221:, Dr. Howard Norris. In 1962 the program was approved and Norris began work with pediatrician, a psychologist, a visiting teacher and a nurse. They began with a diagnosis of the nature of the disability, counseling with parents as to what outcomes were likely and then created a plan of action to further the education of the child. That same year she launched a public awareness campaign hoping to build an infrastructure of care, integration, protection and support for people with disabilities. She founded the Asociación Nacional pro NiñoRetardado Mental (ANR) to promote the general welfare and development of programs and research to benefit developmentally disabled people. By 1966, García expanded the program further, to include a research program working with expectant mothers. In that same year, she won the 1966 Joseph P. Kennedy Jr. Foundation Award for her contributions to mental health.
140:(1921-1996) was a pioneering Uruguayan educator and disability rights activist. She not only created the first educational facilities in Uruguay to teach those with disabilities, but she developed job placement programs and parent support groups to help children integrate into the larger society. She spearheaded training for teachers and psychologists leading to the creation of research programs into the cause of intellectual disability and led a public awareness campaign to encourage acceptance of disabled people by their families and communities. She began the first school for students with multiple disabilities and began the first pre-school for early assessment and intervention for disabled children in Uruguay. She brought the Special Olympics to Uruguay and worked throughout Latin America and the Caribbean for inclusive policies for disabled citizens.
246:
Order of the
Corbata Class A, Andrés Bello from the Government of Venezuela (Caracas, Venezuela, 1976); and an appointment by the Secretary General of the UN to participate in the "World Symposium of Experts on International Cooperation Programs for Disabled", awarded by the International Association for the Scientific Study of Mental Deficiency (India, 1985). In 1988 she was honored by the OAS with the Andrés Bello Award for her regional contributions to the education of disabled people; that same year she was awarded a medal from the Government of Ecuador for her efforts in special education; and the following year the University of Kansas created a scholarship through the Bureau of Child Research in her name, which is granted to professionals wishing to study early intervention and stimulation.
213:
Rico on neuromuscular control. In 1956, the school accepted its first students with multiple disabilities and in 1957 they undertook a study on occupational rehabilitation and preparedness of their students. What they determined was that most of the students were unprepared for employment. To address the shortfall, in 1958 García implemented an occupational rehabilitation program which aimed to give students vocational training simultaneously with academic training, had staff complete individual assessments of students' skills and employer needs, and through a "protected workshop" environment to continue monitoring trainees after placement.
152:, Uruguay to Marcos García and María Etchegoyhen. Her mother died when García was very young and she was raised by her old sister, Manacha. She attended primary school at "the Prada" and completed her secondary education at Instituto La Femenina. She studied to be a teacher, graduating in 1941 from the Instituto Normal María Stagnero de Munar, Her first job was in Isla Patrulla and after a few months there she transferred to Santa Clara, where she first encountered developmentally delayed students. She contacted her superiors and was given permission to study
681:
189:, Guatemala. She attended the conference which explored not only women's issues, but also looked at world affairs, such as nuclear capacity, disarmament, peace, exiles, and many other issues of the post-war era. In 1948, she graduated with a master's degree in Clinical Psychology with a specialization in special education and preschool early intervention and stimulation from the University of Michigan.
193:
children with disabilities and no attempts were made to educate them. One of her first objectives was to reorganize the school to help each student develop skills, learn knowledge and develop an attitude that personal empowerment could be achieved. She had to train professionals as well, teaching courses in psychology at the
254:, when she retired. The Uruguayan government renamed the Educational complex of Special Schools Nº203 and 280 in Montevideo after her in 1994 and in 1995, she received the Royal Association for Prevention and Care of Persons with Disabilities Reina Sofia Award for Rehabilitation and Integration in Madrid in 1995.
200:
One of the first things she did was establish a Club for
Parents, whose purpose was to provide a support network for families. They published a newsletter and held support groups twice daily. Once during the day and another at night so that regardless of work schedules, parents could participate. The
245:
García received many awards over her long career including a
Kennedy Foundation Honor in 1966; the Award for Leadership in Mental Deficiency from the American Association on Mental Deficiency (Chicago, USA, 1976); Award of Merit from the Panamanian President's Committee on Mental Retardation (1975);
212:
and studied rehabilitation programs for disabled patients, receiving a certificate of
Vocational Rehabilitation Specialist from the US State Department in Washington, DC. She sent staff to Argentina study motor skills disorders and rehabilitation later sending students to study in the US and Puerto
237:
and foster collaboration between
European and US academic and medical centers with their counterparts in Latin American and the Caribbean. In 1967, García was named to the Consejo Nacional de Enseñanza Primaria y Normal and became responsible for overseeing all primary education, special education
159:
Between 1943 and 1944, she studied "mental retardation" and earned a specialists certificate in 1944. She began working with Dr. Emilio Mira y Lopez in 1945 at the
Laboratory of Psychology researching "marginal cases" and was awarded an authorization to perform professional guidance counseling for
192:
García joined the internship program of the United
Nations in 1948 and returned home to Uruguay, reorganizing the Escuela Auxiliar to Escuela de Recuperación Psíquica Número 1. She directed the organization for the next eighteen years. When García took over the facility, it was a depository for
168:
in New Jersey and simultaneously at the
International Institute of Education (1945-1947), receiving a certificate of mastery of Mental Hygiene and Abnormal Children's Organizational Services. García then participated in three work-study programs between 1946 and 1947 at the
249:
She was
President of the International League of Associations for Persons with Mental Handicap from 1986 to 1990. In that office oversaw the communications and international exchange between institutions of five continents was publicly recognized by President
216:
By the 1960s, García was ready to tackle early childhood development, as new scientific research was showing the positive impact of early education. She submitted a proposal for a pre-school to be developed using the expertise of a visiting
201:
focus was on information, and sharing of experiences, because even the medical community did not know what caused a lot of the developmental delays or what the learning capacity of the children was. She also established guidelines to allow
197:, Social Services Department, the Psychology and Human Relations Department and organizing courses and seminars focused on the treatment of children with intellectual disabilities for teachers at the Normal Institute of Montevideo.
228:
Inter-American
Children's Institute (IIN) in 1966, as the head of the Special Education and Early Childhood Division. She served for the next twenty years trying to develop and improve special education programs throughout
510:
205:
students to participate in schooling. Until García's proposal to the Education Council, Downs students and those with IQs under 50, were not allowed to participate in school in Uruguay.
521:
800:
452:
780:
775:
520:(in Spanish). Guatemala City, Guatemala: Instituto Universitario de la Mujer de la Universidad de San Carlos de Guatemala. pp. 1–15. Archived from
47:
178:
315:
Dos ensayos: El desafio de la época actual a la organización educativa. Enfoque multidisciplinario en el entrenamiento del equipo interdisciplinario
795:
194:
161:
209:
770:
765:
390:
483:
785:
225:
460:
174:
165:
760:
160:
schoolchildren. Dr. Mira also helped her apply for a scholarship to go to school in the US, which she won from the
790:
639:
182:
680:
275:"Algunas sugerencias que pueden favorecer el mecanismo de la lectura en niños de aprendizaje lento" (1951)
251:
170:
113:
46:
755:
750:
208:
García insisted that all of her staff be properly trained. In 1954 she took a scholarship from the
218:
153:
661:
239:
369:
Planning the Future of Special Education: Our Duty, Our Responsibility, and Our Privilege
302:"Ustedes no están solos. En colaboración con la señora Nelly Mangini de Lermitte" (1958)
673:
459:(in Spanish). Buenos Aires, Argentina: Portal educativo de las Americas. Archived from
186:
744:
311:"Una tipología de los objetivos del programa para alumnos retardados mentales" (1964)
266:"La deficiencia mental y el problema que plantea a nuestra enseñanza primaria" (1949)
230:
202:
17:
293:"Diez lecciones que los niños deben aprender antes de entrar a la Escuela" (1957)
242:
to Uruguay and facilitated the country joining the international organization.
149:
93:
71:
400:(in Spanish). Madrid, Spain: Ministerio de Trabajo y Asuntos Sociales: 13–14
234:
484:"Las Mujeres no Votan Porque Sí: Congreso Interamericano de Mujeres, 1947"
664:. Nashua, New Hampshire: Nashua Telegraph. AP. 12 April 1966. p. 3
177:. During her time in school, in 1947, she participated in the feminist
75:
21:
398:
Real Patronato de Prevención y de Atención a Personas con Minusvalía
269:"La ciencia al servicio de la educación: El lápiz que habla" (1949)
281:"Fines y School Organization psychological recovery No. 1" (1955)
490:(in Spanish). Guatemala City, Guatemala: Ricardo Flores Asturias
272:"Valor de la clase pre-primaria en la Enseñanza Especial" (1950)
391:"Eloísa García Etchegoyhen de Lorenzo Biografía Profesional"
353:
Montevideo: O.E.A., Instituto Interamericano del Niño (1974)
335:
Montevideo: O.E.A., Instituto Interamericano del Niño (1970)
329:
Montevideo: O.E.A., Instituto Interamericano del Niño (1970)
323:
Montevideo: O.E.A., Instituto Interamericano del Niño (1970)
345:
Factor socio-económico que afecta el proceso de aprendizaje
296:"Sugerencias para enfocar la educación de los niños" (1958)
238:
and teacher training in Uruguay. In 1983, she brought the
148:
María Eloísa García Etchegoyhen was born 8 July 1921 in
730:
728:
726:
724:
722:
720:
718:
716:
714:
712:
702:
700:
698:
696:
694:
692:
690:
642:(in Spanish). Rivera, Uruguay: Diario Norte. 3 May 2011
511:"Balance del Primer Congreso Interamericano de Mujeres"
662:"Kennedy Foundation Awards $ 200,000 to Seven Persons"
544:
542:
446:
444:
442:
440:
438:
436:
426:
424:
359:
Montevideo: Instituto Interamericano del Niño (1975)
347:
Montevideo: Instituto Interamericano del Niño (1973)
341:
Montevideo: Instituto Interamericano del Niño (1973)
453:"Un Tributo a Eloísa García Etchegoyhen de Lorenzo"
290:"Campamento para niños retardados mentales" (1956?)
263:"La importancia del diagnóstico educacional" (1949)
127:
119:
109:
101:
82:
53:
37:
357:Early intervention with the multihandicapped child
308:"Orientaciones a las Auxiliares Vigilantes" (1964)
278:"La Enseñanza Especial La Escuela Auxiliar" (1954)
351:Estimulación precoz, acción preventiva y remedial
339:Administracíon de servicios en enseñanza especial
317:Montevideo: Consejo Nacional de Enseñanza, (1968)
305:"Psicoterapia con los Retardados Mentales" (1958)
28: and the second or maternal family name is
123:Disability rights activist, educator, feminist
365:Racine, Wisconsin: Johnson Foundation, (1976)
333:La educación de los padres del niño retardado
327:Enseñanza especial y entrenamiento vocacional
8:
195:University of the Republic School of Nursing
801:Uruguayan expatriates in the United States
105:María Eloísa García Etchegoyhen de Lorenzo
45:
34:
363:Mental retardation: an international view
321:La epilepsia, inteligencia, y aprendizaje
179:Primer Congreso Interamericano de Mujeres
482:Flores Asturias, Ricardo (6 June 2011).
381:
164:. From 1945 to 1946, she worked in the
776:Uruguayan disability rights activists
299:"Por qué trabajamos con padres (1958)
7:
509:López, Matilde Elena (August 1947).
284:"Madres que esperan familia" (1956?)
162:Institute of International Education
371:U.S. Department of Education (1978)
210:Institute of Inter-American Affairs
781:Uruguayan women's rights activists
14:
389:Renfrew, Ileana (December 1999).
679:
640:"¿Qué es Olimpíadas Especiales?"
451:Osvaldo Roggi, Luis (May 1996).
518:Balance del Congreso de Mujeres
226:Organization of American States
58:María Eloísa García Etchegoyhen
224:García began working with the
175:Institute of General Semantics
1:
796:University of Michigan alumni
166:Marlboro Psychiatric Hospital
287:"Clínica preescolar" (1956?)
156:and returned to Montevideo.
20:, the first or paternal
183:Alianza Uruguaya de Mujeres
817:
611:"Renfrew (1999)", pp 53-54
602:"Renfrew (1999)", pp 42-43
593:"Renfrew (1999)", pp 38-41
575:"Renfrew (1999)", pp 29-30
566:"Renfrew (1999)", pp 27-28
181:, as a representative for
15:
771:Uruguayan women activists
766:Uruguayan women educators
173:, at Cove School and the
138:Eloísa García Etchegoyhen
44:
39:Eloísa García Etchegoyhen
488:Politica y Sentido Comun
786:Uruguayan women writers
734:"Renfrew (1999)", p 48
706:"Renfrew (1999)", p 31
629:"Renfrew (1999)", p 69
620:"Renfrew (1999)", p 44
584:"Renfrew (1999)", p 30
557:"Renfrew (1999)", p 24
548:"Renfrew (1999)", p 19
430:"Renfrew (1999)", p 18
418:"Renfrew (1999)", p 16
171:University of Michigan
114:University of Michigan
761:Uruguayan educators
252:François Mitterrand
219:Fulbright Scholar
154:special education
135:
134:
128:Years active
808:
791:Special Olympics
735:
732:
707:
704:
685:
684:
683:
677:
671:
669:
658:
652:
651:
649:
647:
636:
630:
627:
621:
618:
612:
609:
603:
600:
594:
591:
585:
582:
576:
573:
567:
564:
558:
555:
549:
546:
537:
536:
534:
532:
526:
515:
506:
500:
499:
497:
495:
479:
473:
472:
470:
468:
448:
431:
428:
419:
416:
410:
409:
407:
405:
395:
386:
240:Special Olympics
102:Other names
89:
67:
65:
49:
35:
816:
815:
811:
810:
809:
807:
806:
805:
741:
740:
739:
738:
733:
710:
705:
688:
678:
667:
665:
660:
659:
655:
645:
643:
638:
637:
633:
628:
624:
619:
615:
610:
606:
601:
597:
592:
588:
583:
579:
574:
570:
565:
561:
556:
552:
547:
540:
530:
528:
527:on 21 June 2015
524:
513:
508:
507:
503:
493:
491:
481:
480:
476:
466:
464:
463:on 13 July 2015
450:
449:
434:
429:
422:
417:
413:
403:
401:
393:
388:
387:
383:
378:
260:
146:
110:Alma mater
97:
91:
87:
86:29 January 1996
78:
69:
63:
61:
60:
59:
40:
33:
12:
11:
5:
814:
812:
804:
803:
798:
793:
788:
783:
778:
773:
768:
763:
758:
753:
743:
742:
737:
736:
708:
686:
674:Newspapers.com
653:
631:
622:
613:
604:
595:
586:
577:
568:
559:
550:
538:
501:
474:
432:
420:
411:
380:
379:
377:
374:
373:
372:
366:
360:
354:
348:
342:
336:
330:
324:
318:
312:
309:
306:
303:
300:
297:
294:
291:
288:
285:
282:
279:
276:
273:
270:
267:
264:
259:
258:Selected works
256:
187:Guatemala City
145:
142:
133:
132:
129:
125:
124:
121:
117:
116:
111:
107:
106:
103:
99:
98:
92:
90:(aged 74)
84:
80:
79:
70:
57:
55:
51:
50:
42:
41:
38:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
813:
802:
799:
797:
794:
792:
789:
787:
784:
782:
779:
777:
774:
772:
769:
767:
764:
762:
759:
757:
754:
752:
749:
748:
746:
731:
729:
727:
725:
723:
721:
719:
717:
715:
713:
709:
703:
701:
699:
697:
695:
693:
691:
687:
682:
675:
663:
657:
654:
641:
635:
632:
626:
623:
617:
614:
608:
605:
599:
596:
590:
587:
581:
578:
572:
569:
563:
560:
554:
551:
545:
543:
539:
523:
519:
512:
505:
502:
489:
485:
478:
475:
462:
458:
454:
447:
445:
443:
441:
439:
437:
433:
427:
425:
421:
415:
412:
399:
392:
385:
382:
375:
370:
367:
364:
361:
358:
355:
352:
349:
346:
343:
340:
337:
334:
331:
328:
325:
322:
319:
316:
313:
310:
307:
304:
301:
298:
295:
292:
289:
286:
283:
280:
277:
274:
271:
268:
265:
262:
261:
257:
255:
253:
247:
243:
241:
236:
232:
231:Latin America
227:
222:
220:
214:
211:
206:
204:
203:Down Syndrome
198:
196:
190:
188:
184:
180:
176:
172:
167:
163:
157:
155:
151:
143:
141:
139:
130:
126:
122:
120:Occupation(s)
118:
115:
112:
108:
104:
100:
95:
85:
81:
77:
73:
56:
52:
48:
43:
36:
31:
27:
23:
19:
672:– via
668:25 September
666:. Retrieved
656:
644:. Retrieved
634:
625:
616:
607:
598:
589:
580:
571:
562:
553:
529:. Retrieved
522:the original
517:
504:
492:. Retrieved
487:
477:
465:. Retrieved
461:the original
456:
414:
402:. Retrieved
397:
384:
368:
362:
356:
350:
344:
338:
332:
326:
320:
314:
248:
244:
223:
215:
207:
199:
191:
158:
147:
137:
136:
88:(1996-01-29)
29:
25:
18:Spanish name
756:1996 deaths
751:1921 births
68:8 July 1921
30:Etchegoyhen
745:Categories
376:References
150:Montevideo
94:Montevideo
72:Montevideo
64:1921-07-08
235:Caribbean
144:Biography
131:1941–1996
96:, Uruguay
233:and the
185:held in
16:In this
646:12 July
531:21 June
494:19 June
467:11 July
457:Educoas
404:11 July
76:Uruguay
22:surname
26:García
525:(PDF)
514:(PDF)
394:(PDF)
670:2015
648:2015
533:2015
496:2015
469:2015
406:2015
83:Died
54:Born
24:is
747::
711:^
689:^
541:^
516:.
486:.
455:.
435:^
423:^
396:.
74:,
676:.
650:.
535:.
498:.
471:.
408:.
66:)
62:(
32:.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
