125:
31:
3262:(Jewish law) was at odds with local law of the land, or where Halacha did not address some aspect of contemporary secular life, compromise was often sought in the balancing of religious and secular law, ethics, and obligations. Consequently, while some remained firm in their established Jewish practice, the prevalence of emancipated Jewry prompted gradual evolution and adaptation of the religion, and the emergence of new denominations of Judaism including
6930:
2578:(usually as a pretext; in most cases the defendant claiming benefit of clergy was a layperson) could escape punishment or receive a reduced punishment. In the opinions of many contemporary legal scholars, this meant that a Jew who had not renounced Judaism could not claim benefit of clergy. In England itself the practice of granting benefit of clergy was ended in 1827 but it continued further in other jurisdictions.
6759:
6773:
3283:
relating to dual loyalties, and the successful upward mobility of educated and entrepreneurial Jews saw pushback in antisemitic tropes relating to control, domination, and greed, the integration of Jews into wider society led to a diverse tapestry of contribution to art, science, philosophy, and both
3635:
A Jew was, unless he had previously renounced his religion, incapable of becoming a clergyman; and therefore Jews who had committed crimes and been convicted of them could not, according to the opinion of many great legal writers, avail themselves of the benefit of clergy which other malefactors, on
3273:
lament the emergence of inter-religious marriage in secular society, as well as the dilution of
Halacha and Jewish tradition, citing waning religiosity, dwindling population numbers, or poor observance as contributors to the potential disappearance of Jewish culture and dispersion of communities. In
3257:
The newfound freedom of Jews in places such as France, Italy, and
Germany, at least during the Empire, permitted many Jews to leave the ghettos, benefitting from and contributing to wider society for the first time. Thus, with emancipation, many Jews' relationships with Jewish belief, practice, and
3278:
as more detrimental to the continuity and longevity of
Judaism than the Haskalah. Emancipation offered Jewish people civil rights and opportunities for upward mobility, and assisted in dousing the flames of widespread Jew-hatred (though never completely, and only temporarily). This enabled Jews to
2586:
The early stages of Jewish emancipation movements were part of the general progressive efforts to achieve freedom and rights for minorities. While this was a movement, it was also a pursuit for equal rights. Thus, the emancipation movement would be a long process. The question of equal rights for
2528:
would share full equal rights, including the right to practice their religion, with all other
Americans. However, Jewish commentators observed that exclusion of Jewish citizens from political office occurred in a number of areas still in 1845. In fact, American Jewish citizens organized for
2721:(1842), had already emancipated their Jews as citizens. By doing so, they hoped to educate the gentiles, and terminate laws that sought to oppress the Jews. Although the movement was mostly successful; some early emancipated Jewish communities continued to suffer persisting or new
2540:
attained became a model for other
European Jews. Newfound opportunities began to be provided to the Jewish people, and they slowly pushed toward equality in other parts of the world. In 1796 and 1834, the Netherlands granted the Jews equal rights with non-Jews.
2705:(Paragraph 13), which said that civil rights were not to be conditional on religious faith. But only some German states introduced the Frankfurt parliamentary decision as state law, such as Hamburg; other states were reluctant. Important German states, such as
3722:: 11 vols., Leipzig: Leiner, 1900, vol. 11: 'Geschichte der Juden vom Beginn der Mendelssohnschen Zeit (1750) bis in die neueste Zeit (1848)', p. 317. Emphasis not in the original. Reprint of the edition revised by the author: Berlin: Arani, 1998,
124:
3885:: 11 vols., Leipzig: Leiner, 1900, vol. 11: 'Geschichte der Juden vom Beginn der Mendelssohnschen Zeit (1750) bis in die neueste Zeit (1848)', pp. 297seq. Reprint of the edition of last hand: Berlin: arani, 1998,
2725:, though not legal, discrimination against those Jews trying to achieve careers in public service and education. Those few states that had refrained from Jewish emancipation were forced to do so by an act of the
3864:: 11 vols., Leipzig: Leiner, 1900, vol. 11: 'Geschichte der Juden vom Beginn der Mendelssohnschen Zeit (1750) bis in die neueste Zeit (1848)', p. 297. Reprint of the edition of last hand: Berlin: arani, 1998,
3834:: 11 vols., Leipzig: Leiner, 1900, vol. 11: 'Geschichte der Juden vom Beginn der Mendelssohnschen Zeit (1750) bis in die neueste Zeit (1848)', p. 287. Reprint of the edition of last hand: Berlin: arani, 1998,
3279:
live multifaceted lives, breaking cycles of poverty, enjoying the spoils of
Enlightened society, while also maintaining strong Jewish faith and community. While this element of emancipation gave rise to
4358:
2536:
emancipated its Jewish population. The 40,000 Jews living in France at the time were the first to confront the opportunities and challenges offered by emancipation. The civic equality that the
1164:
2513:, the Jewish movement supporting the adoption of enlightenment values, advocated an expansion of Jewish rights within European society. Haskalah followers advocated "coming out of the
1742:
4204:
Zalkin, M. (2019). " The
Relations between the Haskalah and Traditional Jewish Communities". In The History of Jews in Lithuania. Leiden, The Netherlands: Brill | Schöningh. doi:
4573:
3780:
3462:
2686:
the confederal states." A number of German states used the altered text version as legal grounds to reverse the
Napoleonic emancipation of Jewish citizens. The Prussian emissary
1397:
1092:
2682:
the confederal states", by replacing a single word, which entailed serious consequences, into: "The confessors of Jewish faith are preserved the rights already conceded to them
1284:
65:
rights. It included efforts within the community to integrate into their societies as citizens. It occurred gradually between the late 18th century and the early 20th century.
7179:
2492:
256:
4081:
For the status of Jews in the states, which united in 1871 to constitute
Germany see the respective regulations of the principalities and states that preceded the 1871
129:
7268:
6263:
1279:
7263:
7209:
7199:
6653:
1527:
4468:
3293:
3027:
3714:
In the German original: "Es werden den
Bekennern des jüdischen Glaubens die denselben in den einzelnen Bundesstaaten bereits eingeräumten Rechte erhalten." Cf.
2678:– unauthorised and unconsented to by the other parties – altered the text from "The confessors of Jewish faith are preserved the rights already conceded to them
5336:
1781:
7174:
88:
in residential areas from the rest of the society; emancipation was a major goal of European Jews of that time, who worked within their communities to achieve
3755:
2641:
of 1840, and the failure of many states to emancipate the Jews, Jewish organizations formed to push for the emancipation and protection of their people. The
6929:
6613:
5066:
4973:
4807:
766:
729:
2749:
In some countries, emancipation came with a single act. In others, limited rights were granted first in the hope of "changing" the Jews "for the better."
5131:
3536:
Ramakers, J. J. M. "Parallel processes? The emancipation of Jews and Catholics in the Netherlands 1795/96-1848." Studia Rosenthaliana 30.1 (1996): 33-40.
2769:
7283:
4995:
1705:
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5051:
4908:
4578:
4545:
4512:
3328:
1728:
6659:
5056:
5046:
4802:
3580:
1078:
5759:
5213:
3266:
during the 19th century, and the widely practiced Modern Orthodoxy, both of which continue to be practiced by strong Jewish communities today.
2485:
1655:
1590:
1472:
30:
7278:
2662:
Jewish emancipation, implemented under Napoleonic rule in French occupied and annexed states, suffered a setback in many member states of the
5754:
4961:
4956:
4451:
4390:
3665:
776:
4021:
declared the full emancipation of the Jews by law in the realm on July 28, 1849. However, this would soon be rolled back by the Hungarians'
7248:
4978:
4689:
2989:
declared and enacted the emancipation of Jews, the law was repealed by the Habsburgs after the joint Austrian-Russian victory over Hungary
1214:
4033:
tried to abolish Hungary's constitution and territorial integrity. The emancipation of the Hungarian Jews would not be restored until the
5774:
5769:
5193:
4641:
4623:
1482:
1299:
1289:
529:
3784:
3466:
6586:
5463:
4661:
4094:
Since 1810 Jews already had partial freedom of religion, that was completely guaranteed in 1890 after the proclamation of the Republic
1878:
1828:
1793:
1487:
1352:
1219:
151:. Jews were not allowed to vote, where voting existed, and some countries formally prohibited their entry, such as Norway, Sweden and
2789:
6811:
5614:
5468:
4429:
4408:
3913:
3890:
3869:
3839:
3727:
2946:
2642:
2478:
1570:
1532:
1507:
1427:
1412:
1259:
1199:
1154:
3527:
Vlessing, Odette. "The Jewish community in transition; from acceptance to emancipation." Studia Rosenthaliana 30.1 (1996): 195-212.
7204:
5523:
5431:
4475:
1863:
1845:
1751:
1645:
1497:
1492:
1417:
1382:
1249:
6688:
4385:(Berlin /Stettin 1781). Kritische und kommentierte Studienausgabe. Hrsg. von Wolf Christoph Seifert. Wallstein, Göttingen 2015,
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5882:
4966:
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4903:
4817:
4598:
3127:
2905:
2381:
2280:
1835:
1818:
1771:
1670:
1580:
1517:
1467:
1447:
1442:
1362:
1336:
1311:
1189:
1179:
1169:
1149:
1144:
4328:
7419:
7074:
7031:
6904:
6854:
5564:
5124:
3385:
2655:
1854:
1840:
1808:
1788:
1756:
1700:
1675:
1650:
1630:
1620:
1605:
1600:
1595:
1575:
1565:
1560:
1537:
1452:
1437:
1357:
1316:
1269:
1264:
1184:
1129:
96:
as Jews gained full citizenship. They immigrated to countries offering better social and economic opportunities, such as the
2877:
revised Maryland law to permit a Jew to hold office if he professed belief in "a future state of rewards and punishments".)
2587:
Jews was tied to demands for constitutions and civil rights in various nations. Jewish statesmen and intellectuals, such as
76:, or Jewish Enlightenment. Various nations repealed or superseded previous discriminatory laws applied specifically against
2694:
promoted the preservation of Jewish emancipation, as maintained by their own countries, but were not successful in others.
147:
for Jews, to distinguish them from Christians. The practice of their religions was often restricted, and they had to swear
7154:
7079:
7064:
6665:
5986:
4812:
4492:
2840:
2275:
1813:
1798:
1761:
1723:
1695:
1685:
1680:
1665:
1660:
1640:
1625:
1610:
1585:
1551:
1522:
1422:
1407:
1331:
1321:
1239:
1209:
1134:
1120:
136:
6728:
756:
7470:
7414:
6858:
6596:
6591:
5779:
5764:
5528:
5483:
5228:
4983:
4822:
4568:
4538:
4026:
1883:
1803:
1766:
1690:
1635:
1502:
1477:
1402:
1377:
1367:
1306:
1229:
1224:
1204:
1194:
1174:
1159:
1052:
520:
515:
152:
7409:
6693:
6678:
5559:
5419:
4832:
4827:
4671:
4651:
4060:
3585:
3107:
1873:
1868:
1823:
1776:
1462:
1432:
1392:
1387:
1244:
550:
92:
in the majority societies and broader education. Many became active politically and culturally within wider European
7429:
7394:
7164:
7104:
7054:
6919:
6647:
6541:
6192:
6086:
5794:
5727:
5288:
5178:
4613:
4608:
4378:
3937:
3549:
3117:
2611:
2553:
would begin to persuade governments in Great Britain and Central and Eastern Europe to grant equal rights to Jews.
2549:). Greece granted equal rights to Jews in 1830. But, it was not until the revolutions of the mid-19th century that
2347:
2192:
1900:
1294:
490:
480:
216:
3759:
3354:
2622:). Dohm disproves the antisemitic stereotypes and pleads for equal rights for Jews. To this day, it is called the
837:
7308:
7189:
6763:
6703:
6601:
6581:
6451:
6376:
6236:
6103:
5789:
5749:
5117:
4755:
3970:
3189:
2885:
2710:
2550:
2461:
2154:
2005:
1946:
7094:
6909:
6899:
6683:
6514:
5813:
5688:
3159:
2830:
2779:
2634:
2604:
2164:
2144:
1254:
734:
275:
85:
7099:
7059:
6636:
6625:
6219:
6140:
5845:
5744:
5683:
5663:
5569:
5542:
4923:
4588:
4583:
4531:
4047:
4022:
2726:
2607:, worked with the general movement toward liberty and political freedom, rather than for Jews specifically.
2305:
2295:
2260:
2139:
2129:
1912:
1083:
1025:
859:
538:
495:
210:
3908:. Michael A. Meyer, Michael Brenner, Mordechai Breuer, Leo Baeck Institute. München: C.H. Beck. 1996–2000.
3487:
7444:
7159:
6672:
6642:
5705:
4949:
4750:
4481:
4082:
3554:
3380:
3169:
3072:
2986:
2691:
2424:
2159:
2073:
1139:
691:
310:
280:
81:
3995:
By order of the Sultan, equal rights were granted to non-Muslims, including Jews, in 1839 as part of the
686:
7194:
7149:
6804:
6698:
6619:
6401:
6108:
5991:
5732:
5722:
5715:
5700:
5586:
5021:
5000:
4939:
4934:
4760:
4694:
3308:
2820:
2546:
2315:
2310:
2255:
2043:
958:
673:
568:
285:
50:
3606:
4025:
at the hands of the Russian Army barely two weeks later on August 13, which marked the failure of the
7449:
7424:
7134:
7084:
6733:
6723:
6226:
5198:
4681:
4666:
4341:
Richarz, M. (1975). "Jewish Social Mobility in Germany during the Time of Emancipation (1790–1871)."
3576:
3298:
3052:
2810:
2702:
2687:
2663:
2600:
2506:
2386:
2338:
2078:
1936:
749:
614:
603:
561:
69:
4275:
Haskalah and Beyond: The Reception of the Hebrew Enlightenment and the Emergence of Haskalah Judaism
4218:
Haskalah and Beyond: The Reception of the Hebrew Enlightenment and the Emergence of Haskalah Judaism
7273:
7258:
7016:
6956:
6889:
6381:
6349:
6275:
6184:
6130:
5737:
5537:
5271:
5236:
4866:
4699:
3407:
3280:
3041:
2936:
2874:
2714:
2698:
2439:
679:
582:
575:
505:
393:
268:
4506:
3826:
However, reversed by the Westphalian successor states in 1815. Cf. for introduction and reversion
3486:
Leeser, I. "Jewish Emancipation," 1845, The Occident and American Jewish Advocate, vol III, no 3,
7253:
6894:
6713:
6708:
6519:
6241:
6118:
6113:
6098:
6068:
6021:
5944:
5850:
5710:
5283:
5188:
5155:
5041:
4656:
4636:
4315:"If Not for the Holocaust, There Could Have Been 32 Million Jews in the World Today, Expert Says"
4314:
4296:
4253:
4187:
4034:
3951:
3931:
3618:
3219:
3103:
2966:
2860:
2850:
2718:
2706:
2667:
2650:
2290:
2240:
2187:
2182:
2096:
1966:
1234:
1063:
822:
742:
596:
162:
135:
Jews were subject to a wide range of restrictions throughout most of European history. Since the
89:
35:
7214:
5996:
5872:
4422:
Geschichte der Juden vom Beginn der Mendelssohnschen Zeit (1750) bis in die neueste Zeit (1848)
4114:
7475:
7384:
7243:
7219:
7021:
7006:
6966:
6497:
6428:
6310:
6295:
6078:
5949:
5914:
5203:
5073:
4944:
4859:
4782:
4745:
4709:
4447:
4425:
4404:
4396:
4386:
4134:
3919:
3909:
3886:
3865:
3835:
3723:
3661:
3657:
3626:
3610:
3062:
2799:
2561:
2533:
2521:
2434:
2376:
2356:
2173:
1733:
1372:
832:
703:
633:
510:
423:
290:
148:
7434:
7404:
7374:
7354:
7119:
6971:
6946:
6938:
6797:
6563:
6531:
6492:
6463:
6446:
6396:
6197:
6006:
5939:
5892:
5840:
5808:
5799:
5784:
5658:
5633:
5609:
5493:
5424:
5341:
5208:
4854:
4740:
4735:
4714:
4646:
4593:
4517:
4288:
4243:
4179:
4126:
3649:
3602:
3594:
3199:
3037:
2646:
2404:
2285:
2245:
2209:
1907:
1457:
968:
724:
628:
543:
433:
225:
3151:, United States (last US state to lift restrictions limiting public office to Protestants)
7129:
7049:
6976:
6473:
6468:
6280:
6207:
6040:
6011:
5934:
5924:
5887:
5862:
5678:
5673:
5668:
5653:
5648:
5638:
5623:
5414:
5331:
5298:
5256:
5246:
5016:
4846:
4794:
4770:
4765:
4496:
4413:
4030:
3827:
3715:
3417:
3303:
2976:
2638:
2596:
2525:
2366:
2325:
2320:
2300:
2222:
2216:
2149:
2101:
1941:
1922:
1073:
802:
714:
697:
241:
5098:
6174:
188:
7399:
7333:
7328:
6961:
6839:
6777:
6752:
6573:
6480:
6438:
6418:
6406:
6386:
6300:
6290:
6258:
6251:
6231:
6202:
6169:
6135:
6045:
5969:
5959:
5897:
5695:
5643:
5554:
5549:
5311:
5306:
5241:
5170:
5036:
4704:
4603:
4554:
4018:
3438:
3263:
2956:
2671:
2670:. In the final revision of the Congress on the rights of the Jews, the emissary of the
2588:
2466:
2265:
2134:
2120:
2000:
1979:
1956:
1951:
1929:
1917:
1512:
993:
927:
892:
870:
807:
645:
623:
485:
464:
440:
206:
3971:"An Act to Grant Equal Rights and Privileges to Persons of the Jewish Religion (1832)"
7464:
7364:
7313:
7303:
7001:
6986:
6951:
6884:
6869:
6546:
6391:
6318:
6125:
6059:
6032:
5981:
5929:
5902:
5877:
5867:
5628:
5574:
5508:
5488:
5478:
5473:
5446:
5392:
5321:
5266:
5061:
4300:
4272:
4257:
3650:
3275:
3148:
3138:
2730:
2592:
2414:
2409:
1615:
1542:
1068:
917:
912:
907:
897:
875:
827:
589:
428:
333:
295:
246:
113:
93:
4152:
17:
7379:
7369:
7359:
7318:
7114:
7044:
6981:
6864:
6526:
6323:
6285:
6246:
5835:
5579:
5518:
5498:
5458:
5441:
5409:
5397:
5358:
5276:
5251:
4719:
4487:
3636:
a first conviction for felony were at liberty to plead in mitigation of punishment.
3258:
culture evolved to accommodate a degree of integration with secular society. Where
3229:
3092:
2738:
2734:
2675:
2444:
2270:
2111:
2106:
2064:
2017:
1111:
978:
963:
922:
887:
500:
342:
144:
97:
58:
54:
4248:
2574:) by which an individual convicted of a crime, through claiming to be a Christian
4401:
L'Émancipation des Juifs en France. De l'Ancien Régime à la fin du Second Empire.
3375:
139:
in 1215, Christian Europeans required Jews to wear special clothing, such as the
6996:
6991:
6914:
6536:
6051:
5976:
5954:
5857:
5451:
5380:
5375:
5363:
5353:
4231:
3017:
2630:
2557:
2537:
2429:
2371:
2036:
942:
937:
932:
902:
62:
3684:
2529:
political rights in the 1800s, and then for further civil rights in the 1900s.
7109:
7089:
6630:
6337:
5919:
5513:
5261:
5183:
5078:
4631:
4130:
3630:
2087:
1101:
1030:
988:
817:
797:
356:
263:
183:
4205:
4138:
3614:
7338:
7323:
7039:
7011:
6551:
6016:
5907:
5818:
5436:
5370:
4871:
4775:
4368:
4072:
By law on the Affairs of the Jews in the Duchy of Holstein on July 14, 1863.
3923:
3689:
2575:
2250:
2235:
1325:
1273:
1035:
983:
973:
654:
650:
640:
555:
315:
105:
5387:
4232:"Resisting assimilation – ethnic boundary maintenance among Jews in Sweden"
1003:
61:
were then subject, and the recognition of Jews as entitled to equality and
4292:
6270:
6212:
6157:
6152:
5823:
5031:
4891:
4183:
3996:
3903:
3270:
2870:
2542:
2510:
2419:
2029:
1961:
792:
300:
251:
140:
101:
73:
3488:
http://www.jewish-history.com/Occident/volume3/jun1845/emancipation.html
7169:
7124:
6820:
6485:
6369:
6364:
6354:
6342:
6162:
6147:
6091:
6026:
6001:
5964:
5828:
5503:
5402:
5326:
5218:
5144:
4886:
4881:
4191:
4167:
3622:
3412:
3259:
3209:
3007:
2997:
2915:
2895:
2395:
2361:
2230:
2024:
1013:
1008:
880:
771:
666:
662:
658:
407:
402:
379:
361:
236:
231:
221:
199:
174:
109:
7184:
6874:
6849:
6844:
6556:
6423:
6359:
4988:
4896:
4876:
3179:
3082:
2925:
2514:
2055:
2050:
2010:
1995:
1106:
998:
418:
384:
370:
305:
46:
3805:
3598:
5109:
4103:
After the fall of the Nazis, the Jews recovered their civil rights.
2545:
freed the Jews in areas he conquered in Europe outside France (see
7439:
7144:
7139:
6507:
6502:
6456:
6411:
6332:
6327:
5591:
5346:
5316:
4418:
Geschichte der Juden von den ältesten Zeiten bis auf die Gegenwart
4372:
3883:
Geschichte der Juden von den ältesten Zeiten bis auf die Gegenwart
3862:
Geschichte der Juden von den ältesten Zeiten bis auf die Gegenwart
3832:
Geschichte der Juden von den ältesten Zeiten bis auf die Gegenwart
3720:
Geschichte der Juden von den ältesten Zeiten bis auf die Gegenwart
3239:
3044:
and had previously been divided amongst several foreign entities)
2565:
1018:
447:
351:
320:
123:
4523:
2560:
and some successor legal systems there was a convention known as
6834:
6606:
5140:
2733:
in 1871. The emancipation of all Jewish Germans was reversed by
170:
77:
6793:
5113:
4527:
3807:"Admission of Jews to Rights of Citizenship," 27 September 1791
3648:
Nicholas, de Lange; Freud-Kandel, Miri; C. Dubin, Lois (2005).
3956:
2701:, Jewish emancipation was granted by the Basic Rights of the
4424:, reprint of the edition of last hand; Berlin: arani, 1998,
3593:(1). Oxford: Horace Hart, Printer to the University: 40–83.
3518:(Berkeley: University of California Press, 1998), pp. 17–18.
6789:
2517:", not just physically but also mentally and spiritually.
4489:
Des Juifs contre l'Ă©mancipation. De Babylone Ă Benny LĂ©vy
4364:
4059:
By introduction of the basic freedoms as decided by the
128:
The 1791 law proclaiming the Emancipation of the Jews –
3851:
Reversed at the dissolution of the grand duchy in 1815.
3756:"THE DEVELOPMENT OF MODERN ANTI-SEMITISM: images pg.21"
2505:
Jewish involvement in gentile society began during the
4507:'Emancipation,' A Story Of European Jews' Liberation
4444:
Jewish Emancipation: A History Across Five Centuries
4329:"Antisemitism from the Enlightenment to World War I"
2034:
2015:
438:
7347:
7296:
7228:
7030:
6937:
6827:
6572:
6437:
6309:
6183:
6077:
5608:
5297:
5227:
5169:
5009:
4922:
4845:
4793:
4728:
4680:
4622:
4561:
4360:Jewish Emancipation in the 18th and 19th Centuries
2729:on 3 July 1869, or when they acceded to the newly
27:1700s–1900s European granting of liberties to Jews
4482:Emancipation, Mendelssohn, and the Rise of Reform
4438:. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1998.
4063:, adopted for Hamburg's law on February 21, 1849.
3274:contrast, others cite antisemitic events such as
2659:all began working to assure the freedom of Jews.
7180:Hadassah Women's Zionist Organization of America
4220:, Moshe Pelli, University Press of America, 2010
7210:International Fellowship of Christians and Jews
7200:Zionist Federation of Great Britain and Ireland
3294:Emancipation of the Jews in the United Kingdom
2753:Years when legal equality was granted to Jews
155:after the expulsion in the late 15th century.
6805:
5125:
4539:
3705:. Stuttgart: Reclam, 2006 (2nd edition), 268.
2486:
8:
4420:: 11 vols., Leipzig: Leiner, 1900, vol. 11:
4345:, 20(1), 69–77. doi:10.1093/leobaeck/20.1.69
6614:Center of Contemporary Jewish Documentation
4383:Ăśber die bĂĽrgerliche Verbesserung der Juden
3679:
3677:
3253:Emancipation, integration, and assimilation
3040:(Italy had not existed as a unified nation
3028:United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland
2616:Ăśber die bĂĽrgerliche Emanzipation der Juden
2569:
730:History of the Jews in the Byzantine Empire
7236:
7175:Women's International Zionist Organization
6812:
6798:
6790:
5294:
5132:
5118:
5110:
4725:
4546:
4532:
4524:
4206:https://doi.org/10.30965/9783657705757_011
3905:Deutsch-jĂĽdische Geschichte in der Neuzeit
3744:. Oxford University Press. pp. 32–33.
3102:Restoration of the law of emancipation in
2493:
2479:
2343:
1984:
1057:
864:
469:
338:
157:
4247:
2520:In 1790, in the United States, President
5161:Index of Jewish history-related articles
4115:"Religious Freedom in Transition: Spain"
2751:
29:
6660:United States Holocaust Memorial Museum
3386:American-Israeli Cooperative Enterprise
3355:"Jewish Emancipation and Enlightenment"
3329:"Jewish Emancipation in Western Europe"
3319:
2620:On the Citizen Emancipation of the Jews
2394:
2346:
2172:
2119:
2086:
2063:
1987:
1853:
1741:
1715:
1550:
1344:
1119:
1091:
950:
784:
713:
613:
528:
472:
392:
369:
341:
169:
68:Jewish emancipation followed after the
4501:Labyrinthe. Atelier interdisciplinaire
4230:Grobgeld, David; Bursell, Moa (2021).
3929:
3758:. Friends-partners.org. Archived from
3544:
3542:
45:was the process in various nations in
7284:Timeline of the Arab–Israeli conflict
4484:Thinktorah.org, Rabbi Menachem Levine
4236:Distinktion: Journal of Social Theory
3860:On February 22, cf. Heinrich Graetz,
130:Musée d'Art et d'Histoire du Judaïsme
7:
7269:UN General Assembly Resolution 46/86
4690:Timeline of the Second Temple period
4113:Oliva, Javier GarcĂa (20 Aug 2008).
3703:Europa im Jahrhundert der Aufklärung
3656:. Oxford University Press. pp.
3510:
3508:
2610:In 1781, the Prussian civil servant
7264:UN General Assembly Resolution 3379
6607:YIVO Institute for Jewish Research
6587:American Jewish Historical Society
4574:Jewish history in Israel/Palestine
3881:On March 11, cf. Heinrich Graetz,
3581:"The Civil Rights of English Jews"
3502:, Princeton University Press, 2019
2987:Hungarian Revolutionary Parliament
25:
7279:Israeli–Palestinian peace process
4503:(in French), 2007 (Special issue)
2643:Board of Deputies of British Jews
2524:wrote a letter establishing that
521:Historical population comparisons
7205:Institute for Zionist Strategies
6928:
6771:
6758:
6757:
4343:The Leo Baeck Institute Yearbook
4008:Introduced on December 12, 1848.
3690:Encyclopedia of 1848 Revolutions
3589:. The Jews and the English Law.
1165:Democratic Republic of the Congo
1079:Historical population by country
7070:Zionist Organization of America
4904:Talmudic academies in Babylonia
4662:Judah's revolts against Babylon
4520:on The Museum of Family History
4513:Jewish Emancipation In The East
3577:Henriques, Henry Straus Quixano
3406:Beauchamp, Zack (14 May 2018).
3284:secular and religious culture.
2666:following the decisions of the
104:. Some European Jews turned to
80:where they resided. Before the
7420:Zionism as settler colonialism
7075:Zionist Organization of Canada
6905:Revival of the Hebrew language
6679:Relations with other religions
4446:. Princeton University Press.
4357:Battenberg, Friedrich (2017),
2656:Alliance Israelite Universelle
1:
7155:Jewish Party (Czechoslovakia)
7080:Religious Zionists of America
7065:Zionist Federation of Germany
6666:Encyclopedia of the Holocaust
4371:, retrieved: March 17, 2021 (
4369:Institute of European History
4365:EGO - European History Online
4249:10.1080/1600910X.2021.1885460
4168:"The Beginnings of Orthodoxy"
2672:Free Hanseatic City of Bremen
736:Christianity and Judaism
137:Fourth Council of the Lateran
34:An 1806 French print depicts
7415:Progressive except Palestine
6597:Leo Baeck Institute New York
6592:American Sephardi Federation
4984:Expulsion of Jews from Spain
3701:Barbara Stollberg-Rilinger:
2624:Bible of Jewish emancipation
2614:published the famous script
7410:Muslim supporters of Israel
5420:Constantinopolitan Karaites
4119:Religion, State and Society
3586:The Jewish Quarterly Review
3108:Austro-Hungarian Compromise
2737:from 1933 until the end of
2035:
2016:
1743:Latin America and Caribbean
439:
7492:
7430:Zionist political violence
7395:Jewish political movements
7165:Jewish Resistance Movement
7055:World Zionist Organization
6920:Zionism, race and genetics
6648:National Library of Israel
5289:Zionism, race and genetics
4403:Paris: Albin Michel, 1976
4379:Christian Wilhelm von Dohm
3118:North German Confederation
2629:In the face of persistent
2551:Jewish political movements
2348:Jewish political movements
2045:Conversion to Judaism
7239:
7190:American Zionist Movement
6926:
6746:
6602:Yeshiva University Museum
6582:Center for Jewish History
5151:
5089:
4436:The Jews of Modern France
4271:Lemberger, Tirza (2012).
4155:. Jewish Virtual Library.
4131:10.1080/09637490802260336
3516:The Jews of Modern France
751:Hinduism and Judaism
7095:Jewish Agency for Israel
6910:Hebraization of surnames
6900:Negation of the Diaspora
5194:Ancient Israel and Judah
4914:Revolt against Heraclius
4642:Ancient Israel and Judah
4624:Ancient Israel and Judah
4471:(German Knowledge (XXG))
2928:(Lower Canada (Quebec))
2831:Grand Duchy of Frankfurt
2780:United States of America
2605:Lionel Nathan Rothschild
577:Temple in Jerusalem
270:Bar and bat mitzvah
7100:Jewish National Council
7060:Zionist General Council
5570:North African Sephardim
5543:Jewish tribes of Arabia
4599:Expulsions and exoduses
4478:, Ohio State University
4048:Constitution of Denmark
3607:2027/mdp.39015039624393
2727:North German Federation
2532:On September 28, 1791,
539:Twelve Tribes of Israel
7445:Conservatism in Israel
7160:Jewish Party (Romania)
6673:Holocaust Encyclopedia
6643:Jewish Virtual Library
4950:Invasion of Banu Nadir
4751:First Jewish-Roman War
4442:Sorkin, David (2019).
4083:unification of Germany
3977:. Marianopolis College
3936:: CS1 maint: others (
3555:Jewish Virtual Library
3381:Jewish Virtual Library
3073:Free City of Frankfurt
2692:Klemens von Metternich
2612:Christian Wilhelm Dohm
2582:Emancipation movements
2570:
132:
39:
7195:Am Yisrael Foundation
6620:Encyclopaedia Judaica
6402:Sefer Raziel HaMalakh
5587:Sephardic Bnei Anusim
5337:Udmurt and Tatar Jews
5001:Medieval antisemitism
4940:Siege of Banu Qaynuqa
4935:Siege of Banu Qurayza
4909:Revolt against Gallus
4695:Second Temple Judaism
4293:10.1353/hbr.2012.0013
4166:Samet, Moshe (1988).
3685:"Jewish Emancipation"
3309:Napoleon and the Jews
2873:, United States (the
2745:Dates of emancipation
2571:privilegium clericale
2547:Napoleon and the Jews
1285:SĂŁo TomĂ© and PrĂncipe
1280:Republic of the Congo
674:Second Temple Judaism
545:Kingdom of Judah
516:Modern historiography
127:
38:emancipating the Jews
33:
7450:Liberalism in Israel
7425:Zionist antisemitism
7249:Chronology of Aliyah
7135:World Agudath Israel
7085:Jewish National Fund
5199:Second Temple period
4962:Sephardic Golden Age
4756:Battle of Beth Horon
4682:Second Temple period
4667:Babylonian captivity
4469:History of Frankfurt
4027:Hungarian Revolution
3959:, September 23, 2014
3683:Sharfman, Glenn R.,
3443:yivoencyclopedia.org
3299:Jewish Enlightenment
2841:Mecklenburg-Schwerin
2811:Grand Duchy of Hesse
2703:Frankfurt Parliament
2688:Wilhelm von Humboldt
2664:German Confederation
2534:revolutionary France
2507:Age of Enlightenment
2387:World Agudath Israel
1528:United Arab Emirates
615:Second Temple period
605:Babylonian captivity
70:Age of Enlightenment
18:Emancipation of Jews
7471:Jewish emancipation
7390:Jewish emancipation
7274:Timeline of Zionism
7259:Balfour Declaration
6890:Gathering of Israel
6637:Jewish Encyclopedia
6382:Hekhalot literature
6193:Religious movements
5728:Judeo-Tripolitanian
4700:Hellenistic Judaism
4609:Political movements
4518:Jewish Emancipation
4476:Jewish Emancipation
3781:"Washington Letter"
3500:Jewish Emancipation
3463:"Washington Letter"
3439:"YIVO | Fareynikte"
3281:antisemitic canards
2937:Electorate of Hesse
2754:
2715:Electorate of Hesse
2699:Revolutions of 1848
680:Hellenistic Judaism
258:Land of Israel
217:Principles of faith
72:and the concurrent
51:Jewish disabilities
43:Jewish emancipation
7254:History of Zionism
6778:Judaism portal
6714:Jews and Halloween
6709:Jews and Christmas
6099:Rabbinic authority
5851:Judaeo-Piedmontese
5284:Xueta Christianity
5189:Origins of Judaism
5156:Outline of Judaism
4657:Assyrian Captivity
4637:Origins of Judaism
4579:Population history
4495:2009-02-15 at the
4184:10.1093/mj/8.3.249
4035:Compromise of 1867
3969:BĂ©langer, Claude.
3952:Finding Your Roots
3408:"What is Zionism?"
3353:Ettinger, Shmuel.
3333:My Jewish Learning
3104:Kingdom of Hungary
2967:Kingdom of Hanover
2947:United Netherlands
2861:Kingdom of Bavaria
2752:
2668:Congress of Vienna
2653:in Paris, and the
2651:Central Consistory
2241:Jewish Koine Greek
1783:Dominican Republic
1064:Judaism by country
743:Jews and Christmas
598:Assyrian captivity
133:
40:
36:Napoleon Bonaparte
7458:
7457:
7385:Jewish Autonomism
7292:
7291:
7244:History of Israel
7220:Birthright Israel
6787:
6786:
6753:extinct languages
6654:YIVO Encyclopedia
6429:Hebrew literature
6397:Sefer HaEtz Chaim
6237:Reconstructionist
5915:Judaeo-Portuguese
5604:
5603:
5560:Eastern Sephardim
5204:Synagogal Judaism
5107:
5106:
5099:WP:Jewish history
4957:Under Muslim rule
4945:Battle of Khaybar
4860:Synagogal Judaism
4841:
4840:
4783:Bar Kokhba revolt
4746:Jewish-Roman Wars
4710:Hasmonean kingdom
4652:Kingdom of Israel
4453:978-0-691-16494-6
4397:David Feuerwerker
4391:978-3-8353-1699-7
4061:National Assembly
3667:978-0-19-926287-8
3245:
3244:
3130:(1851 in Norway)
2800:Batavian Republic
2690:and the Austrian
2562:benefit of clergy
2522:George Washington
2503:
2502:
2452:
2451:
2200:
2199:
1947:Reconstructionist
1891:
1890:
1043:
1042:
850:
849:
687:Jewish–Roman wars
635:Hasmonean dynasty
551:Kingdom of Israel
455:
454:
84:, most Jews were
16:(Redirected from
7483:
7435:Zio (pejorative)
7405:Muscular Judaism
7375:New antisemitism
7355:List of Zionists
7309:Independence Day
7237:
7120:Hashomer Hatzair
6932:
6814:
6807:
6800:
6791:
6776:
6775:
6774:
6761:
6760:
5893:Judeo-Golpaygani
5494:Palestinian Jews
5469:Alexandrian Jews
5425:Crimean Karaites
5342:Unterlander Jews
5295:
5209:Rabbinic Judaism
5134:
5127:
5120:
5111:
5095:
4931:Mohammedan Wars
4855:Rabbinic Judaism
4808:Byzantine Empire
4761:Galilee campaign
4741:Judean Civil War
4736:Maccabean Revolt
4729:Wars and revolts
4726:
4715:Herodian kingdom
4672:Babylonian Yehud
4647:Kingdom of Judah
4584:Military history
4548:
4541:
4534:
4525:
4457:
4434:Hyman, Paula E.
4346:
4339:
4333:
4332:
4325:
4319:
4318:
4311:
4305:
4304:
4268:
4262:
4261:
4251:
4227:
4221:
4214:
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4202:
4196:
4195:
4163:
4157:
4156:
4149:
4143:
4142:
4110:
4104:
4101:
4095:
4092:
4086:
4079:
4073:
4070:
4064:
4057:
4051:
4050:of June 5, 1849.
4044:
4038:
4015:
4009:
4006:
4000:
3993:
3987:
3986:
3984:
3982:
3966:
3960:
3948:
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3852:
3849:
3843:
3824:
3818:
3817:
3816:
3815:
3802:
3796:
3795:
3793:
3792:
3783:. Archived from
3777:
3771:
3770:
3768:
3767:
3752:
3746:
3745:
3740:C. Dubin, Lois.
3737:
3731:
3712:
3706:
3699:
3693:
3681:
3672:
3671:
3655:
3645:
3639:
3638:
3579:(October 1905).
3573:
3567:
3566:
3564:
3562:
3546:
3537:
3534:
3528:
3525:
3519:
3514:Paula E. Hyman,
3512:
3503:
3496:
3490:
3484:
3478:
3477:
3475:
3474:
3465:. Archived from
3459:
3453:
3452:
3450:
3449:
3435:
3429:
3428:
3426:
3424:
3403:
3397:
3396:
3394:
3392:
3372:
3366:
3365:
3363:
3361:
3350:
3344:
3343:
3341:
3339:
3324:
2755:
2647:Moses Montefiore
2573:
2495:
2488:
2481:
2344:
2225:
2046:
2040:
2021:
1985:
1932:
1879:New Zealand
1831:
1794:El Salvador
1784:
1716:Northern America
1708:
1302:
1058:
969:Crimean Karaites
865:
843:
841:
762:
760:
752:
746:
737:
725:Rabbinic Judaism
706:
700:
694:
682:
670:
636:
629:Maccabean Revolt
606:
599:
593:
585:
578:
572:
564:
546:
470:
444:
339:
271:
259:
158:
21:
7491:
7490:
7486:
7485:
7484:
7482:
7481:
7480:
7461:
7460:
7459:
7454:
7343:
7288:
7233:
7231:
7224:
7215:Nefesh B'Nefesh
7130:HaNoar HaTzioni
7026:
6933:
6924:
6823:
6818:
6788:
6783:
6772:
6770:
6742:
6568:
6433:
6305:
6179:
6073:
5888:Judeo-Borujerdi
5863:Judeo-Malayalam
5809:Judeo-Aragonese
5780:Lishanid Noshan
5612:
5600:
5332:Oberlander Jews
5293:
5223:
5165:
5147:
5138:
5108:
5103:
5093:
5085:
5074:Israeli history
5017:Jewish question
5005:
4918:
4847:Rabbinic period
4837:
4789:
4771:Diaspora revolt
4766:Siege of Masada
4724:
4676:
4618:
4589:Genetic history
4557:
4552:
4497:Wayback Machine
4464:
4454:
4441:
4414:Heinrich Graetz
4354:
4349:
4340:
4336:
4327:
4326:
4322:
4313:
4312:
4308:
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4269:
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4203:
4199:
4165:
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4160:
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4098:
4093:
4089:
4080:
4076:
4071:
4067:
4058:
4054:
4045:
4041:
4031:Austrian Empire
4016:
4012:
4007:
4003:
3994:
3990:
3980:
3978:
3968:
3967:
3963:
3949:
3945:
3928:
3916:
3902:
3901:
3897:
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3876:
3859:
3855:
3850:
3846:
3828:Heinrich Graetz
3825:
3821:
3813:
3811:
3804:
3803:
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3778:
3774:
3765:
3763:
3754:
3753:
3749:
3739:
3738:
3734:
3716:Heinrich Graetz
3713:
3709:
3700:
3696:
3682:
3675:
3668:
3647:
3646:
3642:
3599:10.2307/1450822
3575:
3574:
3570:
3560:
3558:
3548:
3547:
3540:
3535:
3531:
3526:
3522:
3513:
3506:
3498:Sorkin, David,
3497:
3493:
3485:
3481:
3472:
3470:
3461:
3460:
3456:
3447:
3445:
3437:
3436:
3432:
3422:
3420:
3418:Vox Media, Inc.
3405:
3404:
3400:
3390:
3388:
3374:
3373:
3369:
3359:
3357:
3352:
3351:
3347:
3337:
3335:
3326:
3325:
3321:
3317:
3304:Jewish question
3290:
3269:Critics of the
3255:
3250:
3093:Austrian Empire
2747:
2639:Damascus affair
2601:Berr Isaac Berr
2597:Gabriel Riesser
2584:
2526:Jews in America
2499:
2454:
2453:
2341:
2331:
2330:
2321:Judeo-Malayalam
2301:Judaeo-Georgian
2221:
2212:
2202:
2201:
2102:Yiddish theatre
2044:
1982:
1972:
1971:
1930:
1903:
1893:
1892:
1829:
1782:
1706:
1300:
1084:Genetic studies
1055:
1045:
1044:
862:
852:
851:
839:
838:
758:
757:
750:
740:
735:
717:and Middle Ages
715:Rabbinic period
702:
696:
689:
677:
648:
634:
604:
597:
588:
580:
576:
567:
562:in Judaism
559:
544:
467:
457:
456:
336:
326:
325:
269:
257:
202:
122:
49:of eliminating
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
7489:
7487:
7479:
7478:
7473:
7463:
7462:
7456:
7455:
7453:
7452:
7447:
7442:
7437:
7432:
7427:
7422:
7417:
7412:
7407:
7402:
7400:Greater Israel
7397:
7392:
7387:
7382:
7377:
7372:
7367:
7362:
7357:
7351:
7349:
7348:Related topics
7345:
7344:
7342:
7341:
7336:
7334:Ben-Gurion Day
7331:
7329:Jabotinsky Day
7326:
7321:
7316:
7311:
7306:
7300:
7298:
7294:
7293:
7290:
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7287:
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6925:
6923:
6922:
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6907:
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6897:
6892:
6887:
6882:
6880:Territorialism
6877:
6872:
6867:
6862:
6852:
6847:
6842:
6840:Land of Israel
6837:
6831:
6829:
6825:
6824:
6819:
6817:
6816:
6809:
6802:
6794:
6785:
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6767:
6747:
6744:
6743:
6741:
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6726:
6720:non-Christian
6718:
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6416:
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6409:
6407:Sefer Yetzirah
6404:
6399:
6394:
6389:
6387:Pardes Rimonim
6384:
6377:Kabbalah texts
6374:
6373:
6372:
6367:
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6066:
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6063:
6062:
6057:
6056:
6055:
6048:
6046:Judeo-Alsatian
6038:
6037:
6036:
6029:
6024:
6019:
5999:
5994:
5989:
5984:
5979:
5974:
5973:
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5967:
5957:
5952:
5947:
5942:
5937:
5932:
5927:
5922:
5917:
5912:
5911:
5910:
5905:
5900:
5898:Judeo-Hamedani
5895:
5890:
5885:
5875:
5873:Judaeo-Occitan
5870:
5865:
5860:
5855:
5854:
5853:
5843:
5838:
5833:
5832:
5831:
5826:
5821:
5814:Jewish English
5811:
5806:
5805:
5804:
5803:
5802:
5792:
5787:
5782:
5777:
5772:
5767:
5762:
5757:
5752:
5745:Judaeo-Aramaic
5742:
5741:
5740:
5735:
5733:Judeo-Tunisian
5730:
5725:
5723:Judeo-Moroccan
5720:
5719:
5718:
5716:Judeo-Baghdadi
5703:
5698:
5693:
5692:
5691:
5686:
5681:
5676:
5671:
5666:
5661:
5656:
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5599:
5598:
5597:
5596:
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5594:
5584:
5583:
5582:
5572:
5567:
5565:Livornese Jews
5562:
5552:
5547:
5546:
5545:
5535:
5534:
5533:
5532:
5531:
5526:
5521:
5516:
5506:
5501:
5496:
5491:
5486:
5481:
5476:
5471:
5466:
5456:
5455:
5454:
5444:
5439:
5434:
5429:
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5422:
5412:
5407:
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5395:
5390:
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5383:
5378:
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5366:
5361:
5351:
5350:
5349:
5344:
5339:
5334:
5329:
5324:
5319:
5314:
5312:Afrikaner-Jode
5303:
5301:
5292:
5291:
5286:
5281:
5280:
5279:
5269:
5264:
5259:
5254:
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5233:
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5149:
5148:
5139:
5137:
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5129:
5122:
5114:
5105:
5104:
5102:
5101:
5096:
5090:
5087:
5086:
5084:
5083:
5082:
5081:
5071:
5070:
5069:
5064:
5054:
5049:
5044:
5039:
5037:Reform Judaism
5034:
5029:
5024:
5019:
5013:
5011:
5007:
5006:
5004:
5003:
4998:
4996:Ottoman Empire
4993:
4992:
4991:
4981:
4976:
4971:
4970:
4969:
4964:
4954:
4953:
4952:
4947:
4942:
4937:
4928:
4926:
4920:
4919:
4917:
4916:
4911:
4906:
4901:
4900:
4899:
4894:
4889:
4884:
4874:
4869:
4864:
4863:
4862:
4851:
4849:
4843:
4842:
4839:
4838:
4836:
4835:
4830:
4825:
4820:
4815:
4810:
4805:
4799:
4797:
4791:
4790:
4788:
4787:
4786:
4785:
4780:
4779:
4778:
4768:
4763:
4758:
4753:
4743:
4738:
4732:
4730:
4723:
4722:
4717:
4712:
4707:
4705:Yehud Medinata
4702:
4697:
4692:
4686:
4684:
4678:
4677:
4675:
4674:
4669:
4664:
4659:
4654:
4649:
4644:
4639:
4634:
4628:
4626:
4620:
4619:
4617:
4616:
4611:
4606:
4601:
4596:
4591:
4586:
4581:
4576:
4571:
4569:Historiography
4565:
4563:
4559:
4558:
4555:Jewish history
4553:
4551:
4550:
4543:
4536:
4528:
4522:
4521:
4515:
4510:
4504:
4485:
4479:
4473:
4463:
4462:External links
4460:
4459:
4458:
4452:
4439:
4432:
4411:
4394:
4376:
4353:
4350:
4348:
4347:
4334:
4320:
4306:
4281:Hebrew Studies
4263:
4242:(2): 171–191.
4222:
4209:
4197:
4178:(3): 249–269.
4172:Modern Judaism
4158:
4153:"The Haskalah"
4144:
4125:(3): 269–281.
4105:
4096:
4087:
4074:
4065:
4052:
4039:
4019:Hungarian Diet
4010:
4001:
3988:
3975:Quebec History
3961:
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3914:
3895:
3874:
3853:
3844:
3819:
3797:
3772:
3747:
3742:Modern Judaism
3732:
3707:
3694:
3673:
3666:
3652:Modern Judaism
3640:
3568:
3550:"Emancipation"
3538:
3529:
3520:
3504:
3491:
3479:
3454:
3430:
3398:
3367:
3345:
3327:Barnavi, Eli.
3318:
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2808:
2804:
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2802:– Netherlands
2797:
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2767:
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2762:
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2746:
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2731:united Germany
2685:
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2637:, such as the
2633:incidents and
2589:Heinrich Heine
2583:
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2500:
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2382:Territorialism
2379:
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2351:
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2342:
2337:
2336:
2333:
2332:
2329:
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2323:
2318:
2313:
2308:
2303:
2298:
2293:
2288:
2283:
2278:
2273:
2268:
2266:Judaeo-Spanish
2263:
2261:Judaeo-Iranian
2258:
2253:
2248:
2243:
2238:
2233:
2228:
2227:
2226:
2213:
2208:
2207:
2204:
2203:
2198:
2197:
2196:
2195:
2190:
2185:
2177:
2176:
2170:
2169:
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2167:
2162:
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2147:
2142:
2137:
2132:
2124:
2123:
2117:
2116:
2115:
2114:
2109:
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2099:
2091:
2090:
2084:
2083:
2082:
2081:
2076:
2068:
2067:
2061:
2060:
2059:
2058:
2053:
2048:
2041:
2032:
2027:
2022:
2013:
2008:
2003:
1998:
1990:
1989:
1983:
1978:
1977:
1974:
1973:
1970:
1969:
1964:
1959:
1954:
1949:
1944:
1939:
1934:
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1796:
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1779:
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1769:
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1739:
1738:
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1726:
1718:
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1713:
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1711:
1710:
1707:United Kingdom
1703:
1698:
1693:
1688:
1683:
1678:
1673:
1668:
1663:
1658:
1653:
1648:
1643:
1638:
1633:
1628:
1623:
1618:
1613:
1608:
1603:
1598:
1593:
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1573:
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1187:
1182:
1177:
1172:
1167:
1162:
1157:
1152:
1147:
1142:
1140:Bilad-el-Sudan
1137:
1132:
1124:
1123:
1117:
1116:
1115:
1114:
1109:
1104:
1096:
1095:
1093:Land of Israel
1089:
1088:
1087:
1086:
1081:
1076:
1071:
1066:
1056:
1051:
1050:
1047:
1046:
1041:
1040:
1039:
1038:
1033:
1028:
1023:
1022:
1021:
1016:
1011:
1006:
1001:
991:
986:
981:
976:
971:
966:
961:
953:
952:
951:Related groups
948:
947:
946:
945:
940:
935:
930:
925:
920:
915:
910:
905:
900:
895:
890:
885:
884:
883:
878:
863:
858:
857:
854:
853:
848:
847:
846:
845:
835:
830:
825:
820:
815:
810:
808:Jewish atheism
805:
800:
795:
787:
786:
782:
781:
780:
779:
774:
769:
764:
759:Islamic–Jewish
754:
747:
732:
727:
719:
718:
711:
710:
709:
708:
684:
671:
643:
638:
631:
626:
624:Yehud Medinata
618:
617:
611:
610:
609:
608:
601:
594:
586:
573:
565:
553:
548:
541:
533:
532:
530:Ancient Israel
526:
525:
524:
523:
518:
513:
508:
503:
498:
493:
488:
486:Land of Israel
483:
475:
474:
468:
463:
462:
459:
458:
453:
452:
451:
450:
445:
441:Shulchan Aruch
436:
431:
426:
421:
413:
412:
411:
410:
405:
397:
396:
390:
389:
388:
387:
382:
374:
373:
367:
366:
365:
364:
359:
354:
346:
345:
337:
332:
331:
328:
327:
324:
323:
318:
313:
308:
303:
298:
293:
288:
283:
278:
273:
266:
261:
254:
249:
244:
239:
234:
229:
219:
214:
207:God in Judaism
203:
198:
197:
194:
193:
192:
191:
186:
178:
177:
167:
166:
121:
118:
98:United Kingdom
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
7488:
7477:
7474:
7472:
7469:
7468:
7466:
7451:
7448:
7446:
7443:
7441:
7438:
7436:
7433:
7431:
7428:
7426:
7423:
7421:
7418:
7416:
7413:
7411:
7408:
7406:
7403:
7401:
7398:
7396:
7393:
7391:
7388:
7386:
7383:
7381:
7378:
7376:
7373:
7371:
7368:
7366:
7365:The Holocaust
7363:
7361:
7358:
7356:
7353:
7352:
7350:
7346:
7340:
7337:
7335:
7332:
7330:
7327:
7325:
7322:
7320:
7317:
7315:
7314:Jerusalem Day
7312:
7310:
7307:
7305:
7304:Yom HaZikaron
7302:
7301:
7299:
7295:
7285:
7282:
7280:
7277:
7275:
7272:
7270:
7267:
7265:
7262:
7260:
7257:
7255:
7252:
7250:
7247:
7245:
7242:
7241:
7238:
7235:
7227:
7221:
7218:
7216:
7213:
7211:
7208:
7206:
7203:
7201:
7198:
7196:
7193:
7191:
7188:
7186:
7183:
7181:
7178:
7176:
7173:
7171:
7168:
7166:
7163:
7161:
7158:
7156:
7153:
7151:
7148:
7146:
7143:
7141:
7138:
7136:
7133:
7131:
7128:
7126:
7123:
7121:
7118:
7116:
7113:
7111:
7108:
7106:
7103:
7101:
7098:
7096:
7093:
7091:
7088:
7086:
7083:
7081:
7078:
7076:
7073:
7071:
7068:
7066:
7063:
7061:
7058:
7056:
7053:
7051:
7048:
7046:
7043:
7041:
7038:
7037:
7035:
7033:
7032:Organizations
7029:
7023:
7020:
7018:
7015:
7013:
7010:
7008:
7005:
7003:
7000:
6998:
6995:
6993:
6990:
6988:
6987:Proto-Zionism
6985:
6983:
6980:
6978:
6975:
6973:
6970:
6968:
6965:
6963:
6960:
6958:
6955:
6953:
6950:
6948:
6945:
6944:
6942:
6940:
6936:
6931:
6921:
6918:
6916:
6913:
6911:
6908:
6906:
6903:
6901:
6898:
6896:
6893:
6891:
6888:
6886:
6885:Promised Land
6883:
6881:
6878:
6876:
6873:
6871:
6870:Law of Return
6868:
6866:
6863:
6860:
6856:
6853:
6851:
6848:
6846:
6843:
6841:
6838:
6836:
6833:
6832:
6830:
6826:
6822:
6815:
6810:
6808:
6803:
6801:
6796:
6795:
6792:
6780:
6779:
6768:
6766:
6765:
6756:
6755:
6754:
6750:
6745:
6735:
6732:
6730:
6727:
6725:
6722:
6721:
6719:
6715:
6712:
6710:
6707:
6705:
6704:Protestantism
6702:
6700:
6697:
6695:
6692:
6690:
6687:
6686:
6685:
6682:
6681:
6680:
6677:
6675:
6674:
6670:
6668:
6667:
6663:
6661:
6658:
6656:
6655:
6651:
6649:
6646:
6644:
6641:
6639:
6638:
6634:
6632:
6629:
6627:
6624:
6622:
6621:
6617:
6615:
6612:
6608:
6605:
6603:
6600:
6598:
6595:
6593:
6590:
6588:
6585:
6584:
6583:
6580:
6579:
6577:
6575:
6571:
6565:
6562:
6558:
6555:
6553:
6550:
6549:
6548:
6545:
6543:
6540:
6538:
6535:
6533:
6530:
6528:
6525:
6521:
6518:
6517:
6516:
6513:
6509:
6506:
6504:
6501:
6500:
6499:
6496:
6494:
6491:
6487:
6484:
6483:
6482:
6479:
6475:
6472:
6471:
6470:
6467:
6465:
6462:
6458:
6455:
6453:
6450:
6449:
6448:
6445:
6444:
6442:
6440:
6436:
6430:
6427:
6425:
6422:
6420:
6417:
6413:
6410:
6408:
6405:
6403:
6400:
6398:
6395:
6393:
6392:Sefer HaBahir
6390:
6388:
6385:
6383:
6380:
6379:
6378:
6375:
6371:
6368:
6366:
6363:
6361:
6358:
6356:
6353:
6352:
6351:
6348:
6344:
6341:
6339:
6336:
6334:
6331:
6330:
6329:
6325:
6322:
6320:
6319:Sifrei Kodesh
6317:
6316:
6314:
6312:
6308:
6302:
6299:
6297:
6294:
6292:
6289:
6287:
6284:
6282:
6279:
6277:
6274:
6272:
6269:
6265:
6262:
6260:
6257:
6253:
6250:
6249:
6248:
6245:
6243:
6240:
6238:
6235:
6233:
6230:
6228:
6225:
6221:
6218:
6214:
6211:
6209:
6206:
6205:
6204:
6201:
6200:
6199:
6196:
6195:
6194:
6191:
6190:
6188:
6186:
6182:
6176:
6175:Who is a Jew?
6173:
6171:
6168:
6164:
6161:
6160:
6159:
6156:
6154:
6151:
6149:
6146:
6142:
6139:
6138:
6137:
6134:
6132:
6129:
6127:
6124:
6120:
6117:
6116:
6115:
6112:
6110:
6107:
6105:
6104:Chosen people
6102:
6100:
6097:
6093:
6090:
6089:
6088:
6085:
6084:
6082:
6080:
6076:
6070:
6067:
6061:
6060:Scots-Yiddish
6058:
6054:
6053:
6049:
6047:
6044:
6043:
6042:
6039:
6035:
6034:
6033:Klezmer-loshn
6030:
6028:
6025:
6023:
6020:
6018:
6015:
6014:
6013:
6010:
6009:
6008:
6005:
6004:
6003:
6000:
5998:
5995:
5993:
5990:
5988:
5985:
5983:
5980:
5978:
5975:
5971:
5968:
5966:
5963:
5962:
5961:
5958:
5956:
5953:
5951:
5948:
5946:
5943:
5941:
5938:
5936:
5933:
5931:
5928:
5926:
5923:
5921:
5918:
5916:
5913:
5909:
5906:
5904:
5903:Judeo-Shirazi
5901:
5899:
5896:
5894:
5891:
5889:
5886:
5884:
5881:
5880:
5879:
5878:Judeo-Persian
5876:
5874:
5871:
5869:
5868:Judeo-Marathi
5866:
5864:
5861:
5859:
5856:
5852:
5849:
5848:
5847:
5846:Judeo-Italian
5844:
5842:
5839:
5837:
5834:
5830:
5827:
5825:
5822:
5820:
5817:
5816:
5815:
5812:
5810:
5807:
5801:
5798:
5797:
5796:
5793:
5791:
5788:
5786:
5783:
5781:
5778:
5776:
5773:
5771:
5768:
5766:
5763:
5761:
5758:
5756:
5753:
5751:
5748:
5747:
5746:
5743:
5739:
5736:
5734:
5731:
5729:
5726:
5724:
5721:
5717:
5714:
5713:
5712:
5709:
5708:
5707:
5704:
5702:
5701:Judeo-Amazigh
5699:
5697:
5694:
5690:
5687:
5685:
5682:
5680:
5677:
5675:
5672:
5670:
5667:
5665:
5662:
5660:
5657:
5655:
5652:
5650:
5647:
5645:
5642:
5640:
5637:
5635:
5632:
5630:
5627:
5626:
5625:
5622:
5621:
5619:
5616:
5611:
5607:
5593:
5590:
5589:
5588:
5585:
5581:
5578:
5577:
5576:
5573:
5571:
5568:
5566:
5563:
5561:
5558:
5557:
5556:
5553:
5551:
5548:
5544:
5541:
5540:
5539:
5536:
5530:
5527:
5525:
5524:Hadhrami Jews
5522:
5520:
5517:
5515:
5512:
5511:
5510:
5507:
5505:
5502:
5500:
5497:
5495:
5492:
5490:
5489:Mountain Jews
5487:
5485:
5484:Egyptian Jews
5482:
5480:
5479:Bukharan Jews
5477:
5475:
5472:
5470:
5467:
5465:
5462:
5461:
5460:
5457:
5453:
5450:
5449:
5448:
5445:
5443:
5440:
5438:
5435:
5433:
5430:
5426:
5423:
5421:
5418:
5417:
5416:
5413:
5411:
5408:
5404:
5401:
5400:
5399:
5396:
5394:
5391:
5389:
5386:
5382:
5379:
5377:
5374:
5373:
5372:
5369:
5365:
5362:
5360:
5357:
5356:
5355:
5352:
5348:
5345:
5343:
5340:
5338:
5335:
5333:
5330:
5328:
5325:
5323:
5320:
5318:
5315:
5313:
5310:
5309:
5308:
5305:
5304:
5302:
5300:
5296:
5290:
5287:
5285:
5282:
5278:
5275:
5274:
5273:
5270:
5268:
5267:Lists of Jews
5265:
5263:
5260:
5258:
5255:
5253:
5250:
5248:
5245:
5243:
5240:
5238:
5235:
5234:
5232:
5230:
5226:
5220:
5217:
5215:
5212:
5210:
5207:
5205:
5202:
5200:
5197:
5195:
5192:
5190:
5187:
5185:
5182:
5180:
5177:
5176:
5174:
5172:
5168:
5162:
5159:
5157:
5154:
5153:
5150:
5146:
5142:
5135:
5130:
5128:
5123:
5121:
5116:
5115:
5112:
5100:
5097:
5092:
5091:
5088:
5080:
5077:
5076:
5075:
5072:
5068:
5065:
5063:
5062:The Holocaust
5060:
5059:
5058:
5055:
5053:
5052:United States
5050:
5048:
5045:
5043:
5040:
5038:
5035:
5033:
5032:Enlightenment
5030:
5028:
5025:
5023:
5020:
5018:
5015:
5014:
5012:
5008:
5002:
4999:
4997:
4994:
4990:
4987:
4986:
4985:
4982:
4980:
4977:
4975:
4972:
4968:
4965:
4963:
4960:
4959:
4958:
4955:
4951:
4948:
4946:
4943:
4941:
4938:
4936:
4933:
4932:
4930:
4929:
4927:
4925:
4921:
4915:
4912:
4910:
4907:
4905:
4902:
4898:
4895:
4893:
4890:
4888:
4885:
4883:
4880:
4879:
4878:
4875:
4873:
4870:
4868:
4865:
4861:
4858:
4857:
4856:
4853:
4852:
4850:
4848:
4844:
4834:
4831:
4829:
4826:
4824:
4821:
4819:
4816:
4814:
4811:
4809:
4806:
4804:
4801:
4800:
4798:
4796:
4792:
4784:
4781:
4777:
4774:
4773:
4772:
4769:
4767:
4764:
4762:
4759:
4757:
4754:
4752:
4749:
4748:
4747:
4744:
4742:
4739:
4737:
4734:
4733:
4731:
4727:
4721:
4718:
4716:
4713:
4711:
4708:
4706:
4703:
4701:
4698:
4696:
4693:
4691:
4688:
4687:
4685:
4683:
4679:
4673:
4670:
4668:
4665:
4663:
4660:
4658:
4655:
4653:
4650:
4648:
4645:
4643:
4640:
4638:
4635:
4633:
4630:
4629:
4627:
4625:
4621:
4615:
4612:
4610:
4607:
4605:
4602:
4600:
4597:
4595:
4592:
4590:
4587:
4585:
4582:
4580:
4577:
4575:
4572:
4570:
4567:
4566:
4564:
4560:
4556:
4549:
4544:
4542:
4537:
4535:
4530:
4529:
4526:
4519:
4516:
4514:
4511:
4508:
4505:
4502:
4498:
4494:
4491:
4490:
4486:
4483:
4480:
4477:
4474:
4472:
4470:
4466:
4465:
4461:
4455:
4449:
4445:
4440:
4437:
4433:
4431:
4430:3-7605-8673-2
4427:
4423:
4419:
4415:
4412:
4410:
4409:2-226-00316-9
4406:
4402:
4398:
4395:
4392:
4388:
4384:
4380:
4377:
4374:
4370:
4366:
4362:
4361:
4356:
4355:
4351:
4344:
4338:
4335:
4330:
4324:
4321:
4316:
4310:
4307:
4302:
4298:
4294:
4290:
4286:
4282:
4278:
4276:
4267:
4264:
4259:
4255:
4250:
4245:
4241:
4237:
4233:
4226:
4223:
4219:
4213:
4210:
4207:
4201:
4198:
4193:
4189:
4185:
4181:
4177:
4173:
4169:
4162:
4159:
4154:
4148:
4145:
4140:
4136:
4132:
4128:
4124:
4120:
4116:
4109:
4106:
4100:
4097:
4091:
4088:
4084:
4078:
4075:
4069:
4066:
4062:
4056:
4053:
4049:
4043:
4040:
4036:
4032:
4028:
4024:
4020:
4014:
4011:
4005:
4002:
3998:
3992:
3989:
3976:
3972:
3965:
3962:
3958:
3954:
3953:
3947:
3944:
3939:
3933:
3925:
3921:
3917:
3915:3-406-39705-0
3911:
3907:
3906:
3899:
3896:
3892:
3891:3-7605-8673-2
3888:
3884:
3878:
3875:
3871:
3870:3-7605-8673-2
3867:
3863:
3857:
3854:
3848:
3845:
3841:
3840:3-7605-8673-2
3837:
3833:
3829:
3823:
3820:
3809:
3808:
3801:
3798:
3787:on 2020-11-29
3786:
3782:
3776:
3773:
3762:on 2015-09-24
3761:
3757:
3751:
3748:
3743:
3736:
3733:
3729:
3728:3-7605-8673-2
3725:
3721:
3717:
3711:
3708:
3704:
3698:
3695:
3692:
3691:
3686:
3680:
3678:
3674:
3669:
3663:
3659:
3654:
3653:
3644:
3641:
3637:
3632:
3628:
3624:
3620:
3616:
3612:
3608:
3604:
3600:
3596:
3592:
3588:
3587:
3582:
3578:
3572:
3569:
3557:
3556:
3551:
3545:
3543:
3539:
3533:
3530:
3524:
3521:
3517:
3511:
3509:
3505:
3501:
3495:
3492:
3489:
3483:
3480:
3469:on 2020-11-29
3468:
3464:
3458:
3455:
3444:
3440:
3434:
3431:
3419:
3415:
3414:
3409:
3402:
3399:
3387:
3383:
3382:
3377:
3371:
3368:
3356:
3349:
3346:
3334:
3330:
3323:
3320:
3314:
3310:
3307:
3305:
3302:
3300:
3297:
3295:
3292:
3291:
3287:
3285:
3282:
3277:
3276:the Holocaust
3272:
3267:
3265:
3261:
3252:
3247:
3241:
3238:
3235:
3234:
3231:
3228:
3225:
3224:
3221:
3218:
3215:
3214:
3211:
3208:
3205:
3204:
3201:
3198:
3195:
3194:
3191:
3188:
3185:
3184:
3181:
3178:
3175:
3174:
3171:
3168:
3165:
3164:
3161:
3158:
3155:
3154:
3150:
3149:New Hampshire
3147:
3144:
3143:
3140:
3137:
3134:
3133:
3129:
3128:Sweden-Norway
3126:
3123:
3122:
3119:
3116:
3113:
3112:
3109:
3105:
3101:
3098:
3097:
3094:
3091:
3088:
3087:
3084:
3081:
3078:
3077:
3074:
3071:
3068:
3067:
3064:
3061:
3058:
3057:
3054:
3051:
3048:
3047:
3043:
3042:prior to 1861
3039:
3036:
3033:
3032:
3029:
3026:
3023:
3022:
3019:
3016:
3013:
3012:
3009:
3006:
3003:
3002:
2999:
2996:
2993:
2992:
2988:
2985:
2982:
2981:
2978:
2975:
2972:
2971:
2968:
2965:
2962:
2961:
2958:
2955:
2952:
2951:
2948:
2945:
2942:
2941:
2938:
2935:
2932:
2931:
2927:
2924:
2921:
2920:
2917:
2914:
2911:
2910:
2907:
2904:
2901:
2900:
2897:
2894:
2891:
2890:
2887:
2884:
2881:
2880:
2876:
2872:
2869:
2866:
2865:
2862:
2859:
2856:
2855:
2852:
2849:
2846:
2845:
2842:
2839:
2836:
2835:
2832:
2829:
2826:
2825:
2822:
2819:
2816:
2815:
2812:
2809:
2806:
2805:
2801:
2798:
2795:
2794:
2791:
2788:
2785:
2784:
2781:
2778:
2775:
2774:
2771:
2768:
2765:
2764:
2760:
2757:
2756:
2750:
2744:
2742:
2740:
2736:
2732:
2728:
2724:
2720:
2716:
2712:
2708:
2704:
2700:
2695:
2693:
2689:
2683:
2679:
2677:
2673:
2669:
2665:
2660:
2658:
2657:
2652:
2648:
2644:
2640:
2636:
2632:
2627:
2625:
2621:
2617:
2613:
2608:
2606:
2602:
2598:
2594:
2593:Johann Jacoby
2590:
2581:
2579:
2577:
2572:
2567:
2563:
2559:
2554:
2552:
2548:
2544:
2539:
2535:
2530:
2527:
2523:
2518:
2516:
2512:
2508:
2496:
2491:
2489:
2484:
2482:
2477:
2476:
2474:
2473:
2468:
2465:
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2460:
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2457:
2446:
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2441:
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2428:
2426:
2423:
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2418:
2416:
2413:
2411:
2408:
2406:
2403:
2402:
2401:
2400:
2397:
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2368:
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2358:
2355:
2354:
2353:
2352:
2349:
2345:
2340:
2335:
2334:
2327:
2324:
2322:
2319:
2317:
2314:
2312:
2309:
2307:
2306:Judeo-Aramaic
2304:
2302:
2299:
2297:
2296:Judeo-Italian
2294:
2292:
2289:
2287:
2284:
2282:
2279:
2277:
2276:GhardaĂŻa Sign
2274:
2272:
2269:
2267:
2264:
2262:
2259:
2257:
2254:
2252:
2249:
2247:
2244:
2242:
2239:
2237:
2234:
2232:
2229:
2224:
2220:
2219:
2218:
2215:
2214:
2211:
2206:
2205:
2194:
2191:
2189:
2186:
2184:
2181:
2180:
2179:
2178:
2175:
2171:
2166:
2163:
2161:
2158:
2156:
2153:
2151:
2148:
2146:
2143:
2141:
2138:
2136:
2133:
2131:
2128:
2127:
2126:
2125:
2122:
2118:
2113:
2110:
2108:
2105:
2103:
2100:
2098:
2095:
2094:
2093:
2092:
2089:
2085:
2080:
2077:
2075:
2072:
2071:
2070:
2069:
2066:
2062:
2057:
2054:
2052:
2049:
2047:
2042:
2039:
2038:
2033:
2031:
2028:
2026:
2023:
2020:
2019:
2014:
2012:
2009:
2007:
2004:
2002:
1999:
1997:
1994:
1993:
1992:
1991:
1986:
1981:
1976:
1975:
1968:
1965:
1963:
1960:
1958:
1955:
1953:
1950:
1948:
1945:
1943:
1940:
1938:
1935:
1933:
1928:
1924:
1921:
1919:
1916:
1914:
1911:
1910:
1909:
1906:
1905:
1902:
1901:Denominations
1897:
1896:
1885:
1882:
1880:
1877:
1875:
1872:
1870:
1867:
1865:
1862:
1861:
1860:
1859:
1856:
1852:
1847:
1844:
1842:
1839:
1837:
1834:
1832:
1827:
1825:
1822:
1820:
1817:
1815:
1812:
1810:
1807:
1805:
1802:
1800:
1797:
1795:
1792:
1790:
1787:
1785:
1780:
1778:
1775:
1773:
1770:
1768:
1765:
1763:
1760:
1758:
1755:
1753:
1750:
1749:
1748:
1747:
1744:
1740:
1735:
1732:
1730:
1729:United States
1727:
1725:
1722:
1721:
1720:
1719:
1714:
1709:
1704:
1702:
1699:
1697:
1694:
1692:
1689:
1687:
1684:
1682:
1679:
1677:
1674:
1672:
1669:
1667:
1664:
1662:
1659:
1657:
1654:
1652:
1649:
1647:
1644:
1642:
1639:
1637:
1634:
1632:
1629:
1627:
1624:
1622:
1619:
1617:
1614:
1612:
1609:
1607:
1604:
1602:
1599:
1597:
1594:
1592:
1589:
1587:
1584:
1582:
1579:
1577:
1574:
1572:
1569:
1567:
1564:
1562:
1559:
1558:
1557:
1556:
1553:
1549:
1544:
1541:
1539:
1536:
1534:
1531:
1529:
1526:
1524:
1521:
1519:
1516:
1514:
1511:
1509:
1506:
1504:
1501:
1499:
1496:
1494:
1491:
1489:
1486:
1484:
1481:
1479:
1476:
1474:
1471:
1469:
1466:
1464:
1461:
1459:
1456:
1454:
1451:
1449:
1446:
1444:
1441:
1439:
1436:
1434:
1431:
1429:
1426:
1424:
1421:
1419:
1416:
1414:
1411:
1409:
1406:
1404:
1401:
1399:
1396:
1394:
1391:
1389:
1386:
1384:
1381:
1379:
1376:
1374:
1371:
1369:
1366:
1364:
1361:
1359:
1356:
1354:
1351:
1350:
1349:
1348:
1343:
1338:
1335:
1333:
1330:
1327:
1323:
1320:
1318:
1315:
1313:
1310:
1308:
1305:
1303:
1298:
1296:
1293:
1291:
1288:
1286:
1283:
1281:
1278:
1275:
1271:
1268:
1266:
1263:
1261:
1258:
1256:
1253:
1251:
1248:
1246:
1243:
1241:
1238:
1236:
1233:
1231:
1228:
1226:
1223:
1221:
1218:
1216:
1215:Guinea-Bissau
1213:
1211:
1208:
1206:
1203:
1201:
1198:
1196:
1193:
1191:
1188:
1186:
1183:
1181:
1178:
1176:
1173:
1171:
1168:
1166:
1163:
1161:
1158:
1156:
1153:
1151:
1148:
1146:
1143:
1141:
1138:
1136:
1133:
1131:
1128:
1127:
1126:
1125:
1122:
1118:
1113:
1110:
1108:
1105:
1103:
1100:
1099:
1098:
1097:
1094:
1090:
1085:
1082:
1080:
1077:
1075:
1072:
1070:
1069:Lists of Jews
1067:
1065:
1062:
1061:
1060:
1059:
1054:
1049:
1048:
1037:
1034:
1032:
1029:
1027:
1024:
1020:
1017:
1015:
1012:
1010:
1007:
1005:
1002:
1000:
997:
996:
995:
992:
990:
987:
985:
982:
980:
977:
975:
972:
970:
967:
965:
962:
960:
957:
956:
955:
954:
949:
944:
941:
939:
936:
934:
931:
929:
926:
924:
921:
919:
916:
914:
911:
909:
906:
904:
901:
899:
896:
894:
891:
889:
886:
882:
879:
877:
874:
873:
872:
869:
868:
867:
866:
861:
856:
855:
844:
836:
834:
831:
829:
828:The Holocaust
826:
824:
821:
819:
816:
814:
811:
809:
806:
804:
801:
799:
796:
794:
791:
790:
789:
788:
783:
778:
775:
773:
770:
768:
765:
763:
755:
753:
748:
744:
738:
733:
731:
728:
726:
723:
722:
721:
720:
716:
712:
705:
699:
693:
688:
685:
681:
675:
672:
668:
664:
660:
656:
652:
647:
644:
642:
639:
637:
632:
630:
627:
625:
622:
621:
620:
619:
616:
612:
607:
602:
600:
595:
591:
587:
584:
579:
574:
570:
566:
563:
557:
554:
552:
549:
547:
542:
540:
537:
536:
535:
534:
531:
527:
522:
519:
517:
514:
512:
509:
507:
504:
502:
499:
497:
494:
492:
489:
487:
484:
482:
479:
478:
477:
476:
471:
466:
461:
460:
449:
446:
443:
442:
437:
435:
432:
430:
429:Mishneh Torah
427:
425:
422:
420:
417:
416:
415:
414:
409:
406:
404:
401:
400:
399:
398:
395:
391:
386:
383:
381:
378:
377:
376:
375:
372:
368:
363:
360:
358:
355:
353:
350:
349:
348:
347:
344:
340:
335:
330:
329:
322:
319:
317:
314:
312:
309:
307:
304:
302:
299:
297:
294:
292:
289:
287:
284:
282:
279:
277:
274:
272:
267:
265:
262:
260:
255:
253:
250:
248:
245:
243:
240:
238:
235:
233:
230:
227:
223:
220:
218:
215:
212:
208:
205:
204:
201:
196:
195:
190:
189:Who is a Jew?
187:
185:
182:
181:
180:
179:
176:
172:
168:
164:
160:
159:
156:
154:
150:
149:special oaths
146:
142:
138:
131:
126:
119:
117:
115:
111:
107:
103:
99:
95:
94:civil society
91:
87:
83:
79:
75:
71:
66:
64:
60:
59:European Jews
56:
55:Jewish quotas
52:
48:
44:
37:
32:
19:
7389:
7380:Not one inch
7370:Antisemitism
7360:Anti-Zionism
7319:Yom HaAliyah
7115:Habonim Dror
7045:Hovevei Zion
6982:Post-Zionism
6865:Jewish state
6769:
6762:
6748:
6671:
6664:
6652:
6635:
6618:
6452:perspectives
6286:Samaritanism
6247:Neo-Hasidism
6227:Conservative
6141:Names of God
6050:
6031:
5841:Judaeo-Greek
5836:Judeo-Gascon
5775:Lishán Didán
5770:Lishana Deni
5738:Judeo-Yemeni
5706:Judeo-Arabic
5580:Meshuchrarim
5499:Persian Jews
5432:Kurdish Jews
5410:Kaifeng Jews
5359:Beta Abraham
5322:Galitzianers
5277:Antisemitism
5252:Israeli Jews
5237:Assimilation
5057:World War II
5047:Soviet Union
5027:Emancipation
5026:
5022:Disabilities
4803:Roman Empire
4720:Roman Judaea
4500:
4488:
4467:
4443:
4435:
4421:
4417:
4400:
4382:
4359:
4352:Bibliography
4342:
4337:
4323:
4309:
4284:
4280:
4274:
4266:
4239:
4235:
4225:
4217:
4212:
4200:
4175:
4171:
4161:
4147:
4122:
4118:
4108:
4099:
4090:
4077:
4068:
4055:
4042:
4013:
4004:
3991:
3979:. Retrieved
3974:
3964:
3950:
3946:
3904:
3898:
3882:
3877:
3861:
3856:
3847:
3831:
3822:
3812:, retrieved
3810:, 1791-09-27
3806:
3800:
3789:. Retrieved
3785:the original
3775:
3764:. Retrieved
3760:the original
3750:
3741:
3735:
3719:
3710:
3702:
3697:
3688:
3651:
3643:
3634:
3590:
3584:
3571:
3561:25 September
3559:. Retrieved
3553:
3532:
3523:
3515:
3499:
3494:
3482:
3471:. Retrieved
3467:the original
3457:
3446:. Retrieved
3442:
3433:
3411:
3401:
3389:. Retrieved
3379:
3370:
3358:. Retrieved
3348:
3338:25 September
3336:. Retrieved
3332:
3322:
3268:
3256:
3248:Consequences
3230:West Germany
2748:
2739:World War II
2735:Nazi Germany
2722:
2717:(1833), and
2696:
2676:Johann Smidt
2661:
2654:
2635:blood libels
2628:
2623:
2619:
2615:
2609:
2585:
2555:
2531:
2519:
2504:
2445:Post-Zionism
2316:Judeo-Berber
2311:Judeo-Arabic
2271:Judeo-Gascon
2018:Pidyon haben
1937:Conservative
1483:Saudi Arabia
1301:South Africa
1290:Sierra Leone
1112:Israeli Jews
1026:Mosaic Arabs
979:Kaifeng Jews
840:Arab–Israeli
813:Emancipation
812:
692:Great Revolt
501:Anti-Judaism
496:Antisemitism
491:Name "Judea"
286:Baal teshuva
145:yellow badge
134:
82:emancipation
67:
42:
41:
7230:History and
6997:Non-Zionism
6992:Neo-Zionism
6957:Revisionist
6915:Judaization
6694:Catholicism
6276:Hellenistic
6114:Eschatology
6052:Lachoudisch
5977:Lotegorisch
5955:Lachoudisch
5945:Koiné Greek
5858:Judeo-Latin
5795:Palestinian
5689:Palestinian
5538:MustaĘżravim
5464:Afghan Jews
5452:Berber Jews
5376:Bene Israel
5364:Falash Mura
5354:Beta Israel
5272:Persecution
5214:Middle Ages
4924:Middle Ages
4833:Mesopotamia
4509:, NPR books
4287:: 420–422.
3981:31 December
3376:"Socialism"
3360:19 December
3018:Switzerland
2886:WĂĽrttemberg
2711:WĂĽrttemberg
2697:During the
2631:anti-Jewish
2558:English law
2538:French Jews
2440:Revisionist
2430:Neo-Zionism
2037:Zeved habat
1830:Puerto Rico
1656:Netherlands
1488:South Korea
1473:Philippines
1353:Afghanistan
1220:Ivory Coast
994:Crypto-Jews
959:Bnei Anusim
938:Bene Israel
903:Beta Israel
860:Communities
767:Middle Ages
506:Persecution
281:Bereavement
90:integration
63:citizenship
57:, to which
7465:Categories
7110:Bnei Akiva
7090:Poale Zion
7017:Yiddishist
6939:Ideologies
6895:Settlement
6689:Anabaptism
6631:Jew (word)
6498:Leadership
6311:Literature
6296:Secularism
6242:Humanistic
6109:Conversion
6079:Philosophy
5920:Judeo-Urdu
5684:Babylonian
5529:Saada Jews
5514:Adeni Jews
5307:Ashkenazim
5262:Samaritans
5229:Population
5184:Israelites
5079:New Yishuv
5067:Resistance
4632:Israelites
3814:2021-12-04
3791:2019-12-07
3766:2015-02-17
3631:5792006336
3473:2019-12-07
3448:2023-03-09
3423:24 January
3421:Retrieved
3391:24 January
3315:References
3226:1945–1949
3106:after the
2821:Westphalia
2618:(English:
2425:Maximalism
2377:Secularism
2357:Autonomism
2174:Literature
1967:Humanistic
1571:Azerbaijan
1533:Uzbekistan
1508:Tajikistan
1428:Kyrgyzstan
1413:Kazakhstan
1260:Mozambique
1235:Madagascar
1155:Cape Verde
1107:New Yishuv
1102:Old Yishuv
1053:Population
1031:Subbotniks
989:Samaritans
928:Romanyotim
871:Ashkenazim
818:Old Yishuv
798:Sabbateans
785:Modern era
777:Golden Age
704:Bar Kokhba
424:Beit Yosef
291:Philosophy
120:Background
7339:Rabin Day
7324:Herzl Day
7232:timelines
7040:Histadrut
7012:Canaanism
7007:Christian
6967:Religious
6859:proposals
6751:indicate
6699:Mormonism
6684:Christian
6564:Symbolism
6552:Synagogue
6532:Mythology
6493:Education
6464:Astronomy
6447:Astrology
6264:relations
6069:Zarphatic
6017:Galitzish
5819:Yeshivish
5696:Catalanic
5659:Samaritan
5634:Ashkenazi
5615:Diasporic
5610:Languages
5555:Sephardim
5550:Romaniote
5437:Krymchaks
5371:Desi Jews
5247:Buddhists
4974:Byzantium
4872:Sanhedrin
4776:Kitos War
4594:Languages
4562:Overviews
4367:, Mainz:
4301:170774270
4277:(Review)"
4258:149297225
4139:0963-7494
3932:cite book
3615:0021-6682
2576:clergyman
2566:Law Latin
2435:Religious
2291:Zarphatic
2281:Bukharian
2251:Judeo-Tat
2236:Yeshivish
2210:Languages
2165:Sephardic
2155:Israelite
2145:Ethiopian
2135:Ashkenazi
2074:Religious
1864:Australia
1846:Venezuela
1752:Argentina
1734:Greenland
1646:Lithuania
1498:Sri Lanka
1493:Singapore
1418:Kurdistan
1383:Indonesia
1373:Hong Kong
1326:Abayudaya
1250:Mauritius
984:Igbo Jews
974:Krymchaks
893:Sephardim
761:relations
655:Sadducees
651:Pharisees
641:Sanhedrin
556:Jerusalem
316:Synagogue
184:Etymology
106:socialism
7476:Haskalah
7297:Holidays
7105:Mizrachi
6972:Cultural
6855:Homeland
6828:Concepts
6764:Category
6734:Hinduism
6724:Buddhism
6626:Genetics
6542:Politics
6515:Marriage
6474:Holidays
6469:Calendar
6350:Rabbinic
6326:/Hebrew
6271:Haymanot
6198:Orthodox
6185:Branches
6158:Kabbalah
6153:Haskalah
6131:Holiness
6007:dialects
5987:Shassagh
5950:Krymchak
5930:Kayliñña
5824:Yinglish
5800:Galilean
5790:Talmudic
5785:Biblical
5760:Betanure
5679:Biblical
5674:Mishnaic
5669:Medieval
5654:Tiberian
5649:Yemenite
5639:Sephardi
5575:Paradesi
5519:Ḥabbanim
5509:Teimanim
5474:Baghdadi
5447:Maghrebi
5415:Karaites
5393:GruzĂnim
5381:Kochinim
5299:Diaspora
5257:Karaites
5242:Atheists
5179:Timeline
5094:See also
4979:Crusades
4967:Kairouan
4892:Savoraim
4818:Carthage
4795:Diaspora
4614:Timeline
4493:Archived
3999:reforms.
3997:Tanzimat
3924:34707114
3288:See also
3271:Haskalah
3190:Portugal
3160:Bulgaria
3063:Holstein
2875:Jew Bill
2871:Maryland
2761:Country
2723:de facto
2713:(1828),
2709:(1812),
2543:Napoleon
2511:Haskalah
2462:Category
2420:Kahanism
2367:Feminism
2339:Politics
2223:Biblical
2193:American
2140:Bukharan
2130:American
2030:Shidduch
2006:Clothing
1962:Haymanot
1908:Orthodox
1836:Suriname
1819:Paraguay
1772:Colombia
1671:Portugal
1581:Bulgaria
1518:Thailand
1468:Pakistan
1448:Mongolia
1443:Malaysia
1363:Cambodia
1337:Zimbabwe
1312:Tanzania
1190:Eswatini
1180:Ethiopia
1170:Djibouti
1150:Cameroon
1145:Botswana
1074:Diaspora
1036:Noahides
1009:Marranos
933:Cochinim
918:Bukharim
908:Gruzinim
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888:Mizrahim
876:Galician
842:conflict
803:Hasidism
793:Haskalah
698:Diaspora
569:timeline
481:Timeline
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163:a series
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6749:Italics
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6486:Kashrut
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6338:Nevi'im
6301:Schisms
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6252:Renewal
6213:Litvaks
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6148:Halakha
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6087:Beliefs
6041:Western
6027:Poylish
6022:Litvish
6012:Eastern
6002:Yiddish
5997:Shuadit
5982:Qwareña
5970:Tetuani
5965:Haketia
5940:Knaanic
5935:Kivruli
5883:Bukhori
5829:Heblish
5765:Hulaulá
5755:Barzani
5711:Yahudic
5644:Mizrahi
5504:Urfalim
5459:Mizrahi
5403:Neofiti
5398:Italkim
5327:Lita'im
5219:Zionism
5171:History
5145:Judaism
5042:Zionism
4887:Amoraim
4882:Tannaim
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4192:1396068
4046:By the
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3623:1450822
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3260:Halacha
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3008:Hamburg
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2916:Jamaica
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2405:General
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2188:Yiddish
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2001:Wedding
1988:Customs
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1923:Hasidic
1855:Oceania
1841:Uruguay
1809:Jamaica
1789:Ecuador
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1701:Ukraine
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1358:Bahrain
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1265:Namibia
1255:Morocco
1185:Eritrea
1130:Algeria
1014:Neofiti
923:Italkim
913:Juhurim
823:Zionism
772:Khazars
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659:Essenes
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473:General
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53:, e.g.
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6962:Reform
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6557:Hazzan
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6360:Talmud
6324:Tanakh
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6232:Reform
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5960:Ladino
5925:Karaim
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5750:Targum
5664:Signed
5629:Modern
5624:Hebrew
5592:Xuetes
5388:Dönmeh
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5010:Modern
4989:Anusim
4897:Geonim
4877:Chazal
4828:Persia
4813:Greece
4450:
4428:
4407:
4389:
4299:
4256:
4216:Book:
4190:
4137:
4023:defeat
3922:
3912:
3889:
3868:
3838:
3726:
3664:
3629:
3621:
3613:
3264:Reform
3200:Russia
3180:Brazil
3170:Serbia
3083:Mexico
2977:Nassau
2926:Canada
2906:Greece
2790:France
2770:Poland
2649:, the
2645:under
2603:, and
2515:ghetto
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2011:Niddah
1996:Minyan
1931:Reform
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1913:Modern
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1762:Brazil
1724:Canada
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1586:Cyprus
1552:Europe
1523:Turkey
1513:Taiwan
1423:Kuwait
1408:Jordan
1398:Israel
1332:Zambia
1322:Uganda
1240:Malawi
1210:Guinea
1200:Gambia
1135:Angola
1121:Africa
1004:Dönmeh
999:Anusim
943:Berber
881:Litvak
833:Israel
739:
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558:
419:Targum
385:Gemara
371:Talmud
343:Tanakh
296:Ethics
247:Prayer
47:Europe
7440:Ulpan
7145:Betar
7140:Irgun
7022:Golus
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6952:Labor
6729:Islam
6537:Names
6527:Music
6508:Rebbe
6503:Rabbi
6457:Monen
6412:Zohar
6333:Torah
6328:Bible
5442:Lemba
5317:Chuts
4823:Egypt
4297:S2CID
4254:S2CID
4188:JSTOR
3687:, in
3660:–40.
3619:JSTOR
3240:Spain
3236:1978
3216:1923
3206:1918
3196:1917
3186:1911
3176:1890
3166:1878
3156:1878
3145:1877
3135:1871
3124:1870
3114:1869
3099:1867
3089:1867
3079:1865
3069:1864
3059:1863
3053:Baden
3049:1862
3038:Italy
3034:1861
3024:1858
3014:1856
3004:1849
2994:1849
2983:1849
2973:1848
2963:1842
2953:1839
2943:1834
2933:1833
2922:1832
2912:1831
2902:1830
2892:1830
2882:1828
2867:1826
2857:1813
2847:1812
2837:1812
2827:1811
2817:1808
2807:1808
2796:1796
2786:1791
2776:1790
2766:1264
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1503:Syria
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1307:Sudan
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1205:Ghana
1195:Gabon
1175:Egypt
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1019:Xueta
964:Lemba
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448:Zohar
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7150:Lehi
7050:Bilu
6835:Zion
5143:and
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4867:Nasi
4448:ISBN
4426:ISBN
4405:ISBN
4387:ISBN
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4017:The
3983:2020
3938:link
3920:OCLC
3910:ISBN
3887:ISBN
3866:ISBN
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3724:ISBN
3662:ISBN
3627:OCLC
3611:ISSN
3563:2013
3425:2019
3393:2019
3362:2023
3340:2013
1874:Guam
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1824:Peru
1777:Cuba
1463:Oman
1433:Laos
1393:Iraq
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173:and
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78:Jews
6136:God
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