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Georgia, Alabama, and
Mississippi, and gained respect for her organizing abilities. She helped initiate voter registration campaigns and identify other local grievances. Their strategy included education, sermons in churches, and efforts to establish grassroots centers to stress the importance of the vote. They also planned to rely on the Civil Rights Act of 1957 to protect local voters. While the project did not achieve its immediate goals, it laid the groundwork for strengthening local activist centers to build a mass movement for the vote across the South. After John Tilley resigned as director of the SCLC, Baker lived and worked in Atlanta for two and a half years as interim executive director until Reverend
265:, to Georgiana (called Anna) and Blake Baker, and first raised there. She was the second of three surviving children, bracketed by her older brother Blake Curtis and younger sister Maggie. Her father worked on a steamship line that sailed out of Norfolk, and so was often away. Her mother took in boarders to earn extra money. In 1910, Norfolk had a race riot in which whites attacked black workers from the shipyard. Her mother decided to take the family back to North Carolina while their father continued to work for the steamship company. Ella was seven when they returned to her mother's rural hometown near
453:(SCLC) was formed. This was planned as a loosely structured coalition of church-based leaders who were engaged in civil rights struggles across the South. The group wanted to emphasize the use of nonviolent actions to bring about social progress and racial justice for southern blacks. They intended to rely on the existing black churches, at the heart of their communities, as a base of its support. Its strength would be built on the political activities of local church affiliates. The SCLC leaders envisioned themselves as the political arm of the black church.
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people she met. This personalized approach was one important aspect of Baker's effectiveness in recruiting more NAACP members. She formed a network of people in the South who would be important in the continued fight for civil rights. Whereas some northern organizers tended to talk down to rural southerners, Baker's ability to treat everyone with respect helped her in recruiting. Baker fought to make the NAACP more democratic. She tried to find a balance between voicing her concerns and maintaining a unified front.
569:. The group wanted to challenge the national party to affirm the rights of African Americans to participate in party elections in the South, where they were still largely disenfranchised. When MFDP delegates challenged the pro-segregationist, all-white official delegation, a major conflict ensued. The MFDP delegation was not seated, but their influence on the Democratic Party later helped to elect many black leaders in Mississippi. They forced a rule change to allow women and minorities to sit as delegates at the
397:(NAACP), then based in New York City. In December 1940 she started work there as a secretary. She traveled widely for the organization, especially in the South, recruiting members, raising money, and organizing local chapters. She was named director of branches in 1943, and became the NAACP's highest-ranking woman. An outspoken woman, Baker believed in egalitarian ideals. She pushed the NAACP to decentralize its leadership structure and to aid its membership in more activist campaigns at the local level.
580:" position. Baker was less involved with SNCC during this period, but her withdrawal was due more to her declining health than to ideological differences. According to her biographer Barbara Ransby, Baker believed that black power was a relief from the "stale and unmoving demands and language of the more mainstream civil rights groups at the time." She also accepted the turn towards armed self-defense that SNCC made in the course of its development. Her friend and biographer
727:, Baker advocated a more collectivist model of leadership over the "prevailing messianic style of the period". She was largely arguing against the structuring of the civil rights movement by the organization model of the black church. The black church then had largely female membership and male leadership. Baker questioned not only the gendered hierarchy of the civil rights movement but also that of the Black church.
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sustain the momentum of their actions, teach them the skills necessary, provide the resources that were needed, and also help them to coalesce into a more militant and democratic force. To this end she worked to keep the students independent of the older, church-based leadership. In her address at Shaw, she warned the activists to be wary of "leader-centered orientation".
326:(YNCL). It sought to develop black economic power through collective networks. They conducted "conferences and trainings in the 1930s in their attempt to create a small, interlocking system of cooperative economic societies throughout the US" for black economic development. Having befriended Schuyler, Baker joined his group in 1931 and soon became its national director.
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of 1961. They also expanded their grassroots movement among black sharecroppers, tenant farmers, and others throughout the South. Ella Baker insisted that "strong people don't need strong leaders", and criticized the notion of a single charismatic leader of movements for social change. In keeping the
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In 1946, Baker took in her niece Jackie, whose mother was unable to care for her. Due to her new responsibilities, Baker left her full-time position with the NAACP and began to serve as a volunteer. She soon joined the NAACP's New York branch to work on local school desegregation and police brutality
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Baker believed that the strength of an organization grew from the bottom up, not the top down. She believed that the branches' work was the NAACP's lifeblood. Baker despised elitism and placed her confidence in many. She believed that the bedrock of any social change organization is not its leaders'
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to escape its oppressive society. At an early age, Baker gained a sense of social injustice, as she listened to her grandmother's horror stories of life as an enslaved person. Her grandmother was beaten and whipped for refusing to marry an enslaved man her owner chose, and told Ella other stories of
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SNCC became the most active organization in the deeply oppressed
Mississippi Delta. It was more open to women than the other prominent Civil Rights organizations, including the SCLC, where Baker witnessed extensive misogynistic teachings and the suppression of women activists. But widespread sexism
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Baker believed the program should be primarily channeled not through White and the national office, but through the people in the field. She lobbied to reduce the rigid hierarchy, place more power in the hands of capable local leaders, and give local branches greater responsibility and autonomy. In
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Baker, King, and other SCLC members were reported to have differences in opinion and philosophy during the 1950s and 1960s. She was older than many of the young ministers she worked with, which added to their tensions. She once said the "movement made Martin, and not Martin the movement". When she
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Baker saw the potential for a special type of leadership by the young sit-in leaders, who were not yet prominent in the movement. She believed they could revitalize the Black
Freedom Movement and take it in a new direction. Baker wanted to bring the sit-in participants together in a way that would
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While traveling throughout the South on the NAACP's behalf, Baker met hundreds of black people, establishing lasting relationships with them. She slept in their homes, ate at their tables, spoke in their churches, and earned their trust. She wrote thank-you notes and expressed her gratitude to the
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campaign to increase the number of registered
African-American voters for the 1958 and 1960 elections. Baker was hired as Associate Director, the first staff person for the SCLC. Reverend John Tilley became the first Executive Director. Baker worked closely with southern civil rights activists in
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issues. She became its president in 1952. In this role, she supervised the field secretaries and coordinated the national office's work with local groups. Baker's top priority was to lessen the organization's bureaucracy and give women more power in the organization; this included reducing
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idea of "participatory democracy", Baker wanted each person to get involved. She also argued that "people under the heel", the most oppressed members of any community, "had to be the ones to decide what action they were going to take to get (out) from under their oppression".
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Baker's job with the SCLC was more frustrating than fruitful. She was unsettled politically, physically, and emotionally. She had no solid allies in the office. Historian Thomas F. Jackson notes that Baker criticized the organization for "programmatic sluggishness and
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influenced her thoughts and teachings. She advocated widespread, local action as a means of social change. Her emphasis on a grassroots approach to the struggle for equal rights influenced the growth and success of the civil rights movement of the mid-20th century.
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to invite southern university students to the
Southwide Youth Leadership Conference at Shaw University on Easter weekend. This was a gathering of sit-in leaders to meet, assess their struggles, and explore the possibilities for future actions. At this meeting, the
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eloquence or credentials, but the commitment and hard work of the rank and file membership and their willingness and ability to engage in discussion, debate, and decision-making. She especially stressed the importance of young people and women in the organization.
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As a child, Baker grew up with little influence. Her grandfather
Mitchell had died, and her father's parents lived a day's ride away. She often listened to her grandmother, Josephine Elizabeth "Bet" Ross, tell stories about slavery and leaving the
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You didn't see me on television, you didn't see news stories about me. The kind of role that I tried to play was to pick up pieces or put together pieces out of which I hoped organization might come. My theory is, strong people don't need strong
602:(SCEF). Its goal was to help black and white people work together for social justice; the interracial desegregation and human rights group was based in the South. SCEF raised funds for black activists, lobbied for implementation of President
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565:(MFDP) as an alternative to the all-white Mississippi Democratic Party. She worked as the coordinator of the Washington office of the MFDP and accompanied a delegation of the MFDP to the 1964 National Democratic Party convention in
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later described the speech as "an eye opener" and probably the best of the conference. "She didn't say, 'Don't let Martin Luther King tell you what to do,'" Bond remembers, "but you got the real feeling that that's what she meant."
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activist. She was a largely behind-the-scenes organizer whose career spanned more than five decades. In New York City and the South, she worked alongside some of the most noted civil rights leaders of the 20th century, including
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wrote that "Baker, who always said that she would never be able to turn the other cheek, turned a blind eye to the prevalence of weapons. While she herself would rely on her fists ... she had no qualms about target practice."
460:. Baker was one of three major organizers of this large-scale event. She demonstrated her ability to straddle organizational lines, ignoring and minimizing rivalries and battles. The conference's first project was the 1958
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During this time, Baker lived with and married her college sweetheart, T. J. (Bob) Roberts. They divorced in 1958. Baker rarely discussed her private life or marital status. According to fellow activist
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and others to form the Mass Party
Organizing Committee, a socialist organization. In 1972 she traveled the country in support of the "Free Angela" campaign, demanding the release of activist and writer
245:, and the ability of the oppressed to understand their worlds and advocate for themselves. She realized this vision most fully in the 1960s as the primary advisor and strategist of the SNCC. Biographer
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to reject red-baiting as divisive and unfair. During the 1960s, Baker participated in a speaking tour and co-hosted several meetings on the importance of linking civil rights and civil liberties.
2595:, Documentary website created by the SNCC Legacy Project and Duke University, telling the story of the Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee & grassroots organizing from the inside-out
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life as an
African-American woman during this period. Giving her granddaughter context to the African-American experience helped Baker understand the injustices black people still faced.
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gave a speech urging activists to take control of the movement themselves, rather than rely on a leader with "heavy feet of clay", it was widely interpreted as a denunciation of King.
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and appeals to male supremacy pervaded its membership. After the conference at Shaw, Baker resigned from the SCLC and began a long and close relationship with SNCC. Along with
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621:(HUAC). Baker believed that socialism, the transitory phase toward communism, was a humane alternative to capitalism. She became a staunch defender of Braden and her husband
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606:'s civil rights proposals, and tried to educate southern whites about the evils of racism. Federal civil rights legislation was passed by Congress and signed by President
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In 1961 Baker persuaded the SNCC to form two wings: one wing for direct action and the second wing for voter registration. With Baker's help SNCC, along with the
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In 2003, The Ella Jo Baker
Intentional Community Cooperative, a 15-unit co-housing community, began living together in a renovated house in Washington, DC.
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341:. Baker taught courses in consumer education, labor history, and African history. She immersed herself in the cultural and political milieu of
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In
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Baker's philosophy was "power to the people". If members worked together, she believed that a group's force could make significant changes.
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2080:"Click - Women in Civil Rights - Women in the Civil Rights Movement, Ella Baker, Black Women and Civil Rights, Women and Civil Rights Act"
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calls Baker "one of the most important American leaders of the twentieth century and perhaps the most influential woman in the
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in Alabama. She also founded the Negro History Club at the Harlem Library and regularly attended lectures and meetings at the
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685:" became popular among political activists, including those in the Civil Rights Movement. It took the traditional appeal of
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That same year, 1960, on the heels of regional desegregation sit-ins led by black college students, Baker persuaded the
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changed the name of PreK-8 Jefferson Community School to Ella Baker Global Studies and Humanities Magnet School.
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Baker, Ella Josephine (13 December 1903–13 December 1986), civil rights organizer | American National Biography
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253:". She is known for her critiques of both racism in American culture and sexism in the civil rights movement.
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789:(2003), published by the University of North Carolina Press. Ransby is a historian and longtime activist.
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In 1967 Baker returned to New York City, where she continued her activism. She later collaborated with
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She was a teacher and mentor to the young people of SNCC, influencing such important future leaders as
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An appeal for grassroots involvement of people throughout society, while making their own decisions
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Joseph Schwantner: New Morning for the World; Nicolas Flagello: The Passion of Martin Luther King
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From Civil Rights to Human Rights: Martin Luther King, Jr., and the Struggle for Economic Justice
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Between 1944 and 1946, Baker directed leadership conferences in several major cities, such as
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about their private lives that allowed them to be accepted as individuals in the movement.
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380:, a future writer and civil rights lawyer; and others who became lifelong friends. The
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1033:"The unsung heroes of the civil rights movement are black women you've never heard of"
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and the associated emphasis on expertise and professionalism as a basis for leadership
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A call for direct action as an answer to fear, isolation, and intellectual detachment
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673:. She remained an activist until her death on December 13, 1986, her 83rd birthday.
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1411:
Elliott, Aprele (May 1996). "Ella Baker: Free Agent in the Civil Rights Movement".
1151:
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377:
190:
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2616:
2404:"Shana Redmonds Named to Professorship Honoring Civil Rights Activist Ella Baker"
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2558:
Starting with People Where They Are: Ella Baker’s Theory of Political Organizing
1244:
1006:. Chapel Hill, North Carolina: The University of North Carolina Press. pp.
700:
622:
614:
577:
531:
512:
503:
366:
1861:"Ella Baker and the Politics of Hope -- Lessons From the Civil Rights Movement"
1430:
1096:
891:
In 2021 the former Woodrow Wilson Montessori School in Houston was renamed the
8236:
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319:
2249:
1705:"April 15 - Birth of the Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee (SNCC)"
1514:"Ella Baker: Backbone of the Civil Rights Movement | The Jackson Advocate"
7186:
6089:
4645:
4090:
2598:
338:
1167:
1135:
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Ella Baker & the Black Freedom Movement: A Radical Democratic Vision
576:
The 1964 schism with the national Democratic Party led SNCC toward the "
8201:
7959:
6678:
2459:"Jefferson Students Vote to Name School after American Hero Ella Baker"
1438:
1112:
1080:
413:
409:
2516:
Ella Baker and the Black Freedom Movement: A Radical Democratic Vision
2119:
Ella Baker and the Black Freedom Movement: A Radical Democratic Vision
787:
Ella Baker and the Black Freedom Movement: A Radical Democratic Vision
6746:
646:, who had been imprisoned on charges of kidnapping and murder in the
342:
2262:
2604:
2104:"Joy of Resistance proudly presents Fundi--The Story of Ella Baker"
5481:
2638:
2030:
Barbra Harris, "Ella Baker: Backbone of the Civil Rights Movement"
797:
2622:
2612:, NC State University's College of Humanities and Social Sciences
2143:
Hill, Copyright 2016 The University of North Carolina at Chapel.
2190:"Ella Taught Me: Shattering the Myth of the Leaderless Movement"
1235:
Davis, Marcia. "Ella Baker: An Unsung Civil Rights-Era Legend."
626:
456:
The SCLC first appeared publicly as an organization at the 1957
354:
297:
honors. Decades later, she returned to Shaw to help found SNCC.
8400:
7869:
7790:
7511:
7228:
7190:
4754:
4571:
4243:
3748:
3073:
2904:
2713:
2674:
769:, explored Baker's important role in the civil rights movement.
1136:"Ella Baker, 'Black Women's Work' and Activist Intellectuals"
2569:
Ella Baker: Community Organizer of the Civil Rights Movement
665:. She allied with a number of women's groups, including the
329:
Baker also worked for the Worker's Education Project of the
8227:
2354:"Boston Foundation grants mean more summer jobs for teens"
781:
Several biographies have been written of Baker, including
395:
National Association for the Advancement of Colored People
116:
National Association for the Advancement of Colored People
8743:
Women's International League for Peace and Freedom people
8596:
Martin Luther King Jr. Memorial Library, Washington, D.C.
2518:(Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2003),
1329:(Interview). Interviewed by Beverly Bell; Natalie Miller.
1219:
1217:
6931:
Spring Mobilization Committee to End the War in Vietnam
6709:"Woke Up This Morning (With My Mind Stayed On Freedom)"
2145:"UNC Press - Ella Baker and the Black Freedom Movement"
1823:"Godmother of SNCC: Remembering Shaw Alumna Ella Baker"
449:
in Alabama. After a second conference in February, the
261:
Ella Josephine Baker was born on December 13, 1903, in
8459:
African American founding fathers of the United States
6955:
African American founding fathers of the United States
5308:
Chicago Freedom Movement/Chicago open housing movement
5173:
John F. Kennedy's speech to the nation on Civil Rights
2329:"Ella Jo Baker Intentional Community Cooperative, Inc"
946:"Ella Baker and the Limits of Charismatic Masculinity"
1081:"Ella Baker: Free Agent in the Civil Rights Movement"
485:
Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee (1960–1966)
428:
1953 she resigned from the presidency to run for the
8369:
Estate of Martin Luther King, Jr., Inc. v. CBS, Inc.
2502:
Moving the Mountain: Women Working for Social Change
888:
established a visiting professorship to honor Baker.
598:
From 1962 to 1967, Baker worked as the staff of the
441:
Southern Christian Leadership Conference (1957–1960)
182:(December 13, 1903 – December 13, 1986) was an
8352:
8162:
8141:
8090:
7981:
7880:
7621:
7522:
7385:
7297:
7239:
7068:
7003:
Emmett Till and Mamie Till-Mobley National Monument
6970:
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6659:
6638:
5567:
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3131:
3115:
3084:
3025:
2999:
2978:
2957:
2936:
2915:
2861:
2835:
2724:
2493:G. J. Barker Benfield and Catherine Clinton, eds.,
432:on the Liberal Party ticket, but was unsuccessful.
210:She also mentored many emerging activists, such as
147:
137:
108:
93:
70:
44:
25:
2014:We Want Freedom: A Life in the Black Panther Party
999:
838:, a nonprofit strategy and action center based in
671:Women's International League for Peace and Freedom
393:In 1938 Baker began her long association with the
18:African-American civil rights activist (1903–1986)
1478:
1476:
1474:
610:in 1964 and 1965, but implementation took years.
5539:Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee (SNCC)
8412:Southern Christian Leadership Conference (SCLC)
5529:Southern Christian Leadership Conference (SCLC)
5462:Leadership Conference on Civil and Human Rights
5353:Green v. County School Board of New Kent County
8565:Martin Luther King Jr. Memorial, San Francisco
7890:King: A Filmed Record... Montgomery to Memphis
7008:Medgar and Myrlie Evers Home National Monument
613:In SCEF, Baker worked closely with her friend
594:Southern Conference Education Fund (1962–1967)
322:(and later an arch-conservative), founded the
7836:Martin Luther King Jr. Records Collection Act
7830:U.S. House Select Committee on Assassinations
7374:Where Do We Go from Here: Chaos or Community?
7202:
6916:List of lynching victims in the United States
5254:Heart of Atlanta Motel, Inc. v. United States
4766:
2686:
1186:"Randolph: The work and wisdom of Ella Baker"
692:The new movement had three primary emphases:
8:
8601:Dr. Martin Luther King Jr. Library, San Jose
2242:"Candace Award Recipients 1982-1990, Page 1"
2005:
2003:
1494:
1492:
966:"Tired of Giving In: Remembering Rosa Parks"
8688:Activists for African-American civil rights
8151:Martin Luther King and the Montgomery Story
7230:Speeches, writings, movements, and protests
5383:Alabama Christian Movement for Human Rights
2173:: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (
1340:Johnson, Cedric Kwesi (September 8, 2003).
1268:. Ella Baker Women's Center. Archived from
775:wrote "Ella's Song", in Baker's honor, for
424:'s dominating role as executive secretary.
310:Baker worked as editorial assistant at the
8570:Martin Luther King, Jr. Memorial (Compton)
8397:
7877:
7866:
7787:
7519:
7508:
7236:
7225:
7209:
7195:
7187:
5432:Council for United Civil Rights Leadership
4799:
4773:
4759:
4751:
4579:
4568:
4251:
4240:
3756:
3745:
3081:
3070:
2912:
2901:
2721:
2710:
2693:
2679:
2671:
33:
22:
8738:Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee
7920:The Witness: From the Balcony of Room 306
6988:Birmingham Civil Rights National Monument
2486:S. G. O'Malley, "Baker, Ella Josephine",
2408:The Journal of Blacks in Higher Education
2379:"Civil Rights Pioneers Honored on Stamps"
1747:10.1093/anb/9780198606697.article.1500989
1618:
1616:
1377:. In Buhle, Mary Jo; et al. (eds.).
993:
991:
886:University of California at Santa Barbara
496:Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee
224:Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee
128:Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee
8633:Civil rights movement in popular culture
8439:King Center for Nonviolent Social Change
8361:Civil rights movement in popular culture
7430:March on Washington for Jobs and Freedom
7023:King Center for Nonviolent Social Change
5063:University of Georgia desegregation riot
2615:Oral History Interviews with Ella Baker
1626:The Origins of the Civil Rights Movement
1239:, vol. 110, no. 3, May 2003, pp. 48–49.
939:
937:
874:, was created at some point before 2005.
689:and added direct citizen participation.
491:Southern Christian Leadership Conference
451:Southern Christian Leadership Conference
349:and supporting the campaign to free the
122:Southern Christian Leadership Conference
7278:Beyond Vietnam: A Time to Break Silence
6937:Beyond Vietnam: A Time to Break Silence
6674:"If You Miss Me at the Back of the Bus"
6669:"Ain't Gonna Let Nobody Turn Me 'Round"
2571:. Rowman & Littlefield Publishers.
933:
498:(SNCC, pronounced "snick") was formed.
6851:African-American women in the movement
5303:White House Conference on Civil Rights
5134:"Segregation now, segregation forever"
2653:Click! The Ongoing Feminist Revolution
2605:The Ella Baker Center for Human Rights
2166:
1779:
1769:
619:House Un-American Activities Committee
8748:Works Progress Administration workers
8723:People from Littleton, North Carolina
5292:Harper v. Virginia Board of Elections
2246:National Coalition of 100 Black Women
1821:DEGREGORY, CRYSTAL (April 17, 2012).
1508:
1506:
1504:
1406:
1404:
1402:
1231:
1229:
1179:
1177:
853:in New York City was founded in 1996.
827:In 1994, Baker was inducted into the
815:National Coalition of 100 Black Women
7:
8683:20th-century African-American people
7060:St. Augustine Foot Soldiers Monument
5524:Regional Council of Negro Leadership
5472:Mississippi Freedom Democratic Party
5418:Committee on Appeal for Human Rights
4895:Sarah Keys v. Carolina Coach Company
4820:Murders of Harry and Harriette Moore
2623:Oral Histories of the American South
2333:Foundation for Intentional Community
1933:Ransby (2003), pp. 209–238, 273–328.
1715:from the original on August 9, 2020.
1057:Kealoha, Samantha (April 18, 2007).
944:Robert, Pascal (February 21, 2013).
563:Mississippi Freedom Democratic Party
522:(CORE), coordinated the region-wide
8678:20th-century African-American women
8611:Memorials to Martin Luther King Jr.
5467:Lowndes County Freedom Organization
5403:Brotherhood of Sleeping Car Porters
5073:Robert F. Kennedy's Law Day Address
2500:Ellen Cantarow and Susan O'Malley,
2457:Rybak, Charlie (January 31, 2022).
1983:Women in the Civil Rights Movement,
1964:from the original on March 24, 2016
473:started in the role in April 1960.
8514:Statues of Martin Luther King Jr.
8250:King Dream Chorus and Holiday Crew
7806:(now National Civil Rights Museum)
6911:African-American churches attacked
5477:Montgomery Improvement Association
5452:Georgia Council on Human Relations
5437:Council of Federated Organizations
5408:Congress of Racial Equality (CORE)
5166:16th Street Baptist Church bombing
5124:Meredith enrollment, Ole Miss riot
4930:1957 Prayer Pilgrimage for Freedom
4834:McLaurin v. Oklahoma State Regents
2658:"Ella Baker," One Person, One Vote
2488:American National Biography Online
2429:Carpenter, Jacob (April 8, 2021).
2308:Ella Baker Center for Human Rights
1995:Women in the Civil Rights Movement
1797:Women in the Civil Rights Movement
912:Ella Baker Center for Human Rights
836:Ella Baker Center for Human Rights
655:Puerto Rican independence movement
650:. Davis was eventually acquitted.
600:Southern Conference Education Fund
561:In 1964 Baker helped organize the
14:
8065:Alpha Man: The Brotherhood of MLK
6983:Birmingham Civil Rights Institute
6856:Jews in the civil rights movement
2853:Mildred "Babe" Didrikson Zaharias
2562:American Political Science Review
2207:Ransby, Barbara (April 4, 2011).
2188:Ransby, Barbara (June 12, 2015).
648:Marin County Civic Center attacks
556:Students for a Democratic Society
376:, a future scholar and activist;
8378:King v. Trustees of Boston Univ.
8257:"By the Time I Get to Arizona" (
7326:Second Emancipation Proclamation
7177:Civil rights movement portal
7170:
7018:Freedom Riders National Monument
6760:The Kingdom of God Is Within You
5272:1965 Selma to Montgomery marches
5231:1964 Monson Motor Lodge protests
5118:Second Emancipation Proclamation
2593:SNCC Digital Gateway: Ella Baker
2122:. Univ of North Carolina Press.
1671:University of Pennsylvania Press
877:In 2009, Baker was honored on a
842:, was founded and named for her.
324:Young Negroes Cooperative League
167:
8708:American anti-poverty advocates
8693:American civil rights activists
8510:Safe House Black History Museum
8429:Martin Luther King Jr. Memorial
7045:Mississippi Civil Rights Museum
7033:Martin Luther King Jr. Memorial
5509:National Council of Negro Women
5447:Deacons for Defense and Justice
3923:Harriet Williams Russell Strong
2053:Lang, Brent (October 5, 2021).
1735:o'Malley, Susan Gushee (2000).
1421:(5). Newbury Park, California:
1184:Randolph, Irv (March 2, 2019).
851:Julia Richman Education Complex
163:
8713:Brookwood Labor College alumni
8484:U.S. Capitol Rotunda sculpture
7462:Mississippi March Against Fear
4925:Mansfield school desegregation
3602:Ernestine Louise Potowski Rose
2648:Fundi: The Story of Ella Baker
2639:Fundi: The Story of Ella Baker
2627:Documenting the American South
2511:(John Wiley & Sons, 1998).
1669:. Philadelphia, Pennsylvania:
1152:10.1080/00064246.1994.11413167
763:Fundi: The Story of Ella Baker
571:Democratic National Convention
333:, established under President
1:
8728:People from Norfolk, Virginia
8185:March! For Martin Luther King
7406:Prayer Pilgrimage for Freedom
7055:National Voting Rights Museum
6998:Civil Rights Movement Archive
6797:Lynching in the United States
6684:"Keep Your Eyes on the Prize"
5139:Stand in the Schoolhouse Door
5112:University of Chicago sit-ins
4879:Davis v. Prince Edward County
2703:National Women's Hall of Fame
2283:National Women’s Hall of Fame
1859:Boyte, Harry (July 1, 2015).
829:National Women's Hall of Fame
458:Prayer Pilgrimage for Freedom
331:Works Progress Administration
8703:American democracy activists
8698:American community activists
8449:National Civil Rights Museum
8444:Dexter Avenue Baptist Church
7287:I've Been to the Mountaintop
7050:National Civil Rights Museum
6906:March on Washington Movement
6891:Dexter Avenue Baptist Church
5360:Jones v. Alfred H. Mayer Co.
3949:Paulina Kellogg Wright Davis
2632:"Ella Baker - Freedom Bound"
2263:Ella Baker papers, 1926-1986
917:List of civil rights leaders
667:Third World Women's Alliance
347:Italy's invasion of Ethiopia
8586:sculpture, Portland, Oregon
8576:Landmark for Peace Memorial
8301:"Symphony of Brotherhood" (
8224:Pride (In the Name of Love)
7446:Selma to Montgomery marches
7345:Letter from Birmingham Jail
6694:"This Little Light of Mine"
5442:Dallas County Voters League
5388:Atlanta Negro Voters League
5151:Letter from Birmingham Jail
4858:Brown v. Board of Education
4132:Martha Coffin Pelham Wright
3536:Josephine St. Pierre Ruffin
2495:Portraits of American Women
1942:Ransby (2003), pp. 344–374.
1915:(Wiley, 1999), pp. 194–199.
1902:Ransby (2003), pp. 347–351.
1893:Ransby (2003), pp. 330–344.
1884:Ransby (2003), pp. 239–272.
1709:A History of Racial Justice
1663:Jackson, Thomas F. (2007).
1653:Ransby (2003), pp. 170–175.
1583:Ransby (2003), pp. 105–158.
820:Her papers are held by the
681:In the 1960s, the idea of "
520:Congress of Racial Equality
8764:
8673:African-American activists
8474:Alpha Phi Alpha fraternity
8417:Martin Luther King Jr. Day
8198:Martin Luther King's Dream
7028:Martin Luther King Jr. Day
6896:Holt Street Baptist Church
6866:16th Street Baptist Church
5850:Annie Bell Robinson Devine
5494:Nashville Student Movement
5424:An Appeal for Human Rights
3688:Katharine Dexter McCormick
2986:Mary "Mother" Harris Jones
2533:Evelyn Brooks Higginbotham
2020:: Cambridge, 2004. p. 159.
1468:Ransby (2003), pp. 64–104.
1431:10.1177/002193479602600505
1097:10.1177/002193479602600505
899:Minneapolis Public Schools
809:In 1984, Baker received a
8627:America in the King Years
8407:
8396:
7876:
7865:
7799:
7786:
7518:
7507:
7481:Memphis sanitation strike
7235:
7224:
7166:
6525:Ruby Doris Smith-Robinson
6495:Modjeska Monteith Simkins
5559:Women's Political Council
5554:Wednesdays in Mississippi
5549:United Auto Workers (UAW)
5534:Southern Regional Council
5504:Northern Student Movement
5413:Committee for Freedom Now
5320:Memphis sanitation strike
5286:Voting Rights Act of 1965
5029:Savannah Protest Movement
4810:Journey of Reconciliation
4578:
4567:
4250:
4239:
3755:
3744:
3546:Hannah Greenebaum Solomon
3080:
3069:
2911:
2900:
2720:
2709:
2509:Ella Baker: Freedom Bound
2106:, WBAI.org, May 28, 2014.
1954:"Participatory democracy"
1913:Ella Baker: Freedom Bound
1703:Equal Justic Initiative.
1623:Morris, Aldon D. (1986).
1255:Ransby (2003), pp. 13–63.
1223:Ransby (2003), pp. 29–31.
653:Baker also supported the
633:Final efforts (1968–1986)
567:Atlantic City, New Jersey
345:in the 1930s, protesting
318:, a black journalist and
306:First efforts (1930–1937)
237:leadership; she promoted
32:
8434:National Historical Park
8172:Abraham, Martin and John
7650:(strategist / colleague)
7454:Chicago Freedom Movement
5393:Atlanta Student Movement
5342:Civil Rights Act of 1968
5267:1964–1965 Scripto strike
5248:Civil Rights Act of 1964
5146:1963 Birmingham campaign
5039:Civil Rights Act of 1960
4963:Civil Rights Act of 1957
3777:Marjory Stoneman Douglas
3587:Wilhelmina Cole Holladay
3360:Charlotte Perkins Gilman
2642:, a film by Joanne Grant
2116:Ransby, Barbara (2003).
2035:August 27, 2016, at the
1847:Creating Black Americans
1809:Creating Black Americans
1414:Journal of Black Studies
1373:Ransby, Barbara (1994).
1317:Nembhard, Jessica Gordon
1191:The Philadelphia Tribune
1085:Journal of Black Studies
1079:Elliott, Aprele (1996).
1059:"Ella Baker (1903-1986)"
998:Ransby, Barbara (2003).
8616:King County, Washington
8469:FBI–King suicide letter
6945:Voter Education Project
6699:"We Shall Not Be Moved"
6360:Adam Clayton Powell Jr.
5795:Josephine Dobbs Clement
5221:Chester school protests
5216:Twenty-fourth Amendment
5178:Detroit Walk to Freedom
4920:Tallahassee bus boycott
4841:Baton Rouge bus boycott
4267:Dorothy Harrison Eustis
4157:Catherine Filene Shouse
4010:Patricia Roberts Harris
3648:Mary Steichen Calderone
3516:Lillian Moller Gilbreth
3385:Frances Wisebart Jacobs
3189:Martha Wright Griffiths
2610:Ella J. Baker Biography
2267:New York Public Library
922:List of peace activists
893:Baker Montessori School
822:New York Public Library
803:Baker Montessori School
743:Representation in media
683:participatory democracy
462:Crusade for Citizenship
291:Raleigh, North Carolina
8733:Shaw University alumni
8479:Season for Nonviolence
8292:"Never Alone Martin" (
8014:"Great X-Pectations" (
7950:King in the Wilderness
7571:Martin Luther King Sr.
7547:Martin Luther King III
7489:Poor People's Campaign
7438:St. Augustine movement
7398:Montgomery bus boycott
7218:Martin Luther King Jr.
7158:Movement photographers
6400:Bernice Johnson Reagon
6120:Martin Luther King Sr.
6115:Martin Luther King Jr.
5685:William Holmes Borders
5457:Highlander Folk School
5347:Poor People's Campaign
5200:St. Augustine movement
5050:Gomillion v. Lightfoot
4973:Katz Drug Store sit-in
4944:Royal Ice Cream sit-in
4906:Montgomery bus boycott
4213:Rebecca Talbot Perkins
3708:Eunice Kennedy Shriver
3572:Frances Xavier Cabrini
3486:Elizabeth Hanford Dole
3264:Ellen Swallow Richards
3234:Constance Baker Motley
2884:Elizabeth Bayley Seton
2817:Elizabeth Cady Stanton
2663:July 16, 2016, at the
2601:, SNCC-People, iBiblio
2567:Moye, J. Todd (2013).
2537:African American Lives
1924:Ransby (2003), p. 231.
1725:Ransby (2003), p. 239.
1693:Ransby (2003), p. 240.
1610:Ransby (2003), p. 176.
1601:Ransby (2003), p. 175.
1592:Ransby (2003), p. 174.
1574:Ransby (2003), p. 138.
1565:Ransby (2003), p. 148.
1556:Ransby (2003), p. 150.
1547:Ransby (2003), p. 136.
1538:Ransby (2003), p. 139.
1498:Ransby (2003), p. 137.
1375:"Ella Josephine Baker"
1342:"A Woman of Influence"
805:
773:Bernice Johnson Reagon
721:
657:and spoke out against
552:Bernice Johnson Reagon
447:Montgomery bus boycott
363:Bernice Johnson Reagon
208:Martin Luther King Jr.
7587:Christine King Farris
7579:Alberta Williams King
7364:Conscience for Change
7307:Stride Toward Freedom
6993:Civil Rights Memorial
6881:Bethel Baptist Church
6530:Charles Kenzie Steele
5975:Audrey Faye Hendricks
5880:Myrlie Evers-Williams
5860:Patricia Stephens Due
5830:Abraham Lincoln Davis
5765:Colia Lafayette Clark
5519:Operation Breadbasket
5514:National Urban League
5261:Katzenbach v. McClung
5129:Atlanta's Berlin Wall
4782:Civil rights movement
4727:Anna Wessels Williams
4414:Carlotta Walls LaNier
4147:Elisabeth Kübler-Ross
4005:Martha Matilda Harper
3969:Mary Engle Pennington
3807:Frances Oldham Kelsey
3592:Anne Morrow Lindbergh
3345:Jane Cunningham Croly
3274:Katherine Siva Saubel
3169:Marian Wright Edelman
3092:Margaret Bourke-White
3017:Harriet Beecher Stowe
2599:Biography: Ella Baker
2304:"Who Was Ella Baker?"
2209:"Quilting a Movement"
1292:"Who Was Ella Baker?"
1211:Ransby (2003), p. 14.
801:
761:The 1981 documentary
716:
699:The minimization of (
436:Civil rights movement
430:New York City Council
351:Scottsboro defendants
335:Franklin D. Roosevelt
293:, and graduated with
251:civil rights movement
239:grassroots organizing
142:Civil rights movement
8638:Lee–Jackson–King Day
8591:Kennedy–King College
8050:"Return of the King"
7038:other King memorials
7013:Freedom Rides Museum
6950:1960s counterculture
6901:Edmund Pettus Bridge
6580:Walter Francis White
6485:Alexander D. Shimkin
4999:New Year's Day March
4968:Ministers' Manifesto
4815:Executive Order 9981
4424:Mary Harriman Rumsey
4262:St. Katharine Drexel
4106:Mary Burnett Talbert
4101:Blanche Stuart Scott
4086:Mother Marianne Cope
4066:Ruth Fulton Benedict
4025:Mildred Robbins Leet
3723:Angelina Grimké Weld
3597:Maria Goeppert Mayer
3567:Charlotte Anne Bunch
3144:Antoinette Blackwell
3123:Gertrude Belle Elion
3053:Ida B. Wells-Barnett
2822:Helen Brooke Taussig
2812:Margaret Chase Smith
2556:Inouye, M. (2021). "
2155:on December 22, 2015
1633:. pp. 102–108.
1459:Ransby (2003), p. 9.
1379:The American Radical
1319:(October 21, 2015).
1266:"Ella Baker's Story"
422:Walter Francis White
222:, as leaders in the
180:Ella Josephine Baker
166: 1938;
49:Ella Josephine Baker
8503:Hope Moving Forward
8268:Shed a Little Light
8031:New York Undercover
8026:"The Promised Land"
7853:Conspiracy theories
7634:(mentor, colleague)
7422:Birmingham campaign
6776:Mary McLeod Bethune
6737:Sermon on the Mount
6704:"We Shall Overcome"
6285:William Lewis Moore
6065:Frank Minis Johnson
6040:Richie Jean Jackson
5995:Donald L. Hollowell
5800:Charles E. Cobb Jr.
5605:Gwendolyn Armstrong
5600:William G. Anderson
5580:Victoria Gray Adams
5544:The Freedom Singers
5398:Black Panther Party
5183:March on Washington
5096:Garner v. Louisiana
5057:Boynton v. Virginia
4641:Rebecca S. Halstead
4615:Mary Church Terrell
4302:Barbara A. Mikulski
4030:Patsy Takemoto Mink
4015:Stephanie L. Kwolek
3954:Ruth Bader Ginsburg
3928:Emily Howell Warner
3873:Dorothy H. Andersen
3847:Annie Dodge Wauneka
3842:Mary Edwards Walker
3767:Faye Glenn Abdellah
3698:Edith Nourse Rogers
3678:Shirley Ann Jackson
3653:Mary Ann Shadd Cary
3531:Sandra Day O'Connor
3511:Matilda Joslyn Gage
3107:Florence B. Seibert
2944:Carrie Chapman Catt
2874:Juliette Gordon Low
2757:Elizabeth Blackwell
2752:Mary McLeod Bethune
2084:www.cliohistory.org
1354:on January 29, 2008
1134:James, Joy (1994).
860:Ella J. Baker House
840:Oakland, California
312:Negro National News
8718:Pacifist feminists
8497:sculpture, Atlanta
8281:Up to the Mountain
8068:(2011 documentary)
8041:Selma, Lord, Selma
7963:(2020 documentary)
7953:(2018 documentary)
7923:(2008 documentary)
7900:Our Friend, Martin
7893:(1970 documentary)
7736:Fred Shuttlesworth
7531:Coretta Scott King
7269:How Long, Not Long
7251:Give Us the Ballot
7093:Michael Eric Dyson
6978:In popular culture
6861:Fifth Circuit Four
6845:Loving v. Virginia
6838:Hernandez v. Texas
6817:Buchanan v. Warley
6809:Separate but equal
6803:Plessy v. Ferguson
6766:Frederick Douglass
6600:Robert F. Williams
6510:Kelly Miller Smith
6490:Fred Shuttlesworth
6415:Frederick D. Reese
6395:George Raymond Jr.
6385:A. Philip Randolph
6365:Fay Bellamy Powell
6280:Queen Mother Moore
6165:Z. Alexander Looby
6110:Coretta Scott King
6055:Barbara Rose Johns
6035:Jimmie Lee Jackson
5960:William E. Harbour
5740:Stokely Carmichael
5655:Randolph Blackwell
5325:King assassination
5314:Loving v. Virginia
5298:March Against Fear
5278:How Long, Not Long
5156:Children's Crusade
5107:Cambridge movement
5044:Ax Handle Saturday
5009:Greensboro sit-ins
4936:Give Us the Ballot
4600:Barbara Rose Johns
4551:Flossie Wong-Staal
4526:Nicole Malachowski
4455:Lorraine Hansberry
4399:Marcia Greenberger
4353:Mary Joseph Rogers
4292:Coretta Scott King
4277:Abby Kelley Foster
4193:Susan Kelly-Dreiss
4081:Rita Rossi Colwell
3857:Frances E. Willard
3693:Rozanne L. Ridgway
3643:Lydia Moss Bradley
3628:Madeleine Albright
3521:Nannerl O. Keohane
3491:Anne Dallas Dudley
3420:Betty Bone Schiess
3390:Susette La Flesche
3375:Zora Neale Hurston
3370:Helen LaKelly Hunt
3294:Madam C. J. Walker
3209:Mary Putnam Jacobi
3159:Jacqueline Cochran
3139:Ethel Percy Andrus
3007:Barbara McClintock
2410:. October 20, 2014
2252:on March 14, 2003.
1958:www.dictionary.com
1631:Simon and Schuster
1031:Dastagir, Alia E.
879:U.S. postage stamp
872:Dorchester, Boston
806:
540:Stokely Carmichael
466:voter registration
382:Harlem Renaissance
374:John Henrik Clarke
216:Stokely Carmichael
204:A. Philip Randolph
8650:
8649:
8646:
8645:
8621:Eponymous streets
8464:Authorship issues
8392:
8391:
8388:
8387:
8154:(1957 comic book)
8017:A Different World
7994:(1978 miniseries)
7861:
7860:
7782:
7781:
7778:
7777:
7672:Bernard Lafayette
7603:James Albert King
7503:
7502:
7499:
7498:
7354:Why We Can't Wait
7184:
7183:
6961:Eyes on the Prize
6876:A.G. Gaston Motel
6871:Kelly Ingram Park
6831:Sweatt v. Painter
6515:Mary Louise Smith
6475:Cleveland Sellers
6460:Michael Schwerner
6425:Gloria Richardson
6205:Thurgood Marshall
6125:Bernard Lafayette
5855:John Wesley Dobbs
5369:
5368:
5088:Birmingham attack
5068:Rock Hill sit-ins
5019:Sibley Commission
5014:Nashville sit-ins
4886:Gebhart v. Belton
4872:Briggs v. Elliott
4865:Bolling v. Sharpe
4826:Sweatt v. Painter
4748:
4747:
4744:
4743:
4740:
4739:
4702:Kimberlé Crenshaw
4697:Elouise P. Cobell
4661:Katherine Johnson
4631:Octavia E. Butler
4563:
4562:
4559:
4558:
4470:Clare Boothe Luce
4282:Helen Murray Free
4235:
4234:
4231:
4230:
4096:Patricia A. Locke
4061:Florence E. Allen
4045:Sheila E. Widnall
3990:Linda G. Alvarado
3974:Mercy Otis Warren
3933:Victoria Woodhull
3918:Barbara Holdridge
3913:Beatrice A. Hicks
3888:Lydia Maria Child
3802:Leontine T. Kelly
3740:
3739:
3736:
3735:
3562:Louisa May Alcott
3476:Mary Breckinridge
3355:Geraldine Ferraro
3340:Annie Jump Cannon
3065:
3064:
3061:
3060:
2896:
2895:
2892:
2891:
2802:Eleanor Roosevelt
2701:Inductees to the
2529:Henry Louis Gates
2436:Houston Chronicle
2129:978-0-8078-2778-9
1756:978-0-19-860669-7
1629:. New York City:
1296:Ella Baker Center
1140:The Black Scholar
970:Ella Baker Center
847:Ella Baker School
752:in the 2023 film
625:; she encouraged
608:Lyndon B. Johnson
389:NAACP (1938–1953)
372:Baker befriended
263:Norfolk, Virginia
243:radical democracy
229:Baker criticized
200:Thurgood Marshall
177:
176:
74:December 13, 1986
63:Norfolk, Virginia
59:December 13, 1903
8755:
8558:Pueblo, Colorado
8489:Oval Office bust
8398:
8381:
8372:
8363:
8345:
8333:
8316:
8306:
8297:
8288:
8275:
8262:
8253:
8240:
8231:
8218:
8205:
8192:
8179:
8155:
8134:
8124:
8114:
8104:
8083:
8069:
8059:
8045:
8035:
8021:
8010:
7995:
7974:
7964:
7954:
7944:
7934:
7924:
7914:
7904:
7894:
7878:
7867:
7788:
7771:
7763:
7755:
7747:
7739:
7731:
7723:
7715:
7707:
7699:
7691:
7683:
7675:
7667:
7659:
7651:
7643:
7635:
7614:
7606:
7598:
7590:
7582:
7574:
7566:
7558:
7550:
7542:
7534:
7520:
7509:
7492:
7484:
7476:
7465:
7457:
7449:
7441:
7433:
7425:
7417:
7409:
7401:
7378:
7368:
7358:
7348:
7339:
7335:Strength to Love
7329:
7320:
7311:
7290:
7281:
7272:
7263:
7254:
7237:
7226:
7211:
7204:
7197:
7188:
7175:
7174:
7138:Charles M. Payne
7123:Steven F. Lawson
7113:David Halberstam
7083:Clayborne Carson
6824:Hocutt v. Wilson
6771:W. E. B. Du Bois
6620:Sammy Younge Jr.
6605:Q. V. Williamson
6570:Wyatt Tee Walker
6435:Bernice Robinson
6380:Lincoln Ragsdale
6370:Rodney N. Powell
6265:Douglas E. Moore
6140:Sanford R. Leigh
6075:J. Charles Jones
5950:Fannie Lou Hamer
5865:Joseph Ellwanger
5825:Jonathan Daniels
5815:Claudette Colvin
5805:Annie Lee Cooper
5790:Kathleen Cleaver
5785:Eldridge Cleaver
5760:Shirley Chisholm
5650:Gloria Blackwell
5241:workers' murders
5188:"I Have a Dream"
5083:Anniston bombing
5034:Greenville Eight
4949:Little Rock Nine
4912:Browder v. Gayle
4800:
4775:
4768:
4761:
4752:
4580:
4569:
4536:Louise Slaughter
4460:Victoria Jackson
4419:Philippa Marrack
4404:Barbara Iglewski
4312:Kathrine Switzer
4307:Donna E. Shalala
4252:
4241:
4198:Allie B. Latimer
4178:Louise Bourgeois
4152:Judith L. Pipher
3959:Katharine Graham
3903:Marian de Forest
3822:Anna Howard Shaw
3772:Emma Smith DeVoe
3757:
3746:
3658:Joan Ganz Cooney
3582:Oveta Culp Hobby
3577:Mary A. Hallaren
3440:Sarah Winnemucca
3309:Gloria Yerkovich
3304:Rosalyn S. Yalow
3259:Jeannette Rankin
3239:Georgia O'Keeffe
3194:Fannie Lou Hamer
3154:Shirley Chisholm
3102:Billie Jean King
3082:
3071:
3033:Gwendolyn Brooks
2913:
2902:
2742:Susan B. Anthony
2722:
2711:
2695:
2688:
2681:
2672:
2582:
2514:Barbara Ransby,
2474:
2473:
2471:
2469:
2463:Southwest Voices
2454:
2448:
2447:
2445:
2443:
2426:
2420:
2419:
2417:
2415:
2400:
2394:
2393:
2391:
2389:
2375:
2369:
2368:
2366:
2364:
2350:
2344:
2343:
2341:
2339:
2325:
2319:
2318:
2316:
2314:
2300:
2294:
2293:
2291:
2289:
2275:
2269:
2260:
2254:
2253:
2248:. Archived from
2238:
2232:
2231:
2229:
2227:
2204:
2198:
2197:
2185:
2179:
2178:
2172:
2164:
2162:
2160:
2151:. Archived from
2149:uncpress.unc.edu
2140:
2134:
2133:
2113:
2107:
2101:
2095:
2094:
2092:
2090:
2076:
2070:
2069:
2067:
2065:
2050:
2044:
2041:Jackson Advocate
2027:
2021:
2010:Abu-Jamal, Mumia
2007:
1998:
1992:
1986:
1980:
1974:
1973:
1971:
1969:
1952:Dictionary.com.
1949:
1943:
1940:
1934:
1931:
1925:
1922:
1916:
1909:
1903:
1900:
1894:
1891:
1885:
1882:
1876:
1875:
1873:
1871:
1856:
1850:
1844:
1838:
1837:
1835:
1833:
1818:
1812:
1806:
1800:
1794:
1788:
1787:
1781:
1777:
1775:
1767:
1765:
1763:
1732:
1726:
1723:
1717:
1716:
1700:
1694:
1691:
1685:
1684:
1660:
1654:
1651:
1645:
1644:
1620:
1611:
1608:
1602:
1599:
1593:
1590:
1584:
1581:
1575:
1572:
1566:
1563:
1557:
1554:
1548:
1545:
1539:
1536:
1530:
1529:
1527:
1525:
1520:on July 31, 2020
1516:. Archived from
1510:
1499:
1496:
1487:
1480:
1469:
1466:
1460:
1457:
1451:
1450:
1408:
1397:
1396:
1383:Psychology Press
1370:
1364:
1363:
1361:
1359:
1350:. Archived from
1337:
1331:
1330:
1313:
1307:
1306:
1304:
1302:
1288:
1282:
1281:
1279:
1277:
1272:on June 14, 2020
1262:
1256:
1253:
1247:
1233:
1224:
1221:
1212:
1209:
1203:
1202:
1200:
1198:
1181:
1172:
1171:
1131:
1125:
1124:
1076:
1070:
1069:
1067:
1065:
1054:
1048:
1047:
1045:
1043:
1028:
1022:
1021:
1005:
995:
986:
985:
983:
981:
976:on July 15, 2019
972:. Archived from
962:
956:
955:
941:
864:community center
471:Wyatt Tee Walker
231:professionalized
196:W. E. B. Du Bois
184:African-American
171:
169:
165:
77:
58:
56:
37:
23:
8763:
8762:
8758:
8757:
8756:
8754:
8753:
8752:
8653:
8652:
8651:
8642:
8505:statue, Atlanta
8403:
8384:
8375:
8366:
8359:
8348:
8336:
8319:
8309:
8300:
8291:
8278:
8265:
8256:
8243:
8234:
8221:
8208:
8195:
8182:
8169:
8158:
8148:
8137:
8127:
8117:
8110:The Mountaintop
8107:
8097:
8086:
8072:
8062:
8048:
8038:
8024:
8013:
8001:The First Store
7998:
7988:
7977:
7967:
7957:
7947:
7937:
7927:
7917:
7907:
7903:(1999 animated)
7897:
7887:
7872:
7857:
7795:
7774:
7766:
7758:
7750:
7742:
7734:
7726:
7718:
7710:
7702:
7694:
7686:
7678:
7670:
7662:
7654:
7646:
7638:
7632:Ralph Abernathy
7630:
7623:
7617:
7609:
7601:
7593:
7585:
7577:
7569:
7561:
7553:
7545:
7537:
7529:
7514:
7495:
7487:
7479:
7468:
7460:
7452:
7444:
7436:
7428:
7420:
7414:Albany Movement
7412:
7404:
7396:
7388:
7381:
7371:
7361:
7351:
7342:
7332:
7323:
7314:
7304:
7293:
7284:
7275:
7266:
7257:
7248:
7231:
7220:
7215:
7185:
7180:
7169:
7162:
7143:Thomas E. Ricks
7133:Diane McWhorter
7118:Vincent Harding
7103:Adam Fairclough
7070:
7064:
6966:
6921:Freedom Schools
6780:
6713:
6661:
6655:
6646:Omaha, Nebraska
6634:
6550:Hartman Turnbow
6540:Dorothy Tillman
6500:Glenn E. Smiley
6480:Charles Sherrod
6440:Jo Ann Robinson
6315:Charles Neblett
6305:Elijah Muhammad
6270:Harriette Moore
6230:Floyd McKissick
6215:Franklin McCain
6150:Stanley Levison
6015:T. R. M. Howard
5965:Vincent Harding
5895:Walter Fauntroy
5780:Xernona Clayton
5730:John H. Calhoun
5715:Aurelia Browder
5705:Stanley Branche
5700:Raylawni Branch
5680:Joseph E. Boone
5665:Ezell Blair Jr.
5660:Unita Blackwell
5635:Harry Belafonte
5575:Ralph Abernathy
5563:
5499:Nation of Islam
5375:
5365:
5204:
5161:Birmingham riot
5102:Albany Movement
5024:Atlanta sit-ins
5004:Sit-in movement
4987:
4983:Biloxi wade-ins
4955:Cooper v. Aaron
4845:
4791:
4785:
4779:
4749:
4736:
4732:Serena Williams
4675:
4619:
4605:Henrietta Lacks
4595:Barbara Hillary
4590:Aretha Franklin
4574:
4555:
4541:Sonia Sotomayor
4494:
4433:
4384:Tenley Albright
4372:
4358:Bernice Sandler
4316:
4297:Lilly Ledbetter
4272:Loretta C. Ford
4246:
4227:
4166:
4162:Henrietta Szold
4122:Eleanor K. Baum
4110:
4076:Hillary Clinton
4049:
4000:Gertrude Ederle
3995:Donna de Varona
3978:
3937:
3883:Rosalynn Carter
3861:
3837:Wilma L. Vaught
3792:Crystal Eastman
3787:Sylvia A. Earle
3751:
3732:
3728:Chien-Shiung Wu
3703:Felice Schwartz
3673:Julia Ward Howe
3616:
3607:Maria Tallchief
3550:
3506:Margaret Fuller
3501:Ella Fitzgerald
3496:Mary Baker Eddy
3449:
3405:Antonia Novello
3380:Anne Hutchinson
3313:
3254:Esther Peterson
3229:Wilma Mankiller
3149:Emily Blackwell
3127:
3111:
3076:
3057:
3021:
2995:
2974:
2953:
2949:Frances Perkins
2932:
2928:Sojourner Truth
2923:Margaret Sanger
2907:
2888:
2857:
2831:
2777:Emily Dickinson
2737:Marian Anderson
2716:
2705:
2699:
2665:Wayback Machine
2634:by Joanne Grant
2589:
2579:
2566:
2553:
2551:Further reading
2483:
2478:
2477:
2467:
2465:
2456:
2455:
2451:
2441:
2439:
2428:
2427:
2423:
2413:
2411:
2402:
2401:
2397:
2387:
2385:
2377:
2376:
2372:
2362:
2360:
2352:
2351:
2347:
2337:
2335:
2327:
2326:
2322:
2312:
2310:
2302:
2301:
2297:
2287:
2285:
2277:
2276:
2272:
2261:
2257:
2240:
2239:
2235:
2225:
2223:
2206:
2205:
2201:
2187:
2186:
2182:
2165:
2158:
2156:
2142:
2141:
2137:
2130:
2115:
2114:
2110:
2102:
2098:
2088:
2086:
2078:
2077:
2073:
2063:
2061:
2052:
2051:
2047:
2037:Wayback Machine
2028:
2024:
2018:South End Press
2008:
2001:
1993:
1989:
1981:
1977:
1967:
1965:
1951:
1950:
1946:
1941:
1937:
1932:
1928:
1923:
1919:
1911:Grant, Joanne,
1910:
1906:
1901:
1897:
1892:
1888:
1883:
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1673:. p. 104.
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1423:Sage Publishing
1410:
1409:
1400:
1393:
1385:. p. 290.
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997:
996:
989:
979:
977:
964:
963:
959:
951:Huffington Post
943:
942:
935:
930:
908:
866:which supports
796:
745:
740:
725:Mumia Abu-Jamal
679:
635:
604:John F. Kennedy
596:
591:
544:Curtis Muhammad
487:
443:
438:
391:
316:George Schuyler
308:
303:
287:Shaw University
259:
173:
170: 1958)
161:
157:
154:
133:
98:Shaw University
89:
79:
75:
66:
60:
54:
52:
51:
50:
40:
28:
19:
12:
11:
5:
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8555:
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8512:
8507:
8499:
8495:Homage to King
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8466:
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8446:
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8408:
8405:
8404:
8402:Related topics
8401:
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8364:
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8241:
8232:
8219:
8211:Happy Birthday
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7820:James Earl Ray
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7804:Lorraine Motel
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7656:Dorothy Cotton
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7264:
7260:I Have a Dream
7255:
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7153:Akinyele Umoja
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6742:Mahatma Gandhi
6739:
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6651:South Carolina
6648:
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6627:
6622:
6617:
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6607:
6602:
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6592:
6590:Hosea Williams
6587:
6582:
6577:
6575:Hollis Watkins
6572:
6567:
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6507:
6505:A. Maceo Smith
6502:
6497:
6492:
6487:
6482:
6477:
6472:
6467:
6462:
6457:
6455:Bernie Sanders
6452:
6447:
6445:Angela Russell
6442:
6437:
6432:
6430:David Richmond
6427:
6422:
6420:Walter Reuther
6417:
6412:
6407:
6405:Cordell Reagon
6402:
6397:
6392:
6390:George Raymond
6387:
6382:
6377:
6372:
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6362:
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6350:Charles Person
6347:
6342:
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6320:Huey P. Newton
6317:
6312:
6307:
6302:
6297:
6292:
6287:
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6277:
6275:Harry T. Moore
6272:
6267:
6262:
6260:Cecil B. Moore
6257:
6252:
6247:
6242:
6240:James Meredith
6237:
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6212:
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6092:
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6070:Clarence Jones
6067:
6062:
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6022:
6017:
6012:
6010:Zilphia Horton
6007:
6002:
5997:
5992:
5987:
5982:
5980:Lola Hendricks
5977:
5972:
5970:Dorothy Height
5967:
5962:
5957:
5952:
5947:
5942:
5940:Lawrence Guyot
5937:
5932:
5930:Jack Greenberg
5927:
5922:
5917:
5915:Andrew Goodman
5912:
5907:
5902:
5897:
5892:
5887:
5882:
5877:
5872:
5867:
5862:
5857:
5852:
5847:
5842:
5840:Joseph DeLaine
5837:
5832:
5827:
5822:
5817:
5812:
5810:Dorothy Cotton
5807:
5802:
5797:
5792:
5787:
5782:
5777:
5772:
5767:
5762:
5757:
5755:J. L. Chestnut
5752:
5747:
5742:
5737:
5732:
5727:
5722:
5717:
5712:
5707:
5702:
5697:
5692:
5690:Amelia Boynton
5687:
5682:
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5672:
5667:
5662:
5657:
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5632:
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5612:
5610:Arnold Aronson
5607:
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5295:
5288:
5283:
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5269:
5264:
5257:
5250:
5245:
5244:
5243:
5236:Freedom Summer
5233:
5228:
5226:Bloody Tuesday
5223:
5218:
5212:
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4735:
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4729:
4724:
4719:
4714:
4712:Judith Plaskow
4709:
4707:Peggy McIntosh
4704:
4699:
4694:
4689:
4683:
4681:
4677:
4676:
4674:
4673:
4671:Michelle Obama
4668:
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4546:Laurie Spiegel
4543:
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4508:
4502:
4500:
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4477:
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4467:
4465:Sherry Lansing
4462:
4457:
4452:
4450:Temple Grandin
4447:
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4411:
4409:Jean Kilbourne
4406:
4401:
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4380:
4378:
4374:
4373:
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4370:
4365:
4360:
4355:
4350:
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4340:
4335:
4333:Ina May Gaskin
4330:
4324:
4322:
4318:
4317:
4315:
4314:
4309:
4304:
4299:
4294:
4289:
4287:Billie Holiday
4284:
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4032:
4027:
4022:
4020:Dorothea Lange
4017:
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3893:Bessie Coleman
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3483:
3481:Eileen Collins
3478:
3473:
3471:Amelia Bloomer
3468:
3463:
3461:Virginia Apgar
3457:
3455:
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3450:
3448:
3447:
3442:
3437:
3432:
3430:Nettie Stevens
3427:
3425:Muriel Siebert
3422:
3417:
3412:
3410:Linda Richards
3407:
3402:
3400:Maria Mitchell
3397:
3395:Louise McManus
3392:
3387:
3382:
3377:
3372:
3367:
3362:
3357:
3352:
3350:Catherine East
3347:
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3321:
3319:
3315:
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3306:
3301:
3299:Faye Wattleton
3296:
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3284:Helen Stephens
3281:
3279:Gloria Steinem
3276:
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3261:
3256:
3251:
3246:
3241:
3236:
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3206:
3204:Dolores Huerta
3201:
3199:Dorothy Height
3196:
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3097:Barbara Jordan
3094:
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2967:
2965:Belva Lockwood
2961:
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2830:
2829:
2827:Harriet Tubman
2824:
2819:
2814:
2809:
2807:Florence Sabin
2804:
2799:
2794:
2789:
2787:Alice Hamilton
2784:
2782:Amelia Earhart
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2668:
2655:
2646:Video clip of
2643:
2635:
2629:
2613:
2607:
2602:
2596:
2588:
2587:External links
2585:
2584:
2583:
2577:
2564:
2552:
2549:
2548:
2547:
2526:
2512:
2507:Joanne Grant,
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2383:about.usps.com
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2213:In These Times
2199:
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1999:
1987:
1975:
1944:
1935:
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1780:|website=
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1680:978-0812220896
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1347:In These Times
1332:
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1225:
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1173:
1126:
1091:(5): 593–603.
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1017:978-0807856161
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783:Barbara Ransby
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765:, directed by
759:
750:Audra McDonald
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301:Early activism
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285:Ella attended
271:North Carolina
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247:Barbara Ransby
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8285:Patti Griffin
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8215:Stevie Wonder
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8055:The Boondocks
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7793:Assassination
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7728:Bayard Rustin
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7704:Benjamin Mays
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7696:Joseph Lowery
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7664:Jesse Jackson
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7605:(grandfather)
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7148:Timothy Tyson
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7078:Taylor Branch
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6926:Freedom songs
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6792:Jim Crow laws
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6707:
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6697:
6695:
6692:
6690:
6689:"Oh, Freedom"
6687:
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6615:Whitney Young
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6598:
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6595:Kale Williams
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6555:Albert Turner
6553:
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6545:A. P. Tureaud
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6450:Bayard Rustin
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6308:
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6300:William Moyer
6298:
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6235:Joseph McNeil
6233:
6231:
6228:
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6220:Charles McDew
6218:
6216:
6213:
6211:
6210:Benjamin Mays
6208:
6206:
6203:
6201:
6198:
6196:
6195:Vivian Malone
6193:
6191:
6188:
6186:
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6181:
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6173:
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6170:Joseph Lowery
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6095:Clyde Kennard
6093:
6091:
6088:
6086:
6085:Vernon Jordan
6083:
6081:
6080:Matthew Jones
6078:
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6045:T. J. Jemison
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6031:
6030:Jesse Jackson
6028:
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5920:Robert Graetz
5918:
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5913:
5911:
5910:Golden Frinks
5908:
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5898:
5896:
5893:
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5870:Charles Evers
5868:
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5846:
5843:
5841:
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5820:Vernon Dahmer
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5801:
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5775:Septima Clark
5773:
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5698:
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5695:Bruce Boynton
5693:
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5646:
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5628:
5626:
5623:
5621:
5620:James Baldwin
5618:
5616:
5613:
5611:
5608:
5606:
5603:
5601:
5598:
5596:
5593:
5591:
5590:Mathew Ahmann
5588:
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5507:
5505:
5502:
5500:
5497:
5495:
5492:
5488:
5487:Youth Council
5485:
5484:
5483:
5480:
5478:
5475:
5473:
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5463:
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5103:
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5086:
5084:
5081:
5080:
5079:
5078:Freedom Rides
5076:
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5071:
5069:
5066:
5064:
5061:
5059:
5058:
5054:
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5051:
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4859:
4855:
4854:
4852:
4848:
4842:
4839:
4836:
4835:
4831:
4828:
4827:
4823:
4821:
4818:
4816:
4813:
4811:
4808:
4807:
4805:
4803:Prior to 1954
4801:
4798:
4795:
4788:
4783:
4776:
4771:
4769:
4764:
4762:
4757:
4756:
4753:
4733:
4730:
4728:
4725:
4723:
4720:
4718:
4715:
4713:
4710:
4708:
4705:
4703:
4700:
4698:
4695:
4693:
4690:
4688:
4687:Patricia Bath
4685:
4684:
4682:
4678:
4672:
4669:
4667:
4664:
4662:
4659:
4657:
4656:Emily Howland
4654:
4652:
4649:
4647:
4644:
4642:
4639:
4637:
4634:
4632:
4629:
4628:
4626:
4622:
4616:
4613:
4611:
4610:Toni Morrison
4608:
4606:
4603:
4601:
4598:
4596:
4593:
4591:
4588:
4587:
4585:
4581:
4577:
4570:
4566:
4552:
4549:
4547:
4544:
4542:
4539:
4537:
4534:
4532:
4529:
4527:
4524:
4522:
4519:
4517:
4514:
4512:
4509:
4507:
4506:Gloria Allred
4504:
4503:
4501:
4497:
4491:
4488:
4486:
4483:
4481:
4478:
4476:
4475:Aimee Mullins
4473:
4471:
4468:
4466:
4463:
4461:
4458:
4456:
4453:
4451:
4448:
4446:
4445:Matilda Cuomo
4443:
4442:
4440:
4436:
4430:
4429:Eleanor Smeal
4427:
4425:
4422:
4420:
4417:
4415:
4412:
4410:
4407:
4405:
4402:
4400:
4397:
4395:
4394:Martha Graham
4392:
4390:
4389:Nancy Brinker
4387:
4385:
4382:
4381:
4379:
4375:
4369:
4366:
4364:
4363:Anna Schwartz
4361:
4359:
4356:
4354:
4351:
4349:
4346:
4344:
4341:
4339:
4336:
4334:
4331:
4329:
4326:
4325:
4323:
4319:
4313:
4310:
4308:
4305:
4303:
4300:
4298:
4295:
4293:
4290:
4288:
4285:
4283:
4280:
4278:
4275:
4273:
4270:
4268:
4265:
4263:
4260:
4259:
4257:
4253:
4249:
4242:
4238:
4224:
4223:Kate Stoneman
4221:
4219:
4218:Susan Solomon
4216:
4214:
4211:
4209:
4206:
4204:
4201:
4199:
4196:
4194:
4191:
4189:
4186:
4184:
4181:
4179:
4176:
4175:
4173:
4169:
4163:
4160:
4158:
4155:
4153:
4150:
4148:
4145:
4143:
4142:Winona LaDuke
4140:
4138:
4135:
4133:
4130:
4128:
4125:
4123:
4120:
4119:
4117:
4113:
4107:
4104:
4102:
4099:
4097:
4094:
4092:
4089:
4087:
4084:
4082:
4079:
4077:
4074:
4072:
4071:Betty Bumpers
4069:
4067:
4064:
4062:
4059:
4058:
4056:
4052:
4046:
4043:
4041:
4040:Anne Sullivan
4038:
4036:
4033:
4031:
4028:
4026:
4023:
4021:
4018:
4016:
4013:
4011:
4008:
4006:
4003:
4001:
3998:
3996:
3993:
3991:
3988:
3987:
3985:
3981:
3975:
3972:
3970:
3967:
3965:
3962:
3960:
3957:
3955:
3952:
3950:
3947:
3946:
3944:
3940:
3934:
3931:
3929:
3926:
3924:
3921:
3919:
3916:
3914:
3911:
3909:
3908:Althea Gibson
3906:
3904:
3901:
3899:
3896:
3894:
3891:
3889:
3886:
3884:
3881:
3879:
3876:
3874:
3871:
3870:
3868:
3864:
3858:
3855:
3853:
3850:
3848:
3845:
3843:
3840:
3838:
3835:
3833:
3830:
3828:
3825:
3823:
3820:
3818:
3815:
3813:
3810:
3808:
3805:
3803:
3800:
3798:
3795:
3793:
3790:
3788:
3785:
3783:
3780:
3778:
3775:
3773:
3770:
3768:
3765:
3764:
3762:
3758:
3754:
3747:
3743:
3729:
3726:
3724:
3721:
3719:
3718:Florence Wald
3716:
3714:
3713:Beverly Sills
3711:
3709:
3706:
3704:
3701:
3699:
3696:
3694:
3691:
3689:
3686:
3684:
3683:Shannon Lucid
3681:
3679:
3676:
3674:
3671:
3669:
3666:
3664:
3661:
3659:
3656:
3654:
3651:
3649:
3646:
3644:
3641:
3639:
3636:
3634:
3631:
3629:
3626:
3625:
3623:
3619:
3613:
3612:Edith Wharton
3610:
3608:
3605:
3603:
3600:
3598:
3595:
3593:
3590:
3588:
3585:
3583:
3580:
3578:
3575:
3573:
3570:
3568:
3565:
3563:
3560:
3559:
3557:
3553:
3547:
3544:
3542:
3541:Pat Schroeder
3539:
3537:
3534:
3532:
3529:
3527:
3524:
3522:
3519:
3517:
3514:
3512:
3509:
3507:
3504:
3502:
3499:
3497:
3494:
3492:
3489:
3487:
3484:
3482:
3479:
3477:
3474:
3472:
3469:
3467:
3464:
3462:
3459:
3458:
3456:
3452:
3446:
3443:
3441:
3438:
3436:
3435:Oprah Winfrey
3433:
3431:
3428:
3426:
3423:
3421:
3418:
3416:
3415:Wilma Rudolph
3413:
3411:
3408:
3406:
3403:
3401:
3398:
3396:
3393:
3391:
3388:
3386:
3383:
3381:
3378:
3376:
3373:
3371:
3368:
3366:
3363:
3361:
3358:
3356:
3353:
3351:
3348:
3346:
3343:
3341:
3338:
3336:
3335:Myra Bradwell
3333:
3331:
3328:
3326:
3323:
3322:
3320:
3316:
3310:
3307:
3305:
3302:
3300:
3297:
3295:
3292:
3290:
3287:
3285:
3282:
3280:
3277:
3275:
3272:
3270:
3269:Elaine Roulet
3267:
3265:
3262:
3260:
3257:
3255:
3252:
3250:
3247:
3245:
3242:
3240:
3237:
3235:
3232:
3230:
3227:
3225:
3222:
3220:
3217:
3215:
3212:
3210:
3207:
3205:
3202:
3200:
3197:
3195:
3192:
3190:
3187:
3185:
3182:
3180:
3179:Betty Friedan
3177:
3175:
3172:
3170:
3167:
3165:
3162:
3160:
3157:
3155:
3152:
3150:
3147:
3145:
3142:
3140:
3137:
3136:
3134:
3130:
3124:
3121:
3120:
3118:
3114:
3108:
3105:
3103:
3100:
3098:
3095:
3093:
3090:
3089:
3087:
3083:
3079:
3072:
3068:
3054:
3051:
3049:
3046:
3044:
3041:
3039:
3036:
3034:
3031:
3030:
3028:
3024:
3018:
3015:
3013:
3010:
3008:
3005:
3004:
3002:
2998:
2992:
2989:
2987:
2984:
2983:
2981:
2977:
2971:
2970:Lucretia Mott
2968:
2966:
2963:
2962:
2960:
2956:
2950:
2947:
2945:
2942:
2941:
2939:
2935:
2929:
2926:
2924:
2921:
2920:
2918:
2914:
2910:
2903:
2899:
2885:
2882:
2880:
2877:
2875:
2872:
2870:
2867:
2866:
2864:
2860:
2854:
2851:
2849:
2848:Margaret Mead
2846:
2844:
2843:Abigail Adams
2841:
2840:
2838:
2834:
2828:
2825:
2823:
2820:
2818:
2815:
2813:
2810:
2808:
2805:
2803:
2800:
2798:
2795:
2793:
2790:
2788:
2785:
2783:
2780:
2778:
2775:
2773:
2770:
2768:
2767:Rachel Carson
2765:
2763:
2762:Pearl S. Buck
2760:
2758:
2755:
2753:
2750:
2748:
2745:
2743:
2740:
2738:
2735:
2733:
2730:
2729:
2727:
2723:
2719:
2712:
2708:
2704:
2696:
2691:
2689:
2684:
2682:
2677:
2676:
2673:
2666:
2662:
2659:
2656:
2654:
2650:
2649:
2644:
2641:
2640:
2636:
2633:
2630:
2628:
2624:
2620:
2617:
2614:
2611:
2608:
2606:
2603:
2600:
2597:
2594:
2591:
2590:
2586:
2580:
2578:9781442215665
2574:
2570:
2565:
2563:
2559:
2555:
2554:
2550:
2546:
2545:0-19-516024-X
2542:
2538:
2534:
2530:
2527:
2525:
2524:0-8078-2778-9
2521:
2517:
2513:
2510:
2506:
2503:
2499:
2496:
2492:
2489:
2485:
2484:
2480:
2464:
2460:
2453:
2450:
2438:
2437:
2432:
2425:
2422:
2409:
2405:
2399:
2396:
2384:
2380:
2374:
2371:
2359:
2355:
2349:
2346:
2334:
2330:
2324:
2321:
2309:
2305:
2299:
2296:
2284:
2280:
2279:"Baker, Ella"
2274:
2271:
2268:
2264:
2259:
2256:
2251:
2247:
2243:
2237:
2234:
2222:
2218:
2214:
2210:
2203:
2200:
2195:
2191:
2184:
2181:
2176:
2170:
2154:
2150:
2146:
2139:
2136:
2131:
2125:
2121:
2120:
2112:
2109:
2105:
2100:
2097:
2085:
2081:
2075:
2072:
2060:
2056:
2049:
2046:
2042:
2038:
2034:
2031:
2026:
2023:
2019:
2015:
2011:
2006:
2004:
2000:
1996:
1991:
1988:
1984:
1979:
1976:
1963:
1959:
1955:
1948:
1945:
1939:
1936:
1930:
1927:
1921:
1918:
1914:
1908:
1905:
1899:
1896:
1890:
1887:
1881:
1878:
1866:
1862:
1855:
1852:
1848:
1843:
1840:
1828:
1824:
1817:
1814:
1810:
1805:
1802:
1798:
1793:
1790:
1785:
1773:
1758:
1752:
1748:
1744:
1740:
1739:
1731:
1728:
1722:
1719:
1714:
1710:
1706:
1699:
1696:
1690:
1687:
1682:
1676:
1672:
1668:
1667:
1659:
1656:
1650:
1647:
1642:
1640:9780029221303
1636:
1632:
1628:
1627:
1619:
1617:
1613:
1607:
1604:
1598:
1595:
1589:
1586:
1580:
1577:
1571:
1568:
1562:
1559:
1553:
1550:
1544:
1541:
1535:
1532:
1519:
1515:
1509:
1507:
1505:
1501:
1495:
1493:
1489:
1485:
1479:
1477:
1475:
1471:
1465:
1462:
1456:
1453:
1448:
1444:
1440:
1436:
1432:
1428:
1424:
1420:
1416:
1415:
1407:
1405:
1403:
1399:
1394:
1392:9780415908047
1388:
1384:
1380:
1376:
1369:
1366:
1353:
1349:
1348:
1343:
1336:
1333:
1328:
1327:
1326:The Daily Kos
1322:
1318:
1312:
1309:
1297:
1293:
1287:
1284:
1271:
1267:
1261:
1258:
1252:
1249:
1246:
1242:
1238:
1232:
1230:
1226:
1220:
1218:
1214:
1208:
1205:
1193:
1192:
1187:
1180:
1178:
1174:
1169:
1165:
1161:
1157:
1153:
1149:
1145:
1141:
1137:
1130:
1127:
1122:
1118:
1114:
1110:
1106:
1102:
1098:
1094:
1090:
1086:
1082:
1075:
1072:
1060:
1053:
1050:
1038:
1034:
1027:
1024:
1019:
1013:
1009:
1004:
1003:
994:
992:
988:
975:
971:
967:
961:
958:
953:
952:
947:
940:
938:
934:
927:
923:
920:
918:
915:
913:
910:
909:
905:
900:
896:
894:
890:
887:
884:In 2014, the
883:
880:
876:
873:
869:
868:at-risk youth
865:
861:
858:
855:
852:
848:
844:
841:
837:
834:In 1996, the
833:
830:
826:
823:
819:
816:
812:
811:Candace Award
808:
807:
804:
800:
793:
788:
784:
780:
778:
774:
771:
768:
764:
760:
757:
756:
751:
748:Portrayed by
747:
746:
742:
737:
735:
732:
728:
726:
723:According to
720:
715:
709:
706:
702:
698:
695:
694:
693:
690:
688:
684:
676:
674:
672:
668:
664:
660:
656:
651:
649:
645:
640:
632:
630:
628:
624:
620:
616:
611:
609:
605:
601:
593:
588:
586:
583:
579:
574:
572:
568:
564:
559:
557:
553:
549:
545:
541:
537:
533:
528:
525:
524:Freedom Rides
521:
516:
514:
508:
505:
499:
497:
492:
484:
482:
480:
474:
472:
467:
463:
459:
454:
452:
448:
440:
435:
433:
431:
425:
423:
417:
415:
411:
406:
402:
398:
396:
388:
386:
383:
379:
375:
370:
368:
364:
358:
356:
352:
348:
344:
340:
336:
332:
327:
325:
321:
317:
313:
305:
300:
298:
296:
295:valedictorian
292:
288:
283:
280:
274:
272:
268:
264:
256:
254:
252:
248:
244:
240:
236:
232:
227:
225:
221:
217:
213:
209:
205:
201:
197:
192:
188:
185:
181:
150:
146:
143:
140:
136:
129:
126:
123:
120:
117:
114:
113:
111:
109:Organizations
107:
103:
99:
96:
92:
87:
83:
82:New York City
73:
69:
64:
47:
43:
36:
31:
24:
21:
16:
8625:
8583:
8575:
8502:
8494:
8376:
8367:
8340:(Common and
8315:(1995 album)
8310:
8303:Miri Ben-Ari
8272:James Taylor
8259:Public Enemy
8246:King Holiday
8149:
8128:
8118:
8108:
8098:
8079:
8073:
8063:
8053:
8039:
8029:
8015:
8004:
7990:
7968:
7958:
7948:
7939:
7928:
7918:
7909:
7898:
7888:
7825:Jack Kershaw
7768:Andrew Young
7752:Wyatt Walker
7744:C. T. Vivian
7720:James Orange
7680:James Lawson
7639:
7563:Bernice King
7539:Yolanda King
7473:War movement
7470:Anti-Vietnam
7389:and protests
7372:
7362:
7352:
7333:
7317:What Is Man?
7305:
7168:
7108:David Garrow
7088:John Dittmer
6959:
6886:Brown Chapel
6843:
6836:
6829:
6822:
6815:
6801:
6758:
6610:Andrew Young
6565:A. T. Walden
6560:C. T. Vivian
6520:Maxine Smith
6355:Homer Plessy
6335:James Orange
6290:Irene Morgan
6245:William Ming
6225:Ralph McGill
6160:Viola Liuzzo
6145:Jim Letherer
6130:James Lawson
6060:Vernon Johns
6050:Esau Jenkins
6005:Myles Horton
5955:Fred Hampton
5945:Prathia Hall
5935:Dick Gregory
5905:Marie Foster
5900:James Forman
5890:James Farmer
5875:Medgar Evers
5835:Angela Davis
5770:Ramsey Clark
5750:James Chaney
5745:Johnnie Carr
5725:Ralph Bunche
5720:H. Rap Brown
5710:Ruby Bridges
5670:Joanne Bland
5645:Claude Black
5625:Marion Barry
5614:
5595:Muhammad Ali
5422:
5358:
5351:
5312:
5290:
5259:
5252:
5094:
5055:
5048:
4978:Kissing Case
4953:
4910:
4893:
4884:
4877:
4870:
4863:
4856:
4832:
4824:
4717:Loretta Ross
4692:Ruby Bridges
4636:Judy Chicago
4531:Rose O'Neill
4511:Angela Davis
4490:Alice Waters
4485:Janet Rowley
4480:Carol Mutter
4368:Emma Willard
4348:Nancy Pelosi
4343:Kate Millett
4208:Ruth Patrick
4203:Emma Lazarus
4188:Karen DeCrow
4183:Mildred Cohn
3878:Lucille Ball
3852:Eudora Welty
3827:Sophia Smith
3812:Kate Mullany
3668:Sarah Grimké
3633:Maya Angelou
3466:Ann Bancroft
3445:Fanny Wright
3365:Grace Hopper
3329:
3289:Lillian Wald
3244:Annie Oakley
3224:Mary Mahoney
3048:Mary Risteau
3038:Willa Cather
2991:Bessie Smith
2869:Dorothea Dix
2797:Helen Keller
2772:Mary Cassatt
2747:Clara Barton
2652:
2647:
2637:
2626:
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2043:News Service
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2013:
1994:
1990:
1982:
1978:
1966:. Retrieved
1957:
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969:
960:
949:
786:
776:
767:Joanne Grant
762:
753:
733:
729:
722:
717:
714:Baker said:
713:
701:bureaucratic
691:
680:
663:South Africa
652:
644:Angela Davis
639:Arthur Kinoy
636:
612:
597:
582:Joanne Grant
575:
560:
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488:
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392:
378:Pauli Murray
371:
367:dissemblance
359:
328:
311:
309:
284:
275:
260:
228:
191:human rights
187:civil rights
179:
178:
76:(1986-12-13)
20:
15:
8668:1986 deaths
8663:1903 births
8548:Mexico City
8538:Jersey City
8342:John Legend
8294:Jason Upton
8142:Illustrated
8130:All the Way
8100:The Meeting
7973:(2023 film)
7943:(2016 film)
7940:All the Way
7933:(2014 film)
7913:(2001 film)
7841:Loyd Jowers
7770:(colleague)
7762:(colleague)
7754:(colleague)
7746:(colleague)
7738:(colleague)
7722:(colleague)
7714:(colleague)
7698:(colleague)
7690:(colleague)
7682:(colleague)
7674:(colleague)
7658:(colleague)
7648:James Bevel
7642:(colleague)
7611:Alveda King
7555:Dexter King
7440:(1963–1964)
7416:(1961–1962)
7400:(1955–1956)
7128:Doug McAdam
7098:Chuck Fager
6725:Nonviolence
6630:James Zwerg
6625:Bob Zellner
6585:Roy Wilkins
6535:Hank Thomas
6470:Pete Seeger
6465:Bobby Seale
6330:Jack O'Dell
6325:Edgar Nixon
6255:Amzie Moore
6250:Jack Minnis
6190:Mae Mallory
6175:Clara Luper
6135:Bernard Lee
6025:Cecil Ivory
6020:Ruby Hurley
5990:Oliver Hill
5985:Aaron Henry
5885:Chuck Fager
5845:Dave Dennis
5735:Guy Carawan
5675:Julian Bond
5640:James Bevel
5630:Daisy Bates
4901:Emmett Till
4784:(1954–1968)
4722:Sandy Stone
4666:Indra Nooyi
4338:Julie Krone
4137:Swanee Hunt
4127:Julia Child
4091:Maya Y. Lin
3964:Bertha Holt
3898:Dorothy Day
3832:Ida Tarbell
3797:Jeanne Holm
3526:Maggie Kuhn
3325:Bella Abzug
3214:Mae Jemison
3184:Ella Grasso
3174:Alice Evans
3164:Ruth Colvin
2792:Helen Hayes
2732:Jane Addams
2388:January 23,
2338:January 23,
2313:January 23,
1968:January 23,
1524:January 22,
1425:: 593–603.
1197:December 7,
1146:(4): 8–15.
1064:February 5,
1042:February 5,
615:Anne Braden
589:Later years
578:black power
532:Julian Bond
513:Howard Zinn
504:Julian Bond
314:. In 1930,
235:charismatic
153:Bob Roberts
130:(1960–1966)
124:(1957–1960)
118:(1938–1953)
39:Baker, 1964
8657:Categories
8606:Paris park
8328:featuring
8189:John Fahey
7982:Television
7712:Diane Nash
7688:John Lewis
7640:Ella Baker
7595:A. D. King
7565:(daughter)
7541:(daughter)
7071:historians
6752:Satyagraha
6718:Influences
6410:James Reeb
6345:James Peck
6340:Rosa Parks
6310:Diane Nash
6180:Danny Lyon
6155:John Lewis
6100:A. D. King
6000:James Hood
5615:Ella Baker
5585:Zev Aelony
4521:Jane Fonda
4516:Sarah Deer
4328:Betty Ford
3817:Janet Reno
3663:Gerty Cori
3638:Nellie Bly
3330:Ella Baker
3249:Rosa Parks
3043:Sally Ride
3012:Lucy Stone
2879:Alice Paul
2481:References
2468:August 22,
2194:ColorLines
1985:pp. 51–52.
1484:Ella Baker
1381:. London:
1237:The Crisis
536:Diane Nash
257:Early life
212:Diane Nash
55:1903-12-13
27:Ella Baker
8584:The Dream
8543:Milwaukee
8330:will.i.am
7730:(advisor)
7666:(protégé)
7597:(brother)
7387:Movements
6730:Padayatra
6679:"Kumbaya"
6639:By region
6295:Bob Moses
6200:Bob Mants
6185:Malcolm X
6105:C.B. King
5925:Fred Gray
5568:Activists
5209:1964–1968
4992:1960–1963
4850:1954–1959
4651:Joy Harjo
4573:2020–2029
4245:2010–2019
4035:Sacagawea
3782:Mary Dyer
3750:2000–2009
3219:Mary Lyon
3075:1990–1999
2906:1980–1989
2715:1970–1979
2221:0160-5992
1849:, p. 292.
1832:March 26,
1827:hbcustory
1811:, p. 291.
1782:ignored (
1772:cite book
1447:144321434
1245:199627266
1160:0006-4246
1121:144321434
1105:0021-9347
1037:USA TODAY
897:In 2022,
813:from the
705:hierarchy
687:democracy
659:apartheid
548:Bob Moses
320:anarchist
267:Littleton
220:Bob Moses
94:Education
7706:(mentor)
7589:(sister)
7581:(mother)
7573:(father)
7347:" (1963)
7319:" (1959)
7298:Writings
7289:" (1968)
7280:" (1967)
7271:" (1965)
7262:" (1963)
7253:" (1957)
7241:Speeches
6660:Movement
6090:Tom Kahn
5374:Activist
4794:timeline
4646:Mia Hamm
2661:Archived
2539:(2004),
2169:cite web
2033:Archived
1997:, p. 51.
1962:Archived
1865:HuffPost
1713:Archived
1482:Ransby,
1276:June 14,
1241:ProQuest
1168:41069719
906:See also
719:leaders.
669:and the
339:New Deal
226:(SNCC).
138:Movement
86:New York
8533:Houston
8518:Atlanta
8454:Big Six
8422:passage
8353:Related
8338:"Glory"
8322:A Dream
8202:Strawbs
8120:I Dream
8082:, 2024)
8058:, 2006)
8034:, 1997)
8020:, 1993)
8009:, 1980)
7960:MLK/FBI
7910:Boycott
7815:Funeral
7624:leaders
7613:(niece)
6785:Related
6375:Al Raby
5330:funeral
5193:Big Six
2504:(1980).
2497:(1991).
2490:(2000).
2442:May 31,
2414:May 25,
2288:May 25,
2089:May 25,
2059:Variety
1870:June 3,
1799:, p. 2.
1762:May 10,
1486:(2003).
1439:2784885
1301:June 5,
1113:2784885
980:June 5,
849:in the
677:Thought
414:Atlanta
410:Chicago
172:
160:
156:
8553:Newark
8528:Denver
8523:Boston
8326:Common
8239:" (U2)
8133:(2012)
8123:(2010)
8113:(2009)
8103:(1987)
8075:Genius
8044:(1999)
7970:Rustin
7832:(HSCA)
7533:(wife)
7523:Family
7513:People
7491:(1968)
7483:(1968)
7475:(1967)
7464:(1966)
7456:(1966)
7448:(1965)
7432:(1963)
7424:(1963)
7408:(1957)
7377:(1967)
7367:(1967)
7357:(1964)
7338:(1963)
7310:(1958)
6971:Legacy
6747:Ahimsa
5376:groups
4837:(1950)
4829:(1950)
4790:Events
2667:, SNCC
2575:
2543:
2522:
2219:
2126:
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1677:
1637:
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1243:
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1111:
1103:
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794:Honors
777:Fundi.
755:Rustin
738:Legacy
550:, and
343:Harlem
218:, and
206:, and
148:Spouse
88:, U.S.
65:, U.S.
8163:Music
8091:Plays
8080:MLK/X
7930:Selma
7871:Media
7846:Trial
7810:Riots
7622:Other
7557:(son)
7549:(son)
7069:Noted
6662:songs
5482:NAACP
5335:riots
1443:S2CID
1435:JSTOR
1164:JSTOR
1117:S2CID
1109:JSTOR
928:Notes
279:South
162:(
158:
8176:Dion
7991:King
7881:Film
4680:2024
4624:2022
4583:2020
4499:2019
4438:2017
4377:2015
4321:2013
4255:2011
4171:2009
4115:2007
4054:2005
3983:2003
3942:2002
3866:2001
3760:2000
3621:1998
3555:1996
3454:1995
3318:1994
3132:1993
3116:1991
3085:1990
3026:1988
3000:1986
2979:1984
2958:1983
2937:1982
2916:1981
2862:1979
2836:1976
2725:1973
2573:ISBN
2541:ISBN
2531:and
2520:ISBN
2470:2024
2444:2021
2416:2019
2390:2021
2365:2020
2340:2021
2315:2021
2290:2019
2228:2016
2217:ISSN
2175:link
2161:2016
2124:ISBN
2091:2019
2066:2023
1970:2021
1872:2019
1834:2019
1784:help
1764:2019
1751:ISBN
1675:ISBN
1635:ISBN
1526:2021
1387:ISBN
1360:2008
1303:2019
1278:2020
1199:2019
1156:ISSN
1101:ISSN
1066:2021
1044:2021
1012:ISBN
982:2019
862:, a
845:The
627:SNCC
623:Carl
479:King
464:, a
412:and
355:YWCA
189:and
168:div.
71:Died
45:Born
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