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His parents strongly supported education for all their children, whose
Christian names were Spencer Houghton Cone, Nicholson Henry, Levi, Caroline (Carrie), Newton, and Solomon, all with the surname of Parker. One of his elder brothers, Nicholson Parker, also became a prominent Seneca leader, as he
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in April 1865. He helped draft the surrender documents, which are in his handwriting. At the time of surrender, General Lee "stared at me for a moment", said Parker to more than one of his friends and relatives, "He extended his hand and said, 'I am glad to see one real
American here.' I shook his
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in relation to the Native
Americans in the West. Under his leadership, the number of military actions against Indians were reduced, and there was an effort to support tribes in their transition to living on reservations. In 1871, however, a disaffected former Commissioner of Indian Affairs named
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The relationship proved important for both men; as Parker helped Morgan become an anthropological pioneer, Morgan helped Parker make connections in the larger white-dominated society in which he later worked and lived. With Morgan's help, Parker gained admission to study
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that, as an Indian, he could not join. Parker contacted his colleague and friend
Ulysses S. Grant, whose forces suffered from a shortage of engineers. Parker was commissioned a captain in May 1863 and ordered to report to Brig. Gen.
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who romanticized their image of the
American Indian and wanted to model their group after "Iroquois" ideals. The two bridged their cultures to become friends, and Parker invited Morgan to visit the
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on July 1, 1866. He again became the military secretary to Grant, with the rank of colonel, as Grant completed his appointment as commanding general of the U.S. Army. Parker was a member of the
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Parker began his career in public service by working as an interpreter and diplomat for the Seneca chiefs in their negotiations with the United States government about land and
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officer, aide to
General Ulysses Grant, and Commissioner of Indian Affairs, in charge of the government's relations with Native Americans. He was bilingual, speaking both
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1691:
Raheja, Michelle H. " 'I leave it with the people of the United States to say': Autobiographical
Disruption in the Personal Narratives of Black Hawk and Ely S. Parker."
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territory was appropriate for his final resting place. They requested that his widow relocate his body. On
January 20, 1897, his body was exhumed and reinterred at
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Beginning in the 1840s, when Ely was a teenager, the Parker home became a meeting place of non-Indian scholars who were interested in the
Haudenosaunee, including
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516:. Parker became Morgan's main source of information and an entrée to others in the Seneca and other Haudenosaunee nations. Morgan later dedicated his book
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696:. He was subsequently transferred with Grant as the adjutant of the U.S. Army headquarters and served Grant through the Overland Campaign and the
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After the war, in 1867 Parker married a white woman, Minnie Orton
Sackett (1849–1932). They had one daughter, Maud Theresa Parker (1878–1956).
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as well as English. He also studied in college. He spent his life bridging his identities as a Seneca and a resident of the United States.
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704:, Parker was appointed as the military secretary to Grant, with the rank of lieutenant colonel. He wrote much of Grant's correspondence.
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through a chance meeting in a bookstore. At the time Morgan was a young lawyer involved in forming "The Grand Order of the Iroquois", a
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Through his social connections, Parker received an appointment for an office job in the Committee on Supplies and Repairs of the
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Lambert, Valerie. "The big black box of Indian country: The Bureau of Indian Affairs and the federal-Indian relationship."
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748:. On April 26, 1869, Parker resigned from the army with the rank of brevet brigadier general of the regular army.
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William Welsh accused Parker of corruption. Although Parker was cleared of any significant wrongdoing by the
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The Life of General Ely S. Parker: Last Grand Sachem of the Iroquois and General Grant's Military Secretary
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Rifkin, Mark. "The silence of Ely S. Parker: the emancipation sublime and the limits of settler memory."
658:, Parker tried to raise a regiment of Iroquois volunteers to fight for the Union, but was turned down by
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After leaving government service, Parker invested in the stock market. At first he did well, but in the
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minister, he was also respected as a Tonawanda Seneca chief who had fought for the United States in the
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Ely Parker was born in 1828 as the sixth of seven children to Elizabeth and William Parker at
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Parker's career and influence on contemporary Native Americans is described in Chapter 8 of
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767:. He was the first Native American to hold the office. Parker became the chief architect of
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872:. Another individual with the surname of Parker is credited with this distinction as well.
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History's Shadow: Native Americans and Historical Consciousness in the Nineteenth Century
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Parker acting as plaintiff for Blacksmith's estate before the United States Supreme Court
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American Indian Intellectuals: 1976 Proceedings of the American Ethnological Society
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481:. He was not permitted to take it because as a Seneca, he was not then considered a
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Shortly after Grant took office as president in March 1869, he appointed Parker as
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featured Parker as a character in a short story, "A Dream of the Woods", about a
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1486:"The "Real Story" Behind the Marriage of Ely S. Parker and Minnie Orton Sackett"
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and staff, including (from left to right): Parker (left sitting), Adam Badeau,
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677:. Smith appointed Parker as the chief engineer of his 7th Division during the
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had been. Ely had a classical education at a missionary school, and was fully
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and later baptized as Samuel Parker. Both of his parents were of prominent
1646:
Genetin-Pilawa, C. Joseph. "Ely Parker and the Contentious Peace Policy,"
956:
Parker is introduced and quoted with photos in the documentary TV series:
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Ely S. Parker Building of the Bureau of Indian Affairs in Reston, Virginia
776:, his position was stripped of much of its power and he resigned in 1871.
1663:
Michaelsen, Scott. "Ely S. Parker and Amerindian Voices in Ethnography".
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335:
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1431:"The interracial love story that stunned Washington — twice! — in 1867"
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When Ulysses S. Grant became commander of the Military Division of the
665:. He tried to enlist in the Union Army as an engineer, but was told by
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1100:""Historic Seneca Leaders", Seneca Nation of Indians official website"
799:, the photographer famous for documenting the lives of slum dwellers.
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As an engineer, Parker contributed to upgrades and maintenance of the
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He was elected a Veteran Companion of the New York Commandery of the
592:, forming a strong and collegial relationship that was useful later.
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When General Grant became president in 1869, he appointed Parker as
342:. Parker earned an engineering degree in college and worked on the
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After the Civil War, Parker was commissioned as an officer in the
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584:, among other projects. As a supervisor of government projects in
577:, "Keeper of the Western Door of the Long House of the Iroquois".
462:. They all played a role in the studies that formed ethnology and
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Adams, James Ring (Fall 2011), "The Many Careers of Ely Parker",
361:. He wrote the final draft of the Confederate surrender terms at
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The Promise of Progress: The Life and Work of Lewis Henry Morgan
1829:
American lawyers admitted to the practice of law by reading law
1715:, ed. by Margot Liberty (West Publishing Company, 1978), 14–29.
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To Be Indian: The Life of Iroquois-Seneca Arthur Caswell Parker
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Tooker, Elizabeth. "Ely S. Parker, Seneca, ca. 1828–1895," in
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1278:"Ely Parker - Chief, Lawyer, Engineer, and Brigadier General"
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hand and said, 'We are all Americans.'" Parker was brevetted
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Buffalo, New York: Buffalo Historical Society, 1919, p. 133.
1199:. Columbia, Missouri: University of Missouri Press. p.
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The Indian Citizenship Act (1924) (43 Stat. 253, ante, 420)
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plays him in Season 3, Episode 7 of the American TV series
1126:"Gerry J. Gilmore, "Seneca Chief Fought Greed, Injustice""
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for the customary three years with an established firm in
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Board of Commissioners of the New York Police Department
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Military Order of the Loyal Legion of the United States
1549:"Dedication Ceremony Honors First Indian Commissioner"
357:, when he served as adjutant and secretary to General
1183:, Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2004, p. 210.
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People of New York (state) in the American Civil War
1720:
Seneca Chief, Army General: A Story about Ely Parker
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The Life of General Ely S. Parker, by Arthur Parker.
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The Life of General Ely S. Parker, by Arthur Parker.
960:, Part 5: "The Dogs of War" (min. 40:30), CNN, 2021.
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Parker is featured in Season 2 of the podcast drama
1746:
National Park Service: Ely Parker- A Real American"
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American general, engineer, law reader and diplomat
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489:were not considered citizens until passage of the
365:. Later in his career, Parker rose to the rank of
1350:"Ely Parker's Implementation of the Peace Policy"
1081:, University of Oklahoma Press, 2001, pp. 12–14,
815:Parker lived his last years in poverty, dying in
1854:Native American United States military personnel
1146:: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (
1128:. Archived from the original on October 13, 2006
934:Parker is featured as a character in the novels
1722:(Millbrook Press, 2001) for secondary schools.
681:, and later said Parker was a "good engineer".
560:, a position that Morgan once aspired to hold.
469:As a young man, Parker worked in a legal firm,
379:, the first Native American to hold that post.
909:Asa-Luke Twocrow plays Ely Parker in the film
650:with Parker in the back row (third from right)
1622:; the standard scholarly biography; also see
8:
1693:American Indian Culture and Research Journal
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1407:
1405:
868:He is said to have helped found the town of
707:Parker was present when Confederate general
1859:Native Americans in the American Civil War
552:. Parker was later appointed by President
47:
31:
1834:Burials at Forest Lawn Cemetery (Buffalo)
831:. He was reinterred next to his ancestor
788:he lost the fortune he had accumulated.
435:, much like the family's famous relation
1844:19th-century Native American politicians
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881:Parker is honored on the reverse of the
1879:Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute alumni
1250:. Buffalo Historical Society. pp.
1196:The Life and Work of Lewis Henry Morgan
1021:
616:, and Horace Porter, now on display at
141:August 31, 1895 (aged 66–67)
1703:Native American and Indigenous Studies
1519:Encyclopedia of North American Indians
1429:Jessica Contrera (February 13, 2019).
1416:National Museum of the American Indian
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1173:
1139:
1044:. Buffalo Historical Society. p.
415:. His mother was the granddaughter of
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1029:
1027:
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1011:, Nephew and biographer of Ely Parker
330:and English, and became friends with
7:
1869:People from Genesee County, New York
1677:(University of Missouri Press, 2009)
1611:. (Syracuse University Press, 1978)
1523:. Houghton Mifflin Company. p.
1640:. Biography for secondary schools.
795:. Parker received many visits from
780:Post Commissioner of Indian Affairs
1788:Jacob Riis, "A Dream of the Woods"
811:Later life, death, and reinterment
25:
1849:19th-century American politicians
1682:The Life of General Ely S. Parker
1280:. U.S. Department of the Interior
1247:The Life of General Ely S. Parker
1041:The Life of General Ely S. Parker
774:House Committee on Appropriations
573:of the Seneca and given the name
403:families; while his father was a
1799:Website for the PBS documentary
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971:
902:woman and her child stranded in
604:A 19th century photo of General
530:Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute
228:
219:
179:
1578:"2022 Native American $ 1 Coin"
306:(1828 – August 31, 1895), born
1839:Grant administration personnel
1320:"Commissioner Parker on Trial"
769:President Grant's Peace Policy
765:Commissioner of Indian Affairs
558:Commissioner of Indian Affairs
491:Indian Citizenship Act of 1924
477:, before applying to take the
377:Commissioner of Indian Affairs
334:, who became a student of the
246:Adjutant to General U.S. Grant
61:Commissioner of Indian Affairs
1:
1225:Bury My Heart at Wounded Knee
1154:American Forces Press Service
1089:, accessed February 17, 2011.
862:Bury My Heart at Wounded Knee
419:, the successor of the great
391:, which was then part of the
1864:People from Galena, Illinois
1648:Western Historical Quarterly
1515:Hoxie, Frederick E. (1996).
1894:United States Army officers
1553:U.S. Department of Interior
496:Parker encountered scholar
466:as an academic discipline.
1920:
1736:Biography, "Ely S. Parker"
883:2022 Sacagawea dollar coin
742:Southern Treaty Commission
1718:Van Steenwyk, Elizabeth.
1665:American Literary History
1655:American Indian Quarterly
993:American Civil War portal
958:Lincoln: Divided We Stand
928:Dr. Quinn: Medicine Woman
738:2nd United States Cavalry
724:on April 9, 1865, and of
349:He was commissioned as a
297:
249:2nd U.S. Cavalry Regiment
111:
66:
55:
46:
41:
1899:Tonawanda Band of Seneca
1760:Ely Samuel Parker Papers
1680:Parker, Arthur Caswell.
1556:Bureau of Indian Affairs
839:, and other notables of
722:United States Volunteers
504:of young white men from
383:Early life and education
1904:Wolf Clan of the Seneca
1802:A Warrior in Two Worlds
1632:(7th Generation, 2015)
1244:Parker, Arthur (1919).
1038:Parker, Arthur (1919).
759:Appointment under Grant
634:, a portrait depicting
632:Surrender at Appomattox
567:. In 1852, he was made
548:until the start of the
475:Ellicottville, New York
346:, and other projects.
1657:40.4 (2016): 333-363.
1607:Armstrong, William H.
904:Grand Central Terminal
817:Fairfield, Connecticut
654:Near the start of the
651:
624:
518:League of the Iroquois
456:Henry Rowe Schoolcraft
389:Indian Falls, New York
144:Fairfield, Connecticut
131:Indian Falls, New York
94:Nathaniel Green Taylor
1751:Ely Parker Scrapbooks
1667:8.4 (1996): 615–638.
1650:41#2 (2010): 196–217.
1490:Warrior in Two Worlds
1460:Warrior in Two Worlds
1384:Warrior in Two Worlds
1354:Warrior in Two Worlds
1324:Warrior in Two Worlds
1002:Fellows v. Blacksmith
713:Appomattox Courthouse
630:
614:Orville Elias Babcock
603:
510:Tonawanda Reservation
483:United States citizen
393:Tonawanda Reservation
272:Battle of Chattanooga
208:Years of service
1793:May 7, 2016, at the
1609:Warrior in Two Camps
1193:Moses, Noah (2009).
1106:on November 19, 2020
915:(2012), directed by
875:The Arizona Republic
825:Forest Lawn Cemetery
694:Chattanooga Campaign
688:, Parker became his
322:, was an engineer,
155:Forest Lawn Cemetery
106:Francis Amasa Walker
1889:Union Army officers
1770:"Ely Samuel Parker"
1630:Walking Two Worlds.
1558:. December 21, 2000
1435:The Washington Post
698:Siege of Petersburg
618:Harvard Art Museums
544:Parker worked as a
287:Appomattox campaign
282:Siege of Petersburg
1705:1.2 (2014): 1-43.
1624:online book review
1583:United States Mint
1298:Arthur C. Parker,
943:Never Call Retreat
890:In popular culture
835:, a famous Seneca
726:United States Army
679:siege of Vicksburg
656:American Civil War
652:
625:
622:Harvard University
596:American Civil War
550:American Civil War
498:Lewis Henry Morgan
460:John Wesley Powell
452:Lewis Henry Morgan
355:American Civil War
351:lieutenant colonel
332:Lewis Henry Morgan
316:), later known as
267:Siege of Vicksburg
262:American Civil War
197:United States Army
1638:978-1-939053-10-7
1628:Bruchac, Joseph.
1380:"The Rift Widens"
1259:(reprinted 2005,
1210:978-0-8262-1818-6
1053:(reprinted 2005,
829:Buffalo, New York
718:brigadier general
675:John Eugene Smith
660:New York Governor
423:spiritual leader
370:brigadier general
304:Ely Samuel Parker
301:
300:
277:Overland Campaign
237:brigadier general
159:Buffalo, New York
125:Ely Samuel Parker
18:Ely Samuel Parker
16:(Redirected from
1911:
1805:(March 10, 2004)
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1764:Newberry Library
1755:Newberry Library
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1466:. March 10, 2004
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1102:. Archived from
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1009:Arthur C. Parker
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979:Biography portal
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937:Grant Comes East
917:Steven Spielberg
841:Western New York
746:Indian Territory
667:Secretary of War
648:Ulysses S. Grant
642:'s surrender to
636:Confederate Army
606:Ulysses S. Grant
590:Ulysses S. Grant
588:, he befriended
586:Galena, Illinois
554:Ulysses S. Grant
506:Upstate New York
487:American Indians
359:Ulysses S. Grant
340:Upstate New York
314:Tonawanda Seneca
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166:Military service
116:Personal details
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82:Ulysses S. Grant
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1795:Wayback Machine
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728:March 2, 1867.
711:surrendered at
663:Edwin D. Morgan
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479:bar examination
445:Seneca language
443:, speaking the
431:was a powerful
407:by trade and a
395:. He was named
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597:
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546:civil engineer
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534:Troy, New York
514:New York state
397:Ha-sa-no-an-da
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36:Ely S. Parker
33:
30:
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1801:
1777:. Retrieved
1774:Find a Grave
1739:
1719:
1712:
1702:
1692:
1681:
1674:
1664:
1654:
1647:
1629:
1608:
1589:February 22,
1587:. Retrieved
1581:
1572:
1560:. Retrieved
1543:
1518:
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1498:. Retrieved
1489:
1480:
1468:. Retrieved
1459:
1450:
1438:. Retrieved
1434:
1424:
1415:
1392:. Retrieved
1383:
1374:
1362:. Retrieved
1353:
1344:
1332:. Retrieved
1323:
1299:
1294:
1282:. Retrieved
1272:
1255:
1246:
1239:
1224:
1219:
1195:
1188:
1180:
1161:
1153:
1132:November 23,
1130:. Retrieved
1120:
1110:November 23,
1108:. Retrieved
1104:the original
1094:
1077:
1076:Joy Porter,
1049:
1040:
1000:
950:
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910:
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464:anthropology
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302:
255:Battles/wars
101:Succeeded by
68:
29:
1824:1895 deaths
1819:1828 births
1284:November 2,
1223:Dee Brown,
692:during the
686:Mississippi
526:engineering
471:reading law
417:Sos-he-o-wa
413:War of 1812
353:during the
89:Preceded by
1813:Categories
896:Jacob Riis
833:Red Jacket
821:Algonquian
797:Jacob Riis
702:Petersburg
644:Union Army
582:Erie Canal
575:Donehogawa
502:fraternity
437:Red Jacket
363:Appomattox
344:Erie Canal
319:Donehogawa
309:Hasanoanda
201:Union Army
171:Allegiance
42:Hasanoanda
857:Dee Brown
441:bilingual
324:U.S. Army
211:1863–1869
78:President
73:1869–1871
69:In office
1791:Archived
1669:in JSTOR
1227:. 1970.
1142:cite web
965:See also
690:adjutant
646:general
638:general
336:Iroquois
1779:May 12,
1707:excerpt
1684:(1919)
1562:July 6,
1500:July 6,
1470:July 6,
1440:July 6,
1394:July 6,
1364:July 6,
1334:July 6,
912:Lincoln
409:Baptist
225:Colonel
1724:online
1697:online
1686:online
1659:online
1642:online
1636:
1620:online
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1263:
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1057:
900:Mohawk
847:Legacy
837:orator
570:sachem
540:Career
485:. All
458:, and
433:orator
405:miller
401:Seneca
367:brevet
328:Seneca
234:Brevet
184:
161:, U.S.
146:, U.S.
133:, U.S.
1742:, PBS
1016:Notes
700:. At
1781:2016
1634:ISBN
1613:ISBN
1591:2022
1564:2022
1529:ISBN
1502:2022
1472:2022
1442:2022
1396:2022
1366:2022
1336:2022
1286:2013
1261:ISBN
1254:–3.
1229:ISBN
1205:ISBN
1148:link
1134:2007
1112:2020
1083:ISBN
1055:ISBN
951:1865
940:and
243:Unit
216:Rank
138:Died
128:1828
121:Born
1762:at
1753:at
1525:467
1494:PBS
1464:PBS
1388:PBS
1358:PBS
1328:PBS
1252:102
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720:of
620:at
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