82:
435:
in which the species is found now dammed to some degree. This changes the temperatures within the river, affecting reproduction. It also affects the remodeling of sand banks during flood events, eventually leading to unusable nesting sites. The populations are aging, meaning that larger numbers of adults have little recruitment. The last factor is the damage to individuals as they get washed over dam walls to their deaths.
57:
33:
434:
Three major factors affect the survival of this species. The first is nest predation and nest destruction, particularly by introduced species such as foxes that dig up the nests and cattle which trample them. The second is the damming of the rivers in which they occur, with all but one of the rivers
442:
A number of actions have been proposed. A head start program is being supported by the
Queensland government where eggs are incubated at a hatchery with the young then released and monitored. Also active nest site protection prevents predation and trampling of existing nests. "Turtleways" have been
438:
As well, an application by coal seam gas company Santos to dump untreated wastewater in the Dawson River threatens a population of white-throated snapping turtles according to the
Independent Expert Scientific Committee on Coal Seam Gas and Large Coal Mining Development.
353:
The type locality for the species is the
Burnett River in south-eastern Queensland, but it is also found in the Mary and Fitzroy River drainages to the north of the Burnett. Some have argued for each of these rivers to represent different species, but
402:
The carapace of this species is broadly oval, but is blunt at the front. In younger animals, it has keeled scutes along the back. The carapace is dark brown to black in color, smooth with no growth annuli and generally lackluster. The
476:
Thomson, Scott; Georges, Arthur; Limpus, Colin J. (1 May 2006). "A New
Species of Freshwater Turtle in the Genus Elseya (Testudines: Chelidae) from Central Coastal Queensland, Australia".
2513:
728:
2456:
2482:
570:(Editors). Conservation Biology of Freshwater Turtles and Tortoises: A Compilation Project of the IUCN/SSC Tortoise and Freshwater Turtle Specialist Group.
414:
is distinct and well formed. The head is typically dark brown to grey above and, in females, is usually blotched with cream to white in the throat region.
562:. 2014. Turtles of the World, 7th edition: annotated checklist of taxonomy, synonymy, distribution with maps, and conservation status. In: Rhodin AGJ,
2562:
2430:
2577:
2469:
646:
407:
is heavily stained in adults, appearing black over the true base color of yellow to cream. The plastron is narrow compared to the carapace.
2521:
774:
2582:
2572:
1092:
1361:
2270:
948:
410:
The head is large and robust with a complete head shield that does not approach the ears. The tomial sheath is large, and inside an
81:
734:(Report). Independent Expert Scientific Committee on Coal Seam Gas and Large Coal Mining Development. 30 July 2022. Archived from
614:"Electrophoretic delineation of species boundaries within the short-necked freshwater turtles of Australia (Testudines: Chelidae)"
1476:
1368:
934:
735:
394:. Hence, the name means "white-throated" and refers to the white or cream throat commonly seen in adult females of this species.
61:
1770:
1716:
1440:
1339:
342:
First proposed as a species by John Goode in the 1960s, it was finally described in 2006. The species is named from the Latin
2567:
2249:
2216:
2199:
1354:
571:
2474:
2313:
Turtles of the World 2021 Update: Annotated
Checklist and Atlas of Taxonomy, Synonymy, Distribution, and Conservation Status
2587:
2112:
1878:
1871:
1784:
955:
559:
2183:
2166:
1447:
1235:
1218:
1036:
676:
Hamman, M., Schauble, C.S., Limpus, D., Emerick, S.P., and Limpus, C.J. (2007). Management plan for the conservation of
2526:
2391:
2378:
2277:
1763:
443:
proposed in the dams to allow turtles to get by these structures without being killed by the fall over the dam wall.
703:
2487:
2284:
2056:
1608:
1332:
1107:
512:
312:
2311:
422:
White-throated snapping turtles are amongst a handful of other turtle and fish species in that they can undertake
2091:
2049:
2035:
1078:
2105:
2084:
1433:
941:
767:
350:= throat, which is a reference to the white blotching present on the throats of adult females in the species.
2539:
1100:
1050:
2126:
2042:
2014:
1981:
1964:
1405:
1375:
1085:
489:
375:
308:
2383:
2331:
2263:
2063:
1454:
1268:
1251:
2396:
2070:
1527:
198:
175:
1003:
2500:
2417:
2369:
1924:
1907:
1897:
1563:
1520:
1155:
1140:
1071:
1064:
359:
2098:
2021:
1426:
1419:
1202:
1185:
760:
567:
423:
46:
2028:
1777:
1723:
1398:
1325:
1169:
1162:
1057:
995:
493:
391:
223:
76:
2461:
2404:
2119:
1730:
1709:
1695:
1662:
1645:
1571:
1556:
1412:
1347:
1043:
527:
2508:
1825:
1702:
1629:
1147:
837:
625:
485:
214:
426:, absorbing oxygen from the surrounding environment through their cloaca whilst submerged.
2077:
1615:
1601:
1579:
1318:
563:
2149:
1622:
1513:
630:
613:
411:
316:
2556:
1947:
917:
304:
66:
497:
2409:
2256:
363:
2443:
2363:
1854:
1019:
2354:
2232:
827:
296:
143:
752:
531:
1817:
1800:
1746:
1466:
1387:
1308:
1297:
988:
846:
320:
300:
93:
32:
2348:
1997:
1844:
1287:
1123:
907:
898:
864:
803:
708:
Department of
Environment and Heritage Protection (Queensland Government)
600:
Freshwater tortoises of
Australia and New Guinea (in the family Chelidae)
404:
332:
292:
285:
278:
153:
113:
535:
2534:
2435:
1678:
874:
815:
809:
274:
123:
2448:
1591:
1539:
1503:
1492:
971:
821:
797:
784:
281:
163:
133:
103:
2325:
2495:
855:
324:
336:
2422:
2329:
756:
355:
328:
490:
10.2744/1071-8443(2006)5[74:ANSOFT]2.0.CO;2
284:
in the world, growing to about 45 cm (18 in)
680:
sp. (Burnett River) in the
Burnett River Catchment.
566:, van Dijk PP, Saumure RA, Buhlmann KA, Iverson JB,
2338:
2241:
2230:
2208:
2197:
2175:
2164:
2157:
2148:
2006:
1995:
1973:
1962:
1955:
1946:
1916:
1905:
1896:
1863:
1852:
1843:
1809:
1798:
1755:
1744:
1687:
1676:
1654:
1643:
1589:
1537:
1501:
1490:
1464:
1385:
1306:
1295:
1286:
1260:
1249:
1227:
1216:
1194:
1183:
1132:
1121:
1028:
1017:
980:
969:
926:
915:
906:
897:
863:
854:
845:
836:
729:Advice to decision maker on coal seam gas project
647:"Butt-Breathing Turtle Now Critically Endangered"
589:The Reptile Database. www.reptile-database.org.
612:Georges, Arthur; Adams, Mark (November 1996).
2310:Phylogenetic arrangement of turtles based on
768:
8:
580:, doi:10.3854/ crm.5.000.checklist.v7.2014.
366:analyses does not support this conclusion.
2326:
2238:
2205:
2172:
2161:
2154:
2003:
1970:
1959:
1952:
1913:
1902:
1860:
1849:
1806:
1752:
1684:
1651:
1498:
1303:
1292:
1257:
1224:
1191:
1129:
1025:
977:
923:
912:
903:
869:
860:
851:
842:
775:
761:
753:
55:
31:
20:
629:
618:Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society
672:
670:
668:
666:
471:
469:
467:
465:
463:
461:
459:
457:
455:
451:
513:"Checklist of Chelonians of the World"
382:, is derived from the Latin adjective
319:, rarely coming ashore and is chiefly
40:Closeup of head, showing white throat
698:
696:
694:
692:
690:
7:
2540:786B4BF3-4AC7-49CD-81CC-6BA3E1494B49
2501:79B654F5-55E2-8862-B78D-2CC65EC64924
315:drainages. This species is entirely
255:— Georges & Thomson, 2010
237:Thomson, Georges & Limpus, 2006
631:10.1111/j.1096-3642.1996.tb01266.x
478:Chelonian Conservation and Biology
14:
602:. Melbourne: Landsdowne. 155 pp.
511:Fritz, Uwe; Havaลก, Peter (2007).
2563:IUCN Red List endangered species
704:"White-throated snapping turtle"
651:Scientific American Blog Network
80:
682:Environmental Protection Agency
2578:Taxa named by Scott A. Thomson
2384:Elseya_(Pelocomastes)_albagula
390:for throat, both of which are
271:white-throated snapping turtle
1:
2184:Erymnochelys madagascariensis
942:Acanthochelys pallidipectoris
573:Chelonian Research Monographs
560:Turtle Taxonomy Working Group
339:, and large aquatic plants.
217:, Georges & Limpus, 2006
1079:Mesoclemmys sabiniparaensis
386:meaning white and the noun
2604:
2583:Endemic fauna of Australia
2573:Reptiles described in 2006
2217:Peltocephalus dumerilianus
935:Acanthochelys macrocephala
2306:
2271:Podocnemis sextuberculata
2250:Podocnemis erythrocephala
872:
792:
229:
222:
204:
197:
77:Scientific classification
75:
53:
44:
39:
30:
23:
1434:Chelodina kurrichalpongo
1093:Mesoclemmys vanderhaegei
273:, is one of the largest
269:, commonly known as the
1872:Hydromedusa maximiliani
1406:Chelodina burrungandjii
1376:Chelodina steindachneri
1101:Mesoclemmys vanegasorum
1086:Mesoclemmys tuberculata
1051:Mesoclemmys jurutiensis
949:Acanthochelys radiolata
242:Elseya dentata albagula
1455:Chelodina walloyarrina
1355:Chelodina novaeguineae
2568:Elseya (Pelocomastes)
1879:Hydromedusa tectifera
1778:Myuchelys latisternum
1528:Elseya flaviventralis
1333:Chelodina longicollis
1203:Platemys platycephala
2588:Turtles of Australia
2099:Pelusios rhodesianus
2050:Pelusios castanoides
2022:Pelusios bechuanicus
1925:Pseudemydura umbrina
1521:Elseya branderhorsti
1362:Chelodina pritchardi
1156:Phrynops paranaensis
1141:Phrynops geoffroanus
1072:Mesoclemmys raniceps
1065:Mesoclemmys perplexa
956:Acanthochelys spixii
246:— Artner, 2008
2278:Podocnemis unifilis
2071:Pelusios gabonensis
1609:Elseya novaeguineae
1564:Elseya lavarackorum
1427:Chelodina kuchlingi
1420:Chelodina insculpta
741:on 17 October 2022.
424:cloacal respiration
47:Conservation status
2264:Podocnemis lewyana
2257:Podocnemis expansa
2127:Pelusios williamsi
2064:Pelusios cupulatta
2043:Pelusios castaneus
2036:Pelusios carinatus
2029:Pelusios broadleyi
2015:Pelusios adansonii
1982:Pelomedusa subrufa
1771:Myuchelys georgesi
1724:Emydura tanybaraga
1717:Emydura subglobosa
1399:Chelodina alanrixi
1369:Chelodina reimanni
1326:Chelodina gunaleni
1170:Phrynops williamsi
1163:Phrynops tuberosus
1108:Mesoclemmys zuliae
1058:Mesoclemmys nasuta
996:Chelus orinocensis
520:Vertebrate Zoology
2550:
2549:
2332:Taxon identifiers
2323:
2322:
2316:. Key: โ =extinct.
2302:
2301:
2298:
2297:
2294:
2293:
2226:
2225:
2193:
2192:
2144:
2143:
2140:
2139:
2136:
2135:
2113:Pelusios subniger
2106:Pelusios sinuatus
1991:
1990:
1942:
1941:
1938:
1937:
1934:
1933:
1892:
1891:
1888:
1887:
1839:
1838:
1835:
1834:
1818:Rheodytes leukops
1794:
1793:
1785:Myuchelys purvisi
1740:
1739:
1731:Emydura victoriae
1710:Emydura macquarii
1696:Emydura australis
1672:
1671:
1639:
1638:
1572:Elseya nadibajagu
1486:
1485:
1477:Chelodina oblonga
1441:Chelodina parkeri
1413:Chelodina expansa
1348:Chelodina murrayi
1340:Chelodina mccordi
1282:
1281:
1278:
1277:
1245:
1244:
1236:Ranacephala hogei
1212:
1211:
1179:
1178:
1117:
1116:
1044:Mesoclemmys gibba
1037:Mesoclemmys dahli
1013:
1012:
1004:Chelus colombiana
965:
964:
893:
892:
889:
888:
885:
884:
881:
880:
323:, feeding on the
295:to south-eastern
262:
261:
256:
247:
238:
70:
16:Species of turtle
2595:
2543:
2542:
2530:
2529:
2517:
2516:
2504:
2503:
2491:
2490:
2478:
2477:
2465:
2464:
2452:
2451:
2439:
2438:
2426:
2425:
2413:
2412:
2400:
2399:
2387:
2386:
2374:
2373:
2372:
2359:
2358:
2357:
2327:
2285:Podocnemis vogli
2239:
2206:
2173:
2162:
2155:
2120:Pelusios upembae
2057:Pelusios chapini
2004:
1971:
1960:
1953:
1914:
1903:
1861:
1850:
1826:Rheodytes devisi
1807:
1753:
1703:Emydura gunaleni
1685:
1652:
1630:Elseya schultzei
1499:
1448:Chelodina rugosa
1304:
1293:
1269:Rhinemys rufipes
1258:
1225:
1192:
1148:Phrynops hilarii
1130:
1026:
989:Chelus fimbriata
978:
924:
913:
904:
870:
861:
852:
843:
777:
770:
763:
754:
743:
742:
740:
733:
725:
719:
718:
716:
715:
700:
685:
674:
661:
660:
658:
657:
642:
636:
635:
633:
609:
603:
596:
590:
587:
581:
578:(7): 000.329โ479
557:
551:
550:
548:
546:
540:
534:. Archived from
517:
508:
502:
501:
473:
254:
245:
236:
210:
190:E. albagula
85:
84:
64:
59:
58:
35:
21:
2603:
2602:
2598:
2597:
2596:
2594:
2593:
2592:
2553:
2552:
2551:
2546:
2538:
2533:
2525:
2520:
2512:
2507:
2499:
2494:
2486:
2481:
2473:
2468:
2460:
2455:
2447:
2442:
2434:
2429:
2421:
2416:
2408:
2403:
2395:
2390:
2382:
2377:
2370:Elseya albagula
2368:
2367:
2362:
2353:
2352:
2347:
2340:Elseya albagula
2334:
2324:
2319:
2290:
2222:
2189:
2132:
2078:Pelusios marani
1987:
1930:
1898:Pseudemydurinae
1884:
1831:
1790:
1764:Myuchelys belli
1736:
1668:
1663:Elusor macrurus
1635:
1616:Elseya orestiad
1602:Elseya caelatus
1585:
1580:Elseya uberrima
1550:Elseya albagula
1533:
1482:
1460:
1381:
1319:Chelodina canni
1274:
1241:
1208:
1175:
1113:
1009:
961:
877:
832:
788:
781:
751:
746:
738:
731:
727:
726:
722:
713:
711:
702:
701:
688:
675:
664:
655:
653:
645:Platt, John R.
644:
643:
639:
611:
610:
606:
598:Goode J. 1967.
597:
593:
588:
584:
558:
554:
544:
542:
538:
515:
510:
509:
505:
475:
474:
453:
449:
432:
420:
400:
372:
291:The species is
266:Elseya albagula
253:
251:Elseya albagula
244:
235:
233:Elseya albagula
218:
212:
208:Elseya albagula
206:
193:
79:
71:
60:
56:
49:
25:Elseya albagula
17:
12:
11:
5:
2601:
2599:
2591:
2590:
2585:
2580:
2575:
2570:
2565:
2555:
2554:
2548:
2547:
2545:
2544:
2531:
2518:
2505:
2492:
2479:
2466:
2453:
2440:
2427:
2414:
2401:
2388:
2375:
2360:
2344:
2342:
2336:
2335:
2330:
2321:
2320:
2318:
2317:
2307:
2304:
2303:
2300:
2299:
2296:
2295:
2292:
2291:
2289:
2288:
2281:
2274:
2267:
2260:
2253:
2245:
2243:
2236:
2228:
2227:
2224:
2223:
2221:
2220:
2212:
2210:
2203:
2195:
2194:
2191:
2190:
2188:
2187:
2179:
2177:
2170:
2159:
2152:
2150:Podocnemididae
2146:
2145:
2142:
2141:
2138:
2137:
2134:
2133:
2131:
2130:
2123:
2116:
2109:
2102:
2095:
2092:Pelusios niger
2088:
2085:Pelusios nanus
2081:
2074:
2067:
2060:
2053:
2046:
2039:
2032:
2025:
2018:
2010:
2008:
2001:
1993:
1992:
1989:
1988:
1986:
1985:
1977:
1975:
1968:
1957:
1950:
1944:
1943:
1940:
1939:
1936:
1935:
1932:
1931:
1929:
1928:
1920:
1918:
1911:
1900:
1894:
1893:
1890:
1889:
1886:
1885:
1883:
1882:
1875:
1867:
1865:
1858:
1847:
1845:Hydromedusinae
1841:
1840:
1837:
1836:
1833:
1832:
1830:
1829:
1821:
1813:
1811:
1804:
1796:
1795:
1792:
1791:
1789:
1788:
1781:
1774:
1767:
1759:
1757:
1750:
1742:
1741:
1738:
1737:
1735:
1734:
1727:
1720:
1713:
1706:
1699:
1691:
1689:
1682:
1674:
1673:
1670:
1669:
1667:
1666:
1658:
1656:
1649:
1641:
1640:
1637:
1636:
1634:
1633:
1626:
1623:Elseya rhodini
1619:
1612:
1605:
1597:
1595:
1587:
1586:
1584:
1583:
1575:
1567:
1560:
1553:
1545:
1543:
1535:
1534:
1532:
1531:
1524:
1517:
1514:Elseya dentata
1509:
1507:
1496:
1488:
1487:
1484:
1483:
1481:
1480:
1472:
1470:
1467:Macrochelodina
1462:
1461:
1459:
1458:
1451:
1444:
1437:
1430:
1423:
1416:
1409:
1402:
1393:
1391:
1383:
1382:
1380:
1379:
1372:
1365:
1358:
1351:
1343:
1336:
1329:
1322:
1314:
1312:
1301:
1290:
1284:
1283:
1280:
1279:
1276:
1275:
1273:
1272:
1264:
1262:
1255:
1247:
1246:
1243:
1242:
1240:
1239:
1231:
1229:
1222:
1214:
1213:
1210:
1209:
1207:
1206:
1198:
1196:
1189:
1181:
1180:
1177:
1176:
1174:
1173:
1166:
1159:
1151:
1144:
1136:
1134:
1127:
1119:
1118:
1115:
1114:
1112:
1111:
1104:
1096:
1089:
1082:
1075:
1068:
1061:
1054:
1047:
1040:
1032:
1030:
1023:
1015:
1014:
1011:
1010:
1008:
1007:
999:
992:
984:
982:
975:
967:
966:
963:
962:
960:
959:
952:
945:
938:
930:
928:
921:
910:
901:
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749:External links
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624:(3): 241โ260.
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591:
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568:Mittermeier RA
552:
526:(2): 327โ328.
503:
450:
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412:alveolar ridge
399:
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371:
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2200:Peltocephalus
2196:
2186:
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2178:
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2169:
2168:
2163:
2160:
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1592:Hanwarachelys
1588:
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1576:
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1557:Elseya irwini
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932:
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918:Acanthochelys
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564:Pritchard PCH
561:
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541:on 2011-05-01
537:
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376:specific name
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360:morphological
357:
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313:Fitzroy River
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68:
63:
52:
48:
43:
38:
34:
29:
26:
22:
19:
2339:
2312:
2283:
2276:
2269:
2262:
2255:
2248:
2231:
2215:
2198:
2182:
2167:Erymnochelys
2165:
2125:
2118:
2111:
2104:
2097:
2090:
2083:
2076:
2069:
2062:
2055:
2048:
2041:
2034:
2027:
2020:
2013:
1996:
1980:
1963:
1923:
1908:Pseudemydura
1906:
1877:
1870:
1853:
1824:
1816:
1799:
1783:
1776:
1769:
1762:
1745:
1729:
1722:
1715:
1708:
1701:
1694:
1677:
1661:
1644:
1628:
1621:
1614:
1607:
1600:
1590:
1578:
1570:
1562:
1555:
1549:
1548:
1540:Pelocomastes
1538:
1526:
1519:
1512:
1502:
1491:
1475:
1465:
1453:
1446:
1439:
1432:
1425:
1418:
1411:
1404:
1397:
1386:
1374:
1367:
1360:
1353:
1346:
1338:
1331:
1324:
1317:
1307:
1296:
1288:Chelodininae
1267:
1250:
1234:
1217:
1201:
1184:
1168:
1161:
1154:
1146:
1139:
1122:
1106:
1099:
1091:
1084:
1077:
1070:
1063:
1056:
1049:
1042:
1035:
1018:
1002:
994:
987:
970:
954:
947:
940:
933:
916:
783:Side-necked
736:the original
723:
712:. Retrieved
710:. 2011-02-28
707:
681:
677:
654:. Retrieved
650:
640:
621:
617:
607:
599:
594:
585:
575:
572:
555:
543:. Retrieved
536:the original
523:
519:
506:
484:(1): 74โ86.
481:
477:
441:
437:
433:
430:Conservation
421:
409:
401:
387:
383:
379:
373:
364:morphometric
352:
347:
346:= white and
343:
341:
335:vegetation,
290:
270:
265:
264:
263:
250:
241:
232:
207:
205:
189:
188:
177:Pelocomastes
176:
164:
24:
18:
2444:iNaturalist
2364:Wikispecies
1855:Hydromedusa
1219:Ranacephala
1020:Mesoclemmys
398:Description
321:herbivorous
2557:Categories
2233:Podocnemis
1965:Pelomedusa
828:Pleurodira
826:Suborder:
822:Testudines
814:Subclass:
714:2014-07-30
656:2017-08-19
447:References
297:Queensland
172:Subgenus:
144:Pleurodira
140:Suborder:
134:Testudines
62:Endangered
1801:Rheodytes
1747:Myuchelys
1388:Chelydera
1309:Chelodina
1298:Chelodina
847:Subfamily
796:Kingdom:
532:1864-5755
370:Etymology
303:, in the
301:Australia
184:Species:
100:Kingdom:
94:Eukaryota
2514:albagula
2462:10287632
2355:Q2270551
2349:Wikidata
1998:Pelusios
1252:Rhinemys
1186:Platemys
1124:Phrynops
908:Chelinae
899:Chelidae
865:Subgenus
816:Anapsida
810:Reptilia
804:Chordata
802:Phylum:
798:Animalia
498:53607183
405:plastron
392:feminine
380:albagula
333:riparian
288:length.
286:carapace
224:Synonyms
154:Chelidae
150:Family:
124:Reptilia
114:Chordata
110:Phylum:
104:Animalia
90:Domain:
67:IUCN 2.3
2535:ZooBank
2436:5220345
1679:Emydura
875:Species
820:Order:
808:Class:
787:species
418:Biology
317:aquatic
305:Burnett
293:endemic
282:turtles
275:species
215:Thomson
160:Genus:
130:Order:
120:Class:
65: (
2488:904184
2475:949501
2423:789790
2397:253587
2242:
2209:
2176:
2158:
2007:
1974:
1956:
1917:
1864:
1810:
1756:
1688:
1655:
1646:Elusor
1504:Elseya
1493:Elseya
1261:
1228:
1195:
1133:
1029:
981:
972:Chelus
927:
838:Family
785:turtle
678:Elseya
545:29 May
530:
496:
362:, and
325:fruits
311:, and
279:chelid
165:Elseya
2527:81648
2522:SPRAT
2496:Plazi
2457:IRMNG
2449:99867
2410:39CXX
856:Genus
739:(PDF)
732:(PDF)
539:(PDF)
516:(PDF)
494:S2CID
337:algae
2483:NCBI
2470:ITIS
2431:GBIF
2392:BOLD
547:2012
528:ISSN
388:gula
384:alba
374:The
348:gula
344:alba
329:buds
327:and
309:Mary
2418:EoL
2405:CoL
2379:AFD
626:doi
622:118
486:doi
356:DNA
331:of
277:of
2559::
2537::
2524::
2511::
2509:RD
2498::
2485::
2472::
2459::
2446::
2433::
2420::
2407::
2394::
2381::
2366::
2351::
706:.
689:^
665:^
649:.
620:.
616:.
524:57
522:.
518:.
492:.
480:.
454:^
378:,
358:,
307:,
299:,
1823:โ
1577:โ
1569:โ
1396:โ
1345:โ
1153:โ
1098:โ
1001:โ
776:e
769:t
762:v
717:.
684:.
659:.
634:.
628::
576:5
549:.
500:.
488::
482:5
69:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
