1333:; lexical scoping was still uncommon and of uncertain performance. In computer scientist Olin Shivers’s recollection, "I asked RMS when he was implementing emacs lisp why it was dynamically scoped and his exact reply was that lexical scope was too inefficient." Dynamic scoping was also meant to provide greater flexibility for user customizations. However, dynamic scoping has several disadvantages. Firstly, it can easily lead to bugs in large programs, due to unintended interactions between variables in different functions. Secondly, accessing variables under dynamic scoping is generally slower than under lexical scoping.
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1473:, and a little by Common Lisp. If you know Common Lisp, you will notice many similarities. However, many features of Common Lisp have been omitted or simplified in order to reduce the memory requirements of GNU Emacs. Sometimes the simplifications are so drastic that a Common Lisp user might be very confused. We will occasionally point out how GNU Emacs Lisp differs from Common Lisp." – from the "History" section of the "Introduction" to the Emacs Lisp Manual, as of Emacs 21
1482:"So the development of that operating system, the GNU operating system, is what led me to write the GNU Emacs. In doing this, I aimed to make the absolute minimal possible Lisp implementation. The size of the programs was a tremendous concern. There were people in those days, in 1985, who had one-megabyte machines without virtual memory. They wanted to be able to use GNU Emacs. This meant I had to keep the program as small as possible." – from
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1269:. This package replaces an earlier "cl" package, which would overwrite existing Emacs Lisp function definitions with ones more similar to those found in Common Lisp. The "cl-lib" package, on the other hand, follows Emacs Lisp style guidelines more closely and prefixes each function and macro it defines with "cl-" (e.g.,
1046:
to execute the user-supplied code whenever it is called, after executing the rest of the function. Advice can also be specified to execute before the original function, around it (literally wrapping the original), or to conditionally execute the original function based on the results of the advice.
833:
The development of Emacs Lisp was guided by the goal of providing data structures and features specific to making a versatile text editor over implementing a general-purpose programming language. For example, Emacs Lisp cannot easily read a file a line at a time—the entire file must be read into an
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Bytecode still runs more slowly than primitives, but functions loaded as bytecode can be easily modified and re-loaded. In addition, bytecode files are platform-independent. The standard Emacs Lisp code distributed with Emacs is loaded as bytecode, although the matching source files are usually
1167:
component of the Emacs program reads and parses the functions and variables, storing them in memory. They are then available to other editing functions, and to user commands. Functions and variables can be freely modified and redefined without restarting the editor or reloading the config file.
859:. Normally, when the new window appears, it displays the same buffer as the previous one. Suppose we wish to make it display the next available buffer. In order to do this, the user writes the following Emacs Lisp code, in either an existing Emacs Lisp source file or an empty Emacs buffer:
976:
around existing functions instead of defining their own. This has the advantage of not requiring keybindings to be changed and working wherever the original function is called, as well as being simpler to write but the disadvantage of making debugging more complicated. For this reason,
1215:. Functions may be written as primitives because they need access to external data and libraries not otherwise available from Emacs Lisp, or because they are called often enough that the comparative speed of C versus Emacs Lisp makes a worthwhile difference.
408:
by default. That is, a function may reference local variables in the scope it is called from, but not in the scope where it was defined. Recently, there has been an ongoing effort to update code to use lexical scoping, for reasons outlined below.
403:
The Lisp dialect used in Emacs differs substantially from the more modern Common Lisp and Scheme dialects used for applications programming. A prominent characteristic of Emacs Lisp is in its use of dynamic rather than lexical
391:
into GNU Emacs, he also chose Lisp as the extension language, because of its powerful features, including the ability to treat functions as data. Although the Common Lisp standard had yet to be formulated,
344:. In this way it may be called from the command line or via an executable file, and its editing functions, such as buffers and movement commands are available to the program just as in the normal mode. No
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a configuration file. If the code is saved into an Emacs init file, then Emacs will load the extension the next time it starts. Otherwise, the changes must be reevaluated manually when Emacs is restarted.
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In order to save time and memory space, much of the functionality of Emacs loads only when required. Each set of optional features shipped with Emacs is implemented by a collection of Emacs code called a
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pages allowing the user to set options and preview their effect in the running Emacs session. When the user saves their changes, Customize simply writes the necessary Emacs Lisp code to the user's
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In dynamic scoping, if a programmer declares a variable within the scope of a function, it is available to subroutines called from within that function. Originally, this was intended as an
1163:. Additionally, users may specify any file to load as a config file on the command line, or explicitly state that no config file is to be loaded. When the files are loaded, an
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Emacs buffer. However, Emacs Lisp provides many features for navigating and modifying buffer text at a sentence, paragraph, or higher syntactic level as defined by modes.
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provided for the user's reference as well. User-supplied extensions are typically not byte-compiled, as they are neither as large nor as computationally intensive.
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is not allowed in the source code of GNU Emacs, but if a user wishes, the advice feature can be used in their code to reimplement the above code as follows:
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Here follows a simple example of an Emacs extension written in Emacs Lisp. In Emacs, the editing area can be split into separate areas called
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is presented when Emacs is started in batch mode; it simply executes the passed-in script and exits, displaying any output from the script.
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We have some experience in Lisp implementation now, since Elisp (the extended implementation of
Rutgers/UCI Lisp) is essentially finished.
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existed at the time but
Stallman chose not to use it because of its comparatively poor performance on workstations (as opposed to the
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1203:. Although primitives can be called from Lisp code, they can only be modified by editing the C source files and recompiling. In
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1318:, offering static (or lexical) as an option starting from version 24. It can be activated by setting the file local variable
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like Common Lisp, meaning that it has a function namespace which is separate from the namespace it uses for other variables.
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1998:
1253:". Compared to source files, bytecode files load and run faster, occupy less disk space, and use less memory when loaded.
1180:. For example, there is a library for highlighting keywords in program source code, and a library for playing the game of
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845:. A buffer is a region of text loaded into Emacs' memory (possibly from a file) which can be saved into a text document.
299:, which can be set to a special file that only Customize uses, to avoid the possibility of altering the user's own file.
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or to more subtle bugs, which crash the editor, and because writing C code that interacts correctly with the Emacs Lisp
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that were Emacs' traditional home), and he wanted to develop a dialect which he thought would be more easily optimized.
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959:(the old window-splitting function), then tells the new window to display another (new) buffer. The second statement,
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Emacs Lisp code is used to modify, extend and customize Emacs. Those not wanting to write the code themselves the
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1988:
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276:. It is used for implementing most of the editing functionality built into Emacs, the remainder being written in
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1184:. Each library is implemented using one or more Emacs Lisp source files. Libraries can define one or more
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Lisp programmers will want to note that the current Emacs Lisp compiler does not optimize tail recursion
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1277:), avoiding the unexpected changes in behavior that could occur whenever the "cl" package was loaded.
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library aids in writing portable Emacs Lisp code, with the help of the polysylabi platform bridge.
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is error-prone, the number of functions implemented as primitives is kept to a necessary minimum.
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1207:, primitives are not available as external libraries; they are part of the Emacs executable. In
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1155:" despite being evaluated as any Emacs Lisp code. Since the mid-1990s, Emacs also loads
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macro from the (now deprecated) "cl" package to provide effective lexical scope.
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which can translate Emacs Lisp source files into a special representation termed
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2018:
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1496:"Re: [Emacs-diffs] /srv/bzr/emacs/trunk r111086: gmm-utils.el (gmm-flet"
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methods. Lisp was the default extension language for Emacs derivatives such as
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1409:"HEDRICK at RUTGERS (Mngr DEC-20's/Dir LCSR Comp Facility" (1981-12-18).
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355:, although there are also older, unrelated Lisp dialects with that name.
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Notably, the "cl-lib" package implements a fairly large subset of
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Emacs Lisp (unlike some other Lisp implementations) does not do
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1151:". The user's init file is an exception, often appearing as "
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MIT Computer
Science and Artificial Intelligence Laboratory
1126:. It is not necessary to recompile, restart Emacs, or even
1237:
can make Emacs Lisp code execute faster. Emacs contains a
1191:
Emacs developers write certain functions in C. These are
1458:
CCA EMACS and Elisp are trademarks of CCA Uniworks, Inc.
855:
to open a new window. This runs the Emacs Lisp function
1273:, which doesn't conflict with the name of the built-in
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re-binds the key sequence "C-x 2" to the new function.
1484:"My Lisp Experiences and the Development of GNU Emacs"
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GNU Project Lisp programming language implementations
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However, because errors in C code can easily lead to
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1322:. Before this option was added, one could use the
966:This can also be written using the feature called
2514:Structure and Interpretation of Computer Programs
1696:Featherston, Sam; Winkler, Susanne (2009-06-02).
1122:These changes take effect as soon as the code is
1411:""information about Common Lisp implementation""
1147:files, by convention with the filename suffix "
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1751:
426:
8:
1413:. Letter to "rpg at SU-AI, jonl at MIT-AI".
30:
2611:Stanford Artificial Intelligence Laboratory
1437:: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (
291:function can be used. It provides a set of
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1386:"Compilation of Emacs Lisp to native code"
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29:
3491:Dynamically scoped programming languages
1188:to activate and control their function.
27:Dialect of Lisp in the Emacs text editor
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1469:"GNU Emacs Lisp is largely inspired by
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1314:Like MacLisp, Emacs Lisp uses dynamic
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363:Emacs Lisp is most closely related to
3521:Programming languages created in 1985
3306:Massachusetts Institute of Technology
2599:Massachusetts Institute of Technology
1245:. Emacs Lisp bytecode files have the
322:, Emacs Lisp can also function as an
7:
3433:
2932:
1629:"Dynamic Binding Vs Lexical Binding"
2616:University of California, Berkeley
2460:Scheme Requests for Implementation
972:, which allows the user to create
580:ZIL (Zork Implementation Language)
25:
2277:Knowledge Engineering Environment
367:, with some later influence from
3506:Lisp programming language family
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1545:"Appendix C Porting Common Lisp"
36:
3501:Free compilers and interpreters
1654:GNU Emacs Common Lisp Emulation
1417:from the original on 2016-09-20
1310:From dynamic to lexical scoping
359:Compared to other Lisp dialects
1114:switch-to-next-window-in-split
1069:switch-to-next-window-in-split
841:, each displaying a different
1:
3475:Free and open-source software
2386:Common Lisp Interface Manager
1456:. December 1984. p. 16.
1139:Emacs Lisp code is stored in
1785:Automatic storage management
848:Users can press the default
3311:Thorn EMI Computer Software
2034:Game Oriented Assembly Lisp
1610:. Lists.gnu.org. 2011-04-01
1498:. Lists.gnu.org. 2012-12-05
1362:"Byte compiling Emacs Lisp"
176:Dynamic, optionally lexical
135:29.4 / 22 June 2024
112:; 39 years ago
3542:
3438:Emacs on Wikimedia Commons
1650:"Obsolete Lexical Binding"
1001:my-window-splitting-advice
951:, defines a new function,
816:
806:
796:
786:
776:
494:
351:Emacs Lisp is also termed
3428:
3142:
2909:
2635:
1863:Common Lisp Object System
1780:
1767:Lisp programming language
1050:Emacs 24.4 replaces this
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414:Timeline of Lisp dialects
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2563:Bolt, Beranek and Newman
2493:Common Lisp the Language
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3178:Emacs Speaks Statistics
1631:. EmacsWiki. 2013-05-17
1288:can eventually lead to
1220:segmentation violations
1105:'split-window-below
2498:How to Design Programs
2337:Portable Standard Lisp
1983:Steel Bank Common Lisp
1948:Embeddable Common Lisp
1921:Armed Bear Common Lisp
1800:Higher-order functions
1678:. People.csail.mit.edu
1282:tail-call optimization
377:functional programming
340:, by calling Emacs in
137:; 3 months ago
2807:Shriram Krishnamurthi
2509:Practical Common Lisp
2465:Common Lisp HyperSpec
1989:Symbolics Common Lisp
1965:Macintosh Common Lisp
1702:. Walter de Gruyter.
1587:"Emacs 24.1 released"
947:The first statement,
3357:Joris van der Hoeven
2711:Robert Tappan Morris
2665:Robert Bruce Findler
2433:Space-cadet keyboard
1844:Tree data structures
1821:Read–eval–print loop
1531:"Porting old advice"
1452:"Ad for CCA EMACS".
961:(global-set-key ...)
953:my-split-window-func
939:my-split-window-func
870:my-split-window-func
604: ANSI standard
304:programming language
3511:Scripting languages
3448:Emacs on Wikiquotes
3301:Mark of the Unicorn
2453:Technical standards
1916:Allegro Common Lisp
489: LISP 1, 1.5,
441:
216:Filename extensions
107:First appeared
32:
3342:Richard P. Gabriel
2817:Gerald Jay Sussman
2802:Matthias Felleisen
2754:Richard P. Gabriel
2685:Richard Greenblatt
2660:Matthias Felleisen
1943:Corman Common Lisp
1433:cite press release
1197:built-in functions
1161:~/.emacs.d/init.el
1044:split-window-below
992:split-window-below
957:split-window-below
888:split-window-below
857:split-window-below
412:
327:scripting language
89:Guy L. Steele, Jr.
3456:
3455:
3410:Dissociated press
3393:
3392:
3380:Guy L. Steele Jr.
3140:
3139:
2965:
2964:
2905:
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2901:
2900:
2893:Robin Popplestone
2812:Guy L. Steele Jr.
2779:Guy L. Steele Jr.
2624:
2623:
2539:
2538:
2407:
2406:
2297:Lisp Machine Lisp
2207:
2206:
2134:
2133:
1882:
1881:
1709:978-3-11-021614-1
1608:"Lexical binding"
1573:groups.google.com
1261:Language features
1224:garbage collector
1078:set-window-buffer
1019:set-window-buffer
930:"C-x 2"
897:set-window-buffer
826:
825:
561: R7RS small
539:Lisp Machine Lisp
280:, as is the Lisp
260:
259:
156:Typing discipline
16:(Redirected from
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3375:Richard Stallman
3296:Perfect Software
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2759:Philip Greenspun
2731:Richard Stallman
2645:Daniel G. Bobrow
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2372:Operating system
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1728:Official website
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1366:GNU Emacs manual
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1302:Emacs Lisp is a
1284:. Without this,
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385:Richard Stallman
329:, much like the
302:Besides being a
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84:Richard Stallman
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3012:Implementations
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2874:
2870:Cynthia Solomon
2865:Mitchel Resnick
2826:
2788:
2735:
2689:Timothy P. Hart
2650:William Clinger
2640:Edmund Berkeley
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2587:
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2531:ProgramByDesign
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3385:Daniel Weinreb
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3112:Perfect Writer
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2857:
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2850:Wally Feurzeig
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2845:Denison Bollay
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2140:
2139:Unstandardized
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2110:
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2060:MIT/GNU Scheme
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1795:Dynamic typing
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1290:stack overflow
1262:
1259:
1235:Byte-compiling
1231:
1228:
1195:, also termed
1136:
1133:
1061:
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955:, which calls
921:global-set-key
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371:. It supports
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346:user interface
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198:Cross-platform
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3408:
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3396:
3386:
3383:
3381:
3378:
3376:
3373:
3371:David Reitter
3370:
3368:
3365:
3363:
3362:Daniel Murphy
3360:
3358:
3355:
3353:
3350:
3348:
3347:James Gosling
3345:
3343:
3340:
3338:
3335:
3333:
3332:Thomas Dickey
3330:
3329:
3327:
3323:
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3302:
3299:
3297:
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3279:
3278:Organizations
3275:
3272:
3270:
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3260:
3257:
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3133:
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3110:
3108:
3107:Multics Emacs
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3093:
3090:
3088:
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3070:Gosling Emacs
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2823:
2822:Julie Sussman
2820:
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2800:
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2770:
2769:David A. Moon
2767:
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2750:
2749:Scott Fahlman
2747:
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2727:
2726:Steve Russell
2724:
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2706:John McCarthy
2704:
2702:
2701:David Luckham
2699:
2696:
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2678:
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2670:Matthew Flatt
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2544:Organizations
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2074:Pocket Scheme
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1831:S-expressions
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1815:M-expressions
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