1869:, Spring 1995, 6. Analyzes "California's history in the half-century between 1890 and 1940 in terms of economic development in the context of the revolution in corporate capitalism" "To explain the region's history we must look beyond the rhetoric of speculative growth to the reality of investment-led growth, using models of economic development. For these we turn to Douglass North's Nobel-Prize-winning explanation of industrial revolution in the United States, and Albert Hirschman's theory of development that informed much of North's analysis. Textiles drove the antebellum North into sustained economic growth. We believe that the citrus industry, with its staple export crop of fresh table fruit, was a similar foundational industry that powered southern California' economy in the fifty years before World War II.
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California. Tibbets’ orange led to an estimated $ 100 million of direct and indirect investment in citrus industry over the next 25 years. But
Tibbets’ orange did not merely feed the wealth and growth of existing towns; new cities and towns popped up whose birth, existence, and future depended upon the condition of the orange market. In 1886 alone new citrus towns were laid out in Rialto, Fontana, Bloomington, Redlands, Terracina, Mound City (Loma Linda), and South Riverside, (Corona). Irrigated communities like Etiwanda, Redlands, Ontario and many others were launched.
517:, telling of a fabulous local orange. It took some time and perseverance, but by 1871 Saunders was able to obtain from Bahia twelve newly budded navel orange trees in fairly good condition. He had prepared a supply of young orange stocks into which he inserted and grafted buds from the new trees. Saunders recorded in his journal, referring to Tibbets, "That lady called here and was anxious to get some of these plants for her place, and I sent two of them by mail". When the grafted orange trees were ready, Saunders mailed the first two out to Tibbets.
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led to the invention of orchard heaters and of many other methods of culture. In 1897–1898 Benjamin and
Harrison Wright invented and patented a mechanized orange washer. By the end of 1898, two-thirds of Riverside's packinghouses were using the machines. At the turn of the century Stebler and Parker began manufacturing citrus packing machinery in Riverside independent of each other. The companies, which merged in 1922, became the California Iron Works, and later still Food Machinery Corporation (today's
448:
489:. Although asexual propagation required a certain amount of effort and level of expertise, this sport was extensively propagated in the vicinity of Bahia. Nowadays many important fruit crops are propagated asexually, including oranges, grapes, avocados, bananas and apples. In fact, all commercial citrus trees are grafted onto rootstock selected for adaptation to the soil, resistance to disease, and influence on fruit quality.
431:
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recognized. Tibbets’ orange was ideally suited to
Riverside's semiarid weather; its thick skin enabled it to be packed and shipped. The contrast between this new fruit and that of seedling trees was so striking that most new grove plantings were rapidly converted to Washington navel oranges. Tibbets sold budwood from her trees to local nurserymen, which led to extensive plantings of nursery trees cloned from hers.
632:, the station institutionalized the scientific expertise, support, and presence of the state's university and the federal government in the citrus industry, and brought quality control to the first link in the corporate agricultural chain. A field department was created which provided member growers with scientific and practical horticultural advice and direction that ultimately led to huge gains in productivity.
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due the great impetus that brought the industry into national prominence. State Board, 20: It is also largely to
Riverside that the orange industry is indebted for its present importance, from the success attained in the cultivation of the Washington Navel, an orange which achieved widespread fame for itself and the location (Riverside) where it was first successfully grown.
189:. The Lovell family became prominent in the frontier town. Eliza's father was elected to several positions; as a town councilman, city councilman, and President of the Fire Wardens' Association; he was called as a New Jerusalem minister, and selected as a trustee of the city water works, the Woodward School, and the Academy of Fine Arts.
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orange industry had grown to an annual income of $ 67 million. From one million boxes of oranges in 1887 to more than 65.5 million boxes of oranges, lemons, and grapefruit in 1944, despite the depression years of the 1930s, the
California citrus industry experienced nothing short of explosive growth.
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The growth that the
Washington navel orange produced in Riverside spread throughout the state, driving the state and even the national economy. Citrus assumed a major place in California's economy. By 1917 Washington navel orange culture was a $ 30 million per year industry in California. By 1933 the
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State Board, 13. The discovery of the fact that citrus fruits could be produced successfully and profitably, gave an impetus to the growth of a most important industry in our State, and especially in the southern counties, which is almost unprecedented in the history of our Union ... to
Riverside is
610:
A key feature of the growth of the
Washington Navel orange industry was a scientific approach to improvement. Study of propagation culture handling, transportation and other phases of producing distributing and marketing the crop was largely responsible for advancements used not only with citrus but
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projects which converted more desert to orange groves. The size, scale, and ingenuity of the irrigation structures in
Riverside and surrounding area are considered one of the agricultural marvels of the age. By 1893 Riverside was the wealthiest city per capita in the United States. Money poured into
536:
Tibbets’ success with the navel orange led to a rapid increase in citrus planting. and the citrus planted was predominantly the
Washington navel orange. The commercial success of these early orchards soon led to a widespread interest in this variety, so that by 1900 it was the most extensively grown
484:
in which one branch or "sport" differs genetically from the rest of the tree. It first appeared as a sport on a Selecta sweet orange tree in Bahia, Brazil. A desirable sport like this enables growers to avoid the complications of genetic segregation and recombination by spreading the species through
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Tibbets was working on a land development plan for what he proposed to be a 30,000-acre colony outside Fredericksburg. He intended to allow people of any race to buy property. When the Tibbets were driven from Fredericksburg, a freedwoman persuaded them to take her young daughter Nicey with them, as
241:
spread throughout the nation and the globe during the mid-19th century, her father Oliver Lovell became President of the spiritualist society in Cincinnati. Her sister Clara Lovell Smith's sealed letter was divined by spiritualist physician John Redmond, who discussed the family in one of his books.
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The progeny trees derived from this parent source tree continues to be the most popular navel grown in California. In the estimation of many, the fruit of the Washington navel remains the finest in size, flavor, quality, lack of seed, low rag and excellent holding capacity when the fruit is held on
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scientists, and workers transformed the natural and social landscape of California, turning it into a factory for the production of millions of oranges. Orange growers in California developed the commercialized agriculture that only spread to the rest of the country a generation later. In 1906, the
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By the mid-1880s five packing houses sprang up in Riverside. Many methods developed in the course of the growth of this industry, which had a wide application, to other fruit growing industries as well to citrus. The study and efforts of pioneers in the development of the California citrus industry
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and Southern California began to convert to fruit. Soil and climate were obviously conducive to such a conversion. After the turn of the 20th century, wheat exports began a rapid decline in the face of intense Canadian and Russian competition, and declining grain yields due to soil depletion. Such
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Eliza moved to California and was among pioneers in Riverside, where she lived first with her son and his wife Harriet, Luther Tibbets' eldest daughter. Among the pioneers in the 1870s were a group of "spiritualists and free thinkers." Eliza and Luther finally had a justice of the peace regularize
532:
The first fruits borne by these trees were produced in the season of 1875–76. When the Washington navel orange was publicly displayed at a fair in 1879, the valuable commercial characteristics of the fruit, including their quality, shape, size, color, texture, and lack of seeds, were immediately
1345:
State Board, 13: "Some of the earlier settlers, with foresight enough to see that there was profit in fruit, secured some of the mission orchards, and under skillful treatment and fostering care these were made productive again by careful pruning, cultivation, and irrigation. These enterprising
497:
The citrus industry in California was underway before Tibbets’ cultivated the Washington navel orange. But there was no outstanding early and midseason variety of sweet orange generally adapted to the climate. Extant citrus was mostly seedling trees grown from seeds obtained locally or from the
597:
Another illustration of the results of the success of the citrus industry in California was the organization of the growers into an exchange for the co-operative handling of their crop and its distribution. California Fruit Growers Exchange, a cooperative marketing association made up of local
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was used to fight citrus scale. A U.S. Department of Agriculture scientist helped growers to harness nature's biological wrath during the "decay crisis" of 1905–1907, when alarming proportions of fruit spoiled in transit, and wed the industry to the scientific expertise of the USDA. Growers,
574:.) The success of Tibbets’ orange stimulated related industries. Citrus built the foundations of the region's economic modernization before the great flood of defense funds began in World War II. Tibbets’ introduction of the Washington navel orange was largely responsible for the fruit
540:
Tibbets’ orange allowed agriculture in California to survive transition from wheat. Wheat had been the single most profitable crop statewide between 1870 and 1900 as California became one of the largest grain producers in the nation. Sometime about 1880, many agriculturalists in the
153:, living with him in Virginia and moving with him from Washington, D.C., to California in the early 1870s. They married there and lived by agriculture. Her success with the navel orange contributed to adoption by farmers of this variety of orange tree and rapid expansion of the
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the tree. The navel orange remains as one of the most popular of all of the varieties of fresh fruit whether produced in California, Peru, South Africa, or Australia. Millions of trees were propagated from progeny of this mother tree, not only in California, but worldwide.
375:
Tibbets accomplished much in her years in Riverside and Southern California, including successfully cultivating two grafted navel orange trees. When their fruit appeared at agricultural fairs, it attracted immediate attention. The hybrid came to dominate agricultural
570:. As the industry grew, land which had been regarded as worthless dramatically increased value. Not only did orange culture feed the land boom of the 1880s in Southern California; it allowed Riverside to survive when the land boom collapsed in 1888. (See also:
218:. Their congregation included intelligent, cultured, and influential people who loved good literature, music, painting, the theater and other arts. Cincinnati church members included inventors Jacob, William & R. P. Resor, publisher Benjamin and sculptor
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It is widely accepted that she cared for the two trees, using disposed dishwater as irrigation because the Tibbets lot was not connected to canal water. Agriculture officials attribute the success of the two trees that did flourish to Tibbets’ care.
2197:
Shamel, Archibald D. 1915. "Washington navel orange – Important California citrus fruit originated in Brazil nearly a century ago, brought to United States in 1869 – Comparison of culture in California and Brazil – Importance of bud mutations",
1532:
In 1933 two USDA officials wrote: "The very fact that the trees sent her survived the climatic and other hazards of those pioneer days is in itself remarkable and is probably due to the particular care given them by her." Shamel & Pomeroy,
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experimented with imported plants for possible incorporation into American agriculture. He built an orange house on the department grounds around 1867. In 1871 he reported that he was trying to secure complete collections of citrus.
455:
The navel orange was not new when Tibbets introduced it to United States agriculture. A kind of navel was described and pictured by John Baptisti Ferrarius in 1646. Early Brazilian publications often referred to the Navel orange, or
245:
Tibbets' second husband, James Neal, was a commerce merchant who became a well-known healing medium. Noted Spiritualist lecturer Thomas Gales Forster and his family lived with James and Eliza Lovell Neal in Clifton, Ohio, in 1860.
31:
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already enfranchised women citizens. For a brief time in the 1870s, citizens of the District of Columbia were enfranchised. DC woman suffrage activists argued that they were citizens and therefore enfranchised under that law.
2332:– "About twenty years after Eliza and Luther Tibbets had died, a daughter of Luther, who had grown up with her mother, campaigned to establish Luther Tibbets as the introducer of the Washington Navel orange instead of Eliza."
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with her father. There her son James Summons enlisted in the New York State infantry at 17 under the name James B. Lovell. He completed his three-year enlistment and was honorably discharged as the regimental postmaster.
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citrus fruit in California. Since then Washington navel orange budwood and trees have been taken from California across the seas to Japan, Australia, South Africa, and other tropical or semi-tropical districts.
2179:
meeting held during the 9th Congress of the International Society of Citriculture, Orlando, Florida, USA 7–8 December 2000. Rome, Food and Agricultural Organization, United Nations, Seed and Genetic Resources
1500:
Klotz: The local press of March 28, 1885, printed the following, "Mrs. L. C. Tibbets exhibits a branch from the original orange trees imported from South America to Washington, D.C. and thence to Riverside in
2477:
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Luther C. Tibbets, who had been married twice before and had several children. He was an abolitionist. Her son James Summons married Luther's eldest daughter Harriet, and moved with their parents.
1789:
Tobey & Wetherel, "Corporate Capitalism," 13. "From $ 10.7 million earned in 1900, to $ 83.2 million in 1920, to $ 144.6 million in 1930, citrus literally sucked eastern money west."
2219:
2221:
Spirit of the South; or, Persecution in the name of law, as administered in Virginia. Related by some victims thereof. Also its effects upon the nation and its general government
525:
Hundreds of Bahia orange trees were sent to Florida at this time, a major base of the citrus industry, but none flourished. Tibbets planted the two trees in her garden in 1873.
2447:
655:
1833:
Tom Patterson, "The Tibbets, the Navel Orange, and the Dishpan," in Landmarks of Riverside and the Stories Behind Them (Riverside, California: Press-Enterprise Co., 1964) 31.
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she believed other areas would be better for the girl. A 21st century account suggested that Nicey was the daughter of Eliza's son James and a young black woman in Virginia.
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Their fortunes rose and fell, and they went bankrupt in 1878. Continuing to work on their small property, they built up their lives again but were never wealthy.
2113:
Ray, Angela G.; Richards, Cindy Koenig (November 2007). "Inventing Citizens, Imagining Gender Justice: The Suffrage Rhetoric of Virginia and Francis Minor".
288:. He also worked as a land agent and ran a Sabbath School for freedmen and their children at a black Baptist Church, as freedmen were eager for education.
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There has been discussion and debate related to when she cultivated this variety. For their reviews of the existing evidence, see: Shamel & Pomeroy,
2467:
398:
306:
Luther Tibbets left Washington in 1870 for California, where he settled in what became Riverside. She continued her activism, especially in the area of
1491:
U.S. House, Report of the Commissioner of Agriculture for 1884, 48th Cong. 1st Sess. Ex. Doc 178, (Washington: 1884) 7: "Distributed about 12 years ago"
222:, clockmaker Luman Watson, artist Mary Menessier Beck, educators Alexander Kinmont, Frederic Eckstein, and M. M. Carll, and theatrical agent Sol Smith.
2452:
2482:
2437:
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deformed in a way that makes seed production from the pollen of other varieties impossible. Hence, the Washington navel orange is propagated by
1802:
Vol VII, ed. Robert Marion La Follette. Robert Marion La Follette, Charles Higgins, William Matthews Handy (Chicago,: Making of America, 1906.)
2442:
676:
1865:
Ronald Tobey and Charles Wetherel, (1995) The Citrus Industry And The Revolution Of Corporate Capitalism In Southern California, 1887–1994.
1032:
Angela G Ray, Cindy Koenig Richards. "Inventing Citizens, Imagining Gender Justice: The Suffrage Rhetoric of Virginia and Francis Minor",
326:, the first woman admitted to the Supreme Court Bar; educator Sara Spencer, Dr. Susan A. Edson, physician to President Garfield, pioneer
2462:
2227:
Tobey, Ronald and Charles Wetherel, "The Citrus Industry And The Revolution Of Corporate Capitalism In Southern California, 1887–1994".
625:
318:
In 1871 seventy women tested the law in Washington, D.C. They marched to the registrar's office to register to vote, but were rejected.
1541:, (April 1933) 171: "These trees survived the climatic and other hazards, largely, I think, through the systematic care of Mrs Tibbets
1186:
969:
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A statue of Tibbets produced by artist Guy Angelo Wilson was dedicated on August 5, 2011, at the pedestrian mall beside the historic
2412:
1204:"Downtown statue honors Riverside citrus pioneer - Raincross Square - Riverside, California - Riverside History, Riverside Photos"
992:
2472:
2422:
2407:
418:
296:
499:
411:
2417:
1482:
W. A. Taylor, Chief of the Bureau . Letter to James Boyd, September 15, 1920. unpublished, available from the USDA Library
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captain, in the Cincinnati Swedenborgian church. Their son James B. Summons was her only child to survive into adulthood.
1207:
300:
925:
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on August 5, 1823, Eliza Maria Lovell was the youngest child of Oliver and Clarissa Downes Lovell. Pioneers to early
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1300:
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lands were subdivided and used for horticulture. Agriculture provided a firm foundation for the state's economy.
394:
2305:
The house that lemons built: Race, ethnicity, gender, citizenship and the creation of a citrus empire, 1893–1919
2397:
617:
281:
2361:
Remarks by Susan B. Anthony in the Circuit Court of the United States for the Northern District of New York.
2028:
1798:
Tobey & Wetherel, "Corporate Capitalism," 72. But see: Michael A. Lane "Scientific Work of Government,"
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opened a direct line to Riverside in 1886 allowing direct shipment to the east. Eight years later the first
238:
135:
2016:
Modern American spiritualism a twenty years' record of the communion between earth and the world of spirits
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were heard in the Supreme court of the District of Columbia. Women throughout the United States, including
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331:
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73:
2080:
1308:
872:
119:
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833:
Esther H. Klotz, "Eliza Tibbets And Her Washington Navel Orange Trees," in Riverside Municipal Museum,
447:
2432:
2427:
335:
2343:
2274:
Bitter-sweet communities: Mexican workers and citrus growers on the California landscape, 1880--1941
2000:
Barron, Hal S. "Citriculture and Southern California New Historical Perspectives, An Introduction",
1537:, 31. See also: A. D. Shamel, "History of Origin and Introduction of the Washington Navel Orange,"
486:
359:
307:
1711:
State Government and Economic Policy: A History of Administrative Policies in California 1849–1933
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650:
319:
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215:
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131:
138:, she led seances in Riverside. She became known for successfully growing the first two hybrid
2038:
587:
311:
154:
150:
2314:
Creating an Orange Utopia: Eliza Lovell Tibbets and the Birth of California's Citrus Industry
1086:
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Voyage of the United States Frigate Potomac: under the command of Commodore John Downes, ...
2122:
591:
350:
211:
186:
123:
58:
1979:
The Cincinnati directory containing the names, profession and occupation of the inhabitants
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1170:
Tom Patterson, 1984, "Spiritualist Introduced Seances, Navel Orange Farming to Riverside",
966:
755:
The Cincinnati directory containing the names, profession and occupation of the inhabitants
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in Riverside. The Tibbets memorial is the first statue in Riverside to commemorate a woman.
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973:
929:
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decision of 1875, however, the Court formally dissociated citizenship from voting rights.
182:
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and other progressives on universal suffrage, freedmen's rights and other social issues.
2295:
Wide open spaces: Rural communities and the making of metropolitan California, 1870–1940
629:
430:
354:
323:
200:. He commanded the Mediterranean Squadron and later the Pacific Squadron. Downes’ ship
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102:
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At the election, they tried to vote but were rejected at the polls. Their test cases,
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1070:
803:
575:
571:
514:
274:
250:
1058:
995:
Spirit of the South; or, Persecution in the name of law, as administered in Virginia
791:
766:
Annals of the New Church, (Philadelphia: Academy of the New Church, 1898), 396, 412.
2370:
2212:
Shamel, D. USDA. "History of Origin Introduction of the Washington Navel Orange."
2056:
Citrus growers and the construction of the Southern California landscape, 1880–1940
923:
Film Number M551 roll 85 Service Record card 683b-684. Service Card James B. Lovell
435:
219:
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In 1869 the Commissioner of agriculture brought Saunders a letter from a woman in
2320:
2149:
1991:
2084:
1312:
941:
Log book of the 132nd Infantry, 1864, available at NARA, College Park, Maryland.
612:
567:
197:
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998:, (Washington, D.C.: 1869). Text online at Library of Congress, American Memory
932:, Civil War Soldiers and Sailors, National Park Service, Accessed 4 March 2008.
2366:
2126:
1660:
Bud selection in the Washington navel orange progeny tests of limb variations.
1007:
Tom Patterson, 'Whatever Became of Nicey, Riverside's First Black Resident?,'
559:
231:
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was a well-known and highly decorated officer of the War with Tripoli and the
170:
143:
2250:
Bud selection in the Washington navel orange progeny tests of limb variations
566:
The rapidly expanding citrus industry also stimulated the capital market for
214:
in Cincinnati; it was based on the writings of Swedish scientist and mystic,
2377:
1359:, outlines department procedures and the duties of the Superintendent. 72–73
583:
502:. Growers experimented, but there was a lack of standardization in quality.
477:
270:
2102:. 2nd ed., 26–29. San Bernardino, California: Riverside Museum Press, 1989.
2095:. 2nd ed., 13–25. San Bernardino, California: Riverside Museum Press, 1989.
922:
30:
2209:. Citrus Pub. No.3 . Riverside, California: Riverside Chamber of Commerce.
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demonstrated in this way, testing the law with civil disobedience. In the
2091:
Klotz, Esther. "Eliza Tibbets and Her Washington Navel Orange Trees." In
2011:. (Sacramento: 2002) Available at: www.parks.ca.gov Accessed: 20 Oct 2007
1824:. 2nd ed., (San Bernardino, California: Riverside Museum Press, 1989) 27.
481:
473:
461:
263:
127:
1278:
Citrus Fruit Improvement: How to secure and Use Tree-Performance Records
578:, inventions in boxing machines, fruit wraps and the iced railroad car.
380:
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shipped oranges from Riverside to the east on the Santa Fe Railroad.
469:
465:
377:
178:
2159:
A Biographical Genealogy of the Lovell family in England and America
863:(New York: Charles Partridge, and Boston: Bela Marsh), 1859, 284–89.
775:
Ophia D. Smith, "Frederick Eckstein: The Father of Cincinnati Art,"
705:
A Biographical Genealogy of the Lovell Family in England and America
2257:
Pioneers of American Landscape Design II: An Annotated Bibliography
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The Selected Papers of Elizabeth Cady Stanton and Susan B. Anthony
446:
2224:, Washington, D.C., Published for the trade and the people, 1869.
480:. The Washington Navel orange is particularly prone to a type of
476:
a bud from an existing tree onto separate (genetically distinct)
2190:
Saunders, William. "Experimental Gardens and Grounds", in USDA,
2105:
Labossier, Regine. "A Navel Worth Gazing At: Tree Made History;
1443:
C. N. Roistacher, "A History of the Washington Navel Orange" in
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451:
Parent Navel Orange Tree in Riverside, California (August, 2017)
207:
became the first U.S. naval vessel to circumnavigate the globe.
174:
2283:
Selected Papers of Susan B. Anthony and Elizabeth Cady Stanton.
1473:
C. S. Pomeroy, "1873 Washington Navel Orange Came to Riverside"
879:, (New York: The author, 1870) 352–53. See also Redman, 284–89.
389:
Tibbets died in 1898 while visiting the spiritualist colony in
118:; 1823–1898) was among early American settlers and founders of
2236:
Remarks on the Washington Navel Orange Anniversary Celebration
2047:
Selected Papers of Susan B. Anthony and Elizabeth Cady Stanton
692:
Remarks on the Washington Navel Orange Anniversary Celebration
284:, and opened a local store. Luther campaigned for office as a
273:
but were driven out by unwelcoming locals who considered them
2316:. Swedenborg Foundation Publishers, 2011. ISBN 978-0877853374
1696:
1694:
777:
Bulletin of the Historical and Philosophical Society of Ohio,
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727:
Centennial History of Cincinnati and Representative Citizens
1893:
1891:
1228:
1226:
1224:
901:, 8th Ward Cincinnati, Hamilton, Ohio, p. 164, lines 34–40.
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Proceedings of the Global Citrus Germplasm Network Network
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Klotz, Esther and Kevin Hallaren. "Citrus Chronology." In
2023:
Cincinnati in 1841: It's Early Annals and Future Prospects
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1142:
438:, also known as the Washington, Riverside, or Bahia navel.
295:
In Washington, D.C., Eliza and Luther Tibbets worked with
1928:
1926:
1924:
1820:
Esther Klotz and Kevin Hallaren, "Citrus Chronology", in
794:, Naval Historical Center website. Accessed 4 March 2008.
2330:
Luther C. Tibbets, Founder of the Navel Orange Industry
1852:
1850:
1848:
1019:
E. C. Stanton, Susan B. Anthony, Matilda Joselyn Gage,
837:, rev. ed. (San Bernardino: Franklin Press), pp. 13–14.
237:
Eliza Lovell Summons later became a spiritualist. When
2478:
Burials at Evergreen Cemetery (Riverside, California)
2248:
USDA, A. D. SHAMEL, C. S. POMEROY, and R. E. CARYL,
2168:, rev. ed. (San Bernardino: Franklin Press, 1989. ).
1905:
1903:
1658:
USDA, A. D. SHAMEL, C. S. POMEROY, and R. E. CARYL,
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orchardists reaped a golden reward for their labor."
656:
Washington navel orange tree (Riverside, California)
1386:
1384:
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preserve the history of navel oranges in Riverside.
322:had accompanied the group, which included Tibbets,
97:
89:
81:
66:
40:
21:
1981:... , (Cincinnati, Ohio: Oliver Farnsworth, 1819).
1565:
1563:
1561:
1559:
1557:
1555:
1553:
1551:
1263:Michael T. Clegg, "Genetics of Crop Improvement",
694:, Cong. Rec. 63rd Cong. 2d Sess. (3 Sep. 1914), 3.
417:The California Citrus State Historic Park and the
2319:Riddle, Albert Gallatin and Carrie Chapman Catt.
2238:, Cong. Rec. 63rd Cong. 2d Sess. (3 Sep. 1914), 3
2187:(Berkeley: University of California Press, 2005).
1945:(Berkeley: University of California Press, 2005).
1842:Tobey & Wetherel, "Corporate Capitalism," 20.
1750:Tobey & Wetherel, "Corporate Capitalism," 13.
262:After the war, Eliza Reveal became involved with
230:At age 18, Eliza Lovell married James Summons, a
149:Married three times, she had a relationship with
2234:U.S. Congress. House. Congressman Ketnner of CA
2185:Orange Empire: California and the Fruits of Eden
1943:Orange Empire: California and the Fruits of Eden
1368:Beverly T. Galloway, "An Historic Orange Tree,"
1328:
1326:
1324:
1322:
757:..., (Cincinnati, Ohio: Oliver Farnsworth, 1819)
690:U.S. Congress. House, Congressman Ketnner of CA
598:growers was founded in 1893; it is now known as
505:Meanwhile, at his greenhouses in Washington DC,
2378:Patricia Ortlieb collection on Eliza L. Tibbets
2325:(Washington, D.C.: Judd & Detweiler, 1871).
242:Tibbets was considered an accomplished medium.
2322:Suffrage Conferred by the Fourteenth Amendment
2252:. Washington, U.S. Dept. of Agriculture; 1929.
1987:Philadelphia: Academy of the New Church, 1898.
1089:, Cady and Stanton online, accessed 4 Mar 2008
1061:, Cady and Stanton online, accessed 4 Mar 2008
558:The success of Tibbets' orange trees inspired
177:, the Lovells had migrated to Cincinnati from
1881:
1879:
1877:
1875:
1259:
1257:
1255:
729:, Vol 1, (Chicago: Biographical Pub., 1904),
703:May Lovell Rhodes and Thomas D. Rhodes, 1924
8:
1077:, (New Brunswick, N.J.: Rutgers, 1997), 649.
962:
960:
958:
956:
2448:History of agriculture in the United States
909:
907:
310:. Woman suffrage activists argued that the
126:, for progressive social causes, including
1777:Nash, "Economic Growth," 319 citing Nash,
1662:Washington, U.S. Dept. of Agriculture;1929
1357:Message from the Department of Agriculture
1157:Klotz, 13, quoting Robert Hornbeck, 1913,
1100:(Washington, D.C.) Daily Morning Chronicle
988:
986:
984:
982:
848:Illustrated History of Southern California
460:. The Washington navel is sterile – truly
29:
18:
2166:A History of Citrus In the Riverside Area
2157:Rhodes, May Lovell and Thomas D. Rhodes.
2100:A History of Citrus in the Riverside Area
2093:A History of Citrus in the Riverside Area
1822:A History of Citrus in the Riverside Area
1120:"The Ladies Hold A Meeting;" Gordon, 649.
835:A History of Citrus In the Riverside Area
806:, Hazegray Online. Accessed 4 March 2008.
212:Swedenborgian Church of the New Jerusalem
16:California founder of the citrus industry
2287:Against an Aristocracy of Sex, 1866–1873
2161:(Asheville, N.C.: Biltmore press, 1924).
2043:Against an Aristocracy of Sex, 1866–1873
1577:
1575:
611:also in other fruit industries. In 1893
429:
2380:(digitized photographs and documents),
2259:(Washington, D.C.: GPO, 2000), 132–137.
2205:Shamel, D. and Carl S. Pomeroy. 1933.
2143:Mystic Hours; Or, Spiritual Experiences
1994:The Standard Cyclopedia of Horticulture
861:Mystic Hours; Or, Spiritual Experiences
667:
426:Tibbets and the Washington navel orange
2488:19th-century American women scientists
1997:, 2nd ed. (New York: Macmillan, 1930).
1713:(New York: Arno Press, 1979 ©1964) 140
1193:, Evergreen Memorial Historic Cemetery
707:, Asheville, N.C.: Biltmore Press, 75.
2458:History of women in the United States
2289:.New Brunswick, N. J.; Rutgers, 2000.
2154:(New York: Harper & Bros., 1835).
2067:(Riverside, California: Press, 1913).
2009:California Citrus State Historic Park
1249:, rev. ed. (Sacramento, 1902) 53, 52.
1161:(Riverside, California: Press, 1904).
677:California Citrus State Historic Park
628:. Originally located on the slope of
7:
716:Rhodes and Rhodes, 1924, pp. 202–06.
269:The Tibbets moved into the South in
1247:Culture Of The Citrus In California
1036:, 93, 4, November 1, 2007, 375–402.
626:University of California, Riverside
606:Scientific approach to improvements
2357:, (September 14, 1900), p. 6.
1132:1 McA. 369. Stanton, et al. 1997,
134:before going to the West Coast. A
14:
2468:People from Riverside, California
2073:"An Orange Whose Season Has Come"
1301:"An Orange Whose Season Has Come"
1130:Spencer v. Board of Registration,
2453:History of Riverside, California
1280:, (Washington, D.C.: GPO, 1917),
1245:CA State Board Of Horticulture,
745:, (Cincinnati: The Author, 1841)
419:Orcutt Ranch Horticulture Center
397:. She was buried at Riverside's
343:Spencer v. Board of Registration
210:The Lovells were members of the
161:of orange groves in California.
2483:19th-century American botanists
2173:Global Citrus Germplasm Network
2071:Karp, David (22 January 2003).
2025:(Cincinnati: The Author, 1841).
1447:Global Citrus Germplasm Network
1299:Karp, David (22 January 2003).
521:Groves in California and beyond
443:Washington navel orange history
192:Her maternal uncle "Commodore"
2438:Botanists active in California
2271:Alamillo, Jose Manuel (2000).
2049:New Brunswick, N. J.; Rutgers.
347:Webster v. Judges of Election,
1:
2293:Livie, Kyle Mitchell (2007).
2175:& Albrigo, L. G. (2000).
2053:Hartig, Anthea Marie (2001).
2018:(New York: The author, 1870).
1700:Nash, "Economic Growth," 318.
1159:Robidoux's Ranch in the '70's
1059:Women Who Voted, 1868 to 1873
1045:"The Ladies Hold A Meeting",
815:Smith, "Adam Hurdus", p. 113.
620:established in Riverside its
600:Sunkist Growers, Incorporated
2443:History of the American West
2243:Yearbook of Agriculture 1900
2192:Yearbook of Agriculture 1897
2164:Riverside Municipal Museum.
2065:Robidoux's Ranch in the 70's
877:Modern American spiritualism
824:Smith, "Adam Hurdus", p. 120
280:In 1867 the family moved to
70:1898 (aged 74–75)
35:Eliza Tibbets in Los Angeles
2255:U.S. Dept of the Interior.
2207:The Washington Navel Orange
2194:, (Washington: 1897)180 ff;
2115:Quarterly Journal of Speech
2031:"An Historic Orange Tree,"
1732:Dorsett & Shamel, 1917.
1634:The Washington Navel Orange
1535:The Washington Navel Orange
1523:Klotz, "Eliza Tibbets," 17.
1034:Quarterly Journal of Speech
249:In 1861 the Neals moved to
2504:
2463:Scientists from California
2183:Sackman, Douglas Cazaux,
2171:Roistacher, Appendix 6 in
1963:Klotz & Hallaran, 33 .
1414:Report of the Commissioner
493:California citrus industry
93:Activist, horticulturalist
2245:, (Washington: GPO, 1900)
2202:22, no. 6 (1915) 435–445.
2127:10.1080/00335630701449340
2007:California State Parks.
1985:Annals of the New Church.
1918:Klotz & Hallaran, 29.
1909:Klotz & Hallaran, 27.
1897:Klotz & Hallaran, 30.
1539:The California Citrograph
1355:U.S. Senate Report 2522,
1021:History of Woman Suffrage
850:, (Chicago: Lewis, 1890).
622:Citrus Experiment Station
338:, Josephine S. Griffing.
122:; she was an activist in
28:
2413:American horticulturists
2281:Gordon, Ann D., editor.
2109:, August 5, 2004 OC, B5.
2014:Britten, Emma Hardinge.
1941:Douglas Cazaux Sackman,
1148:Ray & Richards, 375.
928:August 14, 2008, at the
725:Charles Theodore Greve,
674:California State Parks,
624:, the beginnings of the
618:University of California
282:Fredericksburg, Virginia
2473:American Swedenborgians
2423:Farmers from California
2408:American citrus farmers
2200:The Journal of Heredity
2033:The Journal of Heredity
1932:Tobey and Wetherel, 10.
1856:Klotz & Hallaran, .
1608:Washington Navel Orange
1462:Washington Navel Orange
1370:The Journal of Heredity
741:See also Charles Cist,
140:Washington navel orange
103:Washington navel orange
2302:McBane, Margo (2001).
2148:Reynolds, Jeremiah N.
1632:Shamel & Pomeroy,
1606:Shamel & Pomeroy,
1449:Meeting, December 2000
779:9 (October 1951): 274.
592:refrigerated rail cars
550:Legacy of introduction
464:and utterly devoid of
452:
439:
383:, as described below.
332:E. D. E. N. Southworth
328:Julia Archibald Holmes
297:Josephine S. Griffings
258:Southern United States
181:in 1812, traveling by
74:Summerland, California
2214:California Citrograph
2141:Redman, G. A., M.D.,
1098:"Justice For Women",
993:'Luther C. Tibbets,'
873:Emma Hardinge Britten
450:
433:
334:, and founder of the
120:Riverside, California
2418:American orchardists
2350:. 14 September 1900.
2231:, Spring 1995, 6–20.
2029:Galloway, Beverly T.
1023:, vol. 3, 808 – 113.
859:G. A. Redman, M.D.,
393:, on the coast near
372:their relationship.
226:Marriages and family
105:trees in California.
2312:Ortlieb, Patricia,
2004:, Spring 1995, 3–6.
1811:State Board, 13–14.
1445:Proceedings of the
1184:'Founders' Stories'
1134:The Selected Papers
1047:National Republican
899:1860 Federal Census
487:asexual propagation
360:Minor v. Happersett
101:Introducing hybrid
2354:The New York Times
2348:The New York Times
2344:"WILLIAM SAUNDERS"
2229:California History
2077:The New York Times
2063:Hornbeck, Robert.
2002:California History
1867:California History
1305:The New York Times
1189:2011-07-21 at the
972:2011-07-21 at the
743:Cincinnati in 1841
681:(Sacramento: 2002)
651:Mother Orange Tree
453:
440:
399:Evergreen Cemetery
320:Frederick Douglass
301:Benjamin F. Butler
286:Radical Republican
216:Emanuel Swedenborg
159:cultural landscape
132:universal suffrage
116:Eliza Maria Lovell
45:Eliza Maria Lovell
2403:Orange production
2216:, Apr. 1933, 171.
2107:Los Angeles Times
1800:Making of America
1779:State Government,
1390:Saunders' Journal
1267:, 26 (1986), 825.
1049:, April 19, 1871.
846:Klotz, 14 citing
588:Santa Fe Railroad
458:lavanja de ombigo
405:Legacy and honors
336:Freedmen's Bureau
312:U.S. Constitution
157:and the historic
151:Luther C. Tibbets
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1206:. Archived from
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1174:, July 14, 1984.
1172:Press-Enterprise
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500:Spanish missions
351:Susan B. Anthony
308:women's suffrage
124:Washington, D.C.
59:Cincinnati, Ohio
54:
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2398:Oranges (fruit)
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2367:"Eliza Tibbets"
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2265:Further reading
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2021:Cist, Charles.
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1428:
1425:Galloway, 163
1422:
1419:
1415:
1409:
1406:
1402:
1401:Yearbook 1900
1396:
1393:
1387:
1385:
1383:
1381:
1379:
1375:
1371:
1365:
1362:
1358:
1352:
1349:
1342:
1339:
1335:
1329:
1327:
1325:
1323:
1319:
1314:
1310:
1306:
1302:
1295:
1292:
1286:
1283:
1279:
1273:
1270:
1266:
1260:
1258:
1256:
1252:
1248:
1242:
1239:
1235:
1234:Yearbook 1937
1229:
1227:
1225:
1221:
1210:on 2016-03-05
1209:
1205:
1199:
1196:
1192:
1188:
1185:
1180:
1177:
1173:
1167:
1164:
1160:
1154:
1151:
1145:
1143:
1139:
1135:
1131:
1126:
1123:
1117:
1114:
1108:
1105:
1101:
1095:
1092:
1088:
1083:
1080:
1076:
1072:
1071:Ann D. Gordon
1067:
1064:
1060:
1055:
1052:
1048:
1042:
1039:
1035:
1029:
1026:
1022:
1016:
1013:
1010:
1009:Riverside Sun
1004:
1001:
997:
996:
989:
987:
985:
983:
979:
975:
971:
968:
963:
961:
959:
957:
953:
947:
944:
938:
935:
931:
927:
924:
919:
916:
910:
908:
904:
900:
894:
891:
888:Britten, 355.
885:
882:
878:
874:
869:
866:
862:
856:
853:
849:
843:
840:
836:
830:
827:
821:
818:
812:
809:
805:
800:
797:
793:
788:
786:
782:
778:
772:
769:
763:
760:
756:
751:
748:
744:
738:
735:
732:
728:
722:
719:
713:
710:
706:
700:
697:
693:
687:
684:
680:
678:
671:
668:
661:
657:
654:
652:
649:
648:
644:
642:
635:
633:
631:
627:
623:
619:
614:
605:
603:
601:
595:
593:
589:
585:
579:
577:
573:
572:Panic of 1893
569:
564:
561:
556:
549:
547:
544:
538:
534:
530:
526:
520:
518:
516:
515:Bahia, Brazil
511:
508:
503:
501:
492:
490:
488:
483:
479:
475:
471:
467:
463:
459:
449:
442:
437:
432:
425:
420:
416:
413:
409:
408:
404:
402:
400:
396:
395:Santa Barbara
392:
387:
384:
382:
379:
373:
366:
364:
362:
361:
356:
352:
348:
344:
339:
337:
333:
329:
325:
321:
316:
313:
309:
304:
302:
298:
293:
289:
287:
283:
278:
276:
275:carpetbaggers
272:
267:
265:
257:
255:
252:
251:New York City
247:
243:
240:
235:
233:
225:
223:
221:
217:
213:
208:
206:
205:
199:
195:
190:
188:
184:
183:covered wagon
180:
176:
172:
164:
162:
160:
156:
152:
147:
145:
141:
137:
133:
129:
125:
121:
117:
113:
112:Eliza Tibbets
104:
100:
96:
92:
90:Occupation(s)
88:
84:
80:
75:
69:
65:
60:
43:
39:
32:
27:
23:Eliza Tibbets
20:
2371:Find a Grave
2352:
2347:
2329:
2321:
2313:
2304:
2294:
2286:
2282:
2273:
2256:
2249:
2242:
2235:
2228:
2220:
2213:
2206:
2199:
2191:
2184:
2176:
2172:
2165:
2158:
2150:
2142:
2118:
2114:
2106:
2099:
2092:
2076:
2064:
2055:
2046:
2045:, vol. 2 of
2042:
2032:
2022:
2015:
2008:
2001:
1993:
1984:
1978:
1959:
1954:Sackman, 67.
1950:
1942:
1937:
1914:
1866:
1861:
1838:
1829:
1821:
1816:
1807:
1799:
1794:
1785:
1778:
1773:
1764:
1755:
1746:
1737:
1728:
1718:
1710:
1705:
1685:
1680:
1672:
1667:
1659:
1654:
1646:
1641:
1633:
1628:
1620:
1619:Roistacher,
1615:
1607:
1602:
1595:
1590:
1582:
1538:
1534:
1528:
1519:
1511:
1510:Roistacher,
1506:
1496:
1487:
1478:
1469:
1461:
1456:
1444:
1439:
1430:
1421:
1413:
1408:
1400:
1395:
1369:
1364:
1356:
1351:
1341:
1333:
1304:
1294:
1285:
1277:
1272:
1264:
1246:
1241:
1233:
1212:. Retrieved
1208:the original
1198:
1179:
1171:
1166:
1158:
1153:
1133:
1129:
1125:
1116:
1111:Gordon, 650.
1107:
1099:
1094:
1082:
1074:
1066:
1054:
1046:
1041:
1033:
1028:
1020:
1015:
1008:
1003:
994:
946:
937:
918:
898:
893:
884:
876:
868:
860:
855:
847:
842:
834:
829:
820:
811:
799:
776:
771:
762:
754:
750:
742:
737:
730:
726:
721:
712:
704:
699:
691:
686:
675:
670:
639:
609:
596:
580:
565:
557:
553:
539:
535:
531:
527:
524:
512:
504:
496:
457:
454:
436:Navel orange
388:
385:
374:
370:
358:
346:
342:
340:
317:
305:
294:
290:
279:
268:
261:
248:
244:
239:Spiritualism
236:
229:
220:Hiram Powers
209:
203:
191:
168:
148:
136:spiritualist
115:
111:
110:
2433:1898 deaths
2428:1823 births
1977:A Citizen.
1087:Voter Names
792:John Downes
613:cyanide gas
568:real estate
412:Mission Inn
198:War of 1812
194:John Downes
165:Early years
82:Nationality
2392:Categories
2382:Calisphere
2041:ed. 2000.
1971:References
1885:Roistacher
1464:, 4–7, ff.
1289:Clegg, 824
1214:2015-09-14
950:Klotz, 15.
636:Conclusion
560:irrigation
391:Summerland
367:California
232:steam boat
187:river boat
185:, then by
171:Cincinnati
144:California
51:1823-08-05
2328:Tibbets;
2308:(Thesis).
2297:(Thesis).
2277:(Thesis).
2180:Division.
2135:143708176
2085:432290708
2059:(Thesis).
2035:, 163–66.
1313:432290708
1136:, p. 813.
913:Klotz, 14
804:'Potomac'
584:FMC Corp.
478:rootstock
330:; author
271:Tennessee
202:USS
142:trees in
2081:ProQuest
1623:, ?
1309:ProQuest
1187:Archived
970:Archived
926:Archived
645:See also
482:mutation
474:grafting
462:seedless
381:orchards
264:merchant
169:Born in
128:freedmen
85:American
2285:Vol 2:
1645:Dumke,
586:). The
470:pistils
204:Potomac
2133:
2083:
1684:Nash,
1594:USDA,
1581:USDA,
1543:
1501:1873."
1412:USDA,
1403:, 628.
1399:USDA,
1372:, 163.
1332:USDA,
1311:
1276:USDA,
1236:, 770.
1232:USDA,
1073:, ed.
731:passim
466:pollen
378:citrus
345:, and
179:Boston
114:(born
2241:USDA
2131:S2CID
1992:4,M1
1671:USDA
1649:, 14.
1621:PGCGN
1514:, 60.
1512:PGCGN
1416:, 64.
662:Notes
468:with
1688:117.
1647:Boom
1636:, 8.
1610:, 9.
1545:..."
1336:771.
353:and
175:Ohio
67:Died
41:Born
2123:doi
1585:, 2
2394::
2369:.
2346:.
2129:.
2119:93
2117:.
2079:.
2075:.
1923:^
1902:^
1890:^
1874:^
1847:^
1693:^
1574:^
1550:^
1377:^
1321:^
1307:.
1303:.
1254:^
1223:^
1141:^
981:^
955:^
906:^
875:,
784:^
602:.
434:A
401:.
277:.
146:.
2384:.
2137:.
2125::
2087:.
1675:.
1451:.
1315:.
1217:.
679:.
53:)
49:(
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
