Elizabeth Charlotte, Madame Palatine

1022: 805: 1354:), leading her to attempt a reconciliation with Madame de Maintenon. To the King, she explained frankly and freely: "If I hadn't loved you, then I would not have hated Madame de Maintenon so much, precisely because I believed she was robbing me of your favor". Madame de Maintenon confronted Liselotte with secretly-made copies of Liselotte's candid letters to correspondents abroad, which were bursting with abuse against Maintenon, and were read with relish in foreign courts. Liselotte was warned to change her attitude towards Madame de Maintenon, but the peace between the two women was fleeting, and Liselotte was "more tolerated than loved." Except on official occasions, she was rarely admitted to the King's inner circle. She was punished with contempt above all by Marie Adélaïde of Savoy, Monsieur's granddaughter from his first marriage and granddaughter-in-law of Louis XIV, who was a spoiled child, but an outspoken favorite of both the monarch and his mistress. 2353: 1458: 895: 1300: 1377:...she does every day (Madame de Maintenon) abrupt to me, have the bowls I want to eat taken away from my nose at the King's table; when I go to her, she looks at me through an axel and says nothing to me or laughs at me with her ladies; The old woman ordered that express, hoping I would get angry and amport myself so that they could say they couldn't live with me and send me to Montargis. But I notice the farce, so just laugh at everything you start and don't complain, don't say a word; but to confess the truth, so I lead a miserable life here, but my game is settled, I let everything go as it goes and amuse myself as best I can, think: the old one is not immortal and everything ends in the world; they won't get me out of here except through death. That makes you despair with evil... 1010: 690: 466: 1592: 605: 1077:" or as "mouse filth mixed with the peppercorns". At the instigation of the increasingly powerful Maintenon, contact between Liselotte and her brother-in-law was restricted to formal occasions, and if the King retired to his private apartments with some chosen relatives after dinner, she was no longer admitted. In 1686, she wrote to her aunt Sophia: "Where the devil can't get there, he sends an old woman, whom we all want to find out, being part of the royal family..." Since Liselotte's correspondence was secretly monitored, the King and the Maintenon were privy to her insults, which further degraded her relationship with the King. 597: 267: 58: 485: 2143:

rule over people. But true Christians, if God has done the grace to love him and virtue, do not turn to the priesthood, they follow God's word as well as they understand it, and the order of the churches in which they find themselves leave that constraint to the priests, superstitions to the mob and serve their god in their hearts and seek not to give anybody offense. This is as far as God is concerned, on the whole you have no hatred of your negatives, whatever religion he may be, seek to serve him where you can, and surrender entirely to divine providence.

1057:, whose mother had left court to become a nun. The young comte had become embroiled in a secret homosexual 'brotherhood' of French nobles and courtiers, which required members to "swear an oath to renounce all women." Several incidents were reported in which women were sadistically tortured, and also was reported that a poor waffle seller was raped, castrated and killed by courtiers. Though the Duke of Orléans didn't belong to this brotherhood himself, many of his favorites did. In June 1682, it became known that the 'brotherhood' included the 1553:...In fact I like to be here (in Saint-Cloud), because I can rest there; in Paris one neither rest nor rest, and if I am to say it in good Palatinate, then I am called too badly to Paris; he brings you a placet, the other plagues you to speak before him (for him); this one demands an audience, the other wants an answer; sum, I can't stand being tormented there, it's worse than never, I drove away again with joy, and one is quite astonished that I am not entirely charmed by these hudleyen, and I confess that I am completely is unbearable... 532:, singing, handicrafts and history. In addition, she was regularly read to from the Bible "in two languages, German and French". Her new governess, Maria Ursula Kolb von Wartenberg, called "the Kolbin", instructed her against "any hatred or prejudice against someone because they belong to a different religion". This religious tolerance was quite unusual in its time and stemmed from the relatively relaxed attitude of her father Charles I Louis, who was a Calvinist himself, but had a built in Mannheim a Concordia church ( 1629:...I don't know anyone who was so proud and generous and yet by no means haughty; I don't know anyone who was so engaging and amiable and yet by no means slack and powerless; a special mixture of Germanic size and French sociability made itself known, demanded admiration. Everything about her was dignity, but graceful dignity. Everything natural, unsophisticated and not practiced. She felt what she was and she let the others feel it. But she felt it without arrogance and let the others feel it without contempt. 5138: 581: 1821:, whose court diary and memoirs made him the official chronicler of the reign of Louis XIV. Nevertheless, she wrote without literary ambitions and not for posterity either: "I write as I speak; because I am too natural to think before I write." After answering a letter, she burned the letter she had received herself, and probably assumed that the same thing happened to her letters after being read. Fortunately, just under a tenth escaped this fate. 1107:, to whom Liselotte was very close because he had once been the tutor of both her father and brother. Since Liselotte herself was originally a Protestant and (in contrast to the half-Huguenot Maintenon) had only become a half-hearted Catholic, this became an important part of her problematic situation. She blamed the situation on the influence of Madame de Maintenon, who she regarded as hypocritically bigoted, corrupt and greedy for power: 1329:, he did not mention his wife. Liselotte personally burned the love letters he had exchanged with his lovers so that they would not fall into the hands of the notaries: "...in the boxes I locked up all the letters the boys wrote to him, and then spent them unread so that it might not come into contact with others". She wrote to her aunt Sophia: "I must confess that I was much more saddened than I am if Monsieur had not done so 565: 1549:(who fell from grace under Louis XIV) as well as her intermittent confessor Abbé de Saint-Pierre. Etienne de Polier de Bottens, a Huguenot who had followed her from Heidelberg to France, also played a special role as confidante and spiritual advisor. Liselotte, long a marginal figure at court, as the Regent's mother, was suddenly a point of contact for many. However, she by no means appreciated this role change: 1233:, legitimized daughter of the King and his mistress Madame de Montespan. The King's other "bastards from double adultery" also married within the extended royal family, as their status as illegitimate barred them from marrying into foreign courts and even into other noble families in France, yet the King refused to have them marry below their "station". Liselotte and the courtiers viewed this marriage as a 1261:, among others, prove) and had no interest in make-up. Possibly as a further consequence of the disease, from 1694 onwards she gained so much weight, that it began to interfere with her walks. Even so, she continued to hunt, but only with horses that were big and strong enough to support her weight. The external change in her appearance is clearly documented in the surviving portraits from this period. 1499:

farm in all of France. The Maintenon invented that first; because, as she saw that the King didn't want to declare her before the queen, she had the young Dauphine (prevented) to hold a court, as keep yourself in your chamber where there is neither rank nor dignity; yes, the princes and the Dauphine had to wait for this lady at her toilet and at the table on the pretext that it was going to be a game.

2094:...there are a lot of royal persons, if one has been brought up badly and spoiled in youth, only learned their grandeur for them, but not because they are only people like others and cannot be valued with all their grandeur, if they have no good temper and strive for virtue. I once read in a book that they are compared to pigs with gold collars. That struck me and made me laugh, but that's not bad... 504:. In 1659, Liselotte's father sent her to her aunt's court in Hanover in an attempt to separate her from his estranged wife Charlotte. Liselotte later remembered this time as the happiest of her life. Sophia became an important motherly figure for her niece, and remained her most important confidante and correspondent throughout her life. During this time she also underwent a total of three trips to 1830: 5077: 1397: 1696:, whom she wrote twice a week. Sophia's strong personality offered her support in difficult life situations; Liselotte had also shaped the atmosphere of the Hanoverian court with her scientific and literary interest, her religious tolerance and her thoughts on morality and virtue in consideration of human inadequacies. After Sophia's death in 1714 she complains: 1291:, Liselotte (who would have had a better claim had she not become Catholic) commented on 15 May in a letter to her half-sister Raugräfin Luise: "I would rather be elector than king in England. The English humor and their parliament are not my business, my aunt is better than me; she will also know how to deal with them better than I would have done". 1034:

including her beloved lady-in-waiting Lydie de Théobon-Beuvron and her husband, the Chamberlain Count de Beuvron, dismissed from court. After these departures she was defenseless against the intrigues of the favorites and the arbitrary whims of her husband. To make matters worse, her personal relationship with the King had cooled as his mistress

5058: 721:, where the court went in autumn for the hunting season. Liselotte (unlike her husband) took part in this tradition with enthusiasm. She often rode with the King through the woods and fields all day long, from morning to night, without being deterred by occasional falls or sunburn. From Fontainebleau, the couple made regular visits to 2116:...and it gives me more trouble than any other letter ... I stay than compliments must answer, which I have never been able to take ... It could easily be that the Princess of Wales could be content to have my silly letters only once a week and to write only once; but that doesn't suit me at all, so I'll continue as I've done so far. 1470:

Louise-Françoise de Clérambault and the German Eleonore von Venningen (by marriage von Rathsamshausen). She didn't like to spend the winter in the Palais Royal (the official residence of her son and his family) because of the bad Parisian air from the smoke from the many chimneys (and "because in the morning you can only smell empty

1373:. Liselotte avoided the Palais Royal and Saint Cloud until 1715 in order not to be a burden to her son and his wife. She rarely went to her remote widow's residence, Montargis Castle; but she refrained from selling it in case the King should grow tired of her presence at Versailles, which Maintenon endeavored to work towards: 520:, who also became King of Great Britain. Liselotte was fluent in French as early as 1661, when a French woman named Madame Trelon, who did not understand German, was appointed as her governess. When Duke Ernest Augustus of Brunswick took office as Prince-Bishop of Osnabrück in September 1662, Liselotte moved with Sophia to 1215:...as soon as I had recovered a little from poor Karllutz's death, the terrible and pathetic misery in the poor Palatinate began, and what hurts me most about it is that my name is used to plunge poor people into utter misfortune...So I can not help but regret and weep that, so to speak, I am the downfall of my homeland... 867:. When the Electress Sophia and her daughter visited Liselotte in Paris and Versailles in 1679, she stated: "Liselotte...lives very freely, and with more innocence: her cheerfulness cheers up the King. I have not noticed that her power goes further than making him laugh, nor that she tries to carry it further." 1816:

To characterize the nature of her correspondence, she uses the term "chat". The letters usually consisted of 15 to 30 folded sheets of paper with gilt edging, which she inscribed with large, energetic handwriting. Her biographer Dirk Van der Cruysse says: "Had Madame lived in our time, she would have

1498:

Because the ladies cannot resolve to wear body pieces and to lace up...over time they will pay dearly for their laziness; because compt once again a queen, you will all have to be dressed like before this day, which will be an agony for you; - "You don't know anymore what was farm"...there is no more

1493:

Despite her elevation in status, Liselotte did not share in the country's relief after the long rule of Louis XIV; she "was unable to decipher the signs of the times; she saw nothing but the decline and decline of morality, where in reality a new society was born, lively, disrespectful, eager to move

1411:

Louis XIV died on 1 September 1715 after a reign of 72 years and 110 days; one of the last people he summoned to his deathbed was Liselotte, saying goodbye to her with noble compliments. In his will, the deceased monarch divided the regnal prerogatives among relatives and courtiers, allocating to his

1000:

Her younger son Philippe resembled her in appearance, and also shared her literary, artistic and scientific interests. During his father's lifetime and shortly thereafter, his relationship with his mother was distant under the influence of his father and his favorites, and his mother often criticized

548:

denominations could celebrate their rituals. Liselotte benefited from this relatively open religious attitude throughout her life; she had learned about the Lutheran denomination at court in Hanover and, decades later, she still knew how to sing Lutheran chorals by heart. Before her marriage, she was

1840:

Liselotte was described as solid and mannish. She possessed the stamina to hunt all day, refusing to wear the mask that Frenchwomen were accustomed to wearing to protect their skin while outdoors. As a result, her face developed a ruddy and weather-beaten look. She walked rapidly, and most courtiers

1805:

I think everything in Germany has changed so much while I've been in France that it feels like another world. I've seen letters...so I struggle to understand. In my day it was thought to be written when the phrases were briefly understood and you said much in a few words, but now you think it's nice

1790:

Just continue, always naturally and without writing abruptly! Because I can't take compliments at all. God wish you could write me something that could make me laugh!...The stupidest people in the world can write a compliment, but talking about everything and having a coulant style is rarer than you

1658:

Her German letters were mixed with numerous words and passages in French, especially when she was relaying conversations with Louis XIV, with her husband Philippe or other French members of court. Johannes Kramer describes her letters as "the best studied example of the use of the German language in

1489:

Although she had not made it a habit to interfere in politics, only one month after the Louis XIV's death, Liselotte successfully campaigned for the release of Huguenots who had been sent to the galleys for many years because of their beliefs. 184 people, including many preachers, were released; two

1478:

Unfortunately I have to go back to morose Paris, where I have little rest. But one must do one's duty; I am in the Parisian grace that it would sadden you if I should no longer live there; must therefore sacrifice several months for the good people. They deserve (it) from me, prefer me to their born

1069:, the last important mistress and, from the end of 1683, the secret wife of Louis XIV. Liselotte regarded the marquise with contempt due to her low social rank and her perceived lust for power. She described her in numerous letters with epithets like "the King's old drab", "old whore", "old witch", " 1061:

and the young Comte of Vermandois, among other notable figures at court. Louis XIV punished his own son severely and sent him to war, where he died shortly afterwards at the age of 16. Liselotte later recalled: "The Comte de Vermandois was very good-natured. The poor person loved me as if I were his

795:

Philippe fulfilled his marital duties rather reluctantly; he didn't want to be hugged by Liselotte if possible and even scolded her when she accidentally touched him in his sleep. After fathering three children with his new wife, in 1676 he finally ended their sexual relationship, to Liselotte's own

527:

In 1663 Elector Charles I Louis granted Liselotte's mother Charlotte monetary compensation in exchange for her vacating the Heidelberg residence. Immediately afterwards the Elector brought his daughter back to the court in Heidelberg. Liselotte now received a courtly education customary for princely

2156:

If one were not persuaded that everything was planned and not to end, one would have to live in constant agony and always think that one had to reproach oneself for something; but as soon as one sees that God Almighty has foreseen everything and nothing history, as what has been ordained by God for

2107:

I cannot live without doing nothing; I can still go crazy without chatting at all times would be unbearable for me...I can't read all the time either, my brain is too confused ... writing amuses me and gives my sad thoughts distraction. So I will not break off any of my correspondence, and whatever

2066:

As EL now describe the German court to me, I would find a big change in it; I think more of sincerity than of magnificence, and I am quite happy to hear that such is lost in homeland. It is easy to see what the luxe chases away the good-heartedness from; you cannot be magnificent without money, and

1688:

Unlike Madame de Sévigné, she did not write for the public, but only as direct communication to her correspondents. This may explain the almost unbridled spontaneity and unrestricted intimacy of her style. The letters often appear to have no pretensions and are subject to spontaneous ideas, whereby

1574:

Liselotte was interested in opera and theatre and followed their development over decades, and was also able to recite long passages by heart. She was well read, as evidenced by many of her letters, and had a library of more than 3,000 volumes, including all the popular French and German novels and

2248:

and neck from the cold in winter. Originally, she was mocked by the French court because of her "old" furs that she wore when she arrived from Heidelberg, but since she was very popular with the king in the 1670s, the ladies began to imitate this trend during the unusually cold winter of 1676. The

2142:

Believe me, dear Luise! The only difference between the Christian religions is that they are preachers, whatever they may be, Catholic, Reformed or Lutheran, they all have ambitions and all Christians want to make one another hate because of their religion, so that they may be needed and they may

1654:

The letters deal with all aspects of life. They contain vivid and often satirical descriptions of court life, memories of her childhood and youth in Germany, the latest court gossip from all over Europe, reflections on literature and theatre, and thoughts about God and the world. Liselotte sought

670:

Monsieur didn't look ignoble, but he was very short, had pitch black hair, eyebrows and eyelids, big brown eyes, a long and rather narrow face, a big nose, a mouth that was too small and ugly teeth, more feminine than masculine manners, loved neither horses nor hunting, nothing but games, holding

2080:

I have no ambition, I don't want to rule anything, I wouldn't find any pleasure in it. This is some (own) thing for french women; no kitchen maid here believes that she has insufficient understanding to rule the whole kingdom and that she is being done the greatest injustice in the world not to

1583:

to her), as well as most of the classical Greek and Latin authors (in German and French translation), Luther Bibles, maps with copperplate engravings, travelogues from all over the world as well as the tomes of natural history, medicine and mathematics. She amassed an extensive coin collection,

1150:

EL are right to say that one does not talk about the agony here if one does the poor Reformed, one does not hear a single word about it. On what EL say about this, EL can surely think that I am not allowed to say anything, but the thoughts are duty-free; but i have to say that whatever IM (Her

2208:

published a new selection of the letters in 1820, also emphasizing the "strong contrast between the old, truly German simplicity, loyalty, honesty and efficiency...to the glamour, opulence, etiquette and gallantry, such as the unlimited intriguing spirit and the whole, systematically developed

1033:

From around 1680 massive problems arose in the Orléans marriage, as the Chevalier de Lorraine, the Marquis d'Effiat and other favorites of her husband intrigued against Liselotte in order to eliminate her influence on the Duke. Among other things, her enemies conspired to have her confidantes,

1093:

was involved— Louis XIV, under the influence of the bigoted Madame de Maintenon, underwent a transformation from a philanderer who was primarily interested in his pleasure and not infrequently crept into the apartments of Liselotte's maid of honor, into a man obsessed with morality, piety and

2190:

became popular in Germany when the editors of the letters succeeded in identifying the author as a moral and honest German princess in the midst of the depraved and frivolous French court life. In her aversion to the French way of life and her enthusiasm for everything German (and especially

1469:

The court at Versailles dissolved until the new King came of age, as the late Louis XIV had ordered, and Liselotte was soon able to return to her beloved Saint-Cloud, where she spent seven months of the year from then on, with her old ladies-in-waiting keeping her company: the "Marschallin"

792:

appreciation and friendship: to love anyone other than herself. She showed her affection to both of them, wholeheartedly and without any ulterior motives, and accepted the overwhelming power of the one as well as the Italian inclinations of the other without complaint, as destined by fate."

791:

Her most important biographer, the historian and Antwerp professor of French baroque literature Dirk Van der Cruysse, judges: "She was providentially placed between two completely dissimilar brothers, of whom the older made up for the fundamental inability of his younger brother through his

1941:...If it is true that you become a virgin again if you have not slept with a man for long years, then I must have become a virgin again, because since 17 years ago my lord and I did not sleep with each other, but we liked each other, knowing it will not fall into the hands of the gentlemen 776:

Where have you and Louisse got stuck that you know so little about the world? (...) those who want to hate everyone who loves young guys wouldn't be able to love 6 people here there are all kinds of genres; (This is followed by a list of various types of homo and bisexuality, as well as

330:. Liselotte gained literary and historical importance primarily through preservation of her correspondence, which is of great cultural and historical value due to her sometimes very blunt descriptions of French court life and is today one of the best-known German-language texts of the 1646:

Liselotte is said to have written an estimated 60,000 letters throughout her life, 2/3 in German and 1/3 in French, of which about 5,000 have survived, and about 850 of these are in French. With this, she surpasses the second great letter writer and contemporary witness of her epoch,

1125:, that if he would plague the Reformed, that would replace the scandal with God and people, as he did with the double adultery he committed with the Montespan. That's how you betrayed the poor gentleman. I have often told these priests my opinion about it. Two of my confessors, 1584:

primarily of antique gold coins (it was not her father who inherited the 12,000 copies her father had inherited in Kassel, but her mother), she owned 30 books on coin science and corresponded with Spanheim and other numismatists. She also bought three of the recently invented

1817:

spent her days on the phone". Her letters provide us with a unique perspective on court life in the Baroque period and a vivid picture of her personality. Her descriptions of other members of court are often less precise, but much more colorful and humorous than those of

508:, where Liselotte met her paternal grandmother Elizabeth Stuart, the "Winter Queen" of Bohemia, who was still living in exile. Elizabeth wasn't particularly fond of children, but she became very fond of her granddaughter, whom she found similar to her own family, the 1756:

and was married by Sophia to her grandson George in 1705. From her, Liselotte learned all the details about the family quarrels at the English court. She also wrote regularly with the sister of George II and granddaughter of the Electress Sophia, the Prussian Queen

1225:

This situation inevitably brought her into serious conflict with the King and his inner circle. Her husband Philippe generously distributed the spoils of war that befell him (the so-called Orléans money) to his favorites, in particular to the Chevalier de Lorraine.

1655:

relief by writing long letters to her relatives in Germany, and the constant exchange became a cure for her inner melancholy and sadness. The letters were also a way of maintaining her German, the language being an important link to her home and cultural identity.

836:

Despite the fact that she was not particularly beautiful (considered an important asset at French court) and was somewhat unconventional in manners, Liselotte made a good impression on the courtiers. Originally they expected a 'rough' and 'uncultivated' foreigner.

1841:

were unable to keep up, save for the King. She had a "no-nonsense" attitude. Her hearty appetite caused her to gain weight as the years went on, and when describing herself she once commented that she would be as good to eat as a roasted suckling pig. Raised as a

1253:. She defied the instructions of contemporary doctors and managed to survive the disease, but ended up with a pockmarked face. She did not concern herself with this, since she had always considered herself ugly (in excessive exaggeration, as earlier portraits by 1783:. Her most frank letters are those which she did not send by post, but gave to travellers en route to Germany. In these letters she was able to freely express her frustrations with Monsieur's favorites in the Palais Royal and her hatred for Madame de Maintenon. 981:

Liselotte had a warm relationship with her children. She was devastated by the untimely death of her eldest son Alexandre Louis at the age of two. She mourned him for six months before the birth of her daughter, who apparently helped her over the terrible loss.

828:

together—a rather unusual occupation for a noble lady of the time. Her habit of going for long walks was also noticed by the French court and was initially mocked (she even went for a walk in the park at night) but the King was delighted: "The King used to say:

1264:

In September 1700 she complained to her aunt Sophia: "Being a Madame is a great craft, I would have sold it like the batches here in the country, I would have long since carried it for sale". Sophia, who grew up in relatively modest circumstances in exile in

644:, Charles I Louis' younger brother) and an old friend of the Duke of Orléans; she negotiated the marriage contract, including the terms surrounding Liselotte's required conversion to Catholicism. Anna escorted Liselotte from Heidelberg to Paris. The wedding 1042:

Monsieur...has nothing in the world on his mind but his young boys to eat and drink with them all nights and gives them unheard-of sums of money, nothing costs him nor is too expensive in front of his boys; meanwhile, his children and I hardly have what we

662:; in representation of the groom was the Duke of Plessis-Praslin. The day before, she solemnly renounced her old Reformed faith and converted to the Catholic faith. She met her husband, who was 12 years her senior, for the first time on 20 November 1671 in 1978:(shat in my shirt), I thought he would become in such a great figure one day; if only his big hits are not sealed like I sealed our games back then; but if it were to happen and peace would come about as a result, I would really want to be satisfied... 1927:

I have not found (my daughter) changed much, but her master (husband) is abhorrent. Before this he was with the most beautiful colors, and now he is completely reddish brown and thicker than my son; I can say that they have children as fat as I

2212:"In the further course of the 19th century, the letters lost their immediate political relevance, but because of their cultural and historical significance and their German usability, they found equally committed editors and a broad public." 1021: 1102:

and renewed persecution of Protestants, in France known as Huguenots. Many French Protestants emigrated to Holland and Germany, including Liselotte's aunt, Emilie of Hesse-Kassel. The emigrants were supported by the Brandenburg ambassador,

1625:, next to her husband and his first wife. Her son mourned her deeply (only a year later he followed her to the grave), and did not take part in the memorial mass on 18 March 1723. In the funeral sermon she was described as follows: 2067:

if you ask so much about money you become interested, and once you become interested you seek out all the means to get something, which then breaks down falsehood, lies and deceit, which then faith and sincerity quite chased away.

2224:. From then on, the letters were widely used as anti-French propaganda by a growing German nationalist movement. Liselotte was stylized as a martyr of the French court and elevated into a national cult figure, by figures such as 1564:...what leads me most into the shows, operas and comedies is to do the visits. When I'm not fun, I don't like to speak, and I am at rest in my lies. If I don't like the spectacle, I sleep; sleep is so gentle with the music... 1245:

and jewelry worth 200,000 écus, and a two million dowry was promised in the marriage contract, which, in the end, was never paid. The marriage was not a happy one, and Philippe would have affairs throughout his entire life.

345:, the so-called "Citizen King" from 1830 to 1848, but also became the ancestress of numerous European royal families, so she was also called the "Grandmother of Europe". Through her daughter she was the grandmother of 433:

The marriage of Liselotte's parents soon turned into a disaster, and Liselotte was frequently witness to acts of domestic violence. In 1657, Elector Charles I Louis separated from his wife Charlotte in order to marry

824:. He was "...enchanted by the fact that this was an extremely witty and lovely woman, that she danced well...". He was often quite amused by her open, humorous and refreshingly uncomplicated nature. They often went 1724:

Liselotte's half-sister Raugräfin Luise (1661–1733) subsequently became an inadequate replacement for the revered and admired aunt. She had also written regularly to another half-sister, Raugräfin Amalie Elisabeth

425:

Liselotte was a lively child who liked to run around and climb trees to nibble on cherries. She sometimes claimed that she would have preferred to be a boy, and referred to herself in her letters as a "wild child"

1778:

opened her letters to copy critical passages and translate them; hence, she sometimes even incorporated derisive remarks addressed directly to the government, particularly to her favorite enemy, Foreign Secretary

1995:...for it has been known to me all my life to be a woman, and to be Elector, forbid me to tell the truth, better to be aware than to be Madame; but if god's sake didn't know, it is unnecessary to bear in mind... 1090: 1700:

This dear Electress was all my consolation in all the disparaging things, when it happened to me so often; whom my loved ones complained and wrote against received from them, I was consoled against utterly.

1169:

is said to have said that many are subjects of king's and prince's wealth, therefore wanted everyone to marry and have children: so these new subjects of the German electors and princes will become wealthy.

1237:

and a humiliation, and she reacted with indignation and anger. Various chroniclers report that she was no longer in control of her emotions, and burst into tears of desperation in front of the whole court.

894: 804: 31: 725:

Castle, which belonged to Monsieur and which, according to their marriage contract, would later fall to Madame as a widow's seat. Liselotte maintained her own court of 250 people, which cost 250,000

2112:

all Tuesday and Friday. I love writing; for me is a real pleasure to read and answer writing; that diverts me more than the spectacular...My smallest letter, as I write in the whole week, is to the

5496: 1121:, everything would be fine and he would be completely godly; I often complained about it, because his intention has always been sincere and good. But he was made to believe, the old witch and the 1038:

gained influence, leading Louis XIV to be less and less inclined to intervene in Liselotte's quarrels with his brother. Liselotte became isolated, withdrawing more and more into her writing room.

1659:

private letters between members of the high nobility". Liselotte tended to use coarse formulations, which was not uncommon in letters from princely persons of the 16th and 17th centuries, but in

1494:

and live freely, curious about the joys of the senses and the adventures of the spirit". For example, she strictly refused to receive visitors who were not properly dressed in courtly regalia:

1806:

when you put a lot of words around them that mean nothing. I do not care, but thank God all those with whom I correspond have not accepted this disgusting fashion; I could not have answered...

1479:

princes and princesses; they curse you and give me blessings when I drive through town. I also love the Parisians, they are good people. I love it myself that I hate your air and home so much.

5643: 5321: 1319:

about the conduct of his son—who was also Louis XIV's son-in-law. He left only debts, and Liselotte wisely renounced their common property. In his will, which was published publicly in the

5104: 3616: 266: 2352: 5305: 1062:

birth mother...He told me his whole story. He had been horribly seduced." One of his 'seducers' is said to have been the Chevalier de Lorraine—her husband's lover and her avowed enemy.

1241:

writes that she slapped her son in front of the whole court for consenting to the marriage. The wedding took place on 18 February 1692. The King gave his daughter a pension of 50,000

1637:...strong, courageous, German through and through, open and downright, good and charitable, noble and great in all her demeanor, but extremely petty as to the respect she deserves... 2194:

In 1791, a new, anonymously edited selection of letters appeared under the title "Confessions of Princess Elisabeth Charlotte of Orléans". In this publication, she was portrayed as

2157:

so long and at all times, one must be patient in everything and one can be satisfied with oneself at all times, if, what one does, in good opinion history; the rest is not with us.

5593: 4812:

Liselotte von der Pfalz Madame am Hofe des Sonnenkönigs ; Ausstellung der Stadt Heidelberg zur 800-Jahr-Feier, 21. September 1996 bis 26. Januar 1997 im Heidelberger Schloss

572:

Etienne Polier, her first stable master and steward, became a lifelong confidante, whom she took with her to France after her marriage and who remained in her service for life.

1457: 1299: 772:

Liselotte had no choice but to come to terms with these conditions, and she ultimately became an unusually enlightened woman for her time, albeit in a somewhat resigned way:

3250:

In a letter to Electress Sophia of Hanover dated 23 May 1709, Liselotte describes a conversation with her confessor, who wanted to "convert" her to the veneration of saints.

1648: 1151:

Majesty) may be saying on this, don't believe anything if it's mad. The Maintenon, nor does the Archbishop of Paris say; only the King believes in them in religious matters.

1066: 838: 1983:

Liselotte von der Pfalz: In a letter of 8 October 1688 to her aunt Sophia of Hannover, when William of Orange was preparing to overthrow his pro-French father-in-law, King

2174:

In 1788, some longer excerpts from Liselotte's letters appeared for the first time in a French translation, then a few years later in the German original, under the title

1914:...I've been ugly in my life, so I couldn't take the pleasure of looking at my bearcat monkey face in the mirror, so it's no wonder that I haven't looked at myself often. 5363: 2039: 1762: 2202:, to which the German courts had to return in order to prevent revolution. The Duchess of Orléans thus became a figure of considerable cultural importance in Germany. 5588: 2802: 1009: 5372: 4847: 5097: 1509:

Most of all, Liselotte was worried about the many intrigues and conspiracies against her son. She loathed the foreign minister and later prime minister, Father

553:

throughout her life, and was often critical of "the priests", even while attending mass on a daily basis. She remained convinced of the Calvinist doctrine of

1899:

prior to her marriage, and afterwards her official title became "Her Royal Highness, Madame, Duchess of Orléans," though she was more widely known simply as

5299: 5688: 5683: 5678: 5673: 5257: 442:, who thus became Liselotte's stepmother. Liselotte likely perceived her as an intruder, but had good relationships with many of her 13 half-siblings, the 1130: 5583: 5578: 2249:

result was a womenswear item valued for centuries. When Liselotte wanted to put on her old fur again in November 1718 to see a performance of Voltaire's

921:

before his third birthday. His death has been attributed to bloodletting by the Orléans family's doctors; last person to carry the title Duke of Valois.

5391: 5220: 2129:

This morning I find out that the old Maintenon died, yesterday evening between 4 and 5 o'clock. It would be very lucky if it happened 30 years ago...

5439: 5383: 5152: 5090: 1780: 1340: 851:. Later, however, the marquise praised Liselotte's "charming directness" and said: "I was amazed at her jokes, not at her lovable jokes, but of her 465: 5658: 2314: 2308:

Liselotte - Ein Roman aus dem Leben der Elisabeth Charlotte von der Pfalz (Liselotte - A novel from the life of Elisabeth Charlotte von der Pfalz)

1229:

In 1692, Liselotte learned that her powerlessness extended even to her own children when Louis XIV married her son Philippe, Duke of Chartres, to

5638: 2828: 2196:

The good, honest, German woman–without all the pampered and creeping court sensibilities, without all the crookedness and ambiguity of the heart–

1369:. She was still allowed to take part in the court hunts, in which she and the King no longer rode on horseback, but sat and shot together from a 1591: 689: 5512: 5415: 1752:, also became an important correspondent, although they never met. Caroline was an orphan who had become a ward of Electress Sophia's daughter 1677:. She liked to draw striking comparisons and often incorporated proverbs or appropriate excerpts from plays. Her favorite saying (and personal 1737: 1673:

of the Parisian salons of their time, and also from the naturalness of the German bourgeois lettering style of the 18th century, as shaped by

957: 323: 183: 5648: 5528: 5520: 5356: 4997: 4978: 4959: 4864: 4823: 2030:

Liselotte von der Pfalz: In a letter of 10 November 1688 to her aunt Sophia of Hannover about the destruction of Mannheim by the French army.

659: 395: 231: 986:

I don't think one can die from excessive sadness, otherwise I would undoubtedly have died, for what I felt inside is impossible to describe.

5628: 5573: 5568: 2860: 2708: 1238: 2055: 871: 755:. He had many other favorites and numerous affairs with younger men, including Antoine Morel de Volonne (whom Monsieur made Liselotte's 710: 604: 501: 1588:, with which she examined insects and other things. She spent her days at court gatherings, writing letters, reading and researching. 596: 462:) because of his hair color and was ecstatic when he later visited her (1673) in Paris. His early death in battle deeply saddened her. 5013: 4911: 4891: 2682: 2586: 1058: 399: 5633: 5598: 5504: 4933: 4803: 4757: 4528: 3480: 2524: 2498: 641: 391: 221: 5037:

A woman's life in the court of the Sun King: letters of Liselotte von der Pfalz, 1652–1722, Elisabeth Charlotte, Duchesse d'Orléans

1733:, the governess of the Electress Sophia's children, and with her husband, the chief stable master Christian Friedrich von Harling. 1663:'s view she had gone extraordinarily far in this, being psychological in disposition and frivolous in tone. Perhaps her previously 1607:

So I must admit that I cannot get used to seeing nothing but children everywhere and nowhere the great king whom I loved so dearly.

859:)...I assure you that it cannot be expressed better. She is a very idiosyncratic person, very determined and certainly has taste." 5653: 5603: 5423: 5349: 5252: 1674: 883: 3697:

Secret memoirs of the court of Louis xiv, and of the regency; extracted from the German correspondence of the Duchess of Orleans

2222:

only had to watch too much moral corruption... understandable that she sometimes expresses herself about it in the crudest words

898:

Elisabeth Charlotte, Duchesse d'Orléans with her two surviving children. Copy by Jean-Gilbert Murat (1837) after an original by

57: 2205: 1429: 925: 752: 319: 178: 1945:. The Tatars have to hold more of the feeling than of the face in the 5 senses because they prefer old women to young women... 1710:

Sophia, however, who had been of a cooler and more calculating nature than her emotional niece, had commented on her letters:

709:. The couple lived mostly at the royal court, where they had to be present for about three-quarters of the year, first in the 5693: 5668: 5663: 5608: 5194: 2440: 1443: 1207:, were systematically destroyed. The experience was extremely traumatic for Liselotte: the death of her beloved half-brother 1104: 809: 358: 1599:

In June 1722, she visited Versailles for the last time, when the 12-year-old Louis XV received his 4-year-old bride Infanta

751:

and lived quite openly as such. He led a largely independent life, together with and influenced by his long-time lover, the

621: 311: 131: 2191:

Palatinate), her published letters followed the pattern of anti-French sentiment in German literature of the 17th century.

2081:

consult her. All of that made me feel very sorry about ambition; for I find such a hideous ridicul in this that I dread it.

5623: 5471: 5215: 5199: 4750:"Madame sein ist ein ellendes Handwerck" : Liselotte von der Pfalz - eine deutsche Prinzessin am Hof des Sonnenkönigs 2466: 1447: 1230: 934: 813: 354: 346: 2216:, who in 1843 edited a volume of letters addressed to her half-sister Raugräfin Luise, saw in the Duchess of Orléans the 761:

during 1673–1683). Morel had a very poor reputation even by the standards of the time: "He stole, he lied, he swore, was

500:, her father's youngest sister, who also lived in Heidelberg Castle with Charles I Louis until her marriage in 1658 with 1413: 1188: 484: 1744:, the country residence of the Dukes of Lorraine. In later years, the wife of the British heir to the throne and later 737: 512:: "She is not like the House of Hesse...she is like ours". Her relatives in The Hague also included the slightly older 5488: 5031:

Life and letters of Charlotte Elisabeth, Princess Palatine and mother of Philipp d'Orléans, régent de France 1652–1722

1753: 1442:. Liselotte became the first lady of the court; as she had been at least officially once before, between the death of 1184: 415: 201: 5278: 736:

died suddenly and under mysterious circumstances in 1670. He brought two daughters into his new marriage, 9-year-old

4776: 2244:

is named after Liselotte; it is a short cape or turned-down collar trimmed with fur, which women use to protect the

1856:

She is known by different names and styles in different languages, either by variations of her given names, such as

1161:

Liselotte, however, also saw the opportunities that the Huguenots brought to Protestant countries after emigrating:

516:, who was her playmate and was later to become King of England. She later also remembered the birth of Sophia's son 5618: 1758: 1745: 1741: 1054: 741: 5613: 2766: 1766: 1618: 1600: 1312: 1277:

Madame too has her worries, but in the position of being in where she is, she has enough to console herself with.

1258: 966: 962: 930: 914: 706: 609: 517: 474: 439: 244: 105: 1801:

In her letters, Liselotte also mentioned her dislike for the pompous Baroque style that had become fashionable:

4781: 2012:(royal prince of France), for we are nothing but crowned slaves; I would be suffocated if I hadn't said this... 1730: 992: 5033:, compiled, translated, and gathered from various published and unpublished, Chapman & Hall, London, 1889. 1853:

practised by the aristocracy. Her views were frequently the opposite of those prevalent at the French court.

933:, he was titled Duke of Chartres from birth until becoming Duke of Orléans in 1701; married his first cousin 5431: 2250: 1622: 1617:

Elisabeth Charlotte of the Palatinate, Duchess of Orléans, died on 8 December 1722 at 3:30 a.m. at the

1580: 1451: 1366: 1350:

After her husband's death, Liselotte feared that the King would send her to a convent (as stipulated in her

1115:; he had never been allowed to read it; said that if he only listened to his confessor and talked about his 718: 663: 117: 671:

cercle, eating well, dancing and being dressed, in a word, everything that ladies love. ... The King loved

5480: 5447: 5283: 5157: 4967:

Schreiben ist meine größte Occupation. Elisabeth Charlotte von der Pfalz, Herzogin von Orléans (1652–1722)

2740: 2344: 1967: 1818: 1344: 1288: 1095: 842: 585: 513: 1595:

Elisabeth Charlotte, Duchesse d'Orléans. Posthumous portrait from the workshop of Hyacinthe Rigaud, 1723.

1546: 1436:

of the royal family in France, became Regent for the underage sovereign, beginning the time known as the

781:

and sodomy, editor's note) You tell, dear Amelisse, that the world is even worse than you never thought.

4816:

Liselotte von der Pfalz Madame am Hofe des Sonnenkönigs ;catalog for the exhibition in Heidelberg Castle

1166: 1081: 870:

In France, Liselotte only had two German relatives, two older aunts, with whom she had regular contact:

5137: 1086: 48: 1347:, almost died of heartache, she remarked dryly: "We have not seen such friends here with my lord...". 969:

in 1698 and had issue; became the Sovereign Princess of Commercy 1737; she died at Commercy; known as

697:

Until her husband's death in 1701, she resided in her own apartments in her husband's residences, the

5563: 5558: 5455: 5173: 2256: 1542: 1514: 1358: 1192: 938: 860: 733: 714: 419: 300: 88: 17: 580: 454:(1663–1709), she kept a lifelong correspondence. Her half-brother Charles Louis (1658–1688), called 2371: 2109: 2086:

Liselotte von der Pfalz: In a letter of 9 July 1719 to her half-sister half-sister Raugräfin Luise.

1984: 1749: 1518: 1362: 1316: 1035: 1026: 681: 617: 435: 338: 315: 304: 4904:

Aus den Briefen der Herzogin Elisabeth Charlotte von Orléans an die Kurfürstin Sophie von Hannover

5399: 5113: 4841: 2245: 2051:

Liselotte von der Pfalz: In a letter of 28 January 1708 to her aunt Sophia of Hannover about the

1425: 1421: 1404: 942: 845:, who had never really learned to speak French and was sensitive to the teasing and jokes of the 549:

required to convert to the Catholic faith for dynastic reasons, though she remained skeptical of

470: 414:

was performed shortly after her birth due to her being very weak and thin. She was raised in the

1667:

had contributed to the polemics known to her; in any case, their tone differed greatly from the

1196: 841:

remarked "What a delight to have a woman again who can't speak French!", in reference to Queen

5407: 5053: 5009: 4993: 4974: 4955: 4939: 4929: 4907: 4887: 4870: 4860: 4829: 4819: 4799: 4763: 4753: 4524: 3695: 3476: 2930: 2281: 2179: 2113: 1693: 1351: 1320: 497: 489: 411: 370: 162: 84: 4986:

Erzählweisen des Selbst. Körper-Praktiken in den Briefen Liselottes von der Pfalz (1652–1722)

5273: 5062: 2356: 2300: 2183: 2099:

Liselotte von der Pfalz: In a letter of 19 November 1719 to her half-sister Raugräfin Luise.

1714:

Madame may write a long brief, but there is not usually a lot of importance written in it...

1510: 1462: 1122: 1116: 974: 875: 626: 362: 342: 207: 2176:

Anecdotes from the French Court, especially from the times of Louis XIV and the Duke Regent

2108:

you may say, dear Luise, I will write to you all on Thursdays and Saturdays and to my dear

1796:

Liselotte von der Pfalz: Letter to her half-sister Raugräfin Ameliese from 6 February 1699.

1761:. Numerous letters to other relatives and acquaintances have also been found, including to 717:, where they had two adjacent apartments in the main wing. They also had apartments in the 2618: 2324: 2213: 1719:

Letter from Duchess Sophia of Hanover to her niece Raugräfin Caroline from 16 August 1687.

1099: 786:

Liselotte von der Pfalz: Letter to her half-sister Raugräfin Amelise from 3 December 1705.

509: 366: 288: 2182:, it was believed that Liselotte was a key witness to the depravity and frivolity of the 2134:

Liselotte von der Pfalz: In a letter of 16 April 1719 to her half-sister Raugräfin Luise.

2121:

Liselotte von der Pfalz: In a letter of 13 March 1721 to her half-sister Raugräfin Luise.

2025:...that makes me bleed heartily, and if you still think I'm sick that I'm sad about it... 1569:

Liselotte von der Pfalz: Letter to her half-sister Raugräfin Luise from 12 February 1719.

1484:

Liselotte von der Pfalz: Letter to her half-sister Raugräfin Luise from 28 November 1720.

1282:

Letter from Duchess Sophia of Hanover to her nephew Raugraf Karllutz from 16 August 1687.

2162:

Liselotte von der Pfalz: In a letter of 25 June 1695 to her half-sister Raugräfin Luise.

2148:

Liselotte von der Pfalz: In a letter of 30 June 1718 to her half-sister Raugräfin Luise.

1053:

Simultaneously, Liselotte was drawn into a larger court scandal through her wardship of

564: 4921: 4788: 4516: 2560: 2397: 2389: 2380: 2331: 2229: 1933:

Liselotte von der Pfalz: Letter of 20 February 1718 to her half-sister Raugräfin Luise.

1919:

Liselotte von der Pfalz: In a letter of 26 October 1704 to her aunt Sophia of Hannover.

1846: 1833: 1660: 1417: 1304: 1254: 1014: 899: 726: 651: 645: 632: 554: 469:

Liselotte as a child of about 4 or 5 years, copper engraving by Johann Schweizer after

63: 2017:

Liselotte von der Pfalz: In a letter of 17 August 1710 to her aunt Sophia of Hannover.

1269:, commented on her niece's lamentations in a letter to her (rather poor) half-brother 5552: 2320: 2296: 1842: 1811:

Liselotte von der Pfalz: Letter to Christian Friedrich von Harling from 22 June 1721.

1705:

Liselotte von der Pfalz: Letter to her half-sister Raugräfin Luise from 14 July 1714.

1669: 1536:

Liselotte von der Pfalz: Letter to her half-sister Raugräfin Luise from 11 July 1720.

1382:

Liselotte von der Pfalz: Letter to her aunt Sophia of Hanover from 20 September 1708.

847: 744:(who had no memory of her birth mother and whom Liselotte loved like her own child). 740:(with whom Liselotte was able to build a warm, sisterly relationship) and 2-year-old 350: 4884:

Briefe der Kurfürstin Sophie von Hannover an die Raugräfinnen und Raugrafen zu Pfalz

1612:

Liselotte von der Pfalz: Letter to Christian Friedrich von Harling from 4 July 1722.

1558:

Liselotte von der Pfalz: Letter to her half-sister Raugräfin Luise from 19 May 1718.

1504:

Liselotte von der Pfalz: Letter to her half-sister Raugräfin Luise from 23 May 1720.

1174:

Liselotte von der Pfalz: Letter to Duchess Sophia of Hanover from 23 September 1699.

1141:

Liselotte von der Pfalz: Letter to her half-sister Raugräfin Luise from 9 July 1719.

878:

since 1664) and Emilie of Hesse-Kassel (a sister of her mother, who had married the

5082: 2336: 1950:

Liselotte von der Pfalz: In a letter of 15 May 1695 to her aunt Sophia of Hannover.

1774: 918: 852: 757: 698: 672: 637: 624:, known as "Monsieur", the title given to the eldest brother of the King under the 521: 2008:

I would prefer to be a rich ruling imperial count with his freedom, rather than a

1903:, a unique designation she was entitled to as wife of the King's younger brother. 1829: 1156:

Liselotte von der Pfalz: Letter to Duchess Sophia of Hanover from 10 October 1699.

2072:

Liselotte von der Pfalz: In a letter of 1 May 1692 to her aunt Sophia of Hanover.

1513:(cardinal from 1721) and mistrusted the economist and chief financial controller 1339:

was no longer prudish, but rather serene: when she was reported in 1702 that the

1287:

When Sophia was declared heir to the British throne in the spring of 1701 by the

1786:

She describes her stylistic principles in a letter to her half-sister Ameliese:

1664: 1471: 1334: 1220:

Liselotte von der Pfalz: Letter to Duchess Sophia of Hanover from 20 March 1689.

1180: 1074: 450:. With two of her half-sisters, Louise (1661–1733) and Amalie Elisabeth, called 407: 5049: 1048:

Liselotte von der Pfalz: Letter to Duchess Sophia of Hanover from 7 March 1696.

2260: 2225: 1850: 1585: 1438: 1401:

Louis XIV receives the later King of Poland and Elector of Saxony Augustus III

1200: 948: 558: 387: 327: 4874: 4833: 4767: 4943: 2277: 1959: 1396: 1333:(that is, 'bad services') to the King". Her attitude towards the deceased's 821: 778: 722: 550: 537: 505: 252: 2046:

because of the Palatinate; he was terribly cruel, nothing could complain...

1211:

and the devastation of her homeland by her brother-in-law in her own name.

675:

with ladies, I do not believe that my husband has been in love in his life.

1517:, who caused a currency devaluation and speculative bubble (the so-called 1165:

The poor Reformed ... who settled in Germany will make the French common.

528:

houses at the time, consisting of lessons in French, dancing, playing the

5071: 4785:(in German), vol. 4, Berlin: Duncker & Humblot, pp. 448–451 2292: 1576: 1528: 1370: 1250: 1204: 1195:

on behalf of Liselotte, contrary to her marriage contract, and began the

879: 748: 732:

This was the Duke of Orléans' second marriage, his first wife and cousin

589: 545: 541: 276: 5341: 1729:; 1663–1709). She kept a lifelong contact with her Hanoverian educator 1266: 1070: 825: 762: 458:, was a particular favorite of hers; she also called him "Black Head" ( 331: 193: 2209:

frivolity and hypocrisy of this court, for a full half of a century."

5039:, translated by Elborg Forster, Johns Hopkins University Press, 1984. 3360: 3358: 3297: 3295: 2052: 1942: 1433: 1407:, 1714. The lady between Augustus (in red) and the King is Liselotte. 766: 529: 478: 2310:. Alexander Freiherr von Ungern-Sternberg, A. Weichert Verlag Berlin 1769:, who had previously been in the service of Sophia and her husband. 1428:

overturned the will's provisions at the request of Liselotte's son,

1242: 5067: 1681:) is often quoted as: "What cannot be changed, let go as it goes" ( 1603:. Upon seeing the room in which Louis XIV died, she came to tears: 1357:

After Monsieur's death, Liselotte lived in his former apartment in

4796:

Liselotte von der Pfalz. Eine Wittelsbacherin am Hofe Ludwigs XIV.

2351: 2255:, to which she was dedicated, she found that it had been eaten by 1868:

or variations of her titles and territorial designations, such as

1828: 1678: 1590: 1456: 1395: 1298: 1112: 1020: 1008: 893: 863:

was also surprised by and made similar comments about Liselotte's

803: 702: 688: 603: 595: 584:

Elizabeth Charlotte, Princess Palatine, ca. 1670–71. Currently at

579: 563: 483: 464: 4060: 4058: 4021: 4019: 3907: 3905: 3832: 3830: 3709: 3707: 3678: 3676: 3651: 3649: 3527: 3525: 1065:

Other problems arose in the following years due to quarrels with

1025:

Elisabeth Charlotte, Duchesse d'Orléans, with a moorish page, by

906:

Liselotte and Philippe I of Orléans had three children together:

630:. As wife of the Duke of Orléans, Liselotte assumed the style of 3270: 3268: 2043: 684:

from 9 January 1716 about her husband Philippe, called Monsieur.

655: 444: 5345: 5086: 4952:

Wittelsbacherinnen. Fürstentöchter einer europäischen Dynastie.

833:(you are the only one who enjoys the beauties of Versailles)". 32:

Elizabeth Charlotte of the Palatinate, Electress of Brandenburg

2259:. But she took the opportunity to examine the moths under the 1849:. She remained faithful and was at times outraged by the open 1541:

As a clergy advisor, she valued two staunch supporters of the

808:

Elizabeth Charlotte, Duchesse d'Orléans, in hunting dress, by

496:

The most important caregiver in Liselotte's life was her aunt

5006:

Briefe der Herzogin Elisabeth Charlotte von Orléans 1867–1881

1001:

his debauchery. Later, however, their relationship improved.

386:

Elizabeth Charlotte was born on 27 May 1652 in the castle of

4116:

is meant the "capricious changeability" of English politics.

2937:. Paris, France: Mercure de France. pp. 74–79, 305–308. 1315:. Earlier, he had a heated argument with his brother at the 1311:

On 9 June 1701, the Duke of Orléans died of a stroke at the

1249:

In 1693, Elisabeth Charlotte fell ill with life-threatening

913:, Duke of Valois (2 July 1673 – 16 March 1676). Born at the 2299:, literary source: Rudolf Presber. Liselotte was played by 747:

Liselotte and Philippe's marriage was difficult, as he was

729:

annually, while her husband maintained an even larger one.

30:

For the wife of Elector George William of Brandenburg, see

4367: 4365: 4256: 4254: 2359:

of Liselotte as Duchess of Orléans (Bourbon-Wittelsbach).

1974:—in Low German: "mit Verlaub" (with all due respect)— in 1689:

they make the reader a living companion (W. L. Holland).

1621:, aged 70. She was buried in the royal necropolis at the 3946: 3944: 1474:

and chamber pot") and the bad memories of her marriage:

831:

il n’y a que Vous qui jouissés des beautés de Versailles

2958: 2956: 2218:

simple German woman and the most open soul in the world

402:

and her own mother, from a young age she was nicknamed

5059:

Works by or about Elizabeth Charlotte, Madame Palatine

2000:

Liselotte von der Pfalz: In a letter from 15 May 1701.

941:; Regent of France and Navarre during the minority of 2935:

Le Temps retrouvé XXVI: Relation de la Cour de France

1187:

ended in 1685 with the death of Liselotte's brother,

616:

Liselotte was married in 1671 to the brother of King

295:; 27 May 1652 – 8 December 1722), also known as 2348:- BBC series. Liselotte was played by Jessica Clark. 1895:. At the royal court of France she was known as the 961:(13 September 1676 – 23 December 1744). Born at the 5314: 5292: 5266: 5245: 5229: 5208: 5187: 5166: 5145: 5120: 2401:

was the prevalent style accorded her from marriage.

1887:The dynastic titles to which she was entitled were 973:, a title given her at birth; grandmother of Queen 261: 237: 227: 217: 192: 161: 125: 112: 95: 71: 41: 1740:were destroyed in a fire on 4 January 1719 at the 1683:Was nicht zu ändern stehet, laß gehen wie es gehet 1444:Maria Anna Victoria of Bavaria, Dauphine of France 1146:At the royal court, however, the topic was taboo: 820:Liselotte became very close to her brother-in-law 2416:Ancestors of Elizabeth Charlotte, Madame Palatine 1531:with his art and system and never come to France. 1490:years later she managed to release a further 30. 995:from April 1676 about the death of her first son. 326:. Philippe II was France's ruler during the 337:Liselotte not only became the ancestress of the 5464:Elizabeth Charlotte, Princess of the Palatinate 4731: 4719: 4504: 4468: 4383: 4308: 4296: 4284: 4245: 4233: 4221: 4209: 4197: 4185: 4173: 4161: 4149: 4137: 4088: 4076: 4064: 4049: 4037: 4025: 4010: 3998: 3986: 3974: 3923: 3911: 3896: 3884: 3872: 3860: 3848: 3836: 3809: 3785: 3749: 3737: 3725: 3713: 3682: 3667: 3655: 3640: 3628: 3603: 3591: 3579: 3567: 3555: 3543: 3531: 3516: 3460: 3448: 3436: 3424: 3412: 3400: 3388: 3376: 3364: 3349: 3337: 3325: 3313: 3301: 3286: 3274: 3259: 3238: 3226: 3214: 3202: 3190: 3178: 3166: 3154: 3142: 3130: 3118: 3094: 3082: 3070: 3058: 3034: 3022: 3010: 2998: 2986: 2974: 2947: 2154: 2140: 2127: 2105: 2092: 2078: 2064: 2036: 2023: 2006: 1993: 1956: 1939: 1925: 1912: 1803: 1788: 1712: 1698: 1635: 1627: 1605: 1562: 1551: 1525: 1496: 1476: 1375: 1275: 1213: 1163: 1148: 1109: 1040: 984: 929:(2 August 1674 – 2 December 1723). Born at the 774: 668: 418:faith, the most widespread denomination in the 5179:Princess Elizabeth Charlotte of the Palatinate 4928:(in German). Frankfurt am Main: Insel Verlag. 1763:Anthony Ulrich, Duke of Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel 1694:Sophia of the Palatinate, Electress of Hanover 1692:Most of the letters are addressed to her aunt 285:Princess Elizabeth Charlotte of the Palatinate 42:Princess Elizabeth Charlotte of the Palatinate 5357: 5098: 5068:Works by Elizabeth Charlotte, Madame Palatine 4857:Der Hof Ludwigs XIV. in Augenzeugenberichten 1098:, which ended the religious tolerance of the 8: 5594:Converts to Roman Catholicism from Calvinism 5008:(in German). Stuttgart/Tübingen: Wentworth. 4971:Heidelbergerinnen, die Geschichte schrieben. 1303:Elisabeth Charlotte, Duchesse d'Orléans, by 1136:, agreed with me; so there were no disputes. 1013:Elisabeth Charlotte, Duchesse d'Orléans, by 318:). By Philippe, Liselotte was the mother of 5644:People of the Regency of Philippe d'Orléans 5497:Louise Marie Adélaïde de Bourbon-Penthièvre 5333:*also a princess of France in her own right 1633:In his memoirs, Saint-Simon describes her: 502:Ernest Augustus, Duke of Brunswick-Lüneburg 5505:Princess Maria Amalia of Naples and Sicily 5364: 5350: 5342: 5105: 5091: 5083: 4846:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher ( 2925: 2923: 2921: 2919: 2803:Philip Louis II, Count of Hanau-Münzenberg 2421: 2412: 2200:the more honest times of earlier centuries 1966:, what is meant is the later English King 713:and, after its completion in 1682, in the 56: 38: 5322:Archduchess Maria Theresa of Austria-Este 4992:vol. 24). Böhlau, Köln/Wien/Weimar 2015, 4523:, Anchor Books, 2006, pp. 134, 137, 140. 3619:, quoted in Van der Cruysse 2001, p. 146. 1889:Countess Palatine of the Rhine at Simmern 1736:Her weekly letters to her daughter, the 390:as the second child and only daughter of 5440:Marie de Bourbon, Duchess of Montpensier 4798:(in German). Claassen, Düsseldorf 1988, 4611: 4599: 4575: 4456: 4100: 1781:Jean-Baptiste Colbert, Marquess of Torcy 1361:and took part in visits to the court in 1111:The King...didn't know a word about our 636:. This political union was conceived by 324:Élisabeth Charlotte, Duchess of Lorraine 184:Élisabeth Charlotte, Duchess of Lorraine 147: 4587: 4551: 4444: 3821: 3797: 3773: 3504: 3492: 2915: 2284:, performed in Heidelberg in 2004–2005. 398:. Named after her paternal grandmother 341:, which came to the French throne with 281:Elizabeth Charlotte, Duchess of Orléans 5589:Burials at the Basilica of Saint-Denis 5513:Duchess Helene of Mecklenburg-Schwerin 5306:Princess Caroline of Naples and Sicily 4839: 4707: 4695: 4683: 4671: 4659: 4647: 4635: 4623: 4563: 4492: 4480: 4432: 4421:The French in Germany. An introduction 4407: 4395: 4371: 4356: 4344: 4332: 4320: 4272: 4260: 4125: 3962: 3950: 3935: 3761: 3473:The memoirs of the Duke of Saint-Simon 2782: 2662: 2658: 2648: 2540: 2430: 2426: 2378:16 November 1671 – 9 June 1701: 2369:27 May 1652 – 16 November 1671: 1651:with her approximately 1,200 letters. 1343:, lover of the recently deceased King 650:took place on 16 November 1671 at the 5529:Archduchess Maria Dorothea of Austria 5004:Holland, Wilhelm Ludwig, ed. (2018). 2858: 2848: 2844: 2832: 2826: 2816: 2800: 2790: 2786: 2770: 2764: 2754: 2738: 2728: 2724: 2712: 2706: 2696: 2680: 2670: 2666: 2645:Élisabeth Charlotte of the Palatinate 2642: 2632: 2616: 2606: 2602: 2590: 2584: 2574: 2561:James I of England and VI of Scotland 2558: 2548: 2544: 2528: 2522: 2512: 2496: 2486: 2482: 2470: 2464: 2454: 2438: 2434: 2387:9 June 1701 – 8 December 1722: 2375:Princess Palatine Elisabeth Charlotte 2339:. Liselotte was played by Paula Paul. 1897:Princess Palatine Elisabeth Charlotte 1203:(including the electoral palace) and 232:Landgravine Charlotte of Hesse-Kassel 18:Elizabeth Charlotte of the Palatinate 7: 5274:Archduchess Maria Antonia of Austria 4539: 3106: 3046: 2962: 2829:Amalie Elisabeth of Hanau-Münzenberg 2709:William V, Landgrave of Hesse-Kassel 1845:, she was not fond of lengthy Latin 1446:(20 April 1690) and the marriage of 814:Deutsches Historisches Museum Berlin 1080:In addition, since 1680 —after the 991:Liselotte von der Pfalz: Letter to 872:Louise Hollandine of the Palatinate 680:Liselotte von der Pfalz: Letter to 151: 5689:18th-century German letter writers 5684:17th-century German letter writers 5679:18th-century French letter writers 5674:17th-century French letter writers 4926:Briefe der Liselotte von der Pfalz 2861:Catharina Belgica of Orange-Nassau 2683:Maurice, Landgrave of Hesse-Kassel 1191:, Louis XIV raised a claim to the 886:, Prince of Taranto and Talmont). 660:Georges d'Aubusson de La Feuillade 25: 5584:18th-century German women writers 5579:17th-century German women writers 5489:Louise Henriette de Bourbon-Conti 5481:Margravine Auguste of Baden-Baden 5279:Princess Maria Joséphine of Savoy 2525:Charles I Louis, Elector Palatine 1432:, who, being the only legitimate 1094:religion. In 1685, he issued the 642:Edward, Count Palatine of Simmern 557:and was critical of the Catholic 392:Charles I Louis, Elector Palatine 320:Philippe II, Duke of Orléans 222:Charles I Louis, Elector Palatine 5521:Infanta Isabel de Borbón-Orléans 5300:Princess Marie Thérèse of France 5258:Princess Maria Josepha of Saxony 5221:Princess Marie Louise of Orléans 5216:Princess Marie Adélaïde of Savoy 5136: 5114:Princesses of France by marriage 5075: 1424:, who was just 5 years old. The 711:Château de Saint-Germain-en-Laye 640:, Liselotte's aunt (as widow of 312:Philippe I, Duke of Orléans 265: 5448:Princess Marguerite of Lorraine 5284:Princess Maria Theresa of Savoy 5158:Princess Marguerite of Lorraine 4882:Bodemann, Eduard, ed. (2018) . 4818:] (in German). Heidelberg. 2499:Louise Juliana of Orange-Nassau 2393:The Dowager Duchess of Orléans 2295:film, director and screenplay: 600:View of the Palais Royal, 1680. 361:(both Holy Roman Emperors) and 143: 5659:18th-century French memoirists 4902:Bodemann, Eduard, ed. (1891). 4886:(in German). Wentworth Press. 4855:Ziegler, Gilette, ed. (1981). 4748:Van der Cruysse, Dirk (2001). 2441:Frederick IV, Elector Palatine 536:), where the followers of the 27:Duchess of Orléans (1652–1722) 1: 5456:Princess Henrietta of England 5253:Infanta Maria Teresa of Spain 5195:Duchess Maria Anna of Bavaria 5174:Princess Henrietta of England 5153:Marie, Duchess of Montpensier 4806:(reprint Heyne, Munich 1991). 4752:(in German). München: Piper. 2467:Frederick V, Elector Palatine 1675:Christian Fürchtegott Gellert 1527:I wanted this Law to come to 958:Élisabeth Charlotte d'Orléans 884:Henri Charles de La Trémoille 347:Francis I, Holy Roman Emperor 307:. She was the second wife of 299:, was a German member of the 5649:Princesses of the Palatinate 5536:Gersende de Sabran-Pontèves 5050:Works by Charlotte-Elisabeth 4990:Selbstzeugnisse der Neuzeit. 3475:. Ullstein, Frankfurt 1977, 2335:- British film, directed by 2280:by Richard Keßler, music by 2206:Friedrich Karl Julius Schütz 1430:Philippe II, Duke of Orléans 1197:Palatinate War of Succession 1189:Charles II, Elector Palatine 874:(a sister of her father and 769:and sold boys like horses." 179:Philippe II, Duke of Orléans 5639:People of the Ancien Régime 5629:House of Palatinate-Simmern 5574:18th-century German writers 5569:17th-century German writers 5074:(public domain audiobooks) 4859:(in German). München: DTV. 1754:Sophia Charlotte of Hanover 937:and had issue; died at the 693:Philippe I, Duke of Orleans 682:Caroline, Princess of Wales 622:Philippe I, Duke of Orléans 353:, and great-grandmother of 132:Philippe I, Duke of Orléans 5710: 5472:Françoise Marie de Bourbon 5200:Françoise Marie de Bourbon 5134: 4810:Paas, Sigrun, ed. (1996). 2776: 2660: 2534: 2428: 2323:. Liselotte was played by 2056:Secretary of State for War 1958:... How I (as a child) in 1759:Sophia Dorothea of Hanover 1231:Françoise Marie de Bourbon 1059:Prince of la Roche-sur-Yon 1005:Difficulties and tragedies 935:Françoise Marie de Bourbon 652:Cathedral of Saint Stephen 168: 29: 5379: 5330: 4954:Pustet, Regensburg 2012, 4906:(in German). hansebooks. 2846: 2838: 2810: 2788: 2784: 2767:Charlotte of Hesse-Kassel 2748: 2726: 2718: 2690: 2668: 2664: 2626: 2604: 2596: 2568: 2546: 2542: 2506: 2484: 2476: 2448: 2432: 1767:Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz 1601:Mariana Victoria of Spain 967:Leopold, Duke of Lorraine 911:Alexandre Louis d'Orléans 800:At the court of Louis XIV 475:Austrian National Library 440:Marie Luise von Degenfeld 396:Charlotte of Hesse-Kassel 55: 46: 5634:Nobility from Heidelberg 5599:Duchesses of Montpensier 5474:, Mademoiselle de Blois 4969:(in German). In: Dies.: 4965:Ilona Christa Scheidle: 4782:Neue Deutsche Biographie 4423:. Stuttgart 1992. p. 65. 1731:Anna Katharina von Offen 1084:, in which the previous 993:Anna Katharina von Offen 971:Mademoiselle de Chartres 514:William of Orange-Nassau 498:Sophia of the Palatinate 428:rauschenplattenknechtgen 316:Louis XIV of France 5654:17th-century memoirists 2316:Liselotte von der Pfalz 2289:Liselotte von der Pfalz 1972:met verlöff met verlöff 1884:, "the Palatine", etc. 1866:Liselotte von der Pfalz 1623:Basilica of Saint-Denis 1452:Louis, Duke of Burgundy 1448:Marie Adélaïde of Savoy 719:Palace of Fontainebleau 297:Liselotte von der Pfalz 118:Basilica of Saint Denis 108:, Île-de-France, France 3617:La Grande Mademoiselle 2741:Agnes of Solms-Laubach 2384:The Duchess of Orléans 2360: 2165: 2151: 2137: 2124: 2102: 2089: 2075: 2061: 2033: 2020: 2003: 1990: 1968:William III of England 1953: 1936: 1922: 1837: 1814: 1799: 1722: 1708: 1639: 1631: 1619:Château de Saint-Cloud 1615: 1596: 1579:dedicated his tragedy 1572: 1561: 1539: 1507: 1487: 1466: 1408: 1385: 1345:William III of England 1313:Château de Saint-Cloud 1308: 1285: 1223: 1177: 1159: 1144: 1096:Edict of Fontainebleau 1051: 1030: 1018: 998: 963:Château de Saint-Cloud 945:—the era was known as 931:Château de Saint-Cloud 915:Château de Saint-Cloud 903: 817: 789: 707:Château de Saint-Cloud 694: 687: 613: 610:Château de Saint-Cloud 601: 593: 586:Reiss Engelhorn Museum 569: 493: 481: 410:of both her names. An 292: 106:Château de Saint-Cloud 5694:Daughters of monarchs 5669:18th-century diarists 5664:17th-century diarists 5609:Duchesses of Chartres 4777:"Elisabeth Charlotte" 2355: 2232:and Eduard Bodemann. 2188:Chronique scandaleuse 2058:, Marquis de Louvois. 1832: 1825:Nature and appearance 1594: 1460: 1412:legitimized son, the 1399: 1302: 1082:Affair of the Poisons 1024: 1012: 897: 807: 753:Chevalier de Lorraine 692: 607: 599: 583: 568:Anonymous, circa 1670 567: 488:Heidelberg Castle by 487: 468: 303:who married into the 5624:Women letter writers 5604:Duchesses of Orléans 5432:Catherine de' Medici 5373:Duchesses of Orléans 4775:Peter Fuchs (1959), 4732:Van der Cruysse 2001 4720:Van der Cruysse 2001 4517:Fraser, Dame Antonia 4505:Van der Cruysse 2001 4469:Van der Cruysse 2001 4384:Van der Cruysse 2001 4309:Van der Cruysse 2001 4297:Van der Cruysse 2001 4285:Van der Cruysse 2001 4246:Van der Cruysse 2001 4234:Van der Cruysse 2001 4222:Van der Cruysse 2001 4210:Van der Cruysse 2001 4198:Van der Cruysse 2001 4186:Van der Cruysse 2001 4174:Van der Cruysse 2001 4162:Van der Cruysse 2001 4150:Van der Cruysse 2001 4138:Van der Cruysse 2001 4089:Van der Cruysse 2001 4077:Van der Cruysse 2001 4065:Van der Cruysse 2001 4050:Van der Cruysse 2001 4038:Van der Cruysse 2001 4026:Van der Cruysse 2001 4011:Van der Cruysse 2001 3999:Van der Cruysse 2001 3987:Van der Cruysse 2001 3975:Van der Cruysse 2001 3924:Van der Cruysse 2001 3912:Van der Cruysse 2001 3897:Van der Cruysse 2001 3885:Van der Cruysse 2001 3873:Van der Cruysse 2001 3861:Van der Cruysse 2001 3849:Van der Cruysse 2001 3837:Van der Cruysse 2001 3810:Van der Cruysse 2001 3786:Van der Cruysse 2001 3750:Van der Cruysse 2001 3738:Van der Cruysse 2001 3726:Van der Cruysse 2001 3714:Van der Cruysse 2001 3683:Van der Cruysse 2001 3668:Van der Cruysse 2001 3656:Van der Cruysse 2001 3641:Van der Cruysse 2001 3631:, pp. 208–2016. 3629:Van der Cruysse 2001 3604:Van der Cruysse 2001 3592:Van der Cruysse 2001 3580:Van der Cruysse 2001 3568:Van der Cruysse 2001 3556:Van der Cruysse 2001 3544:Van der Cruysse 2001 3532:Van der Cruysse 2001 3517:Van der Cruysse 2001 3461:Van der Cruysse 2001 3449:Van der Cruysse 2001 3437:Van der Cruysse 2001 3425:Van der Cruysse 2001 3413:Van der Cruysse 2001 3401:Van der Cruysse 2001 3389:Van der Cruysse 2001 3377:Van der Cruysse 2001 3365:Van der Cruysse 2001 3350:Van der Cruysse 2001 3338:Van der Cruysse 2001 3326:Van der Cruysse 2001 3314:Van der Cruysse 2001 3302:Van der Cruysse 2001 3287:Van der Cruysse 2001 3275:Van der Cruysse 2001 3260:Van der Cruysse 2001 3239:Van der Cruysse 2001 3227:Van der Cruysse 2001 3215:Van der Cruysse 2001 3203:Van der Cruysse 2001 3191:Van der Cruysse 2001 3179:Van der Cruysse 2001 3167:Van der Cruysse 2001 3155:Van der Cruysse 2001 3143:Van der Cruysse 2001 3131:Van der Cruysse 2001 3119:Van der Cruysse 2001 3095:Van der Cruysse 2001 3083:Van der Cruysse 2001 3071:Van der Cruysse 2001 3059:Van der Cruysse 2001 3035:Van der Cruysse 2001 3023:Van der Cruysse 2001 3011:Van der Cruysse 2001 2999:Van der Cruysse 2001 2987:Van der Cruysse 2001 2975:Van der Cruysse 2001 2948:Van der Cruysse 2001 2198:, representative of 1742:Château de Lunéville 1543:Age of Enlightenment 1420:of the new monarch, 1193:Electoral Palatinate 939:Palace of Versailles 876:Abbess of Maubuisson 861:Madame de La Fayette 734:Henrietta of England 715:Palace of Versailles 420:Electoral Palatinate 314:(younger brother of 301:House of Wittelsbach 150:; died 89:Electoral Palatinate 4722:, pp. 218–219. 4602:, pp. 253–254. 4554:, pp. 188–189. 4447:, pp. 401–402. 4386:, pp. 519–535. 4287:, pp. 579–581. 4248:, pp. 459–460. 4200:, pp. 445–452. 4152:, pp. 452–453. 4013:, pp. 384–385. 4001:, pp. 382–388. 3926:, pp. 334–335. 3899:, pp. 324–331. 3824:, pp. 196–197. 3812:, pp. 188–191. 3788:, pp. 186–188. 3776:, pp. 194–195. 3752:, pp. 289–299. 3740:, pp. 292–296. 3728:, pp. 287–300. 3606:, pp. 198–200. 3594:, pp. 199–200. 3519:, pp. 175–180. 3463:, pp. 153–202. 3391:, pp. 153–158. 3379:, pp. 676–679. 3367:, pp. 208–209. 3340:, pp. 142–145. 3328:, pp. 139–140. 3304:, pp. 412–413. 3037:, pp. 349–350. 2372:Her Serene Highness 1985:James II of England 1862:Elisabeth Charlotte 1858:Charlotte Elisabeth 1750:Caroline of Ansbach 1738:Duchess of Lorraine 1575:plays of her time ( 1454:(7 December 1697). 1327:Gazette d’Amsterdam 1091:Madame de Montespan 1067:Madame de Maintenon 1055:Comte of Vermandois 1036:Madame de Maintenon 902:from ca. 1678–1679. 618:Louis XIV of France 416:Reformed Protestant 305:French royal family 293:Elisabeth Charlotte 91:, Holy Roman Empire 5400:Isabella of Valois 5392:Valentina Visconti 4950:Marita A. Panzer: 4521:Love and Louis XIV 2931:Spanheim, Ezechiel 2390:Her Royal Highness 2381:Her Royal Highness 2361: 2038:...I believe that 1893:Duchess of Bavaria 1870:Electoral Princess 1838: 1819:Marquis de Dangeau 1772:She knew that the 1765:and his librarian 1597: 1520:Mississippi bubble 1467: 1426:Parlement of Paris 1409: 1405:Louis de Silvestre 1309: 1185:Palatinate-Simmern 1087:maîtresse-en-titre 1031: 1019: 943:Louis XV of France 926:Philippe d'Orléans 904: 865:esprit de bon sens 857:esprit de bon sens 818: 695: 614: 602: 594: 570: 494: 482: 471:Wallerant Vaillant 202:Palatinate-Simmern 49:Duchess of Orléans 5619:French princesses 5546: 5545: 5384:Blanche of France 5339: 5338: 5054:Project Gutenberg 4998:978-3-412-22459-2 4981:, pp. 27–39. 4979:978-3-7205-2850-4 4960:978-3-7917-2419-5 4866:978-3-423-02711-3 4825:978-3-8253-7100-5 4794:Arlette Lebigre: 4419:Johannes Kramer: 3495:, pp. 64–83. 3483:, Vol. 1, p. 285. 3262:, pp. 96–97. 3229:, pp. 84–85. 3217:, pp. 98–99. 3205:, pp. 94–95. 3169:, pp. 82–83. 3121:, pp. 76–81. 3109:, pp. 52–59. 3085:, pp. 68–73. 3073:, pp. 67–68. 3061:, pp. 52–58. 3049:, pp. 65–67. 3001:, pp. 39–61. 2965:, pp. 33–34. 2906: 2905: 2902: 2901: 2364:Titles and styles 2180:French Revolution 2110:Princess of Wales 1878:of the Palatinate 1874:Princess Palatine 1649:Madame de Sévigné 1352:marriage contract 1341:Earl of Albemarle 1289:Act of Settlement 839:Madame de Sévigné 647:per procurationem 490:Gerrit Berckheyde 412:emergency baptism 371:French Revolution 349:, the husband of 273: 272: 245:Roman Catholicism 85:Heidelberg Castle 16:(Redirected from 5701: 5614:French duchesses 5424:Jeanne of France 5408:Bonne d'Armagnac 5366: 5359: 5352: 5343: 5140: 5107: 5100: 5093: 5084: 5079: 5078: 5063:Internet Archive 5019: 4947: 4917: 4897: 4878: 4851: 4845: 4837: 4789:full text online 4786: 4771: 4735: 4729: 4723: 4717: 4711: 4705: 4699: 4693: 4687: 4681: 4675: 4669: 4663: 4657: 4651: 4645: 4639: 4633: 4627: 4621: 4615: 4609: 4603: 4597: 4591: 4585: 4579: 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3535: 3529: 3520: 3514: 3508: 3502: 3496: 3490: 3484: 3470: 3464: 3458: 3452: 3446: 3440: 3434: 3428: 3422: 3416: 3410: 3404: 3398: 3392: 3386: 3380: 3374: 3368: 3362: 3353: 3347: 3341: 3335: 3329: 3323: 3317: 3311: 3305: 3299: 3290: 3284: 3278: 3272: 3263: 3257: 3251: 3248: 3242: 3236: 3230: 3224: 3218: 3212: 3206: 3200: 3194: 3188: 3182: 3176: 3170: 3164: 3158: 3152: 3146: 3140: 3134: 3128: 3122: 3116: 3110: 3104: 3098: 3092: 3086: 3080: 3074: 3068: 3062: 3056: 3050: 3044: 3038: 3032: 3026: 3020: 3014: 3008: 3002: 2996: 2990: 2984: 2978: 2972: 2966: 2960: 2951: 2945: 2939: 2938: 2927: 2587:Elizabeth Stuart 2422: 2413: 2357:Arms of alliance 2163: 2149: 2135: 2122: 2100: 2087: 2073: 2059: 2031: 2018: 2001: 1988: 1976:mein hembt schiß 1951: 1934: 1920: 1812: 1797: 1720: 1706: 1613: 1570: 1559: 1547:François Fénelon 1537: 1511:Guillaume Dubois 1505: 1485: 1463:Hyacinthe Rigaud 1383: 1317:Château de Marly 1283: 1221: 1175: 1157: 1142: 1105:Ezekiel Spanheim 1049: 1027:François de Troy 996: 975:Marie Antoinette 917:and died at the 787: 685: 534:Konkordienkirche 400:Elizabeth Stuart 363:Marie Antoinette 343:Louis Philippe I 339:House of Orléans 269: 172: 155: 153: 149: 145: 102: 81: 79: 60: 39: 21: 5709: 5708: 5704: 5703: 5702: 5700: 5699: 5698: 5549: 5548: 5547: 5542: 5416:Marie of Cleves 5375: 5370: 5340: 5335: 5326: 5315:10th generation 5310: 5288: 5262: 5241: 5225: 5204: 5183: 5162: 5141: 5132: 5116: 5111: 5076: 5046: 5027: 5025:Further reading 5016: 5003: 4988:(in German) (= 4936: 4922:Kiesel, Helmuth 4920: 4914: 4901: 4894: 4881: 4867: 4854: 4838: 4826: 4809: 4774: 4760: 4747: 4744: 4739: 4738: 4730: 4726: 4718: 4714: 4706: 4702: 4694: 4690: 4682: 4678: 4670: 4666: 4658: 4654: 4646: 4642: 4634: 4630: 4622: 4618: 4610: 4606: 4598: 4594: 4586: 4582: 4574: 4570: 4562: 4558: 4550: 4546: 4538: 4534: 4515: 4511: 4503: 4499: 4491: 4487: 4479: 4475: 4467: 4463: 4455: 4451: 4443: 4439: 4431: 4427: 4418: 4414: 4406: 4402: 4394: 4390: 4382: 4378: 4370: 4363: 4355: 4351: 4343: 4339: 4331: 4327: 4319: 4315: 4307: 4303: 4295: 4291: 4283: 4279: 4271: 4267: 4259: 4252: 4244: 4240: 4232: 4228: 4220: 4216: 4208: 4204: 4196: 4192: 4184: 4180: 4172: 4168: 4160: 4156: 4148: 4144: 4136: 4132: 4124: 4120: 4111: 4107: 4099: 4095: 4087: 4083: 4075: 4071: 4063: 4056: 4048: 4044: 4036: 4032: 4024: 4017: 4009: 4005: 3997: 3993: 3985: 3981: 3973: 3969: 3961: 3957: 3949: 3942: 3934: 3930: 3922: 3918: 3910: 3903: 3895: 3891: 3883: 3879: 3871: 3867: 3859: 3855: 3847: 3843: 3835: 3828: 3820: 3816: 3808: 3804: 3796: 3792: 3784: 3780: 3772: 3768: 3760: 3756: 3748: 3744: 3736: 3732: 3724: 3720: 3712: 3705: 3694: 3693: 3689: 3681: 3674: 3666: 3662: 3654: 3647: 3639: 3635: 3627: 3623: 3614: 3610: 3602: 3598: 3590: 3586: 3578: 3574: 3566: 3562: 3554: 3550: 3542: 3538: 3530: 3523: 3515: 3511: 3503: 3499: 3491: 3487: 3471: 3467: 3459: 3455: 3447: 3443: 3435: 3431: 3423: 3419: 3411: 3407: 3399: 3395: 3387: 3383: 3375: 3371: 3363: 3356: 3348: 3344: 3336: 3332: 3324: 3320: 3312: 3308: 3300: 3293: 3285: 3281: 3273: 3266: 3258: 3254: 3249: 3245: 3237: 3233: 3225: 3221: 3213: 3209: 3201: 3197: 3189: 3185: 3177: 3173: 3165: 3161: 3153: 3149: 3141: 3137: 3129: 3125: 3117: 3113: 3105: 3101: 3093: 3089: 3081: 3077: 3069: 3065: 3057: 3053: 3045: 3041: 3033: 3029: 3021: 3017: 3009: 3005: 2997: 2993: 2985: 2981: 2973: 2969: 2961: 2954: 2946: 2942: 2929: 2928: 2917: 2912: 2907: 2619:Anne of Denmark 2410: 2366: 2325:Heidelinde Weis 2269: 2267:Popular culture 2238: 2214:Wolfgang Menzel 2172: 2164: 2161: 2150: 2147: 2136: 2133: 2123: 2120: 2101: 2098: 2088: 2085: 2074: 2071: 2060: 2050: 2032: 2029: 2019: 2016: 2002: 1999: 1989: 1982: 1952: 1949: 1935: 1932: 1921: 1918: 1909: 1827: 1813: 1810: 1798: 1795: 1721: 1718: 1707: 1704: 1644: 1614: 1611: 1571: 1568: 1560: 1557: 1538: 1535: 1506: 1503: 1486: 1483: 1394: 1384: 1381: 1297: 1284: 1281: 1222: 1219: 1176: 1173: 1158: 1155: 1143: 1140: 1100:Edict of Nantes 1050: 1047: 1007: 997: 990: 892: 802: 788: 785: 686: 679: 578: 540:(or Reformed), 394:, and his wife 384: 379: 367:Queen of France 257: 213: 188: 166: 165: 157: 141: 137: 134: 121: 104: 100: 99:8 December 1722 83: 77: 75: 67: 35: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 5707: 5705: 5697: 5696: 5691: 5686: 5681: 5676: 5671: 5666: 5661: 5656: 5651: 5646: 5641: 5636: 5631: 5626: 5621: 5616: 5611: 5606: 5601: 5596: 5591: 5586: 5581: 5576: 5571: 5566: 5561: 5551: 5550: 5544: 5543: 5541: 5540: 5538:(1969–present) 5534: 5526: 5518: 5510: 5502: 5494: 5486: 5478: 5469: 5461: 5453: 5445: 5437: 5429: 5421: 5413: 5405: 5397: 5389: 5380: 5377: 5376: 5371: 5369: 5368: 5361: 5354: 5346: 5337: 5336: 5331: 5328: 5327: 5325: 5324: 5318: 5316: 5312: 5311: 5309: 5308: 5303: 5296: 5294: 5293:9th generation 5290: 5289: 5287: 5286: 5281: 5276: 5270: 5268: 5267:8th generation 5264: 5263: 5261: 5260: 5255: 5249: 5247: 5246:7th generation 5243: 5242: 5240: 5239: 5233: 5231: 5230:6th generation 5227: 5226: 5224: 5223: 5218: 5212: 5210: 5209:5th generation 5206: 5205: 5203: 5202: 5197: 5191: 5189: 5188:4th generation 5185: 5184: 5182: 5181: 5176: 5170: 5168: 5167:3rd generation 5164: 5163: 5161: 5160: 5155: 5149: 5147: 5146:2nd generation 5143: 5142: 5135: 5133: 5131: 5130: 5124: 5122: 5121:1st generation 5118: 5117: 5112: 5110: 5109: 5102: 5095: 5087: 5081: 5080: 5065: 5056: 5045: 5044:External links 5042: 5041: 5040: 5034: 5026: 5023: 5022: 5021: 5015:978-0270453850 5014: 5001: 4984:Mareike Böth: 4982: 4963: 4948: 4934: 4918: 4913:978-3743392069 4912: 4899: 4893:978-0270569810 4892: 4879: 4865: 4852: 4824: 4807: 4792: 4772: 4758: 4743: 4740: 4737: 4736: 4734:, p. 605. 4724: 4712: 4700: 4688: 4686:, p. 106. 4676: 4674:, p. 212. 4664: 4662:, p. 240. 4652: 4650:, p. 226. 4640: 4638:, p. 224. 4628: 4616: 4614:, p. 101. 4604: 4592: 4590:, p. 225. 4580: 4578:, p. 100. 4568: 4566:, p. 105. 4556: 4544: 4532: 4509: 4507:, p. 513. 4497: 4495:, p. 249. 4485: 4483:, p. 123. 4473: 4471:, p. 514. 4461: 4449: 4437: 4425: 4412: 4400: 4398:, p. 255. 4388: 4376: 4374:, p. 218. 4361: 4359:, p. 211. 4349: 4347:, p. 233. 4337: 4335:, p. 231. 4325: 4323:, p. 230. 4313: 4311:, p. 584. 4301: 4299:, p. 581. 4289: 4277: 4275:, p. 237. 4265: 4263:, p. 164. 4250: 4238: 4236:, p. 452. 4226: 4224:, p. 447. 4214: 4212:, p. 449. 4202: 4190: 4188:, p. 463. 4178: 4176:, p. 458. 4166: 4164:, p. 457. 4154: 4142: 4140:, p. 454. 4130: 4128:, p. 132. 4118: 4105: 4093: 4091:, p. 436. 4081: 4079:, p. 419. 4069: 4067:, p. 404. 4054: 4052:, p. 397. 4042: 4040:, p. 386. 4030: 4028:, p. 385. 4015: 4003: 3991: 3989:, p. 367. 3979: 3977:, p. 364. 3967: 3955: 3953:, p. 127. 3940: 3938:, p. 222. 3928: 3916: 3914:, p. 336. 3901: 3889: 3887:, p. 335. 3877: 3875:, p. 606. 3865: 3863:, p. 450. 3853: 3851:, p. 308. 3841: 3839:, p. 191. 3826: 3814: 3802: 3800:, p. 192. 3790: 3778: 3766: 3764:, p. 109. 3754: 3742: 3730: 3718: 3716:, p. 226. 3703: 3687: 3685:, p. 217. 3672: 3670:, p. 204. 3660: 3658:, p. 215. 3645: 3643:, p. 218. 3633: 3621: 3608: 3596: 3584: 3582:, p. 200. 3572: 3570:, p. 216. 3560: 3558:, p. 679. 3548: 3546:, p. 206. 3536: 3534:, p. 180. 3521: 3509: 3507:, p. 193. 3497: 3485: 3465: 3453: 3451:, p. 155. 3441: 3439:, p. 219. 3429: 3427:, p. 453. 3417: 3415:, p. 209. 3405: 3403:, p. 203. 3393: 3381: 3369: 3354: 3352:, p. 143. 3342: 3330: 3318: 3316:, p. 141. 3306: 3291: 3289:, p. 116. 3279: 3264: 3252: 3243: 3231: 3219: 3207: 3195: 3183: 3171: 3159: 3147: 3135: 3123: 3111: 3099: 3087: 3075: 3063: 3051: 3039: 3027: 3025:, p. 252. 3015: 3013:, p. 103. 3003: 2991: 2979: 2967: 2952: 2950:, p. 229. 2940: 2914: 2913: 2911: 2908: 2904: 2903: 2900: 2899: 2897: 2895: 2893: 2891: 2889: 2887: 2885: 2883: 2881: 2879: 2877: 2875: 2873: 2870: 2869: 2867: 2864: 2863: 2857: 2854: 2853: 2850: 2849: 2847: 2845: 2843: 2840: 2839: 2837: 2834: 2833: 2831: 2825: 2822: 2821: 2818: 2817: 2815: 2812: 2811: 2809: 2806: 2805: 2799: 2796: 2795: 2792: 2791: 2789: 2787: 2785: 2783: 2781: 2778: 2777: 2775: 2772: 2771: 2769: 2763: 2760: 2759: 2756: 2755: 2753: 2750: 2749: 2747: 2744: 2743: 2737: 2734: 2733: 2730: 2729: 2727: 2725: 2723: 2720: 2719: 2717: 2714: 2713: 2711: 2705: 2702: 2701: 2698: 2697: 2695: 2692: 2691: 2689: 2686: 2685: 2679: 2676: 2675: 2672: 2671: 2669: 2667: 2665: 2663: 2661: 2659: 2657: 2654: 2653: 2650: 2649: 2647: 2641: 2638: 2637: 2634: 2633: 2631: 2628: 2627: 2625: 2622: 2621: 2615: 2612: 2611: 2608: 2607: 2605: 2603: 2601: 2598: 2597: 2595: 2592: 2591: 2589: 2583: 2580: 2579: 2576: 2575: 2573: 2570: 2569: 2567: 2564: 2563: 2557: 2554: 2553: 2550: 2549: 2547: 2545: 2543: 2541: 2539: 2536: 2535: 2533: 2530: 2529: 2527: 2521: 2518: 2517: 2514: 2513: 2511: 2508: 2507: 2505: 2502: 2501: 2495: 2492: 2491: 2488: 2487: 2485: 2483: 2481: 2478: 2477: 2475: 2472: 2471: 2469: 2463: 2460: 2459: 2456: 2455: 2453: 2450: 2449: 2447: 2444: 2443: 2437: 2435: 2433: 2431: 2429: 2427: 2425: 2418: 2417: 2411: 2409: 2406: 2405: 2404: 2403: 2402: 2385: 2376: 2365: 2362: 2350: 2349: 2340: 2332:A Little Chaos 2327: 2311: 2304: 2285: 2282:Eduard Künneke 2268: 2265: 2263:the next day. 2240:The so-called 2237: 2234: 2230:Theodor Schott 2171: 2168: 2167: 2166: 2159: 2152: 2145: 2138: 2131: 2125: 2118: 2114:Queen of Spain 2103: 2096: 2090: 2083: 2076: 2069: 2062: 2048: 2034: 2027: 2021: 2014: 2010:fils de France 2004: 1997: 1991: 1980: 1954: 1947: 1937: 1930: 1923: 1916: 1908: 1905: 1834:Pierre Mignard 1826: 1823: 1808: 1793: 1746:King George II 1716: 1702: 1665:reformed faith 1661:Helmuth Kiesel 1643: 1642:Correspondence 1640: 1609: 1566: 1555: 1533: 1501: 1481: 1393: 1386: 1379: 1322:Mercure galant 1296: 1293: 1279: 1217: 1171: 1153: 1138: 1045: 1015:Pierre Mignard 1006: 1003: 988: 979: 978: 954: 922: 900:Pierre Mignard 891: 888: 810:Elle the Elder 801: 798: 783: 677: 577: 574: 561:of the saints. 555:predestination 436:morganatically 422:at that time. 383: 380: 378: 375: 271: 270: 263: 259: 258: 256: 255: 247: 241: 239: 235: 234: 229: 225: 224: 219: 215: 214: 212: 211: 205: 198: 196: 190: 189: 187: 186: 181: 175: 173: 159: 158: 139: 135: 130: 129: 127: 123: 122: 116: 114: 110: 109: 103:(aged 70) 97: 93: 92: 87:, Heidelberg, 73: 69: 68: 64:Pierre Mignard 61: 53: 52: 44: 43: 26: 24: 14: 13: 10: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 5706: 5695: 5692: 5690: 5687: 5685: 5682: 5680: 5677: 5675: 5672: 5670: 5667: 5665: 5662: 5660: 5657: 5655: 5652: 5650: 5647: 5645: 5642: 5640: 5637: 5635: 5632: 5630: 5627: 5625: 5622: 5620: 5617: 5615: 5612: 5610: 5607: 5605: 5602: 5600: 5597: 5595: 5592: 5590: 5587: 5585: 5582: 5580: 5577: 5575: 5572: 5570: 5567: 5565: 5562: 5560: 5557: 5556: 5554: 5539: 5535: 5533: 5530: 5527: 5525: 5522: 5519: 5517: 5514: 5511: 5509: 5506: 5503: 5501: 5498: 5495: 5493: 5490: 5487: 5485: 5482: 5479: 5477: 5473: 5470: 5468: 5465: 5462: 5460: 5457: 5454: 5452: 5449: 5446: 5444: 5441: 5438: 5436: 5433: 5430: 5428: 5425: 5422: 5420: 5417: 5414: 5412: 5409: 5406: 5404: 5401: 5398: 5396: 5393: 5390: 5388: 5385: 5382: 5381: 5378: 5374: 5367: 5362: 5360: 5355: 5353: 5348: 5347: 5344: 5334: 5329: 5323: 5320: 5319: 5317: 5313: 5307: 5304: 5301: 5298: 5297: 5295: 5291: 5285: 5282: 5280: 5277: 5275: 5272: 5271: 5269: 5265: 5259: 5256: 5254: 5251: 5250: 5248: 5244: 5238: 5235: 5234: 5232: 5228: 5222: 5219: 5217: 5214: 5213: 5211: 5207: 5201: 5198: 5196: 5193: 5192: 5190: 5186: 5180: 5177: 5175: 5172: 5171: 5169: 5165: 5159: 5156: 5154: 5151: 5150: 5148: 5144: 5139: 5129: 5126: 5125: 5123: 5119: 5115: 5108: 5103: 5101: 5096: 5094: 5089: 5088: 5085: 5073: 5069: 5066: 5064: 5060: 5057: 5055: 5051: 5048: 5047: 5043: 5038: 5035: 5032: 5029: 5028: 5024: 5017: 5011: 5007: 5002: 4999: 4995: 4991: 4987: 4983: 4980: 4976: 4973:Munich 2006, 4972: 4968: 4964: 4962:, pp 108–121. 4961: 4957: 4953: 4949: 4945: 4941: 4937: 4935:3-458-32128-4 4931: 4927: 4923: 4919: 4915: 4909: 4905: 4900: 4895: 4889: 4885: 4880: 4876: 4872: 4868: 4862: 4858: 4853: 4849: 4843: 4835: 4831: 4827: 4821: 4817: 4813: 4808: 4805: 4804:3-453-04623-4 4801: 4797: 4793: 4790: 4784: 4783: 4778: 4773: 4769: 4765: 4761: 4759:3-492-22141-6 4755: 4751: 4746: 4745: 4741: 4733: 4728: 4725: 4721: 4716: 4713: 4710:, p. 29. 4709: 4704: 4701: 4698:, p. 26. 4697: 4692: 4689: 4685: 4680: 4677: 4673: 4668: 4665: 4661: 4656: 4653: 4649: 4644: 4641: 4637: 4632: 4629: 4626:, p. 91. 4625: 4620: 4617: 4613: 4612:Bodemann 1891 4608: 4605: 4601: 4600:Bodemann 1891 4596: 4593: 4589: 4584: 4581: 4577: 4576:Bodemann 1891 4572: 4569: 4565: 4560: 4557: 4553: 4548: 4545: 4542:, p. 65. 4541: 4536: 4533: 4530: 4529:9781400033744 4526: 4522: 4518: 4513: 4510: 4506: 4501: 4498: 4494: 4489: 4486: 4482: 4477: 4474: 4470: 4465: 4462: 4459:, p. 59. 4458: 4457:Bodemann 2018 4453: 4450: 4446: 4441: 4438: 4435:, p. 25. 4434: 4429: 4426: 4422: 4416: 4413: 4410:, p. 10. 4409: 4404: 4401: 4397: 4392: 4389: 4385: 4380: 4377: 4373: 4368: 4366: 4362: 4358: 4353: 4350: 4346: 4341: 4338: 4334: 4329: 4326: 4322: 4317: 4314: 4310: 4305: 4302: 4298: 4293: 4290: 4286: 4281: 4278: 4274: 4269: 4266: 4262: 4257: 4255: 4251: 4247: 4242: 4239: 4235: 4230: 4227: 4223: 4218: 4215: 4211: 4206: 4203: 4199: 4194: 4191: 4187: 4182: 4179: 4175: 4170: 4167: 4163: 4158: 4155: 4151: 4146: 4143: 4139: 4134: 4131: 4127: 4122: 4119: 4115: 4109: 4106: 4103:, p. 74. 4102: 4101:Bodemann 2018 4097: 4094: 4090: 4085: 4082: 4078: 4073: 4070: 4066: 4061: 4059: 4055: 4051: 4046: 4043: 4039: 4034: 4031: 4027: 4022: 4020: 4016: 4012: 4007: 4004: 4000: 3995: 3992: 3988: 3983: 3980: 3976: 3971: 3968: 3965:, p. 72. 3964: 3959: 3956: 3952: 3947: 3945: 3941: 3937: 3932: 3929: 3925: 3920: 3917: 3913: 3908: 3906: 3902: 3898: 3893: 3890: 3886: 3881: 3878: 3874: 3869: 3866: 3862: 3857: 3854: 3850: 3845: 3842: 3838: 3833: 3831: 3827: 3823: 3818: 3815: 3811: 3806: 3803: 3799: 3794: 3791: 3787: 3782: 3779: 3775: 3770: 3767: 3763: 3758: 3755: 3751: 3746: 3743: 3739: 3734: 3731: 3727: 3722: 3719: 3715: 3710: 3708: 3704: 3699: 3698: 3691: 3688: 3684: 3679: 3677: 3673: 3669: 3664: 3661: 3657: 3652: 3650: 3646: 3642: 3637: 3634: 3630: 3625: 3622: 3618: 3612: 3609: 3605: 3600: 3597: 3593: 3588: 3585: 3581: 3576: 3573: 3569: 3564: 3561: 3557: 3552: 3549: 3545: 3540: 3537: 3533: 3528: 3526: 3522: 3518: 3513: 3510: 3506: 3501: 3498: 3494: 3489: 3486: 3482: 3481:3-550-07360-7 3478: 3474: 3469: 3466: 3462: 3457: 3454: 3450: 3445: 3442: 3438: 3433: 3430: 3426: 3421: 3418: 3414: 3409: 3406: 3402: 3397: 3394: 3390: 3385: 3382: 3378: 3373: 3370: 3366: 3361: 3359: 3355: 3351: 3346: 3343: 3339: 3334: 3331: 3327: 3322: 3319: 3315: 3310: 3307: 3303: 3298: 3296: 3292: 3288: 3283: 3280: 3277:, p. 15. 3276: 3271: 3269: 3265: 3261: 3256: 3253: 3247: 3244: 3241:, p. 99. 3240: 3235: 3232: 3228: 3223: 3220: 3216: 3211: 3208: 3204: 3199: 3196: 3193:, p. 88. 3192: 3187: 3184: 3181:, p. 90. 3180: 3175: 3172: 3168: 3163: 3160: 3157:, p. 79. 3156: 3151: 3148: 3145:, p. 77. 3144: 3139: 3136: 3133:, p. 89. 3132: 3127: 3124: 3120: 3115: 3112: 3108: 3103: 3100: 3097:, p. 92. 3096: 3091: 3088: 3084: 3079: 3076: 3072: 3067: 3064: 3060: 3055: 3052: 3048: 3043: 3040: 3036: 3031: 3028: 3024: 3019: 3016: 3012: 3007: 3004: 3000: 2995: 2992: 2989:, p. 64. 2988: 2983: 2980: 2977:, p. 66. 2976: 2971: 2968: 2964: 2959: 2957: 2953: 2949: 2944: 2941: 2936: 2932: 2926: 2924: 2922: 2920: 2916: 2909: 2898: 2896: 2894: 2892: 2890: 2888: 2886: 2884: 2882: 2880: 2878: 2876: 2874: 2872: 2871: 2868: 2866: 2865: 2862: 2856: 2855: 2852: 2851: 2842: 2841: 2836: 2835: 2830: 2824: 2823: 2820: 2819: 2814: 2813: 2808: 2807: 2804: 2798: 2797: 2794: 2793: 2780: 2779: 2774: 2773: 2768: 2762: 2761: 2758: 2757: 2752: 2751: 2746: 2745: 2742: 2736: 2735: 2732: 2731: 2722: 2721: 2716: 2715: 2710: 2704: 2703: 2700: 2699: 2694: 2693: 2688: 2687: 2684: 2678: 2677: 2674: 2673: 2656: 2655: 2652: 2651: 2646: 2640: 2639: 2636: 2635: 2630: 2629: 2624: 2623: 2620: 2614: 2613: 2610: 2609: 2600: 2599: 2594: 2593: 2588: 2582: 2581: 2578: 2577: 2572: 2571: 2566: 2565: 2562: 2556: 2555: 2552: 2551: 2538: 2537: 2532: 2531: 2526: 2520: 2519: 2516: 2515: 2510: 2509: 2504: 2503: 2500: 2494: 2493: 2490: 2489: 2480: 2479: 2474: 2473: 2468: 2462: 2461: 2458: 2457: 2452: 2451: 2446: 2445: 2442: 2436: 2424: 2423: 2420: 2419: 2415: 2414: 2407: 2400: 2399: 2395: 2394: 2392: 2391: 2386: 2383: 2382: 2377: 2374: 2373: 2368: 2367: 2363: 2358: 2354: 2347: 2346: 2341: 2338: 2334: 2333: 2328: 2326: 2322: 2321:Kurt Hoffmann 2318: 2317: 2312: 2309: 2305: 2302: 2301:Renate Müller 2298: 2297:Carl Froelich 2294: 2290: 2286: 2283: 2279: 2275: 2271: 2270: 2266: 2264: 2262: 2258: 2257:clothes moths 2254: 2253: 2247: 2243: 2235: 2233: 2231: 2227: 2223: 2219: 2215: 2210: 2207: 2203: 2201: 2197: 2192: 2189: 2185: 2184:Ancien Régime 2181: 2178:. During the 2177: 2169: 2158: 2153: 2144: 2139: 2130: 2126: 2117: 2115: 2111: 2104: 2095: 2091: 2082: 2077: 2068: 2063: 2057: 2054: 2047: 2045: 2041: 2040:M. de Louvois 2035: 2026: 2022: 2013: 2011: 2005: 1996: 1992: 1986: 1979: 1977: 1973: 1969: 1965: 1961: 1955: 1946: 1944: 1938: 1929: 1924: 1915: 1911: 1910: 1906: 1904: 1902: 1898: 1894: 1890: 1885: 1883: 1879: 1875: 1871: 1867: 1863: 1859: 1854: 1852: 1848: 1844: 1835: 1831: 1824: 1822: 1820: 1807: 1802: 1792: 1787: 1784: 1782: 1777: 1776: 1770: 1768: 1764: 1760: 1755: 1751: 1747: 1743: 1739: 1734: 1732: 1728: 1715: 1711: 1701: 1697: 1695: 1690: 1686: 1684: 1680: 1676: 1672: 1671: 1666: 1662: 1656: 1652: 1650: 1641: 1638: 1634: 1630: 1626: 1624: 1620: 1608: 1604: 1602: 1593: 1589: 1587: 1582: 1578: 1565: 1554: 1550: 1548: 1545:: Archbishop 1544: 1532: 1530: 1524: 1522: 1521: 1516: 1512: 1500: 1495: 1491: 1480: 1475: 1473: 1464: 1459: 1455: 1453: 1449: 1445: 1441: 1440: 1435: 1431: 1427: 1423: 1419: 1415: 1414:Duke of Maine 1406: 1402: 1398: 1391: 1387: 1378: 1374: 1372: 1368: 1367:Fontainebleau 1364: 1360: 1355: 1353: 1348: 1346: 1342: 1338: 1337: 1332: 1331:böße officien 1328: 1324: 1323: 1318: 1314: 1306: 1301: 1294: 1292: 1290: 1278: 1274: 1272: 1268: 1262: 1260: 1256: 1252: 1247: 1244: 1240: 1236: 1232: 1227: 1216: 1212: 1210: 1206: 1202: 1198: 1194: 1190: 1186: 1182: 1170: 1168: 1162: 1152: 1147: 1137: 1135: 1134:de St. Pierre 1133: 1128: 1124: 1120: 1119: 1114: 1108: 1106: 1101: 1097: 1092: 1089: 1088: 1083: 1078: 1076: 1072: 1068: 1063: 1060: 1056: 1044: 1039: 1037: 1028: 1023: 1016: 1011: 1004: 1002: 994: 987: 983: 976: 972: 968: 964: 960: 959: 955: 952: 951: 950: 944: 940: 936: 932: 928: 927: 923: 920: 916: 912: 909: 908: 907: 901: 896: 889: 887: 885: 881: 877: 873: 868: 866: 862: 858: 854: 850: 849: 844: 843:Maria Theresa 840: 834: 832: 827: 823: 815: 811: 806: 799: 797: 793: 782: 780: 773: 770: 768: 764: 760: 759: 754: 750: 745: 743: 739: 735: 730: 728: 724: 720: 716: 712: 708: 704: 700: 691: 683: 676: 674: 667: 665: 661: 657: 653: 649: 648: 643: 639: 635: 634: 629: 628: 627:Ancien Régime 623: 619: 611: 606: 598: 591: 587: 582: 575: 573: 566: 562: 560: 556: 552: 547: 543: 539: 535: 531: 525: 523: 519: 515: 511: 507: 503: 499: 491: 486: 480: 476: 472: 467: 463: 461: 460:Schwarzkopfel 457: 453: 449: 448: 447: 441: 437: 431: 429: 423: 421: 417: 413: 409: 405: 401: 397: 393: 389: 381: 376: 374: 372: 368: 364: 360: 356: 352: 351:Maria Theresa 348: 344: 340: 335: 333: 329: 325: 321: 317: 313: 310: 306: 302: 298: 294: 290: 286: 282: 279: 278: 268: 264: 260: 254: 251: 248: 246: 243: 242: 240: 236: 233: 230: 226: 223: 220: 216: 210:(by marriage) 209: 206: 203: 200: 199: 197: 195: 191: 185: 182: 180: 177: 176: 174: 171: 170: 164: 160: 133: 128: 124: 119: 115: 111: 107: 98: 94: 90: 86: 74: 70: 65: 59: 54: 51: 50: 45: 40: 37: 33: 19: 5537: 5531: 5523: 5515: 5507: 5499: 5491: 5483: 5475: 5466: 5463: 5458: 5450: 5442: 5434: 5426: 5418: 5410: 5402: 5394: 5386: 5332: 5236: 5178: 5127: 5036: 5030: 5005: 4989: 4985: 4970: 4966: 4951: 4925: 4903: 4883: 4856: 4815: 4811: 4795: 4787:; ( 4780: 4749: 4727: 4715: 4703: 4691: 4679: 4667: 4655: 4643: 4631: 4619: 4607: 4595: 4588:Holland 2018 4583: 4571: 4559: 4552:Holland 2018 4547: 4535: 4520: 4512: 4500: 4488: 4476: 4464: 4452: 4445:Holland 2018 4440: 4428: 4420: 4415: 4403: 4391: 4379: 4352: 4340: 4328: 4316: 4304: 4292: 4280: 4268: 4241: 4229: 4217: 4205: 4193: 4181: 4169: 4157: 4145: 4133: 4121: 4113: 4108: 4096: 4084: 4072: 4045: 4033: 4006: 3994: 3982: 3970: 3958: 3931: 3919: 3892: 3880: 3868: 3856: 3844: 3822:Ziegler 1981 3817: 3805: 3798:Ziegler 1981 3793: 3781: 3774:Ziegler 1981 3769: 3757: 3745: 3733: 3721: 3696: 3690: 3663: 3636: 3624: 3615:Letter from 3611: 3599: 3587: 3575: 3563: 3551: 3539: 3512: 3505:Ziegler 1981 3500: 3493:Ziegler 1981 3488: 3472: 3468: 3456: 3444: 3432: 3420: 3408: 3396: 3384: 3372: 3345: 3333: 3321: 3309: 3282: 3255: 3246: 3234: 3222: 3210: 3198: 3186: 3174: 3162: 3150: 3138: 3126: 3114: 3102: 3090: 3078: 3066: 3054: 3042: 3030: 3018: 3006: 2994: 2982: 2970: 2943: 2934: 2644: 2396: 2388: 2379: 2370: 2343: 2337:Alan Rickman 2330: 2319:- Director: 2315: 2307: 2288: 2273: 2251: 2241: 2239: 2221: 2217: 2211: 2204: 2199: 2195: 2193: 2187: 2175: 2173: 2155: 2141: 2128: 2106: 2093: 2079: 2065: 2037: 2024: 2009: 2007: 1994: 1975: 1971: 1963: 1957: 1940: 1926: 1913: 1900: 1896: 1892: 1888: 1886: 1882:of the Rhine 1881: 1877: 1873: 1869: 1865: 1861: 1857: 1855: 1839: 1815: 1804: 1800: 1789: 1785: 1775:Cabinet noir 1773: 1771: 1735: 1726: 1723: 1713: 1709: 1699: 1691: 1687: 1682: 1668: 1657: 1653: 1645: 1636: 1632: 1628: 1616: 1606: 1598: 1573: 1563: 1552: 1540: 1526: 1519: 1508: 1497: 1492: 1488: 1477: 1472:night chairs 1468: 1461:Portrait by 1437: 1418:guardianship 1410: 1400: 1389: 1376: 1356: 1349: 1335: 1330: 1326: 1321: 1310: 1286: 1276: 1270: 1263: 1248: 1234: 1228: 1224: 1214: 1208: 1178: 1164: 1160: 1149: 1145: 1131: 1129:Jourdan and 1126: 1118:Pater Noster 1117: 1110: 1085: 1079: 1064: 1052: 1041: 1032: 999: 985: 980: 970: 965:and married 956: 947: 946: 924: 919:Palais-Royal 910: 905: 869: 864: 856: 853:common sense 846: 835: 830: 819: 794: 790: 775: 771: 758:Hofmarschall 756: 746: 738:Marie-Louise 731: 699:Palais Royal 696: 669: 646: 638:Anna Gonzaga 631: 625: 615: 608:View of the 571: 533: 526: 522:Iburg Castle 518:George Louis 495: 459: 455: 451: 445: 443: 432: 427: 424: 403: 385: 336: 308: 296: 284: 280: 275: 274: 249: 167: 101:(1722-12-08) 62:Portrait by 47: 36: 5564:1722 deaths 5559:1652 births 5532:(1896–1926) 5524:(1864–1894) 5516:(1837–1842) 5508:(1809–1830) 5500:(1785–1793) 5492:(1752–1759) 5484:(1724–1728) 5476:(1701–1732) 5467:(1672–1701) 5459:(1661–1670) 5451:(1632–1660) 5443:(1626–1627) 5435:(1533–1547) 5427:(1476–1498) 5419:(1440–1465) 5411:(1410–1430) 5403:(1407–1409) 5395:(1389–1407) 5387:(1345–1376) 5020:(6 volumes) 4708:Kiesel 1981 4696:Kiesel 1981 4684:Kiesel 1981 4672:Kiesel 1981 4660:Kiesel 1981 4648:Kiesel 1981 4636:Kiesel 1981 4624:Kiesel 1981 4564:Kiesel 1981 4493:Kiesel 1981 4481:Kiesel 1981 4433:Kiesel 1981 4408:Kiesel 1981 4396:Kiesel 1981 4372:Kiesel 1981 4357:Kiesel 1981 4345:Kiesel 1981 4333:Kiesel 1981 4321:Kiesel 1981 4273:Kiesel 1981 4261:Kiesel 1981 4126:Kiesel 1981 3963:Kiesel 1981 3951:Kiesel 1981 3936:Kiesel 1981 3762:Kiesel 1981 2342:2017–2018: 1586:microscopes 1305:André Bouys 1259:Largillière 1239:Saint-Simon 1235:mésalliance 1181:Wittelsbach 812:, c. 1683; 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Knowledge (XXG)

Elizabeth Charlotte, Madame Palatine

Index