Elizabeth Richards Tilton - Knowledge (XXG)

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absorbing love. But it appeared to me in such false light. That the love I felt and received could harm no one, not even you, I have believed unfalteringly until 4 o'clock this afternoon, when the heavenly vision dawned on me. I see now, as never before, the wrong I have done you, and hasten immediately to ask your pardon, with a penitence so sincere that henceforth (if reason remains) you may trust me implicitly. Oh! my dear Theo, though your opinions are not restful or congenial to my soul, yet my own integrity and purity are a sacred and holy thing to me. Bless God, with me, for Catherine Gaunt, and for all the sure leadings of an all-wise and loving Providence. Yes, now I feel quite prepared to renew my marriage vow with you, to keep it as the Savior requireth, who looketh at the eye and the heart. Never before could I say this, I know not that you are yet able, or ever will be, to say this to

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fall of 1870. Conflicting stories describe a contentious evening, in which Theodore Tilton dined at Laura Bullard's house with Stanton, leaving Elizabeth Tilton and Anthony behind at the Tilton house. Theodore Tilton told Stanton his side of the Tilton–Beecher affair over dinner; Anthony heard of it from Elizabeth Tilton that same night. Rival accounts of the evening were given by Elizabeth Tilton and Stanton in 1874, four years after the events. They agreed that after Theodore Tilton returned to his house, there was an altercation between him and one of the women (each named the other), that Theodore Tilton had become violently angry, and that Susan B. Anthony had sheltered Elizabeth Tilton in her room overnight, locking the door. Stanton clearly saw Anthony as saving a threatened wife from a violent husband; Elizabeth Tilton may not have appreciated Stanton's assumption of authority.

329:(1868), a book one reviewer described as "apparently interminable, and so amazingly dull". On January 3, 1866, Beecher described the main characters to his publisher as "the man of philosophy and theology and the woman of nature and simple truth". It has been suggested that Elizabeth Tilton encouraged Beecher in his writing, and that she can be associated with his "woman of nature". It has also been suggested that she turned to him for comfort after baby Paul's death in August 1868. To what extent Elizabeth was or saw herself as Beecher's " 520:, Elizabeth Tilton refuted her husband's assertions of a sexual relationship between herself and Beecher, declaring "I affirm myself before God to be innocent of the crimes laid upon me; that never have I been guilty of adultery with Henry Ward Beecher in thought or deed; nor has he ever offered to me an indecorous or improper proposal." Her husband, she asserted, was attempting to prove that she was "insane, weak-minded, insignificant, of mean presence." As of August 27, Plymouth Church released its official report, exonerating Beecher. 291:

Elizabeth's dress, deportment, speech and demeanor. Elizabeth described occasions when her husband indicated that she was "so insignificant that he was ashamed of ", and another when he held a gathering of "woman's rights people" at their home, and "particularly requested me not to come near him that night". Theodore Tilton also traveled frequently on lecture tours in 1866–1868, which gave him opportunities to be sexually unfaithful, something he confessed to Elizabeth on January 25, 1868.

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both she and her husband would acknowledge that they had failed to fully commit to their marriage, and would renew their religious commitment to each other. Later, they describe and debate the possibility of a highly idealized marriage, in which "saint" Elizabeth must "make the path smooth" for Theodore. Elizabeth at least was painfully aware of the contrast between the perfected imaginary marriage of their letters and the "ungenerosity and fault-finding" of their actual time together.

2799: 33: 668:, on Pacific Street, Brooklyn. She became blind, but remained active, using a cane to navigate streets and trolley cars until surgery a year before her death restored her sight. She died on April 13, 1897, after two paralytic strokes about a month apart. Her two sons and two daughters were present at her death. Her private funeral service was conducted by a preacher from the Plymouth Brethren, Malachi Taylor. She was buried in 366:

confessed to an affair with Beecher, some years previously) encouraged Tilton to write to Beecher and demand his resignation from the church. On December 26, 1870, Tilton wrote to Beecher, "Sir, I demand that, for reasons which you explicitly understand, you immediately cease from the ministry of Plymouth Church, and that you quit the City of Brooklyn as a residence." Bowen delivered the vaguely-worded letter to Beecher.

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press for their presence. Simply being in the courtroom was considered immodest and improper. Both Elizabeth Tilton and her mother, Mrs. Morse, attended the trial as spectators. So did a limited number of other women, many from Plymouth Church. Elizabeth was described frequently by the press as meek, shy, yielding and compliant, and as showing calmness, resignation and sadness, sometimes sobbing.

2787: 2811: 497:, publicly accusing Beecher of adultery with Elizabeth Tilton. As of June 27, 1874, Plymouth Church established its own investigating committee to inquire into the scandal. The committee was filled with prominent friends and supporters of Beecher. With this official recognition, the story exploded into the newspapers. The press' new focus on 2775: 760:

Beecher with the letter on Friday, December 30. Thunderstruck, Beecher asked to see Elizabeth (still in bed due to the miscarriage) and dictated a letter of retraction to her, which she also signed. Upon learning of the retraction, Theodore Tilton composed a retraction of the retraction, which Elizabeth also signed.

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saint on earth; at another time she is a weak, irresponsible being and anything but a saint." Her husband's letters make it clear that he had idealized her: "If you should ever appear to me anything less than the ideal woman, the Christian saint that I know you to be, I shall not care to live a day longer."

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Elizabeth Tilton and her children were left largely without financial support, although some members of Plymouth Church may have hired her as a tutor. She remained an official member of the Plymouth Church's congregation until April 16, 1878. At that time she again changed her testimony, stating that

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Susan B. Anthony kept her opinions about the Tiltons mostly private, and was unhappy that Elizabeth Cady Stanton chose to speak out about Anthony's experiences with them. Stanton's main concern was for the women's movement. She predicted: "When Beecher falls, as he must, he will pull all he can down

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On August 20, 1874, Theodore Tilton brought a civil suit for "criminal conversation" against his former friend, Henry Ward Beecher. He requested $ 100,000 in compensation for what was legally regarded as a matter of theft. Under the legal framework of "criminal conversation", a woman was regarded as

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in particular whether Plymouth Church could do so without investigating the allegations against Beecher. The Council potentially had authority over not only Beecher, but the very existence of Plymouth Church. The Council met from March 9–29, 1874, and concluded by censuring Plymouth Church's actions.

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Theodore Tilton turned to Frank Moulton, a childhood friend of Tilton and Beecher, who became a mediator between the men. He primarily focused on hiding the scandal as their friendship disintegrated. There were a series of letters that Elizabeth signed beginning on December 29, 1870. In the first she

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Beecher returned to his pulpit at Plymouth Church, and over time, "largely redeemed" his reputation. In February 1876, Plymouth Church called a second Congregational Council, this time of friendly churches. They exonerated Beecher in March. In April, church members who had testified against Beecher,

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Both Henry Beecher and Theodore Tilton described Elizabeth Tilton in conflicted terms symbolic of the meaning of "woman": She was described as both matronly and childlike; as pious and saintly, but also sensual and powerful. Beecher is quoted as saying "You see her one time and you would think her a

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On July 2, 1875, the civil trial was completed. After 112 days of courtroom testimony (resulting in more than a million words of text), 16 full days of final arguments to the jury, 8 days of deliberation, and 52 ballots, accompanied by hundreds of newspaper articles and editorials, the trial ended

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in 1874. It is about a family adrift in the Atlantic for fifteen years. The characters of Mary and Rodney Vail demonstrate "the love that dwells in the soul rather than in the heart". Philip Chantilly's love for their daughter Barbara transcends physical separation; indeed, he falls in love with an

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She was the silent party throughout much of the trial, muted by a legal fiction that defined a civil trial for adultery as a property dispute between one man and another. Nearly four months into the trial, she rose and tried to read a statement to the court and was summarily denied by the judge. –

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in Brooklyn, New York. Bowen and others had left Storr's church when they formed Plymouth Church and chose Beecher as its pastor, preferring his charisma and showmanship. Now Storrs convinced the Council of Congregational Churches to investigate the disfellowshipping of Tilton from Plymouth Church,

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exposé sold for as much as $ 40. But in spite of Woodhull's denunciations of Beecher and Tilton, the initial response of most newspapers was to largely ignore the story. Such topics were seen as inappropriate, a violation of the boundaries of respectability and politeness, or not a "public" matter.

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My dear Theodore, To-day, through the ministry of Catherine Gaunt, a character of fiction, my eyes have been opened, for the first time in my experience, so that I see clearly my sin. It was when I knew that I was loved, to suffer it to grow to a passion. A virtuous woman should check instantly an

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The Tiltons' letters to each other over a period of several years reveal a complex and changing relationship, as they examine both their personal relations and the very nature of marriage itself. At first Elizabeth appears to have hoped for a mutual and equal reconciliation with Theodore, in which

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Stanton knew all of the parties in the lawsuit and spoke openly about them. She described both of the Tiltons as "too solely sentimental", and said that "each had an exaggerated notion of what the other should be." In an interview in 1875, Stanton stated that "I have all along said that what Henry

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Potential spectators competed to claim the limited number of seats that were available each day. Although attempts were made initially to keep women out entirely, a few seats were made available for them. The women involved in the case, and others attending in the courtroom, were criticized in the

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Following Elizabeth's confession to Theodore, both of the Tiltons confided in others. These included Elizabeth Cady Stanton, Susan B. Anthony, Henry Chandler Bowen, and Francis D. Moulton and his wife Emma. Elizabeth Cady Stanton and Susan B. Anthony apparently first heard about the scandal in the

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The situation was complicated because both Henry Beecher and Theodore Tilton were believed to have affairs with other women. Beecher was rumored to have had relationships with several women in his Plymouth Church congregation including Lucy Maria (Tappan) Bowen (1825–1863), the first wife of Henry

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Tilton also told Elizabeth of his letter to Beecher. She revealed that she had not spoken to Beecher of her confession, and implored Theodore to contact Beecher directly and avert scandal. Theodore had her sign a letter describing her confession, dated December 29, 1870. He and Moulton confronted

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The nature and extent of the relationship between them may have been anything from an idealized or sentimentalized emotional bond, to a full-fledged sexual relationship. Recent writers have raised questions of whether Beecher displayed a pattern of predatory behavior towards his parishioners, and

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On July 11, 1874, Elizabeth Tilton left her husband permanently. Theodore did not try to prevent her from leaving, later testifying that "she was a free, sovereign actor in the business" and that he "never applied any coercion to her in any way". During the investigation, and the subsequent civil

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He increasingly disparaged his wife's family, and sought to separate her from them. Although he was reported to have said that "Elizabeth was undervalued in her intellectual character ... she was the finest critic he had ever had", Theodore Tilton also felt embarrassed in his new social circle by

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Tensions increased as both Theodore Tilton and Beecher were pressured by their friends to respond to Woodhull's accusations. Tilton, Beecher and Bowen had signed a "Tri-partite Covenant" on April 2, 1872, agreeing to keep silent. Tilton, however, continued to leak information against Beecher. On

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All three people—Elizabeth, Theodore and Beecher—sentimentalized and reinterpreted their thoughts and actions as events progressed. One historian reflects on the relationships between Beecher and the Tiltons, "They are real people. Living people ... They aren't characters in a novel. They are

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The miscarriage seems to have triggered a rapid cascade of events. The same day, Mrs. Morse wrote to Henry Bowen, Tilton's employer, with complaints against Tilton. Bowen consulted Henry Beecher before confronting Tilton, who responded with accusations against Beecher. Bowen (whose wife had also

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Possibly as a result of this evening, Elizabeth left Theodore in late September or early October 1870 and traveled to Marietta, Ohio, where she stayed with a friend, Sarah Putnam. When Elizabeth Tilton returned to Brooklyn on December 10, 1870, there was a violent altercation with Theodore, and

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Responses to the Tiltons reflected complex and changing networks of professional, political and religious allegiances as well as personal relationships. These were reflected in the ownership and editing of newspapers; the founding, pastorate and membership of Brooklyn's churches; and political

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Of the seven children born to the Tiltons over 14 years, four of the children survived past infancy. Her daughter Florence was born around 1858. Alice was born in 1859. A child named Mattie died in infancy. Her son Carroll was born in 1864. An infant son, Paul, died in August 1868. Her last

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On July 3 or 4, 1870, Elizabeth apparently confessed to her husband that October 10, 1868, had marked the start of a deeper relationship between herself and Beecher, which Beecher had encouraged her to keep secret. It may have been an emotional relationship or a sexual relationship. Whatever

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Elizabeth took their four children and went to her mother's home, where she remained for some time before again returning to her husband, when she was pregnant again by him. The pregnancy ended in a miscarriage on December 24, 1870, which Elizabeth attributed to "anxiety night and day".

438:. In it, Woodhull sensationalized the relationship of Henry Ward Beecher and Elizabeth Tilton, claiming Theodore Tilton as her source of information. Woodhull and Claflin attacked Beecher, not for having relationships outside marriage, but for hypocritically refusing to endorse them. 415:. Still, with what profound thankfulness that I am come to this sure foundation, and that my feet are planted on the rock of this great truth you cannot at all realize. When you yearn toward me with any true feeling, be assured of the tried, purified and restored love of Elizabeth. 406:(1866) sparked a realization of the potential dangers of spiritual advisors, and a reevaluation of her involvement with Beecher. On June 29, 1871, Elizabeth wrote a letter to Theodore that assumed great importance in later court proceedings, as lawyers tried to interpret her meaning. 279:

surviving child, Ralph, was born June 21, 1869. For the first five years of their marriage, and again from 1860 to 1863, the Tiltons lived in a boardinghouse run by Elizabeth's mother, on Harrison Avenue in the Sixth Ward. By 1866, the upwardly mobile Theodore Tilton aspired to a

565:, a best-selling novel which dealt with love, marriage, and ministers, apparently caused her to reinterpret her own "excessive devotion to her priest" as sinful. Theodore Tilton's reading of the same novel may have strengthened his belief that Elizabeth was guilty of adultery. 782:

Elizabeth Tilton made several statements about her relationship with Beecher, often under extremely stressful conditions. Her statements were inconsistent: she alternately admitted and retracted confessions of infidelity in response to pressure from both her husband and from

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The "Catherine Gaunt" letter clearly shows that Elizabeth had reinterpreted her actions from a spiritual perspective as sinful. What had actually occurred between her and Beecher, and whether their relationship had been emotional, physical, or both, remained utterly opaque.

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Ward Beecher would swear to, I would believe" – a statement that did not indicate strong conviction of his innocence, since Beecher had refused to swear on the Bible when he appeared on the witness stand on April 1, 1875, stating he had "conscientious scruples".

577:"imaginary angel" precisely because he does not know her. Tilton told the Plymouth Investigating Committee in 1874 that the character of Mary Vail was based upon his wife, and intended as a tribute to "Elizabeth's blameless purity". 1046:

Official report of the trial of Henry Ward Beecher. With notes and references by Austin Abbott ... Together with an account of the court and biographical sketches of the judge, the parties, and their counsel, and of some of the

177:. Although the long trial ended in a deadlock, it destroyed the social positions and careers of both Elizabeth and Theodore Tilton. Beecher's reputation was tarnished, but he retained his position and much of his influence. 370:

described her confession, then Beecher had her sign a letter of retraction, followed by a retraction of the retraction at Theodore's request. On December 31, Elizabeth Tilton sent Moulton to Beecher to retrieve the letters.

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Chandler Bowen. She had confessed the affair to her husband on her deathbed. Theodore Tilton was rumored not only to have been sexually unfaithful while on tour, but also to be involved in an affair with Elizabeth's friend

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The Tiltons' letters to each other over a period of several years reveal a shift from hopefulness on Elizabeth's part to awareness of the harmfulness of the "ungenerosity and fault-finding" of their actual time together.

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The trial also became an "intensely literary event", in which the intentions and actions of Elizabeth Tilton (who could not testify) and others were inferred from novels, letters and quotations. Elizabeth's reading of

245:. In 1870, she was the corresponding secretary of the Brooklyn Equal Rights Association, and one of three members of a committee to find and set up a house in Brooklyn to serve as its headquarters. She founded the 538:

the property of her husband. The party against whom the suit was brought was seen as having stolen or damaged the property of the husband. The wife became an "absent presence", who could not testify in court.

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The trial began on January 4, 1875, and continued until July 2, 1875. It has been referred to as "America's first major clergy sexual abuse scandal", and it received national attention from the press.

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in 1856, while Beecher became the editor-in-chief in 1861. Tilton was his assistant, and replaced him as editor in 1864. Theodore Tilton was active and respected as a writer, speaker, and lecturer.

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Elizabeth Richards married Theodore Tilton (1835–1907) on October 2, 1855, in Plymouth Church. He was 20, and she was 21. The ceremony was performed by Henry Ward Beecher. Tilton worked on

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Theodore Tilton Vs. Henry Ward Beecher, Action for Crim. Con. Tried in the City Court of Brooklyn, Chief Justice Joseph Neilson, Presiding. Verbatim Report by the Official Stenographer. Volume 2

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The public scandal is credited with undermining the women's suffrage movement and delaying woman suffrage for a generation, due to Victoria Woodhull's association of women's suffrage with "

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and to Woodhull, Elizabeth Tilton, and Isabella herself. Isabella and her husband went to Europe, where they spent several years to avoid the worst of the family conflict around Beecher.

585:"It is a question of fact, a question of the veracity of witnesses on which we do not agree, your Honor, and I would say I think there is not a possibility of an agreement in this jury." 1754: 501:

as they followed the Tilton case has been identified as a turning point in the relationship between the press and private individuals in the United States. Satirical magazines such as

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On August 13, 1874, Theodore Tilton published 201 letters, selecting and editing 112 written by himself and 89 written by Elizabeth between 1864 and 1870. The letters appeared in the

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One day later, on July 12, 1874, Elizabeth Tilton testified in front of the investigating committee of Plymouth Church. Then, and again in a letter dated July 23, 1874, in the

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Elizabeth's mother, Mrs. N. B. Morse, was aware of the conflict and acted briefly as Theodore Tilton's housekeeper in Elizabeth's absence, until she too quarreled with him.

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October 31, 1873, in spite of Beecher's opposition to the move, Plymouth Church dropped Theodore Tilton from its membership for "slandering" their pastor, Beecher.

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The opinions of those who knew the parties in the case were widely divergent, like those of the jurors. Beecher's own family was divided on the issue. His sisters

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Theodore Tilton and Henry Ward Beecher became close friends, a relationship that has been described as both passionate and physical. Tilton and Beecher worked on

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A summer of hummingbirds : love, art, and scandal in the intersecting worlds of Emily Dickinson, Mark Twain, Harriet Beecher Stowe, and Martin Johnson Heade

529:. Elizabeth considered Theodore's publication of her private correspondence to be "perfidious and sacrilegious", a violation of the privacy of their marriage. 200:, who attended Public School No. 1. When Tilton's parents decided to move to New Jersey, Tilton boarded with Elizabeth, Joseph, and their mother. They attended 1222:"Petition Asking for an Amendment of the Constitution that Shall Prohibit the Several States from Disfranchising Any of Their Citizens on the Ground of Sex" 2851: 2534: 1958:

Theodore Tilton Vs. Henry Ward Beecher: Action for Crim. Con. Tried in the City Court of Brooklyn, Chief Justice Joseph Neilson, Presiding. Volume 1

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Life and work of Henry Ward Beecher, an authentic, impartial and complete history of his public career and private life from the cradle to the grave

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Tilton became the largely silenced center of "the most sensational and highly publicized social scandal of the era" in 1875, when her husband

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After having been a widow for a number of years, Johanna died on July 26, 1889, at her home in Brooklyn after a nine-month illness.

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Towards the end of her life, Elizabeth Tilton lived with a widowed daughter, Florence Pelton, and Florence's daughter, the artist

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she had, in fact, been sexually involved with Beecher. As a result, she was excommunicated by the church. She later joined the

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The Beecher–Tilton scandal became open public knowledge in November 1872 when Victoria Woodhull published a special edition of

306: 267: 238:. With them, Elizabeth Tilton was one of a dozen signatories of a petition appealing for protection for voting rights in 1866. 773:

may have heard of the scandal through Elizabeth Cady Stanton but they also gathered many of the details from Theodore himself.

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Elizabeth Richards attended the Brooklyn Female Seminary. She tutored her younger brother Joseph H. Richards and his friend

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Elizabeth's actual involvement, her husband suspected her of adultery and her last surviving child of being illegitimate.

2765: 318:. The more radical Tilton spoke in favor of women's rights to vote and to divorce. Beecher, who was unhappily married to 1186:

Easton-Flake, Amy (April 11, 2019). "Fiction and Poetry in the Revolution and the Woman's Journal: Clarifying History".

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of November 5, 1872, in which Woodhull was a candidate, she was arrested. The sisters were charged by district attorney

393:. By spring 1871, Theodore and Victoria were intimate, and in September 1871 he published an effusive biography of her. 1925:. Vol. III (National protection for national citizens, 1873 to 1880). Rutgers University Press. pp. 195–197. 741:

affiliations, particularly those within the Republican party and among local women's rights and abolitionist reformers.

2846: 2755: 2247: 1713: 1547: 1500: 2196: 1041: 333:" is unclear. She identified October 10, 1868, as "A Day Memorable" in her private diary, but did not indicate why. 2371: 2036:"Silent Woman, Speaking Fiction: Charles Reade's Griffith Gaunt (1866) at the Adultery Trial of Henry Ward Beecher" 1329: 606: 222: 201: 142: 2566: 2535:"JOHN BIDDULPH MARTIN DEAD; The Honorable Career of the London Banker Who Became the Husband of Victoria Woodhull" 1303: 895:. Amherst, Massachusetts: University of Massachusetts Amherst. Doctoral Dissertations 1896 – February 2014. 1381. 954: 1755:"How Churches Have Buried a Devastating Legacy of Clergy Sexual Abuse and the Movement Pushing to End the Cycle" 1221: 1334: 246: 137: 1275: 2271: 1077: 602: 2345: 1419: 634:

including Henry Bowen, Emma Moulton, Martha Bradshaw and George Bell, were expelled from Plymouth Church.

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Wallach, Glenn (1998). ""A Depraved Taste for Publicity:" The Press and Private Life in the Gilded Age".

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Beecher, Henry Ward; Tilton, Theodore; Abbott, Austin; New York (State). City Court (Brooklyn) (1875).

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trial, Elizabeth Tilton was "housed and supported" by members of the congregation of Plymouth Church.

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The Selected Papers of Elizabeth Cady Stanton and Susan B. Anthony : an Awful Hush, 1895 to 1906

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The body politic : foundings, citizenship, and difference in the American political imagination

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Banquet at Delmonico's : great minds, the Gilded Age, and the triumph of evolution in America

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The Beecher-Tilton adultery scandal : family, religion, and politics in Brooklyn, 1865–1875

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was an extremely popular preacher. Elizabeth became a Sunday school teacher at Plymouth Church.

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Criminal conversations : sentimentality and nineteenth-century legal stories of adultery

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As her marriage unraveled, Elizabeth Tilton became less hopeful. Her sentimental reading of

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Other powers : the age of suffrage, spiritualism, and the scandalous Victoria Woodhull

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Marks, Patricia (August 21, 2018). "An Iconic Image: Henry Ward Beecher in Puck Magazine".

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made Beecher, in particular, an iconic figure, targeting both his morals and his politics.

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with him. But we must not let the cause of woman go down in the smash. It is innocent."

2276: 1667: 1598: 1424: 557: 516: 446: 402: 2731:"Theodore Tilton Correspondence An inventory of the collection at Syracuse University" 2825: 2477: 2443: 2178: 2104: 1873: 1605: 1568: 1493: 1330:"Woman's Suffrage. Meeting of the Brooklyn Equal Rights Association – Harmony Wanted" 1207: 900: 562: 458: 397: 2314: 311: 1794:

University of Nebraska – Lincoln Journal of the National Collegiate Honors Council

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complicated and contradictory, and I don't have a clue as to whom to believe."

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The New Nineteenth Century: Feminist Readings of Underread Victorian Fiction

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whether Elizabeth Tilton's familial relationships suggest patterns of abuse.

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in 1882, and remained in England after his death in 1897, a wealthy widow.

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with sending obscene materials – her Beecher–Tilton pamphlet – through the

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The most famous man in America : the biography of Henry Ward Beecher

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Stanton, Elizabeth Cady; Anthony, Susan B.; Gage, Matilda Joslyn (1887).

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Trials of intimacy : love and loss in the Beecher-Tilton scandal

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remained friends of Victoria Woodhull, and openly criticized the

158:. Elizabeth Tilton also served on the executive committee of the 330: 271:, a pro-Abolition magazine. Theodore Tilton began to write for 241:

In 1868 and 1869, she served on the executive committee of the

2750:"Theodore Tilton correspondence and other material 1857–1875" 2449:(1st HarperPerennial ed.). New York: Harper Perennial. 220:

movement. She was a contributor to and the poetry editor of

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Frost-Knappman, Elizabeth; Cullen-DuPont, Kathryn (2014).

2079:"Notorious Victoria: the first woman to run for president" 1072:

In her own right : the life of Elizabeth Cady Stanton

2510:"Biography of Victoria Woodhull, Women's Rights Activist" 1115:

The Revolution in words : righting women, 1868–1871

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On June 21, 1874, Theodore Tilton published a letter in

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During 1866–1868 Beecher was struggling to write

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Elizabeth Monroe Richards was born on May 28, 1834, in

1961:. McDivitt, Campbell & Company. 1875. p. 16. 1276:"May Anniversaries. American Equal Rights Association" 2763: 2195:

Ganz, Melissa J.; Korobkin, Laura Hanft (July 2000).

2630: 2628: 2626: 2624: 2567:""It is the nation's time": How women won the vote" 2109:. New York: The press of the Readers club. p. 1112:Kramarae, Cheris; Rakow, Lana F. (April 15, 2013). 119: 94: 84: 68: 42: 23: 2442: 1872: 1712:. Vol. 1 (1st ed.). Louisville, London: 1597: 1492: 1069: 2038:. In Harman, Barbara Leah; Meyer, Susan (eds.). 1364:. Brooklyn, New York. January 7, 1870. p. 3 1284:. Hartford, Connecticut. May 13, 1869. p. 3 132:(May 28, 1834 – April 13, 1897) was an American 2677:. Buffalo, New York. April 17, 1897. p. 10 2644:. Brooklyn, New York. April 16, 1897. p. 2 2609:. Brooklyn, New York. April 15, 1897. p. 1 2029: 2027: 2025: 2023: 2021: 2019: 2017: 2015: 1390:. Brooklyn, New York. April 11, 1871. p. 4 1338:. Brooklyn, New York. March 21, 1870. p. 2 1159:Christine : Or Woman's Trials and Triumphs 583: 540: 408: 2663: 2661: 2659: 2106:Henry Ward Beecher : an American portrait 373:On December 31, 1870, Bowen fired Tilton from 2867:National Woman Suffrage Association activists 1310:. Brooklyn, New York. May 10, 1870. p. 2 8: 2597: 2595: 2593: 2591: 2589: 2587: 2560: 2558: 1914: 1912: 1910: 1908: 1906: 1904: 1902: 1900: 1866: 1864: 1862: 1860: 1858: 1856: 1854: 1852: 1850: 1848: 1783: 1781: 1779: 1777: 1226:Records of the U.S. House of Representatives 679:Theodore Tilton moved to France. He died in 322:, emphasized the role of women in the home. 2872:American Equal Rights Association activists 944: 942: 940: 938: 936: 934: 932: 930: 173:" against his friend, the popular preacher 2131: 2129: 2127: 1980: 1978: 1821: 1819: 1817: 1815: 1813: 1811: 1701: 1699: 1697: 1695: 1413: 1411: 1409: 1407: 1405: 1245: 1243: 928: 926: 924: 922: 920: 918: 916: 914: 912: 910: 441:On November 2, 1872, mere days before the 31: 20: 16:American suffragist and editor (1834–1897) 1991:. Abington, Oxon: Routledge. p. 86. 1591: 1589: 1587: 1585: 1536: 1534: 1532: 1530: 1528: 1526: 1524: 1068:Griffith, Elisabeth (November 21, 1985). 886: 884: 882: 880: 878: 876: 874: 872: 870: 868: 866: 864: 862: 860: 858: 856: 854: 852: 850: 848: 846: 844: 842: 840: 838: 836: 834: 832: 830: 828: 826: 824: 822: 820: 637:Victoria Woodhull married English banker 572:Theodore Tilton published his own novel, 2697:"CHAILLY-EN-BIÈRE (77) : cimetière" 2072: 2070: 1748: 1746: 1744: 1742: 1740: 1035: 1033: 1031: 1029: 1027: 1025: 818: 816: 814: 812: 810: 808: 806: 804: 802: 800: 2770: 2190: 2188: 1709:The making of American liberal theology 1642:"Norwood, by Henry Ward Beecher (1868)" 1486: 1484: 1482: 1480: 1478: 1476: 1474: 1472: 1470: 1468: 1466: 1464: 1462: 1304:"The Brooklyn Equal Rights Association" 1157:. In Bullard, Laura Jane Curtis (ed.). 796: 696: 2313:(1st ed.). Chicago & London: 1460: 1458: 1456: 1454: 1452: 1450: 1448: 1446: 1444: 1442: 1148: 1146: 1144: 1142: 979:"Family Group Husband Joseph Richards" 481:Tilton had spoken, among others, with 150:, founded by woman's rights advocates 2565:Wineapple, Brenda (August 18, 2013). 2441:Goldsmith, Barbara (March 24, 1999). 2282:. New York: Alfred A. Knopf. p. 2201:The American Journal of Legal History 1951: 1949: 485:, a gifted scholar and pastor of the 7: 2508:Johnson Lewis, Jone (June 3, 2019). 2346:"John Hooker manuscript (1874–1875)" 2278:The Feminization of American Culture 1753:Blair, Leonardo (February 2, 2018). 1543:"Tangled Webs (and Stories) of Love" 707:and Plymouth Church were founded by 2754:Manuscripts and Archives Division, 2370:CAMPBELL, SUSAN (August 26, 2001). 613:applied to Isabella's half-brother 228:National Woman Suffrage Association 148:National Woman Suffrage Association 2701:Cimetières de France et d'ailleurs 983:SOME BRANCHES OF THE TILTON FAMILY 300:Friendship with Henry Ward Beecher 14: 2852:Suffragists from New York (state) 2372:"ISABELLA BEECHER, THE ECCENTRIC" 1706:Dorrien, Gary (January 1, 2001). 1418:Shaplen, Robert (June 12, 1954). 769:Victoria Woodhull and her sister 243:American Equal Rights Association 160:American Equal Rights Association 2809: 2797: 2785: 2773: 2307:Werth, Barry (January 6, 2009). 2248:McDivitt, Campbell & Company 1826:Bartley, Edith (June 26, 2006). 1646:Voices from 19th Century America 601:supported him. His half-sister, 283:in the more fashionable area of 130:Elizabeth Monroe Richards Tilton 2077:Horne, Eileen (July 20, 2016). 1004:"Death of Mrs. Tilton's Mother" 953:(Casebook ed.). New York: 435:The Woodhull and Claflin Weekly 109: 2862:Burials at Green-Wood Cemetery 2034:Korobkin, Laura Hanft (1996). 1985:Holland, Catherine A. (2013). 1491:Fox, Richard Wightman (1999). 949:Korobkin, Laura Hanft (1998). 1: 2159:Christianity & Literature 1666:Knox, Thomas Wallace (1887). 1200:10.1080/08821127.2019.1572407 226:, which was the voice of the 216:She was a participant in the 2857:Activists from New York City 2636:"Mrs. Elizabeth Tilton Dead" 1596:Benfey, Christopher (2008). 1541:Dorsey, Bruce Allen (2001). 1163:University of Nebraska Press 169:brought a lawsuit charging " 2756:The New York Public Library 2473:Women's suffrage in America 1828:"A Sex Scandal in Brooklyn" 1714:Westminster John Knox Press 1548:Reviews in American History 1501:University of Chicago Press 1420:"The Beecher–Tilton Affair" 1358:"The Brooklyn Women's Club" 212:Suffrage and women's rights 2888: 2603:"Elizabeth R. Tilton Dead" 2422:White, Barbara A. (2003). 1118:. Routledge. p. 281. 1010:. July 31, 1889. p. 2 891:Waller, Altina L. (1980). 191:Nathan Brewster Morse, Sr. 1871:Applegate, Debby (2006). 1788:Kolmerten, Carol (2000). 1253:History of Woman Suffrage 955:Columbia University Press 140:, and a poetry editor of 47:Elizabeth Monroe Richards 37:Elizabeth Tilton, ca.1870 30: 25:Elizabeth Richards Tilton 2607:The Brooklyn Daily Eagle 2171:10.1177/0148333118793146 1362:The Brooklyn Daily Eagle 1335:The Brooklyn Daily Eagle 1308:The Brooklyn Daily Eagle 1153:Kohn, Denise M. (2010). 400:'s sensationalist novel 181:Early life and education 2103:Hibben, Paxton (1942). 1919:Gordon, Ann D. (1997). 1384:"Brooklyn Women's Club" 1078:Oxford University Press 603:Isabella Beecher Hooker 146:, the newspaper of the 2669:"Death of Mrs. Tilton" 2396:NOBLE, LAURIE CARTER. 2350:University of Michigan 652:Later years and death 587: 581:in a deadlocked jury. 545: 487:Church of the Pilgrims 473:Clerical investigation 457:, a federal prison in 417: 232:Elizabeth Cady Stanton 211: 152:Elizabeth Cady Stanton 79:Brooklyn, New York, US 2842:Writers from Brooklyn 2428:Yale University Press 1640:Pflieger, Pat (ed.). 1561:10.1353/rah.2001.0005 599:Harriet Beecher Stowe 483:Richard Salter Storrs 443:presidential election 261:Marriage and children 247:Brooklyn Woman's Club 171:criminal conversation 138:Brooklyn Woman's Club 2674:Buffalo Evening News 2476:(Updated ed.). 2376:The Hartford Courant 2317:. pp. 178–179. 2042:. New York, London: 1879:(1st pbk ed.). 709:Henry Chandler Bowen 639:John Biddulph Martin 595:Mary Beecher Perkins 453:. They were held in 348:Laura Curtis Bullard 320:Eunice White Beecher 255:Laura Curtis Bullard 2735:Syracuse University 2424:The Beecher Sisters 1188:American Journalism 670:Green-Wood Cemetery 136:, a founder of the 2847:American feminists 2540:The New York Times 1881:Three Leaves Press 1832:The Sun (New York) 1760:The Christian Post 1674:Wilson & Ellis 1388:The Brooklyn Union 1228:. January 29, 1866 648:" and immorality. 615:Henry Ward Beecher 455:Ludlow Street Jail 206:Henry Ward Beecher 187:Brooklyn, New York 175:Henry Ward Beecher 61:Brooklyn, New York 2402:INDOMITABLE WOMEN 1890:978-0-385-51397-5 1619:978-1-59420-160-8 1172:978-0-8032-1360-9 1042:"Theodore Tilton" 771:Tennessee Claflin 659:Plymouth Brethren 591:Catharine Beecher 391:Victoria Woodhull 251:Celia M. Burleigh 127: 126: 2879: 2814: 2813: 2812: 2802: 2801: 2800: 2790: 2789: 2788: 2778: 2777: 2776: 2769: 2760: 2745: 2743: 2741: 2712: 2711: 2709: 2707: 2693: 2687: 2686: 2684: 2682: 2665: 2654: 2653: 2651: 2649: 2632: 2619: 2618: 2616: 2614: 2599: 2582: 2581: 2579: 2577: 2562: 2553: 2552: 2550: 2548: 2543:. March 22, 1897 2531: 2525: 2524: 2522: 2520: 2505: 2499: 2498: 2496: 2494: 2467: 2461: 2460: 2448: 2438: 2432: 2431: 2419: 2413: 2412: 2410: 2408: 2393: 2387: 2386: 2384: 2382: 2367: 2361: 2360: 2358: 2356: 2342: 2336: 2335: 2333: 2331: 2304: 2298: 2297: 2281: 2268: 2262: 2261: 2238: 2232: 2231: 2229: 2227: 2192: 2183: 2182: 2154: 2148: 2147: 2139:American Studies 2133: 2122: 2121: 2119: 2117: 2100: 2094: 2093: 2091: 2089: 2074: 2065: 2064: 2062: 2060: 2031: 2010: 2009: 2007: 2005: 1982: 1973: 1972: 1953: 1944: 1943: 1941: 1939: 1916: 1895: 1894: 1878: 1868: 1843: 1842: 1840: 1838: 1823: 1806: 1805: 1803: 1801: 1785: 1772: 1771: 1769: 1767: 1750: 1735: 1734: 1732: 1730: 1703: 1690: 1689: 1687: 1685: 1663: 1657: 1656: 1654: 1652: 1637: 1631: 1630: 1628: 1626: 1603: 1593: 1580: 1579: 1577: 1575: 1538: 1519: 1518: 1498: 1488: 1437: 1436: 1434: 1432: 1415: 1400: 1399: 1397: 1395: 1380: 1374: 1373: 1371: 1369: 1354: 1348: 1347: 1345: 1343: 1326: 1320: 1319: 1317: 1315: 1300: 1294: 1293: 1291: 1289: 1281:Hartford Courant 1272: 1266: 1265: 1263: 1261: 1247: 1238: 1237: 1235: 1233: 1218: 1212: 1211: 1183: 1177: 1176: 1150: 1137: 1136: 1134: 1132: 1109: 1103: 1102: 1100: 1098: 1075: 1065: 1059: 1058: 1056: 1054: 1037: 1020: 1019: 1017: 1015: 1000: 994: 993: 991: 989: 975: 969: 968: 946: 905: 904: 888: 784: 780: 774: 767: 761: 757: 751: 748: 742: 738: 732: 728: 722: 718: 712: 701: 685:Chailly-en-Bière 611:double standards 605:and her husband 428:Public knowledge 383:woman's suffrage 285:Brooklyn Heights 236:Susan B. Anthony 156:Susan B. Anthony 113: 111: 75: 56: 54: 35: 21: 2887: 2886: 2882: 2881: 2880: 2878: 2877: 2876: 2822: 2821: 2820: 2810: 2808: 2798: 2796: 2786: 2784: 2774: 2772: 2764: 2748: 2739: 2737: 2729: 2726: 2721: 2719:Further reading 2716: 2715: 2705: 2703: 2695: 2694: 2690: 2680: 2678: 2667: 2666: 2657: 2647: 2645: 2634: 2633: 2622: 2612: 2610: 2601: 2600: 2585: 2575: 2573: 2564: 2563: 2556: 2546: 2544: 2533: 2532: 2528: 2518: 2516: 2507: 2506: 2502: 2492: 2490: 2488: 2480:. p. 228. 2469: 2468: 2464: 2457: 2440: 2439: 2435: 2421: 2420: 2416: 2406: 2404: 2395: 2394: 2390: 2380: 2378: 2369: 2368: 2364: 2354: 2352: 2344: 2343: 2339: 2329: 2327: 2325: 2306: 2305: 2301: 2294: 2270: 2269: 2265: 2258: 2240: 2239: 2235: 2225: 2223: 2213:10.2307/3113857 2194: 2193: 2186: 2156: 2155: 2151: 2135: 2134: 2125: 2115: 2113: 2102: 2101: 2097: 2087: 2085: 2076: 2075: 2068: 2058: 2056: 2054: 2033: 2032: 2013: 2003: 2001: 1999: 1984: 1983: 1976: 1969: 1955: 1954: 1947: 1937: 1935: 1933: 1918: 1917: 1898: 1891: 1870: 1869: 1846: 1836: 1834: 1825: 1824: 1809: 1799: 1797: 1787: 1786: 1775: 1765: 1763: 1752: 1751: 1738: 1728: 1726: 1724: 1716:. p. 238. 1705: 1704: 1693: 1683: 1681: 1665: 1664: 1660: 1650: 1648: 1639: 1638: 1634: 1624: 1622: 1620: 1595: 1594: 1583: 1573: 1571: 1540: 1539: 1522: 1515: 1490: 1489: 1440: 1430: 1428: 1417: 1416: 1403: 1393: 1391: 1382: 1381: 1377: 1367: 1365: 1356: 1355: 1351: 1341: 1339: 1328: 1327: 1323: 1313: 1311: 1302: 1301: 1297: 1287: 1285: 1274: 1273: 1269: 1259: 1257: 1249: 1248: 1241: 1231: 1229: 1220: 1219: 1215: 1185: 1184: 1180: 1173: 1161:. Lincoln, NE: 1152: 1151: 1140: 1130: 1128: 1126: 1111: 1110: 1106: 1096: 1094: 1092: 1067: 1066: 1062: 1052: 1050: 1039: 1038: 1023: 1013: 1011: 1002: 1001: 997: 987: 985: 977: 976: 972: 965: 948: 947: 908: 890: 889: 798: 793: 788: 787: 781: 777: 768: 764: 758: 754: 749: 745: 739: 735: 729: 725: 719: 715: 705:The Independent 702: 698: 693: 654: 631: 535: 526:Chicago Tribune 475: 430: 375:The Independent 339: 307:The Independent 302: 297: 273:The Independent 268:The Independent 263: 214: 202:Plymouth Church 198:Theodore Tilton 183: 167:Theodore Tilton 115: 112: 1855) 107: 103: 101:Theodore Tilton 80: 77: 73: 64: 58: 52: 50: 49: 48: 38: 26: 17: 12: 11: 5: 2885: 2883: 2875: 2874: 2869: 2864: 2859: 2854: 2849: 2844: 2839: 2834: 2824: 2823: 2819: 2818: 2816:Modern history 2806: 2794: 2782: 2762: 2761: 2746: 2725: 2722: 2720: 2717: 2714: 2713: 2688: 2655: 2620: 2583: 2554: 2526: 2500: 2487:978-0816056934 2486: 2462: 2456:978-0060953324 2455: 2433: 2414: 2388: 2362: 2337: 2324:978-1400067787 2323: 2299: 2292: 2263: 2256: 2233: 2207:(3): 297–298. 2184: 2165:(4): 629–652. 2149: 2123: 2095: 2066: 2052: 2011: 1997: 1974: 1967: 1945: 1931: 1896: 1889: 1844: 1807: 1773: 1736: 1723:978-0664223557 1722: 1691: 1658: 1632: 1618: 1581: 1520: 1513: 1438: 1425:The New Yorker 1401: 1375: 1349: 1321: 1295: 1267: 1239: 1213: 1178: 1171: 1155:"Introduction" 1138: 1124: 1104: 1090: 1060: 1021: 995: 970: 964:978-0231105088 963: 906: 795: 794: 792: 789: 786: 785: 775: 762: 752: 743: 733: 723: 713: 695: 694: 692: 689: 653: 650: 630: 627: 574:Tempest-Tossed 558:Griffith Gaunt 534: 531: 517:Brooklyn Eagle 495:The Golden Age 474: 471: 464:Copies of the 447:Benjamin Tracy 429: 426: 403:Griffith Gaunt 379:The Golden Age 338: 335: 301: 298: 296: 293: 262: 259: 257:, and others. 223:The Revolution 218:women's rights 213: 210: 182: 179: 143:The Revolution 125: 124: 121: 117: 116: 105: 99: 98: 96: 92: 91: 86: 82: 81: 78: 76:(aged 62) 72:April 13, 1897 70: 66: 65: 59: 46: 44: 40: 39: 36: 28: 27: 24: 15: 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