Valhalla train crash - Knowledge (XXG)

1047: 969: 421: 878: 741: 42: 513: 1365: 917: 1251:"It is as important or, perhaps more important, to ask how the SUV ended up within the crossing gates", Weener also wrote, addressing a number of other issues he felt the board should have considered. Were the federal standards the markings and signs conformed to strong enough? Were drivers adequately educated that the barriers were designed to break if they needed to get out of a crossing in a hurry, or that they should continue forward with greater speed from the crossing in that situation rather than back up, much as they are trained to do when a green light turns yellow as they enter an intersection? 1207:"I suspect some may have had the expectation that the NTSB would be able to explain with certainty why the driver of the SUV ended up on the tracks that fateful evening," Sumwalt began. But with Brody dead, that was impossible. He offered his own explanation: that she "simply did not realize she was on or near railroad tracks" despite the signs and pavement markings. Those were outweighed, in his opinion, by her unfamiliarity with the neighborhood, the fact that the crossing was unlit beyond the warning lights, and the distraction created by the bumper-to-bumper traffic along the Commerce detour. 820: 1479: 1244:" between when she saw the marking signs and when she reached the tracks. But he pointed out that among the unknowns were whether Brody knew the impact to her car was from the descending barrier—she could have just as easily thought it could have been Hope's vehicle, he observed, and gone out to check—and whether she had adequate time and space to back up into the space Hope created. She may well have known she was near the tracks and left the ML350 to see where she was in relation to them, since it had 564:(WMC). By the time the firefighters reached the scene, they said later, the first car was almost fully engulfed and thus there was little they could do to help evacuate it; most of the passengers had already managed to do so on their own by either going out the front door or removing the windows, primarily with tools provided but in some instances forcibly. The firefighters were, however, able to suppress the fire before it had seriously affected the second car. To facilitate 1107:(NYSDOT) adjusted the preemptions at the scene to give proper precedence to the crossing circuit when activated and extended the green signal for traffic on Commerce from the existing 2–10-second range, to 29 seconds, followed by four seconds of yellow, to allow even long vehicles like tractor trailers to clear the crossing. NYSDOT also directed its regions to ensure that every other such signal in the state was in compliance with the MUTCD requirement. 934:: "oming down the hill of the cemetery, you have to put the brakes on earlier ... There's a bank there that always collects water, making it even more dangerous." He also said he and his coworkers often complained about how quickly the train came after the gates went down, gates which had been installed after a 1984 crash killed a van driver. "How safe is that crossing—for this to happen again?" that victim's sister asked the newspaper. 291:(NTSB) focused on two issues in the accident: how the passengers were killed, since that rarely occurs in grade crossing collisions; and why Brody went forward into the train's path. After an unusually long delay for such investigations that it declined to explain, the board's 2017 final report found the driver of the SUV to be the cause of the accident. It found no defects with the vehicle, the crossing signage and associated 946:

down 39 seconds before the train reached the crossing, they said, meaning Brody had spent almost that amount of time inside them. They next focused on whether she was familiar with the road and whether she was using a phone at the time; later her cellphone records showed the call to her husband that had ended six minutes before the accident, during which, he said, she had told him that she was unsure of where she was.

1291:'s criteria for closure: high passenger train volume and speed, low road traffic volume, multiple tracks, a mere 82 feet (25 m) to a traffic signal, a poor approach angle (62°), poor visibility due to the substation, and the two fatal accidents in its history. The town deferred taking action or making the study public until the NTSB released its report on the crash, which recommended closing the crossing. 1254:"I am left unsatisfied as to how the configuration of this angled crossing, the signage approaching the crossing, the deterrent effect of existing New York rail crossing statutes, and the New York State driver education regarding rail crossing safety may have affected these events", Weener concluded. "I am concerned that the statement of probable cause does not reflect the real causes of this accident." 320: 404:, a short distance to the west. Lakeview Avenue crossed the two tracks using a grade crossing. The next such crossing was Commerce Street, a lightly traveled local road to the north that intersects the tracks diagonally. It continues northwest through the cemetery for one-quarter mile (400 m), then turns north again down a slight rise back over another grade crossing to a 1295:

study by the town engineer had estimated that the town could be assessed damages of up to $ 120 million for the accident despite being able to do little to prevent it, an amount that would have an extreme adverse effect on the town's finances. "My position is, when I'm told that something is dangerous and we haven't done anything about it, what is my liability?" asked

1740:, where that crossing is located, talked not of closing the crossing in question but perhaps elevating the road over the tracks, which they admitted would take considerable time and money. In the meantime they opted to add an increased focus on crossing safety in drivers' education classes at a nearby high school, and paint the pavement on the road and add more markers. 1493: 1558:, suburban Chicago school bus struck by commuter train during morning rush hour, killing seven students; crossing was also located near major highway, bus was struck by crossing gate yet distracted substitute driver did not realize vehicle was not clear of tracks, and investigation found no preemption existed for the highway signal. 1123:

so during the 1984 single-fatality accident at that same crossing. But in this case, with only two exceptions, the third rail's 6-foot (2 m) sections had largely remained joined in larger sections averaging 39 feet (12 m) in length, weighing a ton (800 kg) each, as they accumulated in the first and second cars.

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less severe or avoided entirely. Smalls answered that he had been trained to use the horn first if the tracks were blocked at a crossing, and not immediately use the emergency brake until he was sure of what was blocking the tracks since that could cause a derailment and injure any standing passengers in the train.

459:, which would have allowed her to keep both hands on the wheel, but according to Alan, the ML350 was equipped with software that automatically detected the phone if it was in the vehicle and put it on speaker. Alan did not believe she was familiar with the area through which she was driving or with grade crossings. 1170:-based material, ignited along with fuel from the SUV's tank that had gotten on the rail. From these sources many small fires developed, merging to the point that when Smalls was able to get out of the cab after the train stopped, he recalled that the center and rear of the car were already significantly ablaze. 1177:

Nevertheless, investigators wanted to know whether any of the car's interior finishes, or the materials introduced into the interior by the collision, might have contributed to the fire. Since the first car was so badly damaged, they collected samples of seat covers, wall panels and light lenses from

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Passengers in the center and rear were able to use the emergency exits as intended to escape the car since the rear door was jammed by a section of third rail that had gone through it. The NTSB believed that this had prevented additional deaths and injuries among them. In fact none of the five deaths

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While the crossing had undergone upgrades in recent years, including brighter lights and an additional sign warning passing drivers not to stop on the tracks, in 2009 another upgrade, which would have added a sign with flashing lights 100–200 feet (30–61 m) up the road west of the tracks was not

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Tanenhaus saw the car's collision with a commuter train as another indicator of the way in which Westchester had left the contradictions between its past and present unresolved. At the time of the crash, Westchester was one of the few places in the country where many workers still commute by rail. In

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crane to remove the SUV. The train was towed to Metro-North's North White Plains yard after 6 p.m., and workers proceeded to repair the damaged third rail. Metro-North service resumed the next morning, with delays of 15 minutes for trains to slow down at the accident site. Commerce Street reopened to

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At the head of the train, Smalls told investigators he first noticed something reflecting light from within the crossing when it was 1,200 feet (370 m) ahead. He realized it was from a vehicle fouling the tracks, and immediately hit the air brakes and sounded the horn, earlier than he would have

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Cell phone records show that Brody's husband, Alan, called and spoke to her for almost nine minutes at 6:11, during which time she was apparently still on the Taconic. He told investigators later that during the call he gave her directions to Scarsdale; there was nothing out of the ordinary about the

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when they descended onto the rear of her car as the train approached from the south. Instead of backing into the space another driver had created for her, she went forward onto the tracks. Brody died when her vehicle was struck by the train; as her vehicle was pushed along the tracks it loosened more

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In October 2017 the town made details of the plan public. It would compensate for the loss of westbound traffic at the intersection by changing the timing of the traffic signals on the Taconic, adding a left turn lane at the Lakeview intersection, and restricting truck traffic to local deliveries. A

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rail to puncture and enter a rail vehicle during an accident, as had happened at Valhalla. During his interview with investigators, Metro-North's power director told them he believed the third rails were designed to break up in accidents and fail to the side, away from the train, since they had done

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Brody appeared to have slept well, according to her husband, in the days leading up to the accident. Her cell phone records showed no sign that she was awake between midnight and 9 a.m. when she usually slept, and her coworkers said she had exhibited no exhaustion at her job. She took medication for

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Three days later, the NTSB investigators announced that all safety features at the crossing—the gate, the train's horn, and a sign 65 feet (20 m) away warning drivers not to stop on the tracks—were in good working order and had functioned properly at the time of the accident. The gates had gone

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from the SUV, ignited by a spark from the third rail, which had pierced the car's fuel tank, and the force of impact. However, said Sumwalt, "the big question everyone wants to know is: Why was this vehicle in the crossing?" The NTSB team believed the crossing was functioning properly, but was aware

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While early fears that the fatalities would mostly be from Chappaqua were unfounded, as most commuters from the hamlet ride in the rear cars for the shorter walk to the parking lot once the train does stop, residents also felt anxious about having to take the train again. According to a psychiatrist

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Smalls went back into the burning train several times to rescue passengers. "He did everything he could," said Anthony Bottalico, head of Association of Commuter Rail Employees, the labor union which represents Metro-North workers. The train knocked Brody's SUV a distance of 665 feet (203 m) up

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The crossing gate struck the top of Brody's SUV before sliding down its rear and becoming stuck. Hope backed up to give her room to do the same. He instead saw Brody get out of the car and walk to the rear, apparently trying to free it. "She wasn't in a hurry at all, but she had to have known that a

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Dinh-Zarr, in her statement, defended the NTSB's work in investigating the accident and its conclusions. Like Sumwalt, she said, Brody's death made it impossible to determine why she drove onto the tracks. So the board thus concluded that had caused the accident after examining every other possible

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The investigators also considered whether Brody had been able to hear or see the train coming. Using a similar 2011 ML350, they measured the volume of the train horn at the distances where she might have been able to get out of the train's way. They found that the horn became distinctly louder from

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on top of their third rail, Metro-North trains' contact shoes draw current from the bottom of the third rail during operation. The railroad's under-running third rails are designed in order to prevent ice from building up on top during winter months and reduce the possibility of inadvertent contact

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Following the accident, some commentators discussed its relation to suburban life in central Westchester County, where many communities originally developed, and continue to be affluent, due to the commuter rail service of Metro-North and its predecessors. The accident had a particularly pronounced

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The third rail sections lifted up and punctured the floor of the first car, with the first short segment remaining on the floor while later ones, with one exception that came through a different hole, accumulated atop the seats in the center of the compartment. A final one went up into the roof and

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Brody then returned to her vehicle and, according to Hope, paused briefly. Then the car moved forward, 30 seconds after the gate had come down on her car, investigators determined later. In the cab, Smalls saw the ML350 completely block the tracks when the train was one car length, or approximately

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showing that he had continued blowing the horn for five seconds until he began braking, 260 feet (79 m) from the intersection when the train was traveling at 59 miles per hour (95 km/h). The lawyers speculated that if he had hit the brake immediately perhaps the collision could have been

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nor complaints related to the shifter positioning or operation. They noted that the motions required for drive and reverse on the test ML350 were similar to those required for a floor-based shifter, and concluded there was "insufficient evidence" that the column-mounted shifter was a factor in the

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The report next considered whether Brody might have made a mistake with the shifter, as speculated. While prior to purchasing the used ML350 two months earlier she had driven a Honda with a shifter in the more common position between the front seats, her husband told the NTSB that she had not told

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noted, and it was possible Ellen might have still been getting used to this newer method of changing gears, and making the occasional mistake, such as her otherwise apparently inexplicable move into the train's path after Hope had backed up to allow her to do so as well. "If someone isn't familiar

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Due to disruptions in the railroad's electrical system created by the accident, the third rails were not completely de-energized immediately. Damage to a transition jumper isolated the rail on the east of the track, south of the intersection, from its counterpart west of the track and north of the

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circuits for both the grade crossing and the Taconic, meant to extend the green signal for vehicles on Commerce when the crossing is activated, were in good working order but it could not be determined which of the two was taking precedence at the time of the accident since there was no recording

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In July 2017, the NTSB released its final report, which found the probable cause of the accident to be "the driver of the sport-utility vehicle, for undetermined reasons, moving the vehicle on to the tracks". In addition, the driver stopping within the crossing and leaving the vehicle during the

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the paradox of Westchester—its lure and deception—is captured in its antiquated, overcrowded tangle of bucolic "parkways". Parkways such as the Taconic, and winding roads like Commerce, once represented the county's rural charm, the possibility of living in the country yet close to the city, but

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The dissenting member, Weener, dismissed speculation as to Brody's motives. "It is human nature to put oneself in the place of another, trying to interpret or judge whether actions are reasonable given all the circumstances," he wrote. "However, speculation does not serve those affected by this

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worked with local law enforcement to create a Right of Way Task Force. Officers handed out pamphlets to drivers, pedestrians and train passengers at the many grade crossings in the metropolitan area, but also went as far as issuing summonses to violators, even arresting five, by November 2016.

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Similar objections came from Valhalla residents who would be affected by closing the Cleveland street crossing, noting the lack of any accidents there. Two Valhalla fire commissioners also expressed concern that changes to the local roads would be unable to accommodate large fire trucks. Other

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To the chairman, the strongest evidence for his theory was the way she had calmly left the ML350 to inspect its rear and remove the barrier that had gotten caught on it. "Someone in a good state of mind, as this driver apparently was, who is aware that they are in close proximity to a railroad

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Ultimately, the NTSB theorized that Brody was distracted by the gate that had hit the rear of her car and the possibility that it had been dented. "This focus likely consumed her attention; hindering her ability to detect, perceive, and respond to audible and visual cues that the train was

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The original question, why Brody had driven forward into the path of the train and thus made the accident inevitable, could not be answered conclusively due to her death. The NTSB had investigated some of the theories that had been put forth. It found many of them unlikely or insufficient

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Passengers in the first car recalled being thrown from their seats on impact as the fire started. One said that moments after being thrown into the next seat, he saw a section of rail go through the seat he had just been in. Efforts by passengers in the car behind them to assist them were

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levels before breaking when bent in an upwards direction. They did not experience sufficient stress to break until the rail sections had already entered the car. "This accident demonstrated that Metro-North's third rail assembly catastrophically compromised a passenger railcar with fatal

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unsuccessful as the door had been jammed and they had been unable to open it before smelling fuel and fumes. They abandoned that rescue effort for their own safety. Passengers further back in the train heard explosions. At the very rear, passengers said they felt only a small jolt.

1326:(OLI), an organization that works to promote rail safety among the public, particularly at grade crossings. Informational posters, reminding passengers to "Wait Behind the Gate" when they drive through grade crossings, went up in trains and at stations on the Metro-North, the 347:

making a turn onto Lakeview Avenue from the northbound parkway. Responding emergency services closed both lanes of the southbound Taconic and one northbound lane. Drivers heading in both directions left the parkway, seeking alternate routes back to it on local surface roads.

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while they were still charming they were now, with the area so heavily developed, "treacherous" with traffic. It's all a symptom of suburban congestion—and, perhaps, also of a blighted dream as life "in the country" increasingly replicates the ills of the city left behind.

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Investigators determined later that the fires in the first car were fueled by a combination of flaming debris from the third-rail cover, materials from Brody's ML350 and interior components of the train car. While none of the third rail components showed any sign of

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The NTSB released a preliminary report into the accident on February 23, 2015. Two years after the accident, however, it had still not released its final report. Local officials who awaited any safety recommendations the board was expected to make, including Rep.

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addition, all the five passengers who had died were men, recalling the mid-20th century when commuters were overwhelmingly male, working in the city while their wives tended the suburban homes. Tannenhaus likened the accident to something from the works of writer

295:, or the train engineer's performance. It found that the failure of the third rail to break into smaller segments contributed to the fatalities on the train; while the report ruled out proposed explanations for Brody's behavior such as the placement of her car's 1451:

Plaintiffs' lawyers were not deterred by the NTSB's finding that Ellen Brody caused the crash by driving onto the tracks as the train approached, a finding that her husband disagreed with, saying the crossing warnings were dated and could have been upgraded.

953:, rather than the usual large lever between the seats, was suggested as a possible cause of the accident. To put the car in drive, the driver must push the paddle down; pulling it up puts it in reverse. The Brodys had only bought the car two months earlier, 1735:

Six weeks after the accident, a similar incident at a grade crossing on the line north of Chappaqua, where the crossing gate came down on the car of a driver who was able to back up, brought the issue into the news again. Officials in the town of

1700:"The NTSB concludes the SUV driver, for undetermined reasons, did not comply with the advance warning system at the Commerce Street grade crossing; stopped past the stop line within the boundary of the grade crossing; and moved on to the tracks." 1314:

residents accused Fulgenzi of being biased in favor of closing Cleveland, since he has advocated doing so for several years, and thus could not keep an "open mind" when evaluating the plan. "I'm only one vote" on the town board, he responded.

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would have partially obscured the approaching train. Other light sources in the area, from other vehicles (as Hope had speculated), the perimeter of a nearby building and her own car, may also have distracted her as she returned to the ML350.

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approaching," its report said. " conclude that after the grade crossing activated, the driver's attention was most likely diverted to the crossing gate arm striking her vehicle, and she was unaware of the proximity of the approaching train."

1393:. The CCTV installations, part of a wider project by the MTA to improve safety at railroad crossings, would help the MTA "investigate specific incidents and analyze crossing/traffic operations for targeted modifications to improve safety." 1186:

standards as required by regulation, but the testing carried out after the accident showed this to be no longer the case. However, the FRA regulations did not require that the materials be reassessed at any point during their service life.

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The NTSB also looked at how the fire had started and whether anything could have been done to prevent it. Surviving passengers said it began with sparks from the rails as they entered the car; debris from the ML350 and the rail cover, a

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This did not appear to have contributed to the accident, as Smalls had said there was nothing in front of her and she could easily have cleared the tracks had she become aware sooner of the oncoming train. Nevertheless, in May 2015, the

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While the NTSB investigated and prepared its report, the town conducted a traffic study to determine whether the Commerce Street crossing should be closed, also considering doing the same for the Cleveland Street crossing in downtown

928:, who said his commute takes him through that area, called the intersections and turns "very confusing for drivers". Lance Sexton, a Manhattan resident who commutes to the area to assemble electronic equipment, described using it to 1416:

as the NTSB had recommended after the Spuyten Duyvil wreck, which would not have prevented the Valhalla accident anymore than the CCTV would. He pointed out that much cheaper measures, such as putting strobe lights on the gates and

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the tracks, dislodging more than 450 feet (140 m) of the third rail, and breaking it into 13 39-foot (12 m) segments, most of which accumulated in the front car's passenger compartment, and then into the second car. The

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Investigators said they were particularly interested in one of the crash's unusual aspects. "We do have grade-crossing accidents, and most of the time it's fatal for occupants of the vehicles, and not for train passengers,"

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7731 for audibility of emergency signals and warnings. The investigators allowed, however, that their tests were done with the car's radio and heater off, which may not have been the case with Brody's car that night.

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filed a negligence lawsuit naming the town, county and Metro North, as well as Smalls the engineer as defendants, claiming Smalls could have stopped the train earlier. The lawsuit pointed to data from the train's

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with the high-voltage rail; as a consequence, they are much safer than the traditional over-running third rails. To facilitate this, the ends of the third rails adjacent to grade crossings have a slight upturn.

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Another fatality occurred near the crossing in 2018, when a pedestrian on the tracks was struck on the night of January 30; it was not reported why he was there and if that had anything to do with the crossing.

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Three months after the accident, the MTA had received 34 separate notices of claim, the first step toward filing a lawsuit. Most were from passengers injured or killed, including the Brody family, all alleging

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shortly after the Valhalla crash, a driver had turned his pickup truck onto the tracks inadvertently out of confusion created by a nearby intersection. Sumwalt reiterated the report's call for the makers of

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that had detected the loss in power to the former restored it to the last four cars of the train, which remained in contact with that rail, until a manual override was sent a minute and a half afterwards.

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stations, killing six people and injuring 15 others, seven very seriously. The crash is the deadliest in Metro-North's history, and at the time the deadliest rail accident in the United States since the

4378: 1564:, in 1967 East Germany, fire also started on train by fuel in vehicle after collision resulting from driver's mistaken belief tracks were clear, killing 94 in the deadliest grade crossing accident ever. 1287:, reducing the number of grade crossings along the line to two within two miles (3.2 km) from four, the most of any town in the county. It found that the Commerce Street crossing met many of the 1299:

Carl Fulgenzi. "I'm not putting this town in this kind of liability any further." The $ 12–15 million cost would largely be borne by NYSDOT, whom the MTA had already petitioned for the closing.

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cause and ruling them out when they found regulatory compliance and no deficiencies. The report's recommendations, she concluded, "will aid in preventing this type of tragic accident in the future."

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with one of these systems, they could do exactly the wrong thing in an emergency," said the magazine's director of auto testing, Jake Fisher, who admitted to having made that mistake more than once.

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at 6:19. Shortly afterwards she apparently reached the site of the road accident at the Lakeview intersection and took the detour for reasons unknown. Behind her was a vehicle driven by Rick Hope of

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and T. Bella Dinh-Zarr, concurred with the report's findings; Sumwalt joined Dinh-Zarr's statement. A week after the report was released, a third member, Earl Weener, filed a dissenting statement.

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The lead car caught fire and was eventually destroyed. Damage was estimated at $ 3.7 million. Uninjured passengers were taken to a nearby climbing gym where they were able to stay warm until

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reported that physical trauma from the third-rail segments was responsible for most of the deaths on the train; later it was reported that four of the individuals who died did so, like Brody, of

3945: 688:, which killed nine people and injured 80 others. It is also the deadliest crash in Metro-North's history and was the second Metro-North train incident to result in passenger fatalities, after 4368: 447:, not a route she drove often. Unable to continue south on the Taconic at Lakeview, she turned west, then north up Commerce Street, towards the intersection she had previously passed. The 1361:. Filmed versions ran before movies. According to the NTSB, the MTA reported success in reaching a population with the OLI material that had rarely, if at all, been exposed to it before. 1115:

The NTSB did not address whether Metro-North's use of under-running third rails had contributed to the severity of the accident. Instead, it found the design of the rails themselves did.

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it would be impossible to be sure that an under-running shoe lifted the rail without also doing tests to see if the same thing would happen in the more common over-running configuration.

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Whether the train's lights were visible or not was harder to determine. From where Brody was when she was out of her car, on its driver's side, the vehicle itself as well as the nearby

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In 2016, Alan agreed in a newspaper interview that she would have had to have driven over the Lakeview Avenue grade crossing to make the turn up Commerce Street and the accident site."

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to incorporate the FRA's database of grade crossings into their products so that drivers using them had additional awareness that they were crossing active tracks when they did so.

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of those crossings and take corrective measures, such as joining rails in a manner designed to experience controlled failure during a similar accident. It also recommended that the

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and set much of his fiction amid the suburbs, featuring commuters as his characters: " might have conjured the haunting details of the Harlem Line crash: the lead-footed irony of '

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MTA police officer with information on grade crossing safety at a Long Island grade crossing on International Level Crossing Awareness Day, five months after the Valhalla accident

4098: 1306:, a hamlet of Mount Pleasant just north of the accident site, drew applause at a later meeting when she said she had learned how to handle grade crossings during her high school 769: 727:. On the afternoon of February 4, the day after the incident, the NTSB gave permission for Metro-North crews to clear the site. A crew of a hundred cleared the vehicles, using a 505:"There was a terrible crunching sound, and just like that, the car was gone," Hope said. "Disappeared. It happened instantly. There's no way she could have known what hit her." 885:

Another unusual aspect was the configuration of the third rail. Unlike other American commuter-rail agencies that operate trains powered by third rails, which have a contact

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been required to take the latter action if the tracks appeared clear, in the hope that the vehicle would hear it and leave since he knew he could not stop the train in time.

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descended, warning lights began flashing and, according to Hope, bells began ringing. Hope says Brody's SUV was in front of the gate as it descended, but not on the tracks.

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This could not have occurred since in New York bells are only required for pedestrian crossings, and as Commerce Street is not considered one its signals do not have bells.

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consequences," the report concluded. "The third rail entering the lead railcar caused significant damage and increased the number and severity of injuries and fatalities."

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also that the earlier accident on the Taconic had led to more traffic through it. "We want to understand what, if any, effect that detour had in setting up this accident."

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as a result of the crash. Attorneys for the surviving passengers and the families of the dead accused the MTA of "buy his silence". Around the crash's fourth anniversary,

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classes. " made a tragic error," she said. "People died, but you can't close crossings that have been working perfectly fine since I've been in this town for 52 years."

1074:, Brody's husband was not sure whether she used it. Had she done so, it might have provided additional warning that a grade crossing was nearby. The NTSB noted that the 858:, agreed that this is uncommon. "Normally you'd expect the train to sweep the car off the tracks," he said. But there were other exceptions to this pattern, such as the 831:(NTSB) opened an investigation into the accident, and dispatched a go-team to the site. They planned to stay for a week, collecting evidence and interviewing witnesses. 1400:

secured a $ 100 million federal grant for Metro-North to improve safety at grade crossings; most of it would be spent to build an overpass over the tracks and the

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him of any problems using the column-mounted shifter, which he had also used when driving her car and found easy to get used to. The investigators consulted with the

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to determine how the rail might react to loads and stresses similar to those it would likely have experienced during the accident, both horizontally and vertically.

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85 feet (26 m), away, and braced for impact. The train, traveling at 51 miles per hour (82 km/h), struck the SUV on its passenger side at 6:26 p.m.

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Ruud, Candice; Armaghan, Sarah; Deutsch, Kevin; Gralla, Joan; Jones, Bart; Castillo, Alphonso A.; Dowdy, Zachary; Rivoli, Dan; Fox, Alison (February 5, 2015).

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from the manufacturer and, based on Metro-North's own maintenance diagrams of how those rail sections were to be joined, developed a computer simulation using

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inside the vehicle when it was 350 feet (110 m) away, about four seconds before impact. From 100 feet (30 m), the horn's volume was measured at 93.5

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equipment scanned the nearby Kensico Cemetery in search of survivors who might have wandered away from the scene and collapsed into the snow, but found none.

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In September 2016, it was announced that the Commerce Street crossing, where the accident occurred, would be one of 43 MTA-operated railroad crossings to get

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After the accident, the MTA began promoting grade crossing safety through a multimedia campaign. It added to its website a page developed in conjunction with

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The NTSB recommended that not just Metro-North, but all the nation's passenger rail services that use third-rail systems with grade crossings, undertake a

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parkways to and from her job in Chappaqua; her husband said he advised her to take the Taconic southbound instead of the Sprain Brook and then follow the

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device. Investigators did, however, find that the circuits gave precedence to the highway signal when its preemption was on, in violation of the federal

685: 253: 3796: 400:

The part of the parkway in Valhalla remained closed. One detour available to northbound traffic involved using Lakeview Avenue and turning at the large

3415: 1078:

had been working to update its grade crossing database and provide it to the manufacturers of GPS systems; it expected to have that done by late 2017.

3955: 2029: 1096: 1467:

reported that lawyers for injured passengers and families of the dead were focusing on the third rail's failure to break up as a contributing cause.

2580: 4055: 3283: 1561: 982: 689: 4119: 3257: 2913: 2813: 1533: 4373: 3020: 2401: 2302: 3057: 1913: 3854: 2606: 1679: 1267: 1211:

crossing, and in imminent danger of being struck by a train going 60 mph , would not act this way", Sumwalt said. He noted that in

2732: 1157:

notify all the other railroads and require them to carry out the risk assessment, as well as the correction of any deficiencies identified.

4020: 2939: 1346: 828: 745: 448: 288: 248: 677:; that exception was due to burns and other injuries making it difficult to determine the cause. None of the passengers had soot in their 3105: 3890: 1523: 681:

Nine surviving passengers were taken to WMC, with one in very serious condition. There were a total of six deaths and fifteen injuries.

3769: 1459:

he had made against the MTA; his attorney said the engineer had never returned to work, was no longer employed by Metro-North, and had

4388: 4242: 4188: 4161: 1594: 2159: 408:

intersection with the parkway. After a crash at the Commerce Street crossing in 1984 that had killed the driver of the van involved,

4383: 4363: 4215: 3297: 3080: 2251: 1001:

warning period, the third rail penetrating the passenger car, and the post-accident fire were all found to be contributing factors.

580:

residents. All of the dead train passengers worked in Manhattan; three of them worked in finance, and two of them at the same firm.

3823: 3738: 1576:, also in Mount Pleasant, where counterintuitive behavior of van driver killed eight in her car and vehicle into which she crashed. 3380: 2893: 2327: 938:

installed. "It's way too early to be guessing about what could have or couldn't have made a difference," said a spokesman for the

3135: 1573: 1946: 916: 897:

said. "Do those two add up to the explanation for this terrible, terrible tragedy? Very possibly." But Steve Ditmeyer, a former

4278: 3918: 3228: 2841: 2761: 1390: 1075: 990: 898: 2222: 2787: 2707: 2681: 1974: 1607: 1528: 1460: 1288: 1154: 451:(NTSB) later theorized she was hoping the accident had been cleared enough to allow her to return to the southbound Taconic. 2653: 666:

Eric Vandercar, 53, of Bedford Hills, senior managing director of international sales and trading at the New York office of

512: 4251: 1018:, which could have left her fatigued if she had missed a dose, but her husband said that did not appear to have happened. 516:

Interior of the lead car some time after the accident, showing extensive fire damage and the displaced third rail sections

2550: 284:, which broke into sections and went through the exterior of the first car, killing five passengers and starting a fire. 4287: 4179: 3831: 3443: 2969: 2465: 1543: 1421:

in the center of the road, would greatly reduce the risk at Commerce. The MTA said it was instituting partnerships with

1212: 1071: 851: 709: 577: 336: 308: 1046: 997:. The NTSB did not explain why it was taking so long but said it expected the final report to come out in spring 2017. 4296: 4260: 1881: 1723: 1364: 1338: 2194: 1302:

However, residents in the area, particularly those who lived near the crossings, objected vehemently. One woman from

4269: 3868: 1358: 804: 724: 628: 561: 467: 71: 1667: 1130:

and bolts used to hold the sections together, but not the rail sections themselves. They then obtained the rail's

2367: 1567: 1511: 1386: 1142: 1091: 986: 859: 693: 639: 292: 1799: 4305: 4233: 4197: 4045: 3289: 3173: 2469: 1263: 819: 568:

and busing evacuated passengers from the scene, the Taconic was closed in both directions at the intersection.

304: 41: 1195:

Three of the four members of the NTSB filed individual statements to go with the report. Two, acting chairman

560:

The Valhalla volunteer fire department and ambulance corps responded; injured passengers were taken to nearby

424:

The Commerce Street crossing in Valhalla where the wreck occurred, three months later, seen from its southwest

2867: 1827: 854:'s main daily newspaper. "We intend to find out what makes this accident different." George Bibel, author of 4115: 3864: 3052: 1478: 1221: 632: 616: 602: 390: 382: 1770: 4314: 4013: 1999: 1737: 1632: 1506: 1413: 1401: 1342: 994: 867: 471: 374: 360: 327:

At about 5:30 p.m. on February 3, 2015, 14 minutes after sunset, a vehicle traveling south along the

3473: 1854: 4224: 4206: 1675: 1327: 1241: 1217: 1039: 720: 697: 429: 328: 268: 260: 1307: 764:

at a nearby hospital, "the exposure goes well beyond simply knowing people on the train". The interim

4323: 3995: 3523: 2006: 1666:

Besides Metro-North, the only other rail line that uses under-running third rails in the U.S. is the

1628: 1484: 1444: 1331: 1245: 1131: 656: 352: 228: 147: 299:, it could not offer any of its own. Despite the report's findings, lawsuits were filed against the 3895: 2944: 2611: 1951: 1923: 1636: 1323: 1303: 1027: 950: 863: 786: 753: 606: 592: 549: 478:

on Lakeview and Commerce. Both Hope and Brody had stopped for a few seconds at the grade crossing.

444: 440: 4014:"Highway-Railroad Grade Crossing Collision, Commerce Street, Valhalla, New York; February 3, 2015" 3474:"Highway-Railroad Grade Crossing Collision, Commerce Street, Valhalla, New York, February 3, 2015" 3200: 949:

Several weeks after the accident, the design of the ML350's gear shift lever, a small paddle that

4083: 3348: 3140: 1886: 1832: 1280: 930: 893:"This has never happened before, and this is a rare configuration of a third rail," U.S. Senator 684:

At that point in 2015, it was the deadliest passenger train crash in the United States since the

588: 554: 436: 367:, 26 miles (42 km) south of Valhalla. It was an express train of eight cars, formed by four 332: 272: 240: 82: 2914:"Museum Curator, Jewelry Store Worker, Finance Exec Among 6 Victims in Deadly Metro-North Crash" 4152: 4067:. General criticism of grade crossing signage by Alan Brody, and suggestions for improvements. 3293: 2898: 1918: 1615: 886: 678: 667: 646: 394: 386: 378: 344: 264: 67: 2607:"Driver and engineer in Metro-North crash saw horror ahead but it was too late to avert doom" 1050:

NTSB photo of the steering wheel and shifter on a similar ML350, with the shifter highlighted

756:, where the train was to make its first stop, as three of the victims had connections to the 4170: 4077: 3983: 3979:"Did Metro-North 'buy the silence' of engineer in deadly Valhalla crash? Attorneys think so" 3950: 3923: 3774: 3715: 3448: 3420: 3375: 2406: 2372: 2256: 2199: 2060: 1404:

at Roaring Brook Road, near a school in Chappaqua further up the line. Alan Brody, a former

1284: 955: 902: 846: 660: 643: 401: 244: 420: 1456: 1405: 1296: 1150: 534: 368: 3021:"6 Die When Packed Metro-North Train Hits Car on Tracks, Sparking Fiery Crash: Officials" 1178:

the second car. Upon installation when the car first came into service in 2000, the seat

3797:"The FRA Awarded $ 5 Million to Improve Metro-North and Long Island Rail Road Crossings" 1174:

on the train were a result of the fire; no soot was found in those passengers' airways.

1030:

inside the Mercedes, much higher than the 13 dB level above ambient recommended by

981:, contrasted that with the ten months it took the NTSB to issue its final report on the 576:

Brody and five passengers aboard the train were killed. All but one of the victims were

439:, went north on Commerce back towards the parkway. Brody was on her way from her job in 389:

its first scheduled stop. At the controls was Stephen Smalls, a 32-year-old resident of

3178: 2818: 1060: 1015: 777: 650: 612: 236: 157: 2136: 1425:

and other measures better ensure that motorists knew they were approaching crossings.

740: 4352: 3169: 2658: 2402:"On 4th anniversary of Valhalla Metro-North crash, third rail is focus of litigation" 1498: 1397: 1350: 894: 782: 624: 405: 340: 224: 924:

Some area residents suggested the crossing itself was the problem. County Executive

870:, where an SUV abandoned at a grade crossing by a driver who changed his mind about 823:

The train involved in the accident at a maintenance facility for further examination

3019:

Rosendale, Gus; Beckford, Checkey; Siff, Andrew; Kim, Michelle (February 3, 2015).

2737: 1709:

As of August 2019, few GPS manufacturers had added that data to their systems.

1671: 1439: 1409: 1183: 925: 871: 800: 713: 674: 598: 526: 482: 475: 463: 456: 409: 371: 276: 323:

Bombardier M7A electric multiple units, similar to those forming the No. 659 train

908:

The NTSB team theorized that the fire aboard the train might have been caused by

533:

intersection. While the former lost power within eight seconds of the collision,

4050: 3859: 2268: 1804: 1455:

In 2018 it was disclosed that Smalls had reached a confidential settlement of a

356: 319: 232: 137: 1945:

Ortiz, Kelly; Donohue, Pete; Dillon, Nancy; McShane, Larry (February 5, 2015).

3891:"Family of SUV driver killed in Metro-North train crash plans to file lawsuit" 3285:

A Century of Subways: Celebrating 100 Years of New York's Underground Railways

2432:""We Need to Get Out": Passengers Recount Deadly Metro-North Crash, Aftermath" 1828:"Brandon Bostian Agrees to Talk About Amtrak Derailment but May Recall Little" 1826:

Stolberg, Sheryl Gay; Flegenheimer, Matt; Pérez-Peña, Richard (May 14, 2015).

1611: 1474: 1435: 1179: 1141:

Those simulations showed that the rail's splice bars would have required high

1127: 978: 296: 281: 109: 96: 3468: 3466: 3344:"Rail Crossing Accidents Decline Nationwide, but Less So in New York Region" 2084:"Rail Crossing Accidents Decline Nationwide, but Less So in New York Region" 728: 364: 3711:"Mount Pleasant considering joining with MTA, DOT to close Commerce Street" 3201:"NTSB Launches Go-Team to Metro North Accident in Westchester County, N.Y." 2993:"NTSB: It's a mystery why SUV was on tracks before fatal Metro-North crash" 1947:"Metro-North engineer is shocked he survived train-SUV crash that killed 6" 1412:, complained that most of the railroad's efforts have gone to implementing 481:

At the grade crossing, Train 659 was approaching on the western track. The

17: 989:, which killed four, and the 16 months it took to issue its report on the 3528: 2938:

Donohue, Pete; Stepansky, Joseph; Otis, Ginger Adams (February 4, 2015).

2892:

Harshbarger, Rebecca; Conley, Kirstan; Celona, Larry (February 3, 2015).

1354: 909: 808: 3946:"Husband disagrees after NTSB says wife was responsible for train crash" 3855:"8 Years After Fiery Train Crash, Widower Waits For Safety Improvements" 2195:"One year later, Ellen Brody is the legal focus of Valhalla train crash" 1372:

Enforcement efforts supplemented the education and public outreach. The

3743: 3025: 2997: 2871: 2436: 1639:

south to Scarsdale from Kensico Circle at the south end of the Taconic.

1597:

in Philadelphia, which equaled the 2009 accident with eight fatalities.

1418: 1167: 1023: 881:

The wedge-shaped end of the third rail just north of the grade crossing

620: 1090:

Beyond Brody, the NTSB found some issues with the infrastructure. The

307:, which maintains the road along which the grade crossing is located, 2223:"Friends and Colleagues Remember Lives Lost in the Metro-North Crash" 765: 565: 3770:"Mount Pleasant: Residents push back against rail crossing closures" 2940:"6 dead, 12 injured after Metro-North train hits SUV in Westchester" 719:

As a result of the crash, Harlem Line service was suspended between

3739:"Rash of accidents at train crossings raising car safety questions" 2581:"Did Electrified Third Rail Make Metro-North Train Wreck Deadlier?" 1492: 1270:

have responded to some of the issues discussed in the NTSB report.

673:

All the deaths save one of the train passengers were attributed to

3919:"Valhalla train crash: Lawsuits move forward, despite NTSB ruling" 3106:"Traffic Returns To Commerce Street Crossing After Fatal Accident" 2605:

Donohue, Pete; Paddock, Barry; McShane, Larry (February 5, 2015).

1719: 1363: 1341:

ran on screens in larger stations served by MTA trains, including

1045: 967: 915: 876: 818: 739: 511: 419: 318: 3824:"Valhalla Train Crash Widower Still Pressing for Safety Upgrades" 3081:"Metro-North's Overnight Repair Job Completed By 100-Member Crew" 2868:"Cuomo says death toll in commuter train accident revised to six" 1240:

Weener agreed that the evidence suggested Brody had "likely lost

1118:

It is extremely rare, the report said, for displaced sections of

455:

conversation. It could not be determined if she had the phone on

3763: 3761: 3704: 3702: 3700: 2362: 2360: 1975:"How the Most Fatal Train Crash in Metro-North History Unfolded" 1422: 267:

that closed the road in one direction. At the grade crossing, a

4087: 3675: 3673: 3671: 3669: 3667: 3665: 3663: 3650: 3648: 3646: 3644: 3642: 3629: 3627: 3625: 3612: 3610: 3585: 3583: 3581: 3579: 3577: 3575: 3573: 3548: 3546: 3505: 3503: 3501: 3499: 3497: 3495: 3493: 3491: 3325: 3323: 3321: 2970:"Preliminary Report: Highway-Railroad Grade Crossing Collision" 2635: 2633: 2631: 2629: 2500: 2498: 1718:

In addition to Metro-North and the LIRR, those are Amtrak, the

1606:

The line, from Grand Central Terminal to Southeast station, is

659:, vice president for technology supporting the JP Morgan Chase 591:, driver of the SUV, and a bookkeeper and sales associate at a 46:

NTSB investigators survey the vehicles involved in the accident

3416:"Can unfamiliarity with a shifter-gear lever cause a tragedy?" 1593:

A little more than three months later it was overtaken by the

1570:, commuter train struck SUV parked on tracks at grade crossing 1068: 432: 3164: 3162: 3160: 3158: 3129: 3127: 2368:"SUV Inside Train Gates for About 30 Seconds Before NY Crash" 2188: 2186: 2184: 2182: 2180: 2733:"A life begun in Bangkok ends in fiery New York train wreck" 2654:"Mother of 3 was driver who caused deadly Metro-North crash" 2466:"'Numerous' Fatalities in Metro-North Train Collision, Fire" 2347: 2345: 2221:

Kleinfield, N. R.; Fitzsimmons, Emma G. (February 4, 2015).

811:,' the survivors wandering through the cemetery to safety." 428:

The parkway was still closed after 6 p.m., when a 2011

3803:. Metropolitan Transportation Authority. September 14, 2016 2543:"NTSB Braces For Long Investigation Into Metro-North Crash" 2116: 2114: 2112: 2110: 2108: 2106: 2104: 1126:

In those sections, investigators observed fractures in the

972:

NTSB chair Robert Sumwalt presents information on the crash

3049:"Metro-North Train Crashes into Vehicle in Valhalla, N.Y." 2652:

Harshbarger, Rebecca; Fredericks, Bob (February 4, 2015).

2303:"Witness: 'Terrible crunching sound' and the car was gone" 2028:

Juva-Brown, Theresa; Bandler, Stephen (February 5, 2015).

1793: 1791: 1389:

upgrades, paid for by a $ 1.9 million grant from the

789:

for over 25 years, saw the accident as highlighting how:

3342:

Fitzsimmons, Emma G.; Buettner, Russ (February 5, 2015).

3222: 3220: 3218: 2814:"Aditya Tomar, JPMorgan Technology Executive, Dies at 41" 2395: 2393: 2391: 2252:"Train-crash victim's husband wants changes at crossings" 2245: 2243: 2082:

Fitzsimmons, Emma G.; Buettner, Russ (February 4, 2015).

1876: 1874: 1872: 1764: 1762: 1760: 1758: 1756: 529:, there was some localized burn damage on some segments. 3444:"Lowey wants an update on NTSB report on Valhalla crash" 3258:"Experts describe how SUV and train got snagged by rail" 2328:"Metro-North Commerce Street crossing inspection report" 1674:

subway. The NTSB report erroneously also identifies the

2426: 2424: 4379:

Accidents and incidents involving Metro-North Railroad

3251: 3249: 2574: 2572: 2570: 2568: 2056:"Valhalla train crossing was site of 1984 fatal crash" 2030:"Union: Engineer battled flames, smoke to save riders" 1769:

Santora, Marc; Flegenheimer, Matt (February 4, 2015).

3136:"Where Metro-North Railroad Fuels Life, and Takes It" 3371:"1 person dead after being hit by train in Valhalla" 1678:, also operated by Metro-North's parent agency, the 1550:

Other transportation accidents with similar elements

393:, a three-year Metro-North employee. He had been an 4394:

Railway accidents and incidents in New York (state)

3134:Foderaro, Lisa; Schweber, Nate (February 6, 2015). 2464:McGuire, Bill; Katersky, Aaron (February 3, 2015). 2296: 2294: 2292: 2290: 1771:"Investigation Underway in Metro-North Train Crash" 1337:The campaign was also spread electronically. Video 920:

An NTSB investigator examines the damaged train car

209: 201: 193: 185: 177: 172: 164: 153: 143: 133: 125: 88: 78: 60: 55: 34: 2894:"7 Dead after Metro-North train collides with car" 2459: 2457: 2455: 2000:"Harlem Line timetable effective November 9, 2014" 1618:trains can continue on the Harlem Line to Wassaic. 2193:Zambito, Thomas; Coyne, Matt (February 3, 2016). 1800:"Grade crossing safety: The "Waze" of the future" 259:The crash occurred after traffic on the adjacent 4369:Railroad crossing accidents in the United States 2680:Ramaswamy, Swapna Venugopal (February 6, 2015). 1907: 1905: 744:Chappaqua's old station building, listed on the 521:punctured the second car at that point as well. 2866:Trott, Bill; Heavey, Susan (February 4, 2015). 1726:(PATH) trains between Manhattan and New Jersey. 1381:Safety improvements to Commerce Street crossing 874:derailed the train that struck it, killing 11. 866:, at that time the deadliest in the history of 791: 351:Almost 15 minutes later, at 5:44, Train 659 of 263:had been detoured onto local roads following a 256:, which killed nine passengers and injured 80. 2131: 2129: 1057:National Highway Traffic Safety Administration 4099: 1614:. Electrification ends at that station; only 1213:another grade crossing accident in California 474:. He told the investigators that traffic was 8: 4243:Philadelphia train derailment, United States 3524:"Tech companies ignore pleas on rail safety" 1357:and the websites for many newspapers in the 856:Train Wreck: The Forensics of Rail Disasters 732:car traffic on the afternoon of February 5. 4046:"Rethinking grade crossing warning devices" 3691: 3679: 3654: 3633: 3616: 3601: 3589: 3564: 3552: 3509: 3401: 3329: 3312: 2639: 2528: 2516: 2504: 2489: 2351: 2281: 2158:The Journal News staff (February 4, 2015). 2137:"Six killed as New York train hits vehicle" 2120: 940:New York State Department of Transportation 4106: 4092: 4084: 1855:"February 2015 — Sun in White Plains" 254:June 2009 Washington Metro train collision 40: 31: 4399:February 2015 events in the United States 4279:Maryville train derailment, United States 2964: 2962: 1539:List of traffic collisions (2000–present) 1097:Manual of Uniform Traffic Control Devices 4189:Wootton Bassett incident, United Kingdom 3853:Tallaferro, Lansing (February 3, 2023). 3256:Juva-Brown, Theresa (February 8, 2015). 3227:Juva-Brown, Theresa (February 5, 2015). 1556:1995 Fox River Grove bus–train collision 1237:accident or further the investigation." 785:, who by then had been living in nearby 631:and author of a two-volume guide to the 435:driven by Ellen Schaeffer Brody, 49, of 4056:Simmons-Boardman Publishing Corporation 3229:"Valhalla train crash probe asks 'why'" 1752: 1586: 1562:Langenweddingen level crossing disaster 1067:While the Mercedes was equipped with a 983:December 2013 Spuyten Duyvil derailment 4234:Johannesburg train crash, South Africa 4180:Oxnard train derailment, United States 4162:Mount Carbon derailment, United States 3476:. National Transportation Safety Board 3174:"The Failed Dream of the Easy Commute" 2972:. National Transportation Safety Board 2840:Bandler, Jonathan (February 6, 2015). 2160:"Metro-North crash: Lost lives emerge" 993:that had prompted Congress to mandate 271:(SUV) driven by Ellen Brody of nearby 223:On the evening of February 3, 2015, a 2330:. documentcloud.org. February 5, 2015 2301:Liebson, Richard (February 4, 2015). 1680:Metropolitan Transportation Authority 1248:at the front and rear, Weener added. 686:2009 Washington Metro train collision 7: 4288:Studénka train crash, Czech Republic 4078:Metro North Accident in Valhalla, NY 4021:National Transportation Safety Board 3203:National Transportation Safety Board 2786:Lombroso, Linda (February 6, 2015). 2579:Fitzgerald, Jim (February 6, 2015). 2400:Zambito, Thomas (January 31, 2019). 1882:"How the Metro-North Crash Unfolded" 829:National Transportation Safety Board 746:National Register of Historic Places 449:National Transportation Safety Board 289:National Transportation Safety Board 4359:2015 disasters in the United States 4252:Ibbenbüren train collision, Germany 4144:Valhalla train crash, United States 3977:Zambito, Thomas (January 2, 2019). 3822:Wilbur, Martin (February 9, 2023). 3079:Donahue, Casey (February 5, 2015). 3047:Tangel, Andrew (February 3, 2015). 2250:Saeed, Khurram (December 3, 2015). 2054:Saeed, Khurram (February 4, 2015). 1798:Vantuono, William (June 12, 2018). 1524:List of American railroad accidents 4198:Halifax train crash, United States 3414:Hard, Gordon (February 22, 2015). 3379:. January 31, 2018. Archived from 2842:"Eric Vandercar: Lives Remembered" 2762:"Walter Liedtke: Lives Remembered" 1534:List of rail accidents (2010–2019) 1318:MTA grade crossing safety campaign 1105:state Department of Transportation 951:protrudes from the steering column 827:On the night of the accident, the 712:arrived. A police helicopter with 311:, the railroad, and the engineer. 25: 2812:Henry, David (February 5, 2015). 1912:Van Hattem, Matt (July 3, 2006). 470:, returning home from his job in 4216:Bachhrawan train accident, India 3917:Coyne, Matt (November 8, 2017). 3768:Coyne, Matt (October 25, 2017). 3442:Coyne, Matt (February 3, 2017). 2788:"Joseph Nadol: Lives remembered" 2708:"Robert Dirks: Lives remembered" 2541:Failla, Zak (February 7, 2015). 1574:2009 Taconic State Parkway crash 1491: 1477: 1262:Since the accident, the town of 1258:Post-accident official responses 690:the derailment 14 months earlier 4270:Gujranwala derailment, Pakistan 4261:El Fahs train accident, Tunisia 4116:Railway accidents and incidents 4023:. July 25, 2017. pp. 18–19 3954:. July 27, 2017. Archived from 3709:Coyne, Matt (October 4, 2017). 3056:. New York City. Archived from 2760:Cary, Bill (February 6, 2015). 2706:Nguyen, Ho (February 6, 2015). 2682:"Ellen Brody: Lives Remembered" 1076:Federal Railroad Administration 1026:(dB), 50.5 dB louder than 899:Federal Railroad Administration 4324:Aab-e-Gum derailment, Pakistan 4315:Eckwersheim derailment, France 4207:Dien Sanh train crash, Vietnam 3737:Torres, Joe (March 23, 2015). 3522:Mintz, Sam (August 10, 2019). 3110:The Mount Pleasant Daily Voice 1627:Normally Ellen Brody took the 1529:List of level crossing crashes 1461:post-traumatic stress disorder 1289:Federal Highway Administration 1155:Federal Transit Administration 736:Social and cultural commentary 587:Ellen Schaeffer Brody, 49, of 280:than 450 feet (140 m) of 1: 4374:Train and rapid transit fires 4297:Harda train derailment, India 4171:Rafz train crash, Switzerland 1010:explanations for her action. 770:Church of St. Mary the Virgin 243:, United States, between the 4044:Brody, Alan (July 9, 2019). 3889:Blau, Reuven (May 4, 2015). 3832:Westchester County, New York 1857:. timeanddate.com. 1995–2018 1544:List of transportation fires 1339:public service announcements 1274:Proposed closure of crossing 489:train was coming," he said. 235:struck a passenger car at a 4306:Thalys train attack, France 1724:Port Authority Trans-Hudson 752:impact in the community of 642:, an aerospace and defense 4415: 4225:Phachi collision, Thailand 3869:Briarcliff Manor, New York 1914:"MTA Metro-North Railroad" 1359:New York metropolitan area 635:in the museum's collection 629:Metropolitan Museum of Art 562:Westchester Medical Center 4389:Railway accidents in 2015 4333: 4134: 3282:Cudahy, Brian J. (2003). 2267:– via North Jersey 1568:2005 Glendale train crash 1512:2015 in the United States 1396:Six years later, Senator 1387:closed-circuit television 1092:traffic signal preemption 1086:Traffic signal preemption 901:(FRA) official, told the 860:2005 Glendale train crash 293:traffic signal preemption 51: 39: 27:2015 disaster in New York 4384:Mount Pleasant, New York 4364:2015 in New York (state) 4153:Anekal derailment, India 3290:Fordham University Press 1353:. They were also run on 1004: 4340:2016 ► 4336:◄ 2014 3053:The Wall Street Journal 1682:, as using this system. 1595:Amtrak train derailment 1218:GPS navigation hardware 1136:finite element modeling 964:Reports and conclusions 375:electric multiple units 287:Investigators from the 275:was caught between the 3085:Briarcliff Daily Voice 2547:Briarcliff Daily Voice 1507:2015 in rail transport 1414:positive train control 1402:Saw Mill River Parkway 1369: 1343:Grand Central Terminal 1191:NTSB member statements 1182:materials had met FRA 1051: 995:positive train control 973: 921: 882: 824: 803:, who lived in nearby 796: 748: 601:, 36, of Chappaqua, a 517: 425: 361:Grand Central Terminal 345:struck another vehicle 324: 1676:Long Island Rail Road 1668:Market–Frankford Line 1367: 1242:situational awareness 1132:design specifications 1111:Design of third rails 1049: 991:2008 California wreck 971: 919: 880: 822: 743: 655:Aditya Tomar, 41, of 638:Joseph Nadol, 42, of 603:computational chemist 515: 423: 329:Taconic State Parkway 322: 269:sport utility vehicle 261:Taconic State Parkway 110:41.08628°N 73.78804°W 3996:Poughkeepsie Journal 3172:(February 8, 2015). 2007:Metro-North Railroad 1485:Hudson Valley portal 1332:New York City Subway 657:Danbury, Connecticut 412:had been installed. 353:Metro-North Railroad 229:Metro-North Railroad 148:Metro-North Railroad 35:Valhalla train crash 3951:News 12 Westchester 3896:New York Daily News 3383:on January 31, 2019 3060:on February 4, 2015 2945:New York Daily News 2612:New York Daily News 2553:on February 7, 2015 1952:New York Daily News 1637:Bronx River Parkway 1324:Operation Lifesaver 1028:ambient noise level 864:southern California 835:Theories and issues 550:New York Daily News 430:Mercedes-Benz ML350 168:Obstruction of line 115:41.08628; -73.78804 106: / 3349:The New York Times 3141:The New York Times 3112:. February 5, 2015 2741:. February 6, 2015 2440:. February 4, 2015 2376:. February 6, 2015 2227:The New York Times 2009:. November 9, 2014 1890:. February 4, 2015 1887:The New York Times 1833:The New York Times 1370: 1308:driver's education 1059:and found neither 1052: 974: 931:The New York Times 922: 883: 852:Westchester County 825: 749: 725:North White Plains 700:that killed four. 692:on the railroad's 675:blunt force trauma 607:D.E. Shaw Research 583:The victims were: 555:blunt force trauma 518: 426: 337:Westchester County 333:Valhalla, New York 325: 309:Westchester County 241:Valhalla, New York 217:$ 3.7 million 83:Valhalla, New York 4346: 4345: 2899:The New York Post 2139:. BBC News Online 1926:on April 12, 2018 1072:navigation system 1005:Driver's behavior 985:on Metro-North's 844:of the NTSB told 710:replacement buses 668:Mesirow Financial 527:electrical arcing 406:signal-controlled 397:for nine months. 379:Southeast station 221: 220: 64:February 3, 2015 16:(Redirected from 4406: 4321: 4312: 4303: 4294: 4285: 4276: 4267: 4258: 4249: 4240: 4231: 4222: 4213: 4204: 4195: 4186: 4177: 4168: 4159: 4150: 4141: 4129: 4127: 4125: 4108: 4101: 4094: 4085: 4066: 4064: 4062: 4032: 4030: 4028: 4018: 4000: 3999: 3993: 3991: 3984:The Journal News 3974: 3968: 3967: 3965: 3963: 3958:on April 6, 2018 3942: 3936: 3935: 3933: 3931: 3924:The Journal News 3914: 3908: 3907: 3905: 3903: 3886: 3880: 3879: 3877: 3875: 3850: 3844: 3843: 3841: 3839: 3834:: Examiner Media 3819: 3813: 3812: 3810: 3808: 3793: 3787: 3786: 3784: 3782: 3775:The Journal News 3765: 3756: 3755: 3753: 3751: 3734: 3728: 3727: 3725: 3723: 3716:The Journal News 3706: 3695: 3694:, p. 49–51. 3692:NTSB report 2017 3689: 3683: 3682:, p. 47–49. 3680:NTSB report 2017 3677: 3658: 3657:, p. 62–64. 3655:NTSB report 2017 3652: 3637: 3636:, p. 60–61. 3634:NTSB report 2017 3631: 3620: 3619:, p. 58–59. 3617:NTSB report 2017 3614: 3605: 3602:NTSB report 2017 3599: 3593: 3592:, p. 40–42. 3590:NTSB report 2017 3587: 3568: 3567:, p. 43-44. 3565:NTSB report 2017 3562: 3556: 3555:, p. 45–46. 3553:NTSB report 2017 3550: 3541: 3540: 3538: 3536: 3519: 3513: 3512:, p. 35–39. 3510:NTSB report 2017 3507: 3486: 3485: 3483: 3481: 3470: 3461: 3460: 3458: 3456: 3449:The Journal News 3439: 3433: 3432: 3430: 3428: 3421:Consumer Reports 3411: 3405: 3402:NTSB report 2017 3399: 3393: 3392: 3390: 3388: 3376:News 12 Networks 3367: 3361: 3360: 3358: 3356: 3339: 3333: 3332:, p. 42–43. 3330:NTSB report 2017 3327: 3316: 3313:NTSB report 2017 3310: 3304: 3303: 3279: 3273: 3272: 3270: 3268: 3262:The Journal News 3253: 3244: 3243: 3241: 3239: 3233:The Journal News 3224: 3213: 3212: 3210: 3208: 3197: 3191: 3190: 3188: 3186: 3166: 3153: 3152: 3150: 3148: 3131: 3122: 3121: 3119: 3117: 3102: 3096: 3095: 3093: 3091: 3076: 3070: 3069: 3067: 3065: 3044: 3038: 3037: 3035: 3033: 3016: 3010: 3009: 3007: 3005: 2988: 2982: 2981: 2979: 2977: 2966: 2957: 2956: 2954: 2952: 2935: 2929: 2928: 2926: 2924: 2910: 2904: 2903: 2889: 2883: 2882: 2880: 2878: 2863: 2857: 2856: 2854: 2852: 2837: 2831: 2830: 2828: 2826: 2809: 2803: 2802: 2800: 2798: 2783: 2777: 2776: 2774: 2772: 2757: 2751: 2750: 2748: 2746: 2729: 2723: 2722: 2720: 2718: 2703: 2697: 2696: 2694: 2692: 2677: 2671: 2670: 2668: 2666: 2649: 2643: 2642:, p. 26–27. 2640:NTSB report 2017 2637: 2624: 2623: 2621: 2619: 2602: 2596: 2595: 2593: 2591: 2585:Associated Press 2576: 2563: 2562: 2560: 2558: 2549:. Archived from 2538: 2532: 2529:NTSB report 2017 2526: 2520: 2517:NTSB report 2017 2514: 2508: 2507:, p. 32–33. 2505:NTSB report 2017 2502: 2493: 2490:NTSB report 2017 2487: 2481: 2480: 2478: 2476: 2461: 2450: 2449: 2447: 2445: 2428: 2419: 2418: 2416: 2414: 2407:The Journal News 2397: 2386: 2385: 2383: 2381: 2373:Associated Press 2364: 2355: 2352:NTSB report 2017 2349: 2340: 2339: 2337: 2335: 2324: 2318: 2317: 2315: 2313: 2307:The Journal News 2298: 2285: 2282:NTSB report 2017 2279: 2273: 2272: 2266: 2264: 2257:The Journal News 2247: 2238: 2237: 2235: 2233: 2218: 2212: 2211: 2209: 2207: 2200:The Journal News 2190: 2175: 2174: 2172: 2170: 2155: 2149: 2148: 2146: 2144: 2133: 2124: 2121:NTSB report 2017 2118: 2099: 2098: 2096: 2094: 2079: 2073: 2072: 2070: 2068: 2061:The Journal News 2051: 2045: 2044: 2042: 2040: 2034:The Journal News 2025: 2019: 2018: 2016: 2014: 2004: 1996: 1990: 1989: 1987: 1985: 1970: 1964: 1963: 1961: 1959: 1942: 1936: 1935: 1933: 1931: 1922:. Archived from 1909: 1900: 1899: 1897: 1895: 1878: 1867: 1866: 1864: 1862: 1851: 1845: 1844: 1842: 1840: 1823: 1817: 1816: 1814: 1812: 1795: 1786: 1785: 1783: 1781: 1766: 1741: 1733: 1727: 1716: 1710: 1707: 1701: 1698: 1692: 1689: 1683: 1664: 1658: 1655: 1649: 1646: 1640: 1625: 1619: 1604: 1598: 1591: 1501: 1496: 1495: 1487: 1482: 1481: 1465:The Journal News 1283:, just south of 956:Consumer Reports 903:Associated Press 847:The Journal News 805:Briarcliff Manor 661:asset management 535:circuit breakers 468:Yorktown Heights 402:Kensico Cemetery 377:, bound for the 297:gear shift lever 121: 120: 118: 117: 116: 111: 107: 104: 103: 102: 99: 44: 32: 21: 4414: 4413: 4409: 4408: 4407: 4405: 4404: 4403: 4349: 4348: 4347: 4342: 4329: 4328: 4319: 4310: 4301: 4292: 4283: 4274: 4265: 4256: 4247: 4238: 4229: 4220: 4211: 4202: 4193: 4184: 4175: 4166: 4157: 4148: 4139: 4130: 4123: 4121: 4114: 4112: 4074: 4060: 4058: 4043: 4040: 4038:Further reading 4035: 4026: 4024: 4016: 4012: 4008: 4003: 3989: 3987: 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4111: 4110: 4103: 4096: 4088: 4082: 4081: 4073: 4072:External links 4070: 4069: 4068: 4039: 4036: 4034: 4033: 4009: 4007: 4004: 4002: 4001: 3969: 3937: 3909: 3881: 3845: 3814: 3788: 3757: 3729: 3696: 3684: 3659: 3638: 3621: 3606: 3594: 3569: 3557: 3542: 3514: 3487: 3462: 3434: 3406: 3404:, p. 7-8. 3394: 3362: 3334: 3317: 3305: 3298: 3274: 3245: 3214: 3192: 3179:The New Yorker 3170:Tanenhaus, Sam 3154: 3123: 3097: 3071: 3039: 3011: 2983: 2958: 2930: 2905: 2884: 2858: 2832: 2819:Bloomberg News 2804: 2778: 2752: 2724: 2698: 2672: 2644: 2625: 2597: 2564: 2533: 2521: 2509: 2494: 2482: 2451: 2420: 2387: 2356: 2341: 2319: 2286: 2274: 2239: 2213: 2176: 2150: 2125: 2100: 2088:New York Times 2074: 2046: 2020: 1991: 1965: 1937: 1901: 1868: 1846: 1818: 1787: 1775:New York Times 1751: 1749: 1746: 1743: 1742: 1728: 1711: 1702: 1693: 1684: 1659: 1650: 1641: 1633:Saw Mill River 1620: 1599: 1585: 1584: 1582: 1579: 1578: 1577: 1571: 1565: 1559: 1551: 1548: 1547: 1546: 1541: 1536: 1531: 1526: 1519: 1516: 1515: 1514: 1509: 1503: 1502: 1488: 1472: 1469: 1445:event recorder 1430: 1427: 1408:in his native 1382: 1379: 1319: 1316: 1275: 1272: 1264:Mount Pleasant 1259: 1256: 1233: 1230: 1204: 1201: 1197:Robert Sumwalt 1192: 1189: 1162: 1159: 1112: 1109: 1087: 1084: 1016:hypothyroidism 1006: 1003: 965: 962: 842:Robert Sumwalt 836: 833: 816: 813: 778:The New Yorker 737: 734: 705: 702: 698:Spuyten Duyvil 671: 670: 664: 653: 651:JPMorgan Chase 636: 613:Walter Liedtke 610: 596: 573: 570: 543: 542:Rescue efforts 540: 498: 495: 483:crossing gates 417: 414: 316: 313: 305:Mount Pleasant 277:crossing gates 249:Mount Pleasant 237:grade crossing 225:commuter train 219: 218: 211: 207: 206: 203: 199: 198: 195: 191: 190: 187: 183: 182: 179: 175: 174: 170: 169: 166: 162: 161: 158:Grade crossing 155: 151: 150: 145: 141: 140: 135: 131: 130: 127: 123: 122: 90: 86: 85: 80: 76: 75: 62: 58: 57: 53: 52: 49: 48: 45: 37: 36: 26: 24: 14: 13: 10: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 4411: 4400: 4397: 4395: 4392: 4390: 4387: 4385: 4382: 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3635: 3630: 3628: 3626: 3622: 3618: 3613: 3611: 3607: 3604:, p. 35. 3603: 3598: 3595: 3591: 3586: 3584: 3582: 3580: 3578: 3576: 3574: 3570: 3566: 3561: 3558: 3554: 3549: 3547: 3543: 3531: 3530: 3525: 3518: 3515: 3511: 3506: 3504: 3502: 3500: 3498: 3496: 3494: 3492: 3488: 3480:September 26, 3475: 3469: 3467: 3463: 3451: 3450: 3445: 3438: 3435: 3423: 3422: 3417: 3410: 3407: 3403: 3398: 3395: 3382: 3378: 3377: 3372: 3366: 3363: 3351: 3350: 3345: 3338: 3335: 3331: 3326: 3324: 3322: 3318: 3315:, p. 24. 3314: 3309: 3306: 3301: 3299:9780823222957 3295: 3291: 3287: 3286: 3278: 3275: 3263: 3259: 3252: 3250: 3246: 3234: 3230: 3223: 3221: 3219: 3215: 3202: 3196: 3193: 3181: 3180: 3175: 3171: 3165: 3163: 3161: 3159: 3155: 3143: 3142: 3137: 3130: 3128: 3124: 3111: 3107: 3101: 3098: 3086: 3082: 3075: 3072: 3059: 3055: 3054: 3050: 3043: 3040: 3028: 3027: 3022: 3015: 3012: 3000: 2999: 2994: 2987: 2984: 2971: 2965: 2963: 2959: 2947: 2946: 2941: 2934: 2931: 2919: 2915: 2909: 2906: 2901: 2900: 2895: 2888: 2885: 2873: 2869: 2862: 2859: 2847: 2843: 2836: 2833: 2821: 2820: 2815: 2808: 2805: 2793: 2789: 2782: 2779: 2767: 2763: 2756: 2753: 2740: 2739: 2734: 2728: 2725: 2713: 2709: 2702: 2699: 2687: 2683: 2676: 2673: 2661: 2660: 2659:New York Post 2655: 2648: 2645: 2641: 2636: 2634: 2632: 2630: 2626: 2614: 2613: 2608: 2601: 2598: 2586: 2582: 2575: 2573: 2571: 2569: 2565: 2552: 2548: 2544: 2537: 2534: 2530: 2525: 2522: 2519:, p. 25. 2518: 2513: 2510: 2506: 2501: 2499: 2495: 2492:, p. 27. 2491: 2486: 2483: 2471: 2467: 2460: 2458: 2456: 2452: 2439: 2438: 2433: 2427: 2425: 2421: 2409: 2408: 2403: 2396: 2394: 2392: 2388: 2375: 2374: 2369: 2363: 2361: 2357: 2354:, p. 20. 2353: 2348: 2346: 2342: 2329: 2323: 2320: 2308: 2304: 2297: 2295: 2293: 2291: 2287: 2283: 2278: 2275: 2270: 2259: 2258: 2253: 2246: 2244: 2240: 2228: 2224: 2217: 2214: 2202: 2201: 2196: 2189: 2187: 2185: 2183: 2181: 2177: 2165: 2161: 2154: 2151: 2138: 2132: 2130: 2126: 2122: 2117: 2115: 2113: 2111: 2109: 2107: 2105: 2101: 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