna Leopoldovna.

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remained in power (until September 1727), the government of Elizabeth's adolescent nephew Peter II (reigned 1727–1730) treated her with liberality and distinction. However, the

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had ascended the throne. Her marriage prospects continued to fail to improve three years later, when her nephew died and was succeeded on the throne by Elizabeth's first cousin

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Elizabeth enjoyed and excelled in architecture, overseeing and financing many construction projects during her reign. One of the many projects from the Italian architect

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as it had been under Peter the Great, with the chiefs of the departments of state (none of them German) attending. Her first task after this was to address the war with

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solved the first event by forming an alliance with Austria and France, but indirectly caused the second. Russian troops enjoyed several victories against Prussia and

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The expedited completion of buildings became a matter of importance to the Empress and work continued throughout the year, even in winter's severest months. 859,555

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and proclaimed the heir to the throne on 7 November 1742. Keen to see the dynasty secured, Elizabeth immediately gave Peter the best Russian tutors and settled on

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should fix the date for the assembling of a peace congress and that in the meantime, the war against Prussia should be vigorously prosecuted. In 1760 a Russian

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In 1724, Peter betrothed his daughters to two young princes, first cousins to each other, who hailed from the tiny north German principality of

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A gifted diplomat, Elizabeth hated bloodshed and conflict and went to great lengths to alter the Russian system of punishment, even outlawing

3811: 3744: 3714: 3666: 3635: 559: 547: 354: 4121: 4096: 1549:, she was dressed in a shimmering silver dress. It was said that she was beautiful in death as she had been in life. She was buried in the 1107: 719:. After consoling herself, Elizabeth turned to coachmen and footmen for her sexual pleasure. She eventually found a long-term companion in 35: 1025: 2845:

The Daughter of Peter the Great: A History of Russian Diplomacy and of the Russian Court Under the Empress Elizabeth Petrovna, 1741–1762

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The campaign of 1761 was almost as abortive as the campaign of 1760. Frederick acted on the defensive with consummate skill, and the

406:, the highest-ranking Russian educational institution. Her court became one of the most splendid in all Europe, especially regarding 3730: 2954: 2931: 2888: 2829: 2615: 2285: 1249: 110: 884: 887:. She passed down several pieces of legislation that undid much of the work her father had done to limit the power of the church. 275: 3707: 3525: 3156: 1487:

Attractive in her youth and vain as an adult, Elizabeth passed various decrees intended to make herself stand out: she issued an

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From her earliest years, Elizabeth was recognised as a vivacious young woman, and was regarded as the leading beauty of the

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Kazimierz Waliszewski "La Dernière Des Romanov, Élisabeth Ire, Impératrice De Russie, 1741–1762". Plon-Nourrit et cie, 1902

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By the end of May 1727, 17-year-old Elizabeth had lost her fiancé and both of her parents. Furthermore, her half-nephew

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reduced within proper limits so that he might no longer be an alleged danger to the empire. Elizabeth acceded to the

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and whose family was undergoing a period of political and economic turmoil. Anna Petrovna (aged 16) was to marry

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As an unmarried and childless empress, it was imperative for Elizabeth to find a legitimate heir to secure the

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Convent, historian Robert Nisbet Bain stated that "No other Russian sovereign ever erected so many churches."

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the preceding reigns had led Russia to ruin: "The Russian people have been groaning under the enemies of the

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In 1742, the imperial government at Saint Petersburg ordered a Russian military expedition to conquer the

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upheld the order, and when an attempt was made, he was killed and secretly buried within the fortress.

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Elizabeth's response to the lack of marriage prospects was to take Alexander Shubin, a sergeant in the

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to Russia as an indemnity for war expenses. The failure of the campaign of 1760, wielded by the inept

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in Saint Petersburg on 9 February 1712. On this day, the two children previously born to the couple (

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Elizabeth abolished the cabinet council system that had been used under Anna, and reconstituted the

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prayer for the dying, and to say farewell to the few people who wished to be with her, including

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The concessions to Russia can be credited to the diplomatic ability of the new vice chancellor,

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was marked by high taxes and economic problems. The French ambassador in Saint Petersburg, the

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During her reign Elizabeth continued the policies of her father and brought about a remarkable

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Coin of Elizabeth of Russia, whose beneficial but numerous buildings required heavy taxation.

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that snatched him from destruction was the death of the Russian empress, on 5 January 1762 (

1372: 1202: 1151: 1139: 1111: 1021:, the Winter Palace is Elizabeth's most famous monument and the residence of her successors. 797: 705: 658: 647: 579: 539: 474: 435: 308: 289: 264: 234: 186: 83: 59: 4055: 3434: 3409: 3267: 2867: 1465: 1449: 1091: 1038: 1013: 924: 909: 880: 587: 583: 519: 515: 427: 343: 244: 1321: 4050: 3759: 3656: 3449: 3376: 3360: 3307: 3277: 3272: 1546: 1406: 1345: 1337: 1310: 1254: 1225: 1208:

Bestuzhev had many achievements. His effective diplomacy and 30,000 troops sent to the

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because of her decision not to execute a single person during her reign, her numerous

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at all receptions, despite the difficulty of procuring the fruit in such quantities.

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On the night of 25 November 1741 (O.S.), Elizabeth seized power with the help of the

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at some point between 23 October and 1 December 1707. Their official marriage was at

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In the late 1750s, Elizabeth's health started to decline. She suffered a series of

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in Saint Petersburg on 3 February 1762 (O.S.) six weeks after her lying in state.

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Russia and Austria, a secret clause of which, never communicated to the court of

1041:, adding several wings between 1745 and 1755. Her most famous creations were the 3499: 1518: 1429: 1146:. On 23 January 1743, direct negotiations between the two powers were opened at 603: 591: 571: 2843: 3066: 1082:

Elisabeth's donation to the Russian lieutenant general Balthasar Freiherr von

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Russian noblewoman, had no problem securing a bride from the ancient house of

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godmother to their children. After the death of Empress Anna, the regency of

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Elizabeth's court was one of the most splendid in all Europe. As historian

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A history of the peoples of Siberia: Russia's North Asian Colong 1581–1990

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faith, but she has delivered them from the degrading foreign oppression."

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The serious illness of the Empress, which began with a fainting-fit at

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Promenade of Elizaveta Petrovna through the streets of Saint Petersburg

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and Elizabeth) were legitimised by their father and given the title of

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from 1741 until her death in 1762. She remains one of the most popular

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Catherine Mikhailovna, Duchess George Augustus of Mecklenburg-Strelitz

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first cousin, Charles Augustus of Holstein-Gottorp, the eldest son of

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The New Cambridge Modern History: Volume 7, The Old Regime, 1713–1763

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advisers, so Elizabeth exiled the most unpopular of them, including

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This article incorporates text from a publication now in the

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Alexandra Nikolaevna, Princess Frederick William of Hesse-Cassel

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in Saint Petersburg are among the chief monuments of her reign.

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18 December] 1709 – 5 January [

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and London. He enabled Russia to assert herself effectually in

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Romanovs. The fourth film. Anna Ioannovna; Elizabeth Petrovna

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Landers, Brian (2010). "To the Little Bighorn and Anadyrsk".

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Burials at Saints Peter and Paul Cathedral, Saint Petersburg

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Anastasia Mikhailovna, Grand Duchess of Mecklenburg-Schwerin

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Empires Apart: A History of American and Russian Imperialism

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Elena Vladimirovna, Princess Nicholas of Greece and Denmark

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Elena Pavlovna, Hereditary Princess of Mecklenburg-Schwerin

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Three Empresses: Catherine I, Anne and Elizabeth of Russia

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snubbed him due to the girls' post-facto legitimisation.

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during the two major European conflicts of her time: the

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Grand Duchess Olga Alexandrovna, Mrs. Nikolai Kulikovsky

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as a bride for her heir. Incidentally, Sophie's mother,

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Peter II and Princess Elizabeth Petrovna Riding to Hound

357:'s death in 1718. The throne first passed to her mother 859:

Coronation procession of Empress Elizabeth, Moscow 1742

825:

at the time but one that she kept throughout her life.

383:). After the brief rule of Anna's infant great-nephew, 2518: 2516: 2514: 2512: 2510: 2508: 1364:. Russian victories placed Prussia in serious danger. 574:, arts, languages, and sports. She grew interested in 4015: 3925:

Maria Pavlovna, Princess Sergei Mikhailovich Putiatin

3802:

Maria Pavlovna, Grand Duchess of Saxe-Weimar-Eisenach

2881:

Elizabeth and Catherine: Empresses of All the Russias

1413:, but the expedition failed and its commander, Major 1053:

had been allocated to the project, a sum raised by a

3879:

Maria Alexandrovna, Duchess of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha

562:, who was Peter's son by his first wife, noblewoman 4142:

Recipients of the Order of the White Eagle (Poland)

3976: 3933: 3902: 3866: 3825: 3792:

Archduchess Alexandra Pavlovna, Palatina of Hungary

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Catherine Ivanovna, Duchess of Mecklenburg-Schwerin

3644: 3598: 3568: 3548: 3425: 3341: 3179: 3062:. Vol. VIII (9th ed.). 1878. p. 145. 1261:The great event of Elizabeth's later years was the 1212:accelerated the peace negotiations, leading to the 993:

Imperial monogram, often present in peace treaties.

465:was finally considering surrender in January 1762, 270: 260: 250: 240: 228: 214: 196: 172: 143: 139: 129: 119: 109: 98: 91: 70: 2987: 2942: 2824:. Saint Petersburg: Ivan Fiorodov Art Publishers. 3889:Vera Konstantinovna, Duchess Eugen of Württemberg 1286:and Austria against Prussia. On 17 May 1757, the 1253:Elizabeth on horseback while being attended by a 977:, and helped to finance the establishment of the 770:soldiers proclaim Elizabeth as Empress of Russia. 4005:title granted by Grand Duke Vladimir Cyrillovich 3128:6 December 1741 – 5 January 1762 2804: 2753: 2702: 2300: 2263: 2236: 3999:title granted by Grand Duke Cyril Vladimirovich 2905:. trans. Rhys Evans. London: Thames and Hudson. 102:6 December (25 November) 1741 – 3715: 3526: 3157: 1441: 1433: 1070:in all Russia were modernised at her orders. 8: 787: 2774: 2729: 2714: 2666: 2651: 2639: 2439: 2400: 2324: 2280:. Cambridge University Press. p. 332. 2019:Bibliography of Russian history (1613–1917) 1369:capture of the Prussian fortress of Kolberg 663:Charles Frederick, Duke of Holstein-Gottorp 4087:18th-century women from the Russian Empire 3884:Olga Konstantinovna, Queen of the Hellenes 3745:Anna Petrovna, Duchess of Holstein-Gottorp 3722: 3708: 3700: 3533: 3519: 3511: 3164: 3150: 3142: 3078: 2858:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher ( 1570: 1561: 76: 67: 3833:Maria Nikolaevna, Duchess of Leuchtenberg 2879:Coughlan, Robert (1974). Jay Gold (ed.). 2595:, Cambridge University Press, p. 146 1377:Count Karl-Wilhelm Finck von Finckenstein 1134:Map of European political borders in 1740 863:Elizabeth crowned herself Empress in the 494:Young Elizabeth in the 1720s, painted by 3853:Elizabeth Mikhailovna, Duchess of Nassau 3807:Catherine Pavlovna, Queen of Württemberg 2924:Catherine the Great: Love, Sex and Power 2578: 2561: 2549: 2537: 2499: 2487: 2475: 2367: 2200: 2176: 2159: 2108: 2096: 2079: 988: 875:Russia had been under the domination of 624: 283: 4022: 3961:Maria Kirillovna, Princess of Leiningen 3817:Anna Pavlovna, Queen of the Netherlands 2945:Prince of Princes: The Life of Potemkin 2789: 2463: 2451: 2381:"The Russian Academy of Arts – History" 2343: 2312: 2251: 2064: 2045: 2029: 894: 335:projects, and her strong opposition to 2851: 2224: 2188: 2144: 2132: 1808: 1804: 1794: 1689: 1579: 1575: 1282:, thus entering into an alliance with 971:university in Russia founded in Moscow 211: 3838:Olga Nikolaevna, Queen of Württemberg 1960: 1957: 1947: 1935: 1925: 1921: 1917: 1905: 1899: 1889: 1877: 1867: 1863: 1851: 1848: 1838: 1826: 1816: 1812: 1788: 1778: 1765: 1755: 1751: 1739: 1733: 1723: 1707: 1697: 1693: 1677: 1671: 1661: 1645: 1635: 1631: 1619: 1613: 1603: 1587: 1583: 7: 3967:Kira Kirillovna, Princess of Prussia 3874:Grand Duchess Alexandra Alexandrovna 2968:. Knopf Doubleday Publishing Group. 2741: 2689: 2687: 2678: 2522: 2424: 2412: 2355: 2212: 2120: 1108:Joanna Elisabeth of Holstein-Gottorp 629:Elizabeth probably secretly married 288:The ceremonial attire of Elizabeth, 36:Elizabeth of Russia (disambiguation) 3691:*raised to Grand Ducal rank in 1721 1509:for each of her ladies-in-waiting. 1381:Miracle of the House of Brandenburg 960:Elizabeth visits Russian scientist 818:Preobrazhensky Life Guards Regiment 672:Christian Augustus, Prince of Eutin 342:The second-eldest daughter of Tsar 27:Empress of Russia from 1741 to 1762 3956:Grand Duchess Anastasia Nikolaevna 1290:, 85,000 strong, advanced against 1228:, Sweden and isolated the King of 477:to reign over the Russian Empire. 32:Empress Elisabeth (disambiguation) 30:For women with similar names, see 25: 1114:, was born on 20 September 1754. 4049: 4037: 4025: 3984:Grand Duchess Maria Vladimirovna 3946:Grand Duchess Tatiana Nikolaevna 3910:Grand Duchess Xenia Alexandrovna 3009: 2964:Sebag Montefiore, Simon (2016). 2949:. New York: Thomas Dunne Books. 2941:Sebag Montefiore, Simon (2001). 1565:Ancestors of Elizabeth of Russia 1104:Princess Sophie of Anhalt-Zerbst 935: 916: 897: 746:. In 1756, Elizabeth made him a 713:Semyonovsky Life Guards Regiment 323:25 December] 1762) was 274: 3848:Grand Duchess Maria Mikhailovna 3776:Grand Duchess Natalia Alexeevna 2610:. New York, NY: Pegasus Books. 1648:Yevdokiya Lukyanovna Streshneva 1541:The Empress died the next day, 378: 363: 348: 4132:Daughters of empresses regnant 4117:Leaders who took power by coup 3951:Grand Duchess Maria Nikolaevna 3755:Grand Duchess Natalia Petrovna 1348:and his fear of offending the 885:Burkhard Christoph von Münnich 776:Aleksandr Danilovich Menshikov 453:(1756–1763). She and diplomat 396:Age of Enlightenment in Russia 1: 4127:Daughters of Russian emperors 4082:18th-century Russian monarchs 3941:Grand Duchess Olga Nikolaevna 1766:11. Anna Leontyevna Leontyeva 1736:Natalya Kirillovna Naryshkina 1710:Kirill Poluektovich Naryshkin 1397:Indigenous peoples of Siberia 1241:, and the French ambassador. 1017:Built by her court architect 979:Imperial Academy of Fine Arts 536:Cathedral of the Holy Trinity 43:Eastern Slavic naming customs 2990:Elizabeth, Empress of Russia 1464:Departure of Elizabeth from 679:previously, on 17 May 1727. 633:, a Ukrainian-born chorister 104:5 January (25 December) 1762 4122:People of the Silesian Wars 4097:Empresses regnant of Russia 3812:Grand Duchess Olga Pavlovna 2014:Tsars of Russia family tree 1442: 1434: 1401:Russian conquest of Siberia 1280:Second Treaty of Versailles 1269:(16 January 1756) in which 1120:Sergei Vasilievich Saltykov 486:Childhood and teenage years 220:Elizaveta Petrovna Romanova 147:Elizaveta Petrovna Romanova 4163: 3233:Sviatoslav III of Vladimir 3053:"Elizabeth Petrovna" 2910:Longworth, Philip (1972). 2883:. London: Millington Ltd. 2874:. London: William Collins. 1806: 1683: 1577: 1394: 1371:on Christmas Day 1761, by 1037:was the reconstruction of 942:The Elizabeth portrait in 923:The Elizabeth portrait by 904:The Elizabeth portrait by 839:Another case was Countess 447:War of Austrian Succession 410:: she modernised Russia's 41:In this name that follows 40: 29: 4112:18th-century women rulers 3993: 3731:Grand Duchesses of Russia 3688: 3645:3rd generation (Romanovs) 3599:2nd generation (Romanovs) 3181:Grand princes of Vladimir 3130: 3121: 3113: 3108: 3081: 1941: 1923: 1919: 1911: 1883: 1865: 1857: 1832: 1814: 1810: 1772: 1753: 1745: 1717: 1695: 1691: 1655: 1633: 1625: 1597: 1581: 1545:Christmas, 1761. For her 1267:Convention of Westminster 1265:. Elizabeth regarded the 1214:Treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle 1096:Peter of Holstein-Gottorp 1001:. According to historian 312: 219: 210: 75: 3278:Dmitry the Terrible Eyes 3173:List of Russian monarchs 1551:Peter and Paul Cathedral 1180:Aleksey Bestuzhev-Ryumin 1094:. She chose her nephew, 532:Grand Duchy of Lithuania 467:the Russian Empress died 455:Aleksey Bestuzhev-Ryumin 420:Imperial Academy of Arts 315:; 29 December [ 204:Peter and Paul Cathedral 3228:Yaroslav II of Vladimir 3059:Encyclopædia Britannica 3036:Encyclopædia Britannica 2966:The Romanovs: 1613–1918 2903:The Evolution of Russia 2820:Antonov, Boris (2006). 2591:Forsyth, James (1992), 2276:Lindsay, J. O. (1957). 1201:(1903), watercolour by 1100:Russian Orthodox Church 806:Marquis de La Chétardie 768:Preobrazhensky Regiment 544:Saint Isaac's Cathedral 514:, on 18 December 1709 ( 459:briefly occupied Berlin 3427:Emperors of all Russia 2926:. London: Hutchinson. 1468: 1457: 1324: 1258: 1205: 1135: 1087: 1030: 1022: 994: 965: 860: 811:Jean Armand de Lestocq 788: 771: 693: 634: 502:Elizabeth was born at 499: 368:), then to her nephew 297: 200:3 February 1762 (O.S.) 3621:Ekaterina Alekseyevna 3238:Andrey II of Vladimir 3208:Vsevolod the Big Nest 2805:Sebag Montefiore 2016 2754:Sebag Montefiore 2001 2703:Sebag Montefiore 2001 2301:Sebag Montefiore 2016 2264:Sebag Montefiore 2016 2237:Sebag Montefiore 2016 1902:Catherine I of Russia 1791:Elizabeth I of Russia 1502:Kazimierz Waliszewski 1463: 1432: 1395:Further information: 1319: 1288:Imperial Russian Army 1252: 1197: 1133: 1081: 1028: 1016: 1009:Construction projects 992: 959: 906:Charles-André van Loo 858: 830:Shlisselburg Fortress 765: 685: 628: 496:Ivan Nikitich Nikitin 493: 418:'s foundation of the 402:'s foundation of the 359:Catherine I of Russia 296:; fot. Ivonna Nowicka 287: 255:Catherine I of Russia 115:6 May (25 April) 1742 3673:Elizabeth I Petrovna 3631:Feodosia Alekseyevna 3606:Yevdokia Alekseyevna 3351:Ivan IV the Terrible 3218:Konstantin of Rostov 3198:Andrei I Bogolyubsky 3083:Elizabeth of Russia 2914:. London: Constable. 1849:6. Samuel Skowroński 1448:(1905), painting by 1074:Selection of an heir 1035:Bartolomeo Rastrelli 1019:Bartolomeo Rastrelli 518:). Her parents were 449:(1740–1748) and the 424:Bartolomeo Rastrelli 404:University of Moscow 313:Елизаве́та Петро́вна 4137:Elizabeth of Russia 4092:Royalty from Moscow 3636:Natalia Alekseyevna 3590:Tatiana Mikhailovna 3542:Tsarevnas of Russia 3343:Tsars of all Russia 3318:Vasily II the Blind 3258:Dmitry of Pereslavl 3223:Yuri II of Vladimir 3213:Yuri II of Vladimir 3203:Mikhail of Vladimir 3023:Bain, Robert Nisbet 2984:Talbot Rice, Tamara 2840:Bain, Robert Nisbet 2552:, pp. 118–119. 2215:, pp. 283–284. 1958:7. Elisabeth Moritz 1590:Michael I of Russia 1473:Mikhail Shcherbatov 1188:Frederick the Great 952:Educational reforms 865:Dormition Cathedral 845:broken on the wheel 834:Catherine the Great 578:, became fluent in 469:. She was the last 463:Frederick the Great 18:Elisabeth of Russia 4147:People from Moscow 3662:Praskovya Ivanovna 3616:Sophia Alekseyevna 3323:Ivan III the Great 3263:Andrey of Gorodets 3253:Vasily of Kostroma 3027:Elizabeth Petrovna 2920:Rounding, Virginia 1616:Alexis I of Russia 1494:Tamara Talbot Rice 1469: 1458: 1435:Elizaveta Petrovna 1325: 1259: 1244: 1206: 1136: 1088: 1031: 1023: 1003:Robert Nisbet Bain 999:capital punishment 995: 966: 861: 772: 738:made Razumovsky a 736:Holy Roman Emperor 694: 667:his maternal uncle 640:Brunswick-Lüneburg 635: 500: 441:Elizabeth led the 426:, particularly in 305:Elizaveta Petrovna 298: 4013: 4012: 3750:Empress Elizabeth 3697: 3696: 3626:Maria Alekseyevna 3611:Marfa Alekseyevna 3580:Irina Mikhailovna 3508: 3507: 3308:Dmitry of the Don 3283:Alexander of Tver 3193:Yuri I Dolgorukiy 3140: 3139: 3131:Succeeded by 3124:Empress of Russia 2303:, Act II Scene 3. 2227:, pp. 67–68. 2147:, pp. 66–67. 2004: 2003: 2000: 1999: 1674:Peter I of Russia 1536:Kirill Razumovsky 1454:Tretyakov Gallery 1360:briefly occupied 1239:Mikhail Vorontsov 975:Mikhail Lomonosov 962:Mikhail Lomonosov 929:Tretyakov Gallery 841:Natalia Lopukhina 744:Holy Roman Empire 723:, a kind-hearted 721:Alexei Razumovsky 631:Alexei Razumovsky 564:Eudoxia Lopukhina 400:Mikhail Lomonosov 325:Empress of Russia 282: 281: 245:Peter I of Russia 224: 223: 167:Tsardom of Russia 93:Empress of Russia 16:(Redirected from 4154: 4102:House of Romanov 4054: 4053: 4042: 4041: 4040: 4030: 4029: 4028: 4021: 3724: 3717: 3710: 3701: 3679:Natalia Petrovna 3585:Anna Mikhailovna 3569:1st generation ( 3549:1st generation ( 3535: 3528: 3521: 3512: 3418: 3303:Dmitry of Suzdal 3298:Ivan II the Fair 3293:Simeon the Proud 3248:Yaroslav of Tver 3243:Alexander Nevsky 3166: 3159: 3152: 3143: 3114:Preceded by 3104: 3097: 3096:29 December 1709 3088:House of Romanov 3079: 3069: 3063: 3055: 3040: 3015: 3013: 3012: 3005: 2993: 2979: 2960: 2948: 2937: 2915: 2906: 2894: 2875: 2868:Cowles, Virginia 2863: 2857: 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Years' War 1203:Alexandre Benois 939: 920: 901: 798:Anna Leopoldovna 791: 659:Holstein-Gottorp 560:Alexei Petrovich 540:Saint Petersburg 475:House of Romanov 451:Seven Years' War 436:Smolny Cathedral 382: 381: 1730–1740 380: 367: 366: 1725–1727 365: 352: 351: 1682–1725 350: 329:Russian monarchs 314: 290:Catherine Palace 278: 265:Russian Orthodox 212: 187:Saint Petersburg 179: 156:29 December 1709 155: 153: 105: 84:Vigilius Eriksen 80: 68: 21: 4162: 4161: 4157: 4156: 4155: 4153: 4152: 4151: 4062: 4061: 4060: 4048: 4038: 4036: 4026: 4024: 4016: 4014: 4009: 3989: 3972: 3929: 3898: 3862: 3821: 3780: 3764: 3733: 3728: 3698: 3693: 3684: 3657:Anna I Ivanovna 3640: 3594: 3564: 3560:Xenia Borisovna 3544: 3539: 3509: 3504: 3421: 3416: 3337: 3268:Mikhail of Tver 3175: 3170: 3136: 3127: 3119: 3098: 3092: 3091: 3084: 3067: 3050: 3047: 3021: 3010: 3008: 3002: 2982: 2976: 2963: 2957: 2940: 2934: 2918: 2909: 2897: 2891: 2878: 2866: 2850: 2838: 2832: 2819: 2816: 2811: 2803: 2796: 2788: 2781: 2773: 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the Great 488: 483: 428:Peterhof Palace 377: 362: 347: 344:Peter the Great 206: 201: 181: 177: 157: 151: 149: 148: 103: 87: 64: 39: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 4160: 4158: 4150: 4149: 4144: 4139: 4134: 4129: 4124: 4119: 4114: 4109: 4104: 4099: 4094: 4089: 4084: 4079: 4074: 4064: 4063: 4059: 4058: 4046: 4034: 4011: 4010: 4008: 4007: 4001: 3994: 3991: 3990: 3988: 3987: 3980: 3978: 3977:9th generation 3974: 3973: 3971: 3970: 3964: 3958: 3953: 3948: 3943: 3937: 3935: 3934:8th generation 3931: 3930: 3928: 3927: 3922: 3917: 3912: 3906: 3904: 3903:7th generation 3900: 3899: 3897: 3896: 3891: 3886: 3881: 3876: 3870: 3868: 3867:6th generation 3864: 3863: 3861: 3860: 3855: 3850: 3845: 3840: 3835: 3829: 3827: 3826:5th generation 3823: 3822: 3820: 3819: 3814: 3809: 3804: 3799: 3794: 3788: 3786: 3785:4th generation 3782: 3781: 3779: 3778: 3772: 3770: 3769:2nd generation 3766: 3765: 3763: 3762: 3757: 3752: 3747: 3741: 3739: 3738:1st generation 3735: 3734: 3729: 3727: 3726: 3719: 3712: 3704: 3695: 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13: 10: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 4159: 4148: 4145: 4143: 4140: 4138: 4135: 4133: 4130: 4128: 4125: 4123: 4120: 4118: 4115: 4113: 4110: 4108: 4105: 4103: 4100: 4098: 4095: 4093: 4090: 4088: 4085: 4083: 4080: 4078: 4075: 4073: 4070: 4069: 4067: 4057: 4052: 4047: 4045: 4035: 4033: 4023: 4019: 4006: 4002: 4000: 3996: 3995: 3992: 3985: 3982: 3981: 3979: 3975: 3968: 3965: 3962: 3959: 3957: 3954: 3952: 3949: 3947: 3944: 3942: 3939: 3938: 3936: 3932: 3926: 3923: 3921: 3918: 3916: 3913: 3911: 3908: 3907: 3905: 3901: 3895: 3892: 3890: 3887: 3885: 3882: 3880: 3877: 3875: 3872: 3871: 3869: 3865: 3859: 3856: 3854: 3851: 3849: 3846: 3844: 3841: 3839: 3836: 3834: 3831: 3830: 3828: 3824: 3818: 3815: 3813: 3810: 3808: 3805: 3803: 3800: 3798: 3795: 3793: 3790: 3789: 3787: 3783: 3777: 3774: 3773: 3771: 3767: 3761: 3758: 3756: 3753: 3751: 3748: 3746: 3743: 3742: 3740: 3736: 3732: 3725: 3720: 3718: 3713: 3711: 3706: 3705: 3702: 3692: 3687: 3680: 3677: 3674: 3671: 3668: 3667:Anna Petrovna 3665: 3663: 3660: 3658: 3655: 3653: 3650: 3649: 3647: 3643: 3637: 3634: 3632: 3629: 3627: 3624: 3622: 3619: 3617: 3614: 3612: 3609: 3607: 3604: 3603: 3601: 3597: 3591: 3588: 3586: 3583: 3581: 3578: 3577: 3575: 3572: 3567: 3561: 3558: 3557: 3555: 3552: 3547: 3543: 3536: 3531: 3529: 3524: 3522: 3517: 3516: 3513: 3501: 3498: 3496: 3495:Alexander III 3493: 3491: 3488: 3486: 3483: 3481: 3478: 3476: 3473: 3471: 3468: 3466: 3463: 3461: 3458: 3456: 3453: 3451: 3448: 3446: 3443: 3441: 3438: 3436: 3433: 3432: 3430: 3428: 3424: 3415: 3411: 3408: 3406: 3403: 3401: 3398: 3396: 3393: 3391: 3390: 3386: 3384: 3381: 3379: 3378: 3374: 3372: 3369: 3367: 3364: 3362: 3359: 3357: 3354: 3352: 3349: 3348: 3346: 3344: 3340: 3334: 3331: 3329: 3326: 3324: 3321: 3319: 3316: 3314: 3311: 3309: 3306: 3304: 3301: 3299: 3296: 3294: 3291: 3289: 3286: 3284: 3281: 3279: 3276: 3274: 3271: 3269: 3266: 3264: 3261: 3259: 3256: 3254: 3251: 3249: 3246: 3244: 3241: 3239: 3236: 3234: 3231: 3229: 3226: 3224: 3221: 3219: 3216: 3214: 3211: 3209: 3206: 3204: 3201: 3199: 3196: 3194: 3191: 3190: 3188: 3186: 3182: 3178: 3174: 3167: 3162: 3160: 3155: 3153: 3148: 3147: 3144: 3135: 3126: 3125: 3118: 3112: 3107: 3102: 3095: 3090: 3089: 3080: 3074: 3070: 3065: 3061: 3060: 3054: 3049: 3048: 3044: 3038: 3037: 3032: 3028: 3024: 3019: 3018:public domain 3007: 3003: 2997: 2992: 2991: 2985: 2981: 2977: 2971: 2967: 2962: 2958: 2956:9780312278151 2952: 2947: 2946: 2939: 2935: 2933:0-09-179992-9 2929: 2925: 2921: 2917: 2913: 2908: 2904: 2900: 2896: 2892: 2890:0-86000-002-8 2886: 2882: 2877: 2873: 2869: 2865: 2861: 2855: 2847: 2846: 2841: 2837: 2833: 2831:5-93893-109-6 2827: 2823: 2822:Russian Tsars 2818: 2817: 2813: 2806: 2801: 2799: 2795: 2791: 2786: 2784: 2780: 2776: 2771: 2768: 2762: 2759: 2756:, p. 26. 2755: 2750: 2747: 2743: 2738: 2735: 2731: 2726: 2724: 2720: 2716: 2711: 2708: 2705:, p. 24. 2704: 2699: 2696: 2690: 2688: 2684: 2680: 2675: 2672: 2668: 2663: 2661: 2657: 2653: 2648: 2645: 2641: 2636: 2633: 2627: 2624: 2619: 2617:9781605981062 2613: 2609: 2602: 2599: 2594: 2587: 2584: 2581:, p. 93. 2580: 2579:Hoetzsch 1966 2575: 2573: 2571: 2567: 2563: 2562:Hoetzsch 1966 2558: 2555: 2551: 2550:Rounding 2006 2546: 2543: 2540:, p. 57. 2539: 2538:Coughlan 1974 2534: 2532: 2528: 2524: 2519: 2517: 2515: 2513: 2511: 2509: 2505: 2501: 2500:Coughlan 1974 2496: 2493: 2489: 2488:Coughlan 1974 2484: 2481: 2477: 2476:Coughlan 1974 2472: 2469: 2465: 2460: 2457: 2453: 2448: 2445: 2441: 2436: 2434: 2430: 2426: 2421: 2418: 2414: 2409: 2406: 2402: 2397: 2394: 2382: 2376: 2373: 2370:, p. 83. 2369: 2368:Hoetzsch 1966 2364: 2361: 2357: 2352: 2349: 2345: 2340: 2338: 2336: 2334: 2330: 2326: 2321: 2318: 2314: 2309: 2306: 2302: 2297: 2294: 2289: 2287:9781139055833 2283: 2279: 2272: 2269: 2265: 2260: 2257: 2253: 2248: 2246: 2242: 2238: 2233: 2230: 2226: 2221: 2218: 2214: 2209: 2206: 2203:, p. 52. 2202: 2201:Coughlan 1974 2197: 2194: 2191:, p. 67. 2190: 2185: 2182: 2179:, p. 59. 2178: 2177:Coughlan 1974 2173: 2171: 2169: 2165: 2162:, p. 58. 2161: 2160:Coughlan 1974 2156: 2154: 2150: 2146: 2141: 2138: 2135:, p. 66. 2134: 2129: 2126: 2122: 2117: 2114: 2111:, p. 23. 2110: 2109:Coughlan 1974 2105: 2102: 2099:, p. 50. 2098: 2097:Coughlan 1974 2093: 2091: 2089: 2085: 2082:, p. 46. 2081: 2080:Coughlan 1974 2076: 2074: 2070: 2066: 2061: 2059: 2057: 2055: 2051: 2047: 2042: 2040: 2038: 2036: 2034: 2030: 2024: 2020: 2017: 2015: 2012: 2011: 2007: 1996: 1994: 1992: 1990: 1988: 1986: 1984: 1982: 1980: 1978: 1976: 1974: 1972: 1970: 1969: 1966: 1964: 1963: 1955: 1954: 1951: 1950: 1945: 1944: 1939: 1938: 1933: 1932: 1929: 1928: 1915: 1914: 1909: 1908: 1903: 1897: 1896: 1893: 1892: 1887: 1886: 1881: 1880: 1875: 1874: 1871: 1870: 1861: 1860: 1855: 1854: 1846: 1845: 1842: 1841: 1836: 1835: 1830: 1829: 1824: 1823: 1820: 1819: 1802: 1801: 1798: 1797: 1792: 1786: 1785: 1782: 1781: 1776: 1775: 1770: 1769: 1763: 1762: 1759: 1758: 1749: 1748: 1743: 1742: 1737: 1731: 1730: 1727: 1726: 1721: 1720: 1715: 1714: 1711: 1705: 1704: 1701: 1700: 1687: 1686: 1681: 1680: 1675: 1669: 1668: 1665: 1664: 1659: 1658: 1653: 1652: 1649: 1643: 1642: 1639: 1638: 1629: 1628: 1623: 1622: 1617: 1611: 1610: 1607: 1606: 1601: 1600: 1595: 1594: 1591: 1585: 1573: 1572: 1569: 1568: 1564: 1563: 1556: 1554: 1552: 1548: 1544: 1539: 1537: 1533: 1529: 1525: 1520: 1512: 1510: 1508: 1503: 1497: 1495: 1490: 1485: 1481: 1479: 1474: 1467: 1462: 1455: 1452:, now in the 1451: 1446: 1445: 1444:Tsarskoe Selo 1440: 1436: 1431: 1424: 1422: 1420: 1416: 1412: 1408: 1402: 1398: 1390: 1388: 1386: 1382: 1378: 1374: 1370: 1365: 1363: 1359: 1358:flying column 1355: 1351: 1347: 1341: 1339: 1335: 1332:, guaranteed 1331: 1323: 1318: 1314: 1312: 1306: 1304: 1300: 1299:Tsarskoe Selo 1295: 1293: 1289: 1285: 1281: 1276: 1272: 1271:Great Britain 1268: 1264: 1256: 1251: 1242: 1240: 1234: 1231: 1227: 1223: 1219: 1215: 1211: 1204: 1200: 1196: 1192: 1189: 1185: 1181: 1173: 1171: 1169: 1165: 1164:Villmanstrand 1161: 1160:Kymmene River 1157: 1153: 1152:Treaty of Åbo 1149: 1145: 1141: 1132: 1125: 1123: 1121: 1115: 1113: 1109: 1105: 1101: 1097: 1093: 1086:, 27 May 1756 1085: 1080: 1073: 1071: 1069: 1065: 1060: 1056: 1052: 1047: 1044: 1040: 1036: 1027: 1020: 1015: 1008: 1006: 1004: 1000: 991: 984: 982: 980: 976: 972: 963: 958: 951: 945: 944:Rostov museum 938: 933: 930: 926: 919: 914: 911: 907: 900: 895: 892: 888: 886: 882: 878: 873: 871: 866: 857: 850: 848: 846: 842: 837: 835: 831: 826: 823: 822:Winter Palace 819: 814: 812: 807: 803: 799: 793: 790: 785: 782:, an ancient 781: 777: 769: 764: 758:Imperial coup 757: 755: 753: 752:field marshal 749: 745: 741: 737: 733: 729: 726: 722: 718: 714: 709: 707: 703: 699: 692: 688: 684: 680: 677: 673: 668: 664: 660: 655: 653: 649: 645: 641: 632: 627: 620: 618: 616: 611: 609: 605: 601: 597: 593: 589: 585: 581: 577: 573: 567: 565: 561: 557: 553: 549: 545: 541: 537: 533: 529: 525: 521: 517: 513: 509: 505: 497: 492: 485: 480: 478: 476: 472: 468: 464: 460: 456: 452: 448: 444: 439: 437: 433: 432:Winter Palace 429: 425: 421: 417: 416:Ivan Shuvalov 414:, encouraged 413: 409: 405: 401: 397: 392: 390: 386: 375: 371: 360: 356: 345: 340: 338: 334: 330: 326: 322: 318: 310: 306: 302: 295: 291: 286: 277: 273: 269: 266: 263: 259: 256: 253: 249: 246: 243: 239: 236: 233: 231: 227: 218: 213: 209: 205: 199: 195: 192: 188: 184: 183:Winter Palace 175: 171: 168: 164: 160: 146: 142: 138: 135: 132: 128: 125: 122: 118: 114: 112: 108: 101: 97: 94: 90: 85: 79: 74: 69: 66: 62: 61: 56: 53: and the 52: 48: 44: 37: 33: 19: 4004: 3998: 3760:Empress Anna 3749: 3690: 3672: 3490:Alexander II 3470:Catherine II 3459: 3387: 3375: 3122: 3100: 3093: 3086: 3057: 3034: 2989: 2965: 2944: 2923: 2911: 2902: 2880: 2872:The Romanovs 2871: 2844: 2821: 2790:Antonov 2006 2770: 2761: 2749: 2737: 2710: 2698: 2674: 2647: 2635: 2626: 2607: 2601: 2592: 2586: 2557: 2545: 2495: 2483: 2471: 2464:Antonov 2006 2459: 2452:Antonov 2006 2447: 2420: 2408: 2396: 2384:. Retrieved 2375: 2363: 2351: 2344:Antonov 2006 2320: 2313:Antonov 2006 2308: 2296: 2277: 2271: 2259: 2252:Antonov 2006 2232: 2220: 2208: 2196: 2184: 2140: 2128: 2116: 2104: 2065:Antonov 2006 2046:Antonov 2006 1790: 1540: 1519:dizzy spells 1516: 1498: 1486: 1482: 1470: 1438: 1404: 1366: 1342: 1334:East Prussia 1326: 1322:Louis Tocqué 1307: 1296: 1260: 1235: 1207: 1198: 1177: 1168:Fredrikshamn 1158:east of the 1137: 1116: 1089: 1084:Campenhausen 1048: 1032: 996: 967: 889: 874: 862: 838: 827: 815: 794: 773: 730:with a good 710: 695: 686: 656: 636: 612: 576:architecture 568: 504:Kolomenskoye 501: 440: 408:architecture 393: 391:, her heir. 341: 333:construction 304: 300: 299: 178:(1762-01-05) 159:Kolomenskoye 82:Portrait by 65: 58: 50: 4077:1762 deaths 4072:1709 births 3500:Nicholas II 3480:Alexander I 3440:Catherine I 3417:(co-rulers) 2994:. Praeger. 2814:Works cited 2386:13 November 2225:Cowles 1971 2189:Cowles 1971 2145:Cowles 1971 2133:Cowles 1971 1530:and Counts 1059:state-owned 780:Dolgorukovs 592:horseriding 572:mathematics 461:, but when 120:Predecessor 55:family name 4066:Categories 3485:Nicholas I 3405:Feodor III 3328:Vasily III 2025:References 1478:pineapples 1373:Rumyantsev 1330:Versailles 1303:Kunersdorf 1292:Königsberg 732:bass voice 481:Early life 339:policies. 152:1709-12-29 111:Coronation 47:patronymic 4032:Biography 3465:Peter III 3460:Elizabeth 3389:Vladislav 3383:Vasili IV 3371:Feodor II 3134:Peter III 3025:(1911). " 2854:cite book 2742:Bain 1899 2679:Bain 1899 2523:Bain 1911 2425:Bain 1899 2413:Bain 1899 2356:Bain 1899 2213:Bain 1911 2121:Bain 1911 1528:Catherine 1174:Bestuzhev 1150:. In the 870:Christian 725:Ukrainian 608:gardening 528:Catherine 389:Peter III 301:Elizabeth 271:Signature 134:Peter III 130:Successor 71:Elizabeth 4056:Monarchy 3571:Romanovs 3551:Godunovs 3445:Peter II 3356:Feodor I 3313:Vasily I 2986:(1970). 2922:(2006). 2901:(1966). 2870:(1971). 2842:(1899). 2008:See also 1557:Ancestry 1543:Orthodox 1419:Anadyrsk 698:Peter II 648:Bourbons 644:Louis XV 600:sledging 556:princess 552:Tsarevna 434:and the 370:Peter II 337:Prussian 261:Religion 60:Romanova 51:Petrovna 4018:Portals 3455:Ivan VI 3435:Peter I 3410:Peter I 3395:Michael 3333:Ivan IV 3117:Ivan VI 3073:YouTube 3033:(ed.). 3020:: 1507:dowries 1411:Koryaks 1407:Chukchi 1391:Siberia 1275:Prussia 1230:Prussia 1184:Austria 1156:Finland 802:Ivan VI 742:of the 728:Cossack 717:Siberia 604:skating 596:hunting 580:Italian 506:, near 471:agnatic 385:Ivan VI 309:Russian 235:Romanov 124:Ivan VI 4044:Russia 3475:Paul I 3414:Ivan V 3400:Alexis 3288:Ivan I 3185:Moscow 3099: 3029:". In 3014: 2998: 2972: 2953: 2930: 2887: 2828: 2614: 2284: 1532:Alexei 1362:Berlin 1284:France 1224:, the 1222:Poland 1218:Vienna 1144:Sweden 1140:Senate 1112:Paul I 1051:rubles 877:German 774:While 748:prince 706:Ivan V 652:France 646:, the 606:, and 588:French 586:, and 584:German 512:Russia 508:Moscow 430:. The 355:Alexei 251:Mother 241:Father 197:Burial 163:Moscow 86:, 1757 45:, the 3366:Boris 3361:Irina 3101:Died: 3094:Born: 1524:Peter 1513:Death 1489:edict 1425:Court 1354:Paris 1350:Porte 1210:Rhine 1068:roads 851:Reign 784:boyar 740:count 412:roads 230:House 215:Names 99:Reign 3450:Anna 3412:and 3183:and 2996:ISBN 2970:ISBN 2951:ISBN 2928:ISBN 2885:ISBN 2860:link 2826:ISBN 2612:ISBN 2388:2022 2282:ISBN 1708:10. 1534:and 1526:and 1409:and 1399:and 1385:N.S. 1273:and 1255:page 1166:and 883:and 789:coup 766:The 750:and 702:Anna 676:O.S. 548:Anna 524:Tsar 516:O.S. 374:Anna 321:O.S. 317:O.S. 173:Died 144:Born 34:and 4003:** 3071:on 1900:3. 1789:1. 1734:5. 1672:2. 1646:9. 1614:4. 1588:8. 1387:). 1320:By 1148:Åbo 1057:on 1055:tax 973:by 927:in 908:in 689:by 650:of 538:in 303:or 57:is 49:is 4068:: 3997:* 3986:** 3056:. 2856:}} 2852:{{ 2797:^ 2782:^ 2722:^ 2686:^ 2659:^ 2569:^ 2530:^ 2507:^ 2432:^ 2332:^ 2244:^ 2167:^ 2152:^ 2087:^ 2072:^ 2053:^ 2032:^ 1538:. 1439:in 1313:. 1294:. 1170:. 981:. 847:. 754:. 610:. 602:, 598:, 594:, 582:, 566:. 554:(" 522:, 510:, 379:r. 364:r. 349:r. 311:: 292:, 189:, 185:, 165:, 161:, 4020:: 3969:* 3963:* 3723:e 3716:t 3709:v 3681:* 3675:* 3669:* 3573:) 3553:) 3534:e 3527:t 3520:v 3165:e 3158:t 3151:v 3004:. 2978:. 2959:. 2936:. 2893:. 2862:) 2834:. 2620:. 2564:. 2390:. 2290:. 1456:. 1257:. 964:. 498:. 376:( 361:( 346:( 307:( 154:) 150:( 63:. 38:. 20:)

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