Economic sanctions - Knowledge (XXG)

1038: 6224:, vol. 103, no. 1 (January/February 2024), pp. 150–156. "The dollar is one of the few currencies that almost all major banks will accept, and... the most widely used... As a result, the dollar is the currency that many companies must use... to do international business." (p. 150.) "ocal banks facilitating that trade... normally... buy U.S. dollars and then use dollars to buy . To do so, however, the banks must have access to the U.S. financial system and... follow rules laid out by Washington." (pp. 151–152.) "But there is another, lesser-known reason why the commands overwhelming economic power. Most of the world's 6277:(pp. 154–155.) Farrell and Newman, writes Krugman, "are worried about the possibility of overreach. f the weaponizes the dollar against too many countries, they might... band together and adopt alternative methods of international payment. If countries become deeply worried about U.S. spying, they could lay fiber-optic cables that bypass the . And if Washington puts too many restrictions on American exports, foreign firms might turn away from U.S. technology." (p. 155.) 6408: 4585:

engaged in the seemingly endless war it had started against China in mid-1937, badly needed oil and other raw materials. Commercial access to these was gradually curtailed as the conquests continued. In July 1941 the Western powers effectively halted trade with Japan. From then on, as the desperate Japanese schemed to seize the oil and mineral-rich East Indies and Southeast Asia, a Pacific war was virtually inevitable.

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presidential powers. When sanctions are imposed on a country, it can try to mitigate them by adjusting its economic policy. The size of the veto players determines how many constraints the government will face when trying to change status quo policies, and the larger the size of the veto players, the more difficult it is to find support for new policies, thus making the sanctions more effective.

6420: 1604: 2201: 6349:, vol. 44, no. 6 (24 March 2022), pp. 25–29. "US sanctions are based on monopoly power over a global commons: the world's reserve currency and medium of exchange." (p. 25.) "At some point the US may no longer be in a position to exploit its financial centrality as it does now. For large parts of the world that moment will be cause for celebration." (p. 29.) 6444: 6396: 1383:. The embargo was later extended to mid-2018. Under the embargo, Libya has suffered severe inflation because of increased dependence on the private sector to import goods. The sanctions caused large cuts to health and education, which caused social conditions to decrease. Even though the sanctions were in response to human rights, their effects were limited. 6045: 1126:(the blockade), the US embargo on Cuba remains as of 2022 one of the longest-standing embargoes in modern history. Few of the United States' allies embraced the embargo, and many have argued it has been ineffective in changing Cuban government behavior. While taking some steps to allow limited economic exchanges with Cuba, American President 1315:, or foreign investment. The most frequently used UNSC sanction documented in the dataset is an embargo against imported weapons, which applied in 87% of all cases and was directed against non-state actors more often than against governments. Targeted sanctions regimes may contain hundreds of names, a handful, or none at all. 6256:

equipment to much of the planet giv China the power to eavesdrop on the rest of the world – just as the has done.... The learned that Huawei had been dealing surreptitiously with Iran – and therefore violating U.S. sanctions. Then, it... used its special access to information on international bank

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In response to cyber-attacks on April 1, 2015, President Obama issued an Executive Order establishing the first-ever economic sanctions. The Executive Order was intended to impact individuals and entities ("designees") responsible for cyber-attacks that threaten the national security, foreign policy,

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There is an importance, especially with relation to financial loss, for companies to be aware of embargoes that apply to their intended export or import destinations. Properly preparing products for trade, sometimes referred to as an embargo check, is a difficult and timely process for both importers

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One of the most popular suggestions to combat the humanitarian issues that arise from sanctions is the concept of “smart sanctions”, and a lot of research has been done on this concept also known as targeted sanctions. The term "smart sanctions" refers to measures like asset freezes, travel bans, and

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finds that "suspending aid is more effective than adopting economic sanctions because (1) aid suspensions are economically beneficial for the adopting state, while sanctions are costly, (2) aid suspensions directly affect the targeted government’s budget, (3) market forces undermine sanctions but not

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A strong connection has been found between the effectiveness of sanctions and the size of veto players in a government. Veto players represent individual or collective actors whose agreement is required for a change of the status quo, for example, parties in a coalition, or the legislature's check on

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Imposing sanctions on an opponent also affects the economy of the imposing country to a degree. If import restrictions are promulgated, consumers in the imposing country may have restricted choices of goods. If export restrictions are imposed or if sanctions prohibit companies in the imposing country

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Smart Sanctions have also not been totally successful in avoiding civilian harm or unintended consequences. For example, arms embargoes can impact the self-defense efforts of those under attack, aviation bans can affect a nation's transportation sector and the jobs of civilians associated with them,

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The 7 December 1941 Japanese raid on Pearl Harbor was one of the great defining moments in history. A single carefully-planned and well-executed stroke removed the United States Navy's battleship force as a possible threat to the Japanese Empire's southward expansion. The Japanese military, deeply

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conducted in violation of the Treaty on Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons. The resolution banned the sale of military and luxury goods and froze government assets. Since then, the UN has passed multiple resolutions subsequently expanding sanctions on North Korea. Resolution 2270 from 2016 placed

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and to trade with both sides, but both countries objected to American trade with the other. American policy aimed to use the new laws to avoid war and to force both France and Britain to respect American rights. The embargo failed to achieve its aims, and Jefferson repealed the legislation in March

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by the US and its allies, notably by barring nuclear, missile and many military exports to Iran and target investments in: oil, gas and petrochemicals, exports of refined petroleum products, banks, insurance, financial institutions, and shipping. Enacted 1979, increased through the following years

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examined their study, he found that only 5 of their reported 40 successes were actually effective, reducing the success rate to 4%. In either case, the difficulty and unexpected nuances of measuring the actual success of sanctions in relation to their goals are both increasingly apparent and still

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In 2013 the UN decreed an arms embargo against the CAR. The arms embargo was established in the context of an intercommunity conflict between the Séléka rebels, with a Muslim majority, and the predominantly Christian militias. to fight back. Raised UN Security Council lifts arms embargo on CAR on

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Brazil introduced sanctions against the US in March 2010. These sanctions were placed because the US government was paying cotton farmers for their products against World Trade Organization rules. The sanctions cover cotton, as well as cars, chewing gum, fruit, and vegetable products. The WTO is

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In response to intelligence analysis alleging Russian hacking and interference with the 2016 US elections, President Obama expanded presidential authority to sanction in response to cyber activity that threatens democratic elections. Given that the original order was intended to protect critical

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Most UNSC sanctions since the mid-1990s have targeted individuals and entities rather than entire governments, a change from the comprehensive trade sanctions of earlier decades. For example, the UNSC maintains lists of individuals indicted for crimes or linked to international terrorism, which

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impact on targeted states by reducing their GDP growth by an average of 2.3–3.5% per year—and more than 5% per year in the case of comprehensive UN embargoes—with the negative effects typically persisting for a period of ten years. By contrast, unilateral US sanctions had a considerably smaller

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restrictions.” Also in 2010, the UN Council imposed sanctions on Iran due to their involvement in their nuclear program. These sanctions banned Iran from carrying out tests on their nuclear weapons and imposed an embargo on the transfer of weapons into the country. These sanctions resulted in

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This process can become very complicated, especially for countries with changing embargoes. Before better tools became available, many companies relied on spreadsheets and manual processes to keep track of compliance issues. Today, there are software based solutions that automatically handle

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by many governments. Economic sanctions are usually imposed by a larger country upon a smaller country for one of two reasons: either the latter is a perceived threat to the security of the former nation or that country treats its citizens unfairly. They can be used as a coercive measure for

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that her company was not doing business with Iran. Canadian authorities, acting on a U.S. request, arrested her... in December 2018. After... almost three years under house arrest... Meng... was allowed to return to China... But by the prospects for Chinese dominance of 5G had vanished..."

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aid suspensions, and (4) aid suspensions are less likely to spark adverse behavioral reactions. The findings suggest that economic sanctions are less effective than previously thought and that large donor states have a higher chance of achieving political goals through economic coercion."

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The Global Sanctions Data Base categorizes nine objectives of sanctions: "changing policy, destabilizing regimes, resolving territorial conflicts, fighting terrorism, preventing war, ending war, restoring and promoting human rights, restoring and promoting democracy, and other objectives."

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I examined the 40 claimed successes and found that only 5 stand up. Eighteen were actually settled by either direct or indirect use of force; in 8 cases there is no evidence that the target state made the demanded concessions; 6 do not qualify as instances of economic sanctions, and 3 are

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The efficacy of sanctions in achieving intended goals is a subject of debate. Scholars have also considered the policy externalities of sanctions. The humanitarian consequences of country-wide sanctions have been a subject of controversy. As a consequence, since the mid-1990s,

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economic health, or financial stability of the US. Specifically, the Executive Order authorized the Treasury Department to freeze designees— assets. The European Union implemented their first targeted financial sanctions regarding cyber activity in 2020.

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Sanctions have been criticized on humanitarian grounds, as they negatively impact a nation's economy and can also cause collateral damage on ordinary citizens. Peksen implies that sanctions can degenerate human rights in the target country. Some

774:, diplomats and legal scholars regularly discussed using coordinated economic pressure to enforce international law. This idea was also included in reform proposals by Latin American and Chinese international lawyers in the years leading up to 913:

suggests sanctions are popular not because they are known to be effective, but because "there is nothing else between words and military action if you want to bring pressure upon a government". Critics of sanctions like Belgian jurist

4459: 1718:"have led to a sharp downturn in Iran's economy, pushing the value of its currency to record lows, quadrupling its annual inflation rate, driving away foreign investors, and triggering protests". These sanctions have taken a toll on 1266:

and wider trade sanctions that impacted the Georgian economy, particularly Georgian exports of wine, citrus fruits, and mineral water. In 2006, Russia banned all imports from Georgia which was able to deal a significant blow to the

2131: 1037: 1303:. According to a dataset covering the years 1991 to 2013, 95% of UNSC sanction regimes included "sectoral bans" on aviation and/or the import (or export) of arms or raw materials, 75% included "individual/group" sanctions such as 996:

and financial sanctions targeting individuals raise due process issues. One example of smart sanctions in practice can be seen with sanctions imposed by the United States on the Russian Federation following the latter's 2014

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is the most frequent foreign-policy objective of economic sanctions, accounting for just over 39 percent of cases of their imposition. Hufbauer et al. found that 34 percent of the cases studied were successful. However, when

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Sanctions can target an entire country or they can be more narrowly targeted at individuals or groups; this latter form of sanctions are sometimes called "smart sanctions". Prominent forms of economic sanctions include

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nevertheless reaffirmed the policy in 2011, stating that without the granting of improved human rights and freedoms by Cuba's current government, the embargo remains "in the national interest of the United States".

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from trading with the UK. In practice the French Empire could not completely enforce the embargo, which proved as harmful (if not more so) to the continental nations involved as to the British. By the time of the

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EU, US, Australia, Canada and Norway by Russia since August 2014 on beef, pork, fruit and vegetable produce, poultry, fish, cheese, milk and dairy items. On August 13, 2015, the embargo was expanded to include

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does not accrue unwanted fines, taxes, or other punitive measures. Common examples of embargo checks include referencing embargo lists, cancelling transactions, and ensuring the validity of a trade entity.

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by the US and its allies since 2015. An arms embargo and the selling of assets were banned due to human rights violations, high government corruption, links with drug cartels and electoral rigging in the

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arms embargoes that aim to target responsible parties like political leaders and elites with the goal of avoiding causing widespread collateral damage to innocent civilians and neighboring nations.

1291:. The nature of these sanctions may vary, and include financial, trade, or weaponry restrictions. Motivations can also vary, ranging from humanitarian and environmental concerns to efforts to halt 5145: 5123: 5887: 4467: 1668: 1122:. At first, the embargo applied only to arms sales; however, it later expanded to include other imports, eventually extending to almost all trade on February 7, 1962. Referred to by Cuba as 4435: 992:

Though there has been enthusiasm about the concept, as of 2016, the Targeted Sanctions Consortium (TSC) found that targeted sanctions only result in policy goals being met 22% of the time.

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achieving particular policy goals related to trade or for humanitarian violations. Economic sanctions are used as an alternative weapon instead of going to war to achieve desired outcomes.

1562:. Theresa Papademetriou states the exact restrictions the EU posed on Iran, "prohibition on the provision of insurance, increased restrictions on and notifications needed for transfers of 1801: 4503: 918:

argue that in nondemocratic regimes, the extent to which this affects political outcomes is contested, because by definition such regimes do not respond as strongly to the popular will.

4855: 2046: 1185:, that defines sanctions against US citizens involved in "violations of the human rights and freedoms of Russian citizens". It lists US citizens who are banned from entering Russia. 5777: 1837: 3122:

indeterminate. If I am right, then sanctions have succeeded in only 5 of 115 attempts, and thus there is no sound basis for even qualified optimism about the effects of sanctions.

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In the lead-up to the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor in 1941, the United States imposed severe trade restrictions on Japan to discourage further Japanese conquests in East Asia.

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Francesco Giumelli writes that the "set of sanctions ... that many observers would be likely to consider the most persuasive (and effective)", namely, UN sanctions against "

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adopted a voluntary international oil-embargo against South Africa on November 20, 1987; that embargo had the support of 130 countries. South Africa, in response, expanded its

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has been known to utilize economic sanctions to achieve its political goals. Russia's focus has been primarily on implementing sanctions against the pro-Western governments of

969:(UNSC) has generally refrained from imposing comprehensive sanctions since the mid-1990s, in part due to the controversy over the efficacy and civilian harms attributed to the 2318: 1719: 1363:

The efficacy of such sanctions has been questioned in light of continued nuclear tests by North Korea in the decade following the 2006 resolution. Professor William Brown of

1144: 6289: 5928: 4354:"Security Council Imposes Fresh Sanctions on Democratic People's Republic of Korea, Unanimously Adopting Resolution 2270 (2016) | Meetings Coverage and Press Releases" 4117: 4044: 3295: 5457: 5412: 2055: 1782: 1376: 5913: 5848: 4973: 1234:, who was more supportive of Moscow won the election in 2010 to become the fourth president of Ukraine. After his election, gas prices were reduced substantially. 6080: 4113: 4081: 2031:

Vietnam as a result of capitalist influences over the 1990s and having imposed sanctions against Cambodia, is accepting of sanctions disposed with accountability.

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was elected as the first post-Apartheid president. When asked in 1993 if economic sanctions had helped end apartheid, Mandela replied "Oh, there is no doubt."

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suspensions are typically considered as a type of economic sanctions. Previously mentioned work by Hufbauer, Schott, Elliot, and Oegg is a prominent example.

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a regime or country changes (i.e., whether it was the sanction or inherent instability) and doubly so to measure the full political effect of a given action.

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The Kremlin Playbook: Understanding Russian influence in Central and Eastern Europe : a report of the CSIS Europe Program and the CSD Economics Program

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in such fields, expansion of the list of goods and technology whose supply to Iran is either subject to prior authorization or is completely banned and new

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to power as the third president of the country. Saakashvili wanted to bring Georgia into NATO and the EU and was a strong supporter of the US-led war in

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to analyze the data. As a result, the can monitor almost all international communication." (p. 154) This has allowed the U.S. "to effectively cut

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Ashouri, Mahan "The Role of transnational Private Actors in Ukrain International Flight 752 Crash in Iran Under Economic Sanctions Pressure" (2021)

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believe that imposing trade restrictions only serves to hurt ordinary people as opposed to government elites, and others have likened the practice to

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restrictions on transport personnel and vehicles employed by North Korea while also restricting the sale of natural resources and fuel for aircraft.

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in 1935 resulted in League sanctions against Mussolini's Italy under Article 16 of the Covenant. Oil supplies, however, were not stopped, nor the

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that divide the beams of light carrying information into two streams. One... goes on to the intended recipients, ... the other goes to the

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By far, regime change is the most frequent foreign policy objective of economic sanctions, accounting for 80 out of the 204 observations.

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Escribà-Folch, Abel, and Joseph Wright. "Dealing with tyranny: International sanctions and the survival of authoritarian rulers."

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Peksen, Dursun; Jeong, Jin Mun (30 August 2017). "Domestic Institutional Constraints, Veto Players, and Sanction Effectiveness".

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from trading with the target country, the imposing country may lose markets and investment opportunities to competing countries.

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Biersteker, Thomas J.; Tourinho, Marcos; Eckert, Sue E. (2016), Tourinho, Marcos; Eckert, Sue E.; Biersteker, Thomas J. (eds.),

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Gaza Strip by Israel since 2001, under arms blockade since 2007 due to the large number of illicit arms traffic used to wage war

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suspending all transactions of sanctioned Russian banks, effectively canceling the credit cards of ordinary Russian consumers.

1000:, which were intended to exert pressure on Russia's financial sector. The sanctions resulted in American credit card companies 966: 741:(UNSC) sanctions have tended to target individuals and entities, in contrast to the country-wide sanctions of earlier decades. 738: 256: 5516: 4695: 4670: 2999: 1729:

in relation to the spiraling security situation and hostilities in breach of the Agreement on Peace and Reconciliation in 2017

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Nicaragua by the UK. Sanctions imposed in 2020 to push the government to respect democratic principles and legal institutions

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Doxey, Margaret. "International sanctions: a framework for analysis with special reference to the UN and Southern Africa."

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Offering an explanation as to why sanctions are still imposed even when they may be marginally effective, British diplomat

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that attempts to get an actor to change its behavior through disruption in economic exchange. Sanctions can be intended to

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When a League member goes to war without submitting the dispute to the League Council or League Assembly (Articles 12–15)

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argued that "sanctions don't have much of an impact on an economy that has been essentially bankrupt for a generation".

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A law on sanctions for individuals violating fundamental human rights and freedoms of Russian citizens has been signed

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Kirikakha, Aleksandra; Felbermayr, Gabriel J.; Syropoulos, Constantinos; Yalcin, Erdal; Yotov, Yoto V. (2021-12-10).

4774: 1262:. Russia would soon implement a number of different sanctions on Georgia, including natural gas price raises through 697:

penalties applied by states or institutions against states, groups, or individuals. Economic sanctions are a form of

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programs in exchange for relief." (pp. 153–154.) " few years ago, American officials... were in a panic about

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closed to Italy, and the conquest proceeded. The sanctions were lifted in 1936 and Italy left the League in 1937.

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and reached its tightest point in 2010. In April 2019 the US threatened to sanction countries that continued to

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Felbermayr, Gabriel; Kirilakha, Aleksandra; Syropoulos, Constantinos; Yalcin, Erdal; Yotov, Yoto (2021-05-18).

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in response to major international events, receiving authority to do so under Article 41 of Chapter VII of the

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in 2012 to force the junta to return power to the civilian government and re-install the National constitution

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to and from Iran, restrictions on the supply of or traffic in technology and equipment to be used in certain

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out of the world financial system... Iran's economy stagnated... Eventually, Tehran agreed to cut back its

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G. Bruce Strang, "'The Worst of all Worlds:' Oil Sanctions and Italy's Invasion of Abyssinia, 1935–1936."

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infrastructure, it can be argued that the election process should have been included in the original order.

6364: 6345: 2520: 2061: 1706: 1580: 1552: 1478: 1288: 1072: 970: 730: 615: 567: 417: 5555: 5364: 5033: 3886: 3735:"Office of Foreign Assets Control - Sanctions Programs and Information | U.S. Department of the Treasury" 1521: 5735: 3907: 2249: 1740: 1664: 1364: 1312: 1292: 1215: 930: 590: 585: 472: 402: 233: 5081: 4571: 3958: 3941: 794:, became prominent after the end of World War I. Leaders saw sanctions as a viable alternative to war. 5198: 5101: 855:

According to the Global Sanctions Data Base, there have been 1,325 sanctions in the period 1950–2022.

848:(UN) in 1945. Throughout the Cold War, the use of sanctions increased gradually. After the end of the 6412: 5430: 4544: 2145: 758: 659: 610: 288: 283: 6206:, "The American Way of Economic war: Is Washington Overusing Its Most Powerful Weapons?" (review of 5236: 5212: 5180: 885:

impact on GDP growth, restricting it by 0.5–0.9% per year, with an average duration of seven years.

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states. This quadrupled Ukraine's energy bill overnight. Russia subsequently cut off the supply of

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Libya by the UN in 2011 due to mass killings of Libyan protesters/rebels. Ended in 2012 after the

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A Strategic Understanding of UN Economic Sanctions: International Relations, Law, and Development

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The UN implemented sanctions against Somalia beginning in April 1992, after the overthrow of the

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The United States embargo against Cuba began on March 14, 1958, during the overthrow of dictator

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Caruso, Raul. "The impact of international economic sanctions on trade: An empirical analysis."

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Cite error: The named reference ":6" was defined multiple times with different content (see the

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was placed by the United States on steel to protect its industry from foreign producers such as

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after an initial six-month waiver announced in November 2018 had expired. According to the BBC,

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or restrictions on travel, and just 10% targeted national finances or included measures against

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Peksen, Dursen (2009). ""Better or Worse?": The Effect of Economic Sanctions on Human Rights".

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Ashford, Emma. “Not-So-Smart Sanctions: The Failure of Western Restrictions Against Russia.”

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List of people and organizations sanctioned in relation to human rights violations in Belarus

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Indonesia by Australia on live cattle due to the alleged cruel slaughter methods in Indonesia

6566: 6521: 5991: 5707: 5337: 5316: 4732: 4721:"Macroeconomic Implications of US Sanctions on Iran: A Sectoral Financial Balances Analysis" 4549: 4232: 4170: 3609: 3572: 3421: 3380: 3341: 3242: 3203: 3096: 2972: 2851: 2787: 2684: 2626: 2571: 2532: 2482: 2419: 2361: 2229: 2224: 2206: 1517: 1334: 1119: 1076: 822: 766: 635: 600: 198: 88: 5657: 6489:"The 'Global Sanctions Data Base': Mapping international sanction policies from 1950-2019" 6436: 6245: 6220: 5748: 5342: 5107: 5040: 4798: 4488: 4329: 4137: 2536: 1937: 1884:. Sanctions imposed by Canada since 2017, and since 2018 by Mexico, Panama and Switzerland 1759: 1493: 1423: 1243: 1092: 1068: 958: 750: 502: 412: 349: 113: 98: 4910: 3561:"International isolation and regional inequality: Evidence from sanctions on North Korea" 3469: 2903:

Richard Pankhurst, "The Italo-Ethiopian War and League of Nations Sanctions, 1935–1936."

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Hufbauer, Gary Clyde; Schott, Jeffrey J.; Elliott, Kimberly Ann; Oegg, Barbara (2007).

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Hufbauer, Gary Clyde; Schott, Jeffrey J.; Elliott, Kimberly Ann; Oegg, Barbara (2008).

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United Nations has since 1966 established 30 sanctions regimes to countries (such as

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Economic sanctions can be used for achieving domestic and international purposes.

5983: 5163:"Iran says new U.S. sanctions violate nuclear deal, vows 'proportional reaction'" 4598: 3473: 3061: 3025: 2888: 2748: 2721: 1341:

forbade members to sell, finance, or transfer any military equipment to Somalia.

6570: 6525: 6237: 5995: 4539: 4305: 4237: 4220: 4175: 4156: 2180: 1813: 1735:

by the EU. Sanctions were imposed against Myanmar due to the worsening state of

1579:

drastic macroeconomic downturns for the Iranian economy including volatility in

1575: 1529: 1497: 1482: 1462: 1375:

On February 26, 2011, the UNSC issued an arms embargo against the Libya through

1356: 1300: 1259: 787: 775: 702: 422: 138: 6559:"The Threat and Imposition of Economic Sanctions data project: a retrospective" 2560:"Weaponized Interdependence: How Global Economic Networks Shape State Coercion" 2000:

threatened retaliatory tariffs on a range of US goods that would mainly affect

1355:

The UNSC passed Resolution 1718 in 2006 in response to a nuclear test that the

6266: 6096: 5929:"International: United Nations Welcomes Loosening of Sanctions in Gulf Region" 5548:"Panama sanctions Venezuela, including Maduro & 1st Lady family companies" 4624: 4157:"Pipeline Politics: Russian Energy Sanctions and the 2010 Ukrainian Elections" 3613: 3576: 2365: 2196: 1954: 1755: 1687: 1571: 1330: 1005: 826: 722: 432: 278: 103: 5365:"U.S. declares Venezuela a national security threat, sanctions top officials" 4746: 4515: 4099: 3624:

Kanji, Laura. "Moving Targets: The Evolution and Future of Smart Sanctions."

3511: 3345: 3207: 2984: 2865: 2799: 2638: 2585: 2544: 2494: 2431: 2373: 2300: 1271:. Russia also expelled nearly 2,300 Georgians who worked within its borders. 880:

According to a study by Neuenkirch and Neumeier, UN economic sanctions had a

6294:

Nossal, Kim Richard. "International sanctions as international punishment."

6084:

Brzoska, Michael. "International sanctions before and beyond UN sanctions."

5321: 4553: 4221:"Georgia on my mind? Russian sanctions and the end of the 'Rose Revolution'" 4190: 2929:

Gaines Post, Jr, "The Machinery of British Policy in the Ethiopian Crisis."

2688: 2264: 2163: 2084: 1736: 1588: 1411: 1001: 465: 407: 6463: 5703: 3854: 3538:"Sanctions against Zimbabwe: A Comparison with Ancient Near Eastern Sieges" 3394: 3087:

Pape, Robert A. (Summer 1998). "Why Economic Sanctions Still Do Not Work".

1041:

An undersupplied US gasoline station, closed during the oil embargo in 1973

5458:"Canada sanctions 40 Venezuelans with links to political, economic crisis" 4885: 4737: 4720: 2323:

Targeted Sanctions: The Impacts and Effectiveness of United Nations Action

2200: 1900:

List of people and organizations sanctioned during the Russo-Ukrainian War

1500:

against the United States and other industrialized nations that supported

5711: 3100: 2630: 2576: 2559: 1962: 1917: 1823: 849: 749:

One of the most comprehensive attempts at an embargo occurred during the

690: 17: 6557:

Morgan, T. Clifton; Bapat, Navin A.; Kobayashi, Yoshiharu (2021-12-10).

6331:

Stevenson, Tom, "First Recourse for Rebels" (review of Nicholas Mulder,

5517:"México rechaza elecciones en Venezuela y sanciona a siete funcionarios" 3649: 3433: 2667:"Understanding United Nations targeted sanctions: an empirical analysis" 2502: 2470: 3108: 2856: 2839: 2807: 2439: 2407: 2381: 2349: 2219: 2149: 2122: 2035:

currently supervising talks between the states to remove the sanctions.

1966: 1921: 1819: 1691: 1683: 1563: 1263: 1174: 1170: 694: 213: 4974:"U.S. to end all waivers on imports of Iranian oil, crude price jumps" 3759:"Perform Sanction, PEPs and Watchlist Verification w/ Lexis Diligence" 3711:"US Trade Sanctions Are a Trap for the Unwary | Norton Rose Fulbright" 3310: 2471:"Sanctions Sometimes Smart: Targeted Sanctions in Theory and Practice" 2156:

due to Qatar's alleged support for terrorist organizations (2017–2021)

2058:

by Russia on agricultural products, wine and mineral water (2006–2013)

1678:. It covers arms, consumer goods and financial assets, enacted in 1958 1161:. The Kremlin's aim is particularly on states that aspire to join the 6249: 6180:(Washington DC: Peterson Institute for International Economics, 1990) 3425: 3030:(3 ed.). Washington, DC: Columbia University Press. p. 67. 2838:

Morgan, T. Clifton; Syropoulos, Constantinos; Yotov, Yoto V. (2023).

2106: 1989: 1827: 1805: 1501: 1154: 173: 83: 78: 4282:"New UN project uses financial incentives to try to save the dugong" 3537: 3409: 2791: 2723:

Recentering the World: China and Transformation of International Law

2423: 1639:

List of sanctioned countries (the below is not an exhaustive list):

6126:

Doxey, Margaret. "International sanctions in theory and practice."

5704:"Countering Malicious Cyber Activity: Targeted Financial Sanctions" 6333:

The Economic Weapon: The Rise of Sanctions as a Tool of Modern War

6282:

The Economic Weapon: The Rise of Sanctions as a Tool of Modern War

4130: 2750:

The Economic Weapon: The Rise of Sanctions as a Tool of Modern War

2153: 1985: 1489: 1419: 1036: 962: 817:

When a non-member goes to war against a League member (Article 17)

797:

The League Covenant permitted the use of sanctions in five cases:

6369: 6176:

Hufbauer, Gary C., Jeffrey J. Schott, and Kimberley Ann Elliott.

4489:"Oil Embargo against Apartheid South Africa on richardknight.com" 2087:) by the US, UK, China and the Netherlands in 1940 to discourage 2004:. The US government then removed the steel tariffs in early 2004. 1830:—due to ongoing government sponsored and backed violence against 6273: 6241: 5988:

Nuyorican Feminist Performance: From the Café to Hip Hop Theater

4436:"Evaluating the Impacts and Effectiveness of Targeted Sanctions" 4024:

Daniel Hanson; Dayne Batten; Harrison Ealey (January 16, 2013).

1809: 1555: 1513: 1255: 1207: 1166: 5122:. Department for Business Innovation and Skills. Archived from 4257:"UN sanctions: what they are, how they work, and who uses them" 1544:

sources. Israel continued to receive Western support, however.

5396: 5262:"Treasury Department's Office of Foreign Asset Control (OFAC)" 4992:"Iran oil: US to end sanctions exemptions for major importers" 1598: 1567: 940: 148: 6185:

International economic sanctions: a public choice perspective

6049: 5817:"Resolution 1483 - UN Security Council - Global Policy Forum" 5578:"Swiss impose sanctions on seven senior Venezuelan officials" 5014:

Australian Government Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade

4026:"It's Time For The U.S. To End Its Senseless Embargo Of Cuba" 3000:"Going Alone on Economic Sanctions Hurts U.S. More than Foes" 2840:"Economic Sanctions: Evolution, Consequences, and Challenges" 2703:"Continental System Napoleon British Embargo Napoleon's 1812" 1660:

European Union arms embargo on the People's Republic of China

6360:

Business and Sanctions Consulting Network: List of Countries

6311:

Economic Sanctions as Instruments of American Foreign Policy

6216:

Underground Empire: How America Weaponized the World Economy

1822:

reported that the EU has placed immediate sanctions on both

1779:

by the UN, US and EU on luxury goods (and arms) enacted 2006

1429:

All United Nations sanctions on South Africa ended over the

58: 6253: 6195:

The United Nations sanctions policy & international law

6178:

Economic Sanctions Reconsidered: History and Current Policy

5034:"Are EU Trade Oh hell no on Burma Compatible with WTO Law?" 2173:

Serbia by Kosovo's unilaterally declared government in 2011

1895:

List of individuals sanctioned during the Venezuelan crisis

902:

under debate. In other words, it is difficult to determine

6370:

Threat and Imposition of Economic Sanctions (TIES) Dataset

6104:

The sanctions decade: Assessing UN strategies in the 1990s

5691:. PwC Financial Services Regulatory Practice, April, 2015. 5413:"EU readies sanctions on Venezuela, approves arms embargo" 5305:"The Cyprus Question before the European Court of Justice" 5146:

Senate overwhelmingly passes new Russia and Iran sanctions

4838:"Russia announces 'full embargo' on most food from US, EU" 4504:"To Cope With Embargoes, S. Africa Converts Coal Into Oil" 2958:"The impact of UN and US economic sanctions on GDP growth" 5888:"Post-coup Mali hit with sanctions by African neighbours" 5865:"Mali Coup Leaders Suffer Sanctions and Loss of Timbuktu" 5491:"Canada to impose sanctions on more Venezuelan officials" 5237:"U.S. Imposes New Sanctions on Sudan - Sudan | ReliefWeb" 4760: 2128:

Pakistan by the UK in 2002 on nuclear export restrictions

1785:(2006) – a reaction to the DPRK's claim of a nuclear test 1754:

international sanctions imposed on North Korea since the

1020:

There are many steps that must be taken to ensure that a

786:

Sanctions in the form of blockades were prominent during

5799:"Georgia Doubles Wine Exports as Russian Market Reopens" 4460:"Literature Review on the Effects of Targeted Sanctions" 2776:"Sanctions and Guaranties in International Organization" 2319:"The effectiveness of United Nations targeted sanctions" 1206:. Soon after Yushchenko entered office, Russia demanded 3173:"United Nations: US Riled by Economic Sanctions Report" 1615: 5431:"Canada imposes sanctions on key Venezuelan officials" 5181:"EU sanctions Russians over rights abuses in Chechnya" 4856:"Russia expands food imports embargo to non-EU states" 4011:"Officially Sanctioned: A Guide to the U.S. Blacklist" 2956:

Neuenkirch, Matthias; Neumeier, Florian (2015-12-01).

1942:

United Kingdom currently has sanctions on 27 countries

1802:

Countering America's Adversaries Through Sanctions Act

1279:

The United Nations issues sanctions by consent of the

6384: 6375:

The International Sanctions Termination (IST) dataset

5392:"President Trump Approves New Sanctions On Venezuela" 5120:"Democratic People's Republic of Korea (North Korea)" 4941:"What You Need To Know About U.S. Economic Sanctions" 4911:"Australia bans all live cattle exports to Indonesia" 4080:. Mina, James, Stefanov, Ruslan, Vladimirov, Martin, 3831:"Export Control and Sanctions Compliance | About SAP" 3476:. Vienna: International Progress Organization, 1997. 2918:

Test Case: Italy, Ethiopia, and the League of Nations

5338:"White House sanctions seven officials in Venezuela" 4719:

Sashi, Sivramkrishna; Bhavish, Sharma (2019-12-01).

3977:"Proclamation 3447 – Embargo on all trade with Cuba" 3925:

Aaron Snyder; Jeffrey Herbener (December 15, 2004).

2454:

Sanctions and Exports Deflection: Evidence from Iran

1379:

in response to humanitarian abuses occurring in the

852:, there was a major increase in economic sanctions. 709:(an attempt to stop an actor from certain actions). 6111:

International sanctions in contemporary perspective

4280:Section, United Nations News Service (2011-03-14). 4255:Section, United Nations News Service (2016-05-04). 2102:

Macedonia total trade embargo by Greece (1994–1995)

1145:

Humanitarian impacts of U.S. sanctions against Iran

5863: 2099:India by the UK due to nuclear exports restriction 801:When Article 10 of the League Covenant is violated 6128:Case Western Reserve Journal of International Law 5990:. University of Michigan Press Ebook Collection. 4191:"Russia-Ukraine 'Gas War' Damages Both Economies" 3369:"Economic sanction: a weapon of mass destruction" 6093:Peace Economics, Peace Science and Public Policy 4646:"European Union: Renewed Sanctions Against Iran" 4603:. Greenwood Publishing Group. pp. 112–116. 2660: 2658: 2656: 2654: 2652: 2325:, Cambridge University Press, pp. 220–247, 1075:(1806–1808) during the second term of President 844:, the League was replaced by the more expansive 4794:"Should Europe Lift Its Arms Embargo on China?" 4250: 4248: 3807:"World-Check KYC Screening & Due Diligence" 3628:37.4 (2016): 39–42. ProQuest. Web. 30 Nov. 2023 1873:by the UN on consumer goods, enacted since 1994 1867:by the EU and the US on arms and imports of oil 1783:United Nations Security Council Resolution 1718 892:Hufbauer, Schott, and Elliot (2008) argue that 6056:European Union: Renewed Sanctions Against Iran 4818:"United States embargo against Cuba - History" 4540:"Nelson Mandela, A True Believer in Sanctions" 4082:Center for Strategic and International Studies 1649:China by the EU and the US. Sanctions made on 1029:sanctions and other complications with trade. 705:(an attempt to change an actor's behavior) or 30:"Embargo" redirects here. For other uses, see 5835: 5833: 5658:"Sanctions | United Nations Security Council" 5032:Howse, Robert L. and Genser, Jared M. (2008) 4378:"Why Did Sanctions Fail Against North Korea?" 2134:by Israel, US and other countries (2006–2007) 667: 8: 6265:(... the founder's daughter), had committed 6157:United Nations sanctions and the rule of law 6015:Sukovic, Danilo; Jovanovic, Predrag (2001). 3973:National Archives and Records Administration 3266:Hufbauer, Schott, Elliott, and Oegg (2007). 3175:. Institute for Agriculture and Trade Policy 1357:Democratic People's Republic of Korea (DPRK) 804:In case of war or threat of war (Article 11) 4116:) CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list ( 4045:"Obama Quietly Renews U.S. Embargo on Cuba" 3542:Journal of Gleanings from Academic Outliers 3294:) CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list ( 2558:Farrell, Henry; Newman, Abraham L. (2019). 1871:Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus embargo 1850:during the 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine 6301:Royal Institute of International Affairs. 4640: 4638: 4112:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher ( 3604:Gordon, Joy. “Smart Sanctions Revisited.” 3449:"Video: Why Economic Sanctions Don't Work" 674: 660: 36: 6167:Economic sanctions and American diplomacy 5320: 4736: 4236: 4174: 3384: 2855: 2575: 1996:ruled that the tariffs were illegal. The 1934:Australia currently sanctions 9 countries 1840:were also implemented in response to the 1481:, triggering the American entry into the 1475:seize the resource-rich Dutch East Indies 1218:in 2006, causing significant harm to the 863:Economic sanctions are used as a tool of 4937:United States Department of the Treasury 2132:Palestinian National Authority sanctions 1957:and more) and to organizations (such as 1804:that grouped together sanctions against 1528:efforts, and long-lasting shifts toward 1402:International sanctions during apartheid 1387:Sanction on the Central African Republic 1071:involved a series of laws passed by the 6563:Research Handbook on Economic Sanctions 6518:Research Handbook on Economic Sanctions 6455: 6391: 5682:"Sanctions: U.S. action on cyber crime" 3148:"Analysis: Do economic sanctions work?" 2276: 1796:by the US. On 2 August 2017, President 1508:. The results included a sharp rise in 1299:raises novel legal questions regarding 50: 5904:Cockburn, Patrick (February 4, 1994). 5841:"India and Pakistan (Nuclear Exports)" 5744: 5733: 5082:"Clinton Ends Most N. Korea Sanctions" 4696:"A Brief History of Sanctions on Iran" 4671:"A Brief History of Sanctions on Iran" 4105: 3644:, vol. 95, no. 1, 2016, pp. 114–123. 3636: 3634: 3608:, vol. 25, no. 3, 2011, pp. 315–335., 3600: 3598: 3596: 3594: 3367:Habibzadeh, Farrokh (September 2018). 3283: 2833: 2831: 2829: 2827: 2825: 2350:"The Hidden Hand of Economic Coercion" 2162:by the international community during 1929:By sanctioning country or organization 1882:2018 Venezuelan presidential elections 1325:United Nations arms embargo on Somalia 27:Financial penalties applied by nations 6365:The Global Sanctions Data Base (GSDB) 6252:... which... seemed poised to supply 6169:(Council on Foreign Relations, 1998) 5764:"Obama extends cyber sanctions power" 5456:Zilio, Michelle (22 September 2017). 5309:European Journal of International Law 5044:Michigan Journal of International Law 4959:"A summary of sanctions against Iran" 4399: 4397: 4214: 4212: 4210: 4150: 4148: 4146: 3408:Mueller, John; Mueller, Karl (1999). 3171:Capdevila, Gustavo (18 August 2000). 2965:European Journal of Political Economy 2665:Giumelli, Francesco (November 2015). 2605: 2603: 2537:10.1146/annurev-polisci-041322-032240 2514: 2512: 2125:) trade embargo by the US (1964–1994) 807:When a League member does not pay an 7: 6159:(Cambridge University Press, 2007). 6142:. (Cambridge University Press, 1999) 5437:. Thomson Reuters. 22 September 2017 4792:Leo Cendrowicz (February 10, 2010). 4650:Library of Congress, Washington, D.C 4568:"Pearl Harbor Raid, 7 December 1941" 3990:Elizabeth Flock (February 7, 2012). 3883:Uniserv GmbH - Customer Data Experts 2464: 2462: 2408:"Why Economic Sanctions Do Not Work" 2401: 2399: 2343: 2341: 2312: 2310: 2282: 2280: 1141:United States sanctions against Iran 753:of 1803–1815. Aiming to cripple the 5886:Callimachi, Rukmini (3 April 2012) 4972:Wroughton, Lesley (22 April 2019). 4419: 4043:Uri Friedman (September 13, 2011). 3136:, Golnoosh Hakimdavar, p. 105. 3066:. Peterson Institute. p. 158. 1914:UN Security Council Resolution 1267 1396:Sanctions on apartheid South Africa 876:Effectiveness of economic sanctions 782:World War I and the Interwar period 6464:"Global Sanctions Database - GSDB" 5953:"Kosovo imposes embargo on Serbia" 5927:Boomer, Elizabeth (Feb 17, 2021). 5916:from the original on Feb 24, 2024. 5780:. Content.usatoday.com. 2010-03-09 5411:Emmott, Robin (13 November 2017). 5213:"UK sanctions relating to Somalia" 3606:Ethics & International Affairs 3474:Economic Sanctions and Development 3241:(3). Ingentaconnect.com: 787–801. 2525:Annual Review of Political Science 2095:overthrow and execution of Gaddafi 1570:and gas fields and prohibition of 1558:due to their involvement in their 1210:pay the same rate that it charged 1106:United States embargo against Cuba 772:Hague Conventions of 1899 and 1907 25: 6106:(Lynne Rienner Publishers, 2000). 5906:"US finally ends Vietnam embargo" 5876:from the original on Feb 1, 2024. 5546:Camacho, Carlos (27 March 2018). 4725:Studies in Business and Economics 3146:Marcus, Jonathan (26 July 2010). 2920:(Hoover Institution Press, 1976). 2905:Genève-Afrique/Geneva-Africa 13.2 2780:American Political Science Review 1858:by the UN and sanctions by the UK 1655:Tiananmen Square protests of 1989 1516:revenues, an emergency period of 1195:Russian sanctions against Ukraine 327:International Chamber of Commerce 6442: 6430: 6418: 6406: 6394: 6048: This article incorporates 6043: 5862:Lydia Polgreen (April 2, 2012). 5702:Thompson, Natalie (2020-10-01). 5057:"Financial sanctions, Nicaragua" 4886:"Russia expands food import ban" 4862:. 13 August 2015. Archived from 4140:// Kremlin.ru, 28 December 2012. 4009:Eric Weiner (October 15, 2007). 3961:. monticello.org. April 8, 2013. 3309:Mertens, Claas (28 March 2024). 3247:10.1111/j.1468-2478.2011.00668.x 2844:Journal of Economic Perspectives 2720:Mitchell, Ryan Martinez (2022). 2487:10.1111/j.1468-2486.2010.01001.x 2289:"The United States of Sanctions" 2199: 2056:Georgian and Moldovan import ban 1602: 1469:in 1940–1941 in response to its 1377:Security Council Resolution 1970 1181:. Russia has enacted a law, the 6269:by falsely telling the British 6236:, which then uses high-powered 6147:International studies quarterly 5762:Bennett, Cory (29 March 2016). 3410:"Sanctions of Mass Destruction" 3315:International Studies Quarterly 3268:Economic Sanctions Reconsidered 3235:International Studies Quarterly 3063:Economic Sanctions Reconsidered 3027:Economic Sanctions Reconsidered 2998:Griswold, Daniel (2000-11-27). 2240:International political economy 2168:disinvestment from South Africa 1982:2002 United States steel tariff 1416:United Nations General Assembly 1281:United Nations Security Council 967:United Nations Security Council 739:United Nations Security Council 6218:, Henry Holt, 2023, 288 pp.), 5982:Esteves, Sandra María (2005). 5959:. 21 July 2011. Archived from 5084:. Globalpolicy.org. 1999-09-18 4957:Josh Levs (January 23, 2012). 4155:Newnham, Randall (July 2013). 3663:"Do I need an export licence?" 3196:Journal of Conflict Resolution 2977:10.1016/j.ejpoleco.2015.09.001 2887:Buell, Raymond Leslie (1925). 2726:. Cambridge University Press. 1477:, which required a preemptive 1345:Sanctions on North Korea, 2006 1: 5552:Latin American Herald Tribune 5390:Neuman, Scott (22 May 2018). 5336:Rhodan, Maya (9 March 2015). 4761:"Sanctions risk by countries" 4502:Murphy, Caryle (1979-04-27). 3386:10.1016/S0140-6736(18)31944-5 3290:: CS1 maint: date and year ( 2260:Specially Designated National 2179:by the UN in response to the 2079:Italian invasion of Abyssinia 1776:. but tightened again in 2010 1758:of 1950–1953 eased under the 1667:, enacted in response to the 1653:, enacted in response to the 1431:Negotiations to end Apartheid 1351:Sanctions against North Korea 6613:Non-tariff barriers to trade 5199:"UN arms embargo on Somalia" 4219:Newnham, Randall E. (2015). 4076:A., Conley, Heather (2016). 3885:. 2021-01-22. Archived from 3626:Harvard International Review 3496:"Sanctions as siege warfare" 3229:Whang, Taehee (2011-09-01). 2931:International History Review 2893:. H. Holt. pp. 564–565. 2475:International Studies Review 1449:Other multilateral sanctions 1439:1994 South African elections 1238:Russian sanctions on Georgia 403:Intellectual property rights 6571:10.4337/9781839102721.00009 6526:10.4337/9781839102721.00010 6468:globalsanctionsdatabase.com 5996:10.3998/mpub.6710954.cmp.21 4464:www.unicefinemergencies.com 4238:10.1016/j.euras.2015.03.008 4225:Journal of Eurasian Studies 4176:10.1016/j.euras.2013.03.001 4162:Journal of Eurasian Studies 3859:AnaSys a Bottomline Company 2610:Drezner, Daniel W. (2022). 2521:"Global Economic Sanctions" 2519:Drezner, Daniel W. (2024). 2469:Drezner, Daniel W. (2011). 2348:Drezner, Daniel W. (2003). 2287:Drezner, Daniel W. (2021). 1189:Russia sanctions on Ukraine 1089:War of the Fourth Coalition 1012:Implications for businesses 385:Economic and monetary union 307:International Monetary Fund 244:Voluntary export restraints 6639: 6315:Greenwood Publishing Group 6296:International Organization 6271:financial services company 6121:International organization 6017:"A Decade Under Sanctions" 5201:. SIPRI. 20 December 2019. 4694:Sen, Ashish (2018-05-08). 4669:Sen, Ashish (2018-05-08). 4597:Maugeri, Leonardo (2006). 4405:"UN Arms embargo on Libya" 3565:Journal of Urban Economics 3494:Gordon, Joy (1999-04-04). 3218:– via Sage Journals. 3002:. Cato.org. Archived from 2774:Potter, Pitman B. (1922). 2354:International Organization 1818:by the EU. In March 2021, 1741:human rights infringements 1399: 1348: 1333:regime in 1991 during the 1322: 1319:Sanctions on Somalia, 1992 1192: 1159:former Soviet Union states 1138: 1103: 1091:; the US wanted to remain 1060: 1049: 380:Customs and monetary union 322:World Customs Organization 312:International Trade Centre 29: 6102:Cortright, David, et al. 4330:"North Korea | Countries" 3614:10.1017/S0892679411000323 3577:10.1016/j.jue.2017.11.002 3536:Vengeyi, Obvious (2015). 3334:Journal of Peace Research 2753:. Yale University Press. 2747:Mulder, Nicholas (2022). 2366:10.1017/S0020818303573052 1716:US sanctions against Iran 1676:Cuban embargoes by the US 1522:global economic recession 882:statistically significant 836:From World War II onwards 345:Preferential trading area 6309:Selden, Zachary (1999). 6234:National Security Agency 3914:. digitalhistory.uh.edu. 3346:10.1177/0022343308098404 3208:10.1177/0022002717728105 2944:Diplomacy and Statecraft 2406:Pape, Robert A. (1997). 2049:export controls) by the 2026:Bilateral trade disputes 1994:World Trade Organization 1275:United Nations sanctions 761:in 1806 promulgated the 626:Balassa–Samuelson effect 621:Ricardian trade theories 508:Largest consumer markets 317:World Trade Organization 32:Embargo (disambiguation) 6608:International sanctions 6303:International Sanctions 6259:chief financial officer 6155:Farrall, Jeremy Matam. 6088:91.6 (2015): 1339–1349. 5894:. Retrieved 4 May 2012. 5303:Talmon, Stefan (2001). 5010:"Mali sanctions regime" 4625:"Energy Crisis (1970s)" 4286:UN News Service Section 4261:UN News Service Section 3652:. Accessed 6 Dec. 2023. 3447:Emile Yusupoff (2013). 2890:International Relations 2689:10.1111/1468-2346.12448 2681:Oxford University Press 2245:International sanctions 2160:South African sanctions 1977:United States embargoes 1973:United States sanctions 1910:United Nations sanction 1889:By targeted individuals 1861:Sudan by the US in 1997 1848:international sanctions 1838:international sanctions 1467:sanctions against Japan 1052:United States sanctions 1046:United States sanctions 978:unintended consequences 641:Lerner symmetry theorem 6346:London Review of Books 6149:54.2 (2010): 335–359. 6050:public domain material 6021:transparentnost.org.rs 5743:Cite journal requires 5633:"UK sanctions regimes" 5497:. Reuters. 30 May 2018 5106:July 23, 2010, at the 3715:www.projectfinance.law 3559:Lee, Yong Suk (2018). 3089:International Security 2564:International Security 2412:International Security 2105:Mali total embargo by 1764:South Korean President 1749:North Korean sanctions 1479:attack on Pearl Harbor 1381:First Libyan Civil War 1313:sovereign wealth funds 1289:United Nations Charter 1057:US Embargo Act of 1807 1042: 971:sanctions against Iraq 931:sovereign wealth funds 757:economically, Emperor 731:financial transactions 729:, and restrictions on 616:Gravity model of trade 513:Leading trade partners 418:Government procurement 219:Exchange rate controls 63: 6298:43.2 (1989): 301–322. 6183:Kaempfer, William H. 6140:The Sanctions Paradox 6123:26.3 (1972): 527–550. 6086:International Affairs 5322:10.1093/ejil/12.4.727 5039:June 7, 2010, at the 4806:on February 13, 2010. 4738:10.2478/sbe-2019-0053 3927:"The Embargo of 1807" 3912:"The Embargo of 1807" 3908:University of Houston 3459:on February 27, 2014. 2946:19.2 (2008): 210–235. 2672:International Affairs 2619:International Affairs 2612:"How not to sanction" 2250:Magnitsky legislation 2177:Yugoslavian sanctions 2064:by the US (1990–2003) 1720:humanitarian concerns 1669:National Security Law 1644:Afghanistan sanctions 1551:made the decision to 1365:Georgetown University 1293:nuclear proliferation 1040: 859:Politics of sanctions 596:Heckscher–Ohlin model 591:Competitive advantage 586:Comparative advantage 473:Trade and development 234:Countervailing duties 62: 5712:10.2139/ssrn.3770816 4545:History News Network 4538:(13 December 2013). 4440:graduateinstitute.ch 4057:on November 13, 2013 3101:10.1162/isec.23.1.66 2933:1#4 (1979): 522–541. 2577:10.1162/isec_a_00351 2452:Haidar, J.I., 2017." 2146:United Arab Emirates 2011:By targeted activity 1916:in 1999 against all 1877:Venezuelan sanctions 1844:that started in 2014 1800:signed into law the 1616:adding missing items 1410:for its policies of 1406:In effort to punish 1087:were engaged in the 998:annexation of Crimea 759:Napoleon I of France 745:History of sanctions 611:Intra-industry trade 339:Economic integration 289:Economic integration 284:Economic nationalism 6623:Human rights abuses 6138:Drezner, Daniel W. 6109:Doxey, Margaret P. 6061:Library of Congress 6027:on 27 December 2022 5984:"Mandala de Elegua" 5933:Library of Congress 5805:. 16 December 2013. 5608:"Sanctions Regimes" 5596:Diario Las Americas 5558:on 24 February 2021 5292:. 27 November 2011. 5150:The Washington Post 4866:on 28 February 2021 4779:The Washington Post 4629:The History Channel 2187:Embargo Act of 1807 1856:Somali arms embargo 1842:Russo-Ukrainian War 1635:By targeted country 1453:The United States, 1252:Mikheil Saakashvili 1063:Embargo Act of 1807 976:Sanctions can have 899:Robert A. Pape 239:Anti-dumping duties 179:Non-tariff barriers 124:Import substitution 6280:Mulder, Nicholas. 6226:fiber-optic cables 6165:Hufbauer, Gary C. 5892:The Globe and Mail 5870:The New York Times 5819:. Globalpolicy.org 5639:. 31 December 2020 5462:The Globe and Mail 5266:William & Mary 5063:. 15 November 2021 4574:on 6 December 2000 4536:Jonathan Zimmerman 4195:www.worldpress.org 4136:2013-01-02 at the 3996:washingtonpost.com 3975:(15 August 2016). 3938:Grove City College 3763:www.lexisnexis.com 3379:(10150): 816–817. 2857:10.1257/jep.37.1.3 2631:10.1093/ia/iiac065 2121:(and then unified 2113:Nicaraguan embargo 2077:in 1935 after the 1614:; you can help by 1587:, and increase in 1542:alternative energy 1371:Sanctions on Libya 1100:US embargo of Cuba 1067:The United States 1043: 763:Continental System 687:Economic sanctions 606:Economic geography 413:Competition policy 209:Technical barriers 189:Tariff-rate quotas 134:Trade facilitation 119:Export orientation 64: 6341:978 0 300 25936 0 6324:978-0-275-96387-3 6257:data to that 's 6130:15 (1983): 273+. 5286:"Syria sanctions" 5243:. 4 November 1997 5046:29(2): pp. 165–96 3959:"Embargo of 1807" 3811:www.refinitiv.com 3783:"SAP Help Portal" 3739:home.treasury.gov 3687:"SAP Help Portal" 3277:978-0-88132-408-2 3073:978-0-88132-536-2 2760:978-0-300-26252-0 2733:978-1-108-49896-8 2332:978-1-107-13421-8 2255:Political economy 2075:League of Nations 2045:Comecon nations ( 1947:Southern Rhodesia 1791:Russian sanctions 1733:Myanmar sanctions 1712:buy oil from Iran 1632: 1631: 1595:Current sanctions 1459:Republic of China 1232:Viktor Yanukovych 1224:Russian economies 1200:Viktor Yushchenko 1183:Dima Yakovlev Law 1150:Russian sanctions 1112:Fulgencio Batista 911:Jeremy Greenstock 809:arbitration award 792:League of Nations 684: 683: 631:Linder hypothesis 443:Emissions trading 16:(Redirected from 6630: 6593: 6592: 6554: 6548: 6547: 6509: 6503: 6502: 6500: 6499: 6484: 6478: 6477: 6475: 6474: 6460: 6447: 6446: 6445: 6435: 6434: 6433: 6423: 6422: 6421: 6411: 6410: 6409: 6399: 6398: 6397: 6390: 6328: 6070: 6068: 6067: 6047: 6046: 6037: 6036: 6034: 6032: 6023:. Archived from 6012: 6006: 6005: 6003: 6002: 5979: 5973: 5972: 5970: 5968: 5949: 5943: 5942: 5940: 5939: 5924: 5918: 5917: 5901: 5895: 5884: 5878: 5877: 5867: 5859: 5853: 5852: 5851:on Feb 18, 2010. 5847:. Archived from 5837: 5828: 5827: 5825: 5824: 5813: 5807: 5806: 5795: 5789: 5788: 5786: 5785: 5774: 5768: 5767: 5759: 5753: 5752: 5746: 5741: 5739: 5731: 5699: 5693: 5692: 5686: 5678: 5672: 5671: 5669: 5668: 5654: 5648: 5647: 5645: 5644: 5629: 5623: 5622: 5620: 5618: 5604: 5598: 5593: 5591: 5589: 5574: 5568: 5567: 5565: 5563: 5554:. Archived from 5543: 5537: 5532: 5530: 5528: 5513: 5507: 5506: 5504: 5502: 5487: 5481: 5472: 5470: 5468: 5453: 5447: 5446: 5444: 5442: 5427: 5421: 5420: 5408: 5402: 5401: 5387: 5381: 5380: 5378: 5376: 5361: 5355: 5354: 5352: 5350: 5333: 5327: 5326: 5324: 5300: 5294: 5293: 5282: 5276: 5275: 5273: 5272: 5258: 5252: 5251: 5249: 5248: 5233: 5227: 5226: 5224: 5223: 5209: 5203: 5202: 5195: 5189: 5188: 5187:. 22 March 2021. 5177: 5171: 5170: 5169:. 2 August 2017. 5159: 5153: 5142: 5136: 5135: 5133: 5131: 5116: 5110: 5099: 5093: 5092: 5090: 5089: 5078: 5072: 5071: 5069: 5068: 5053: 5047: 5030: 5024: 5023: 5021: 5020: 5006: 5000: 4999: 4998:. 22 April 2019. 4988: 4982: 4981: 4969: 4963: 4962: 4954: 4948: 4947: 4945: 4933: 4927: 4926: 4924: 4922: 4907: 4901: 4900: 4898: 4897: 4882: 4876: 4875: 4873: 4871: 4852: 4846: 4845: 4844:. 7 August 2014. 4834: 4828: 4827: 4825: 4824: 4814: 4808: 4807: 4802:. Archived from 4789: 4783: 4782: 4771: 4765: 4764: 4757: 4751: 4750: 4740: 4716: 4710: 4709: 4707: 4706: 4700:Atlantic Council 4691: 4685: 4684: 4682: 4681: 4675:Atlantic Council 4666: 4660: 4659: 4657: 4656: 4642: 4633: 4632: 4621: 4615: 4614: 4594: 4588: 4587: 4581: 4579: 4564: 4558: 4557: 4532: 4526: 4525: 4523: 4522: 4499: 4493: 4492: 4485: 4479: 4478: 4476: 4475: 4466:. Archived from 4456: 4450: 4449: 4447: 4446: 4432: 4426: 4425: 4418: 4416: 4415: 4401: 4392: 4391: 4389: 4388: 4374: 4368: 4367: 4365: 4364: 4350: 4344: 4343: 4341: 4340: 4326: 4320: 4319: 4317: 4316: 4302: 4296: 4295: 4293: 4292: 4277: 4271: 4270: 4268: 4267: 4252: 4243: 4242: 4240: 4216: 4205: 4204: 4202: 4201: 4187: 4181: 4180: 4178: 4152: 4141: 4128: 4122: 4121: 4111: 4103: 4073: 4067: 4066: 4064: 4062: 4053:. Archived from 4040: 4034: 4033: 4021: 4015: 4014: 4006: 4000: 3999: 3987: 3981: 3980: 3969: 3963: 3962: 3955: 3949: 3948: 3946: 3940:. Archived from 3936:. Pennsylvania: 3931: 3922: 3916: 3915: 3904: 3898: 3897: 3895: 3894: 3875: 3869: 3868: 3866: 3865: 3851: 3845: 3844: 3842: 3841: 3827: 3821: 3820: 3818: 3817: 3803: 3797: 3796: 3794: 3793: 3779: 3773: 3772: 3770: 3769: 3755: 3749: 3748: 3746: 3745: 3731: 3725: 3724: 3722: 3721: 3707: 3701: 3700: 3698: 3697: 3683: 3677: 3676: 3674: 3673: 3659: 3653: 3638: 3629: 3622: 3616: 3602: 3589: 3588: 3556: 3550: 3549: 3533: 3527: 3526: 3524: 3523: 3514:. Archived from 3491: 3485: 3467: 3461: 3460: 3455:. Archived from 3444: 3438: 3437: 3426:10.2307/20049279 3405: 3399: 3398: 3388: 3364: 3358: 3357: 3329: 3323: 3322: 3306: 3300: 3299: 3289: 3281: 3263: 3257: 3256: 3254: 3253: 3226: 3220: 3219: 3191: 3185: 3184: 3182: 3180: 3168: 3162: 3161: 3159: 3158: 3143: 3137: 3131: 3125: 3124: 3084: 3078: 3077: 3057: 3051: 3050: 3045: 3044: 3021: 3015: 3014: 3012: 3011: 2995: 2989: 2988: 2962: 2953: 2947: 2940: 2934: 2927: 2921: 2916:George W. Baer, 2914: 2908: 2901: 2895: 2894: 2884: 2878: 2877: 2859: 2835: 2820: 2819: 2771: 2765: 2764: 2744: 2738: 2737: 2717: 2711: 2710: 2705:. Archived from 2699: 2693: 2692: 2662: 2647: 2646: 2641:. Archived from 2625:(5): 1533–1552. 2616: 2607: 2598: 2597: 2579: 2555: 2549: 2548: 2516: 2507: 2506: 2466: 2457: 2450: 2444: 2443: 2403: 2394: 2393: 2345: 2336: 2335: 2314: 2305: 2304: 2284: 2230:Economic warfare 2225:Economic freedom 2209: 2207:Economics portal 2204: 2203: 2040:Former sanctions 1865:Syrian sanctions 1627: 1624: 1606: 1605: 1599: 1518:energy rationing 1392:August 1, 2024. 1335:Somali Civil War 1285:General Assembly 1269:Georgian economy 1212:Western European 1120:Cuban Revolution 1077:Thomas Jefferson 823:Abyssinia Crisis 767:European nations 676: 669: 662: 636:Leontief paradox 601:New trade theory 204:Export subsidies 89:Balance of trade 37: 21: 6638: 6637: 6633: 6632: 6631: 6629: 6628: 6627: 6598: 6597: 6596: 6581: 6556: 6555: 6551: 6536: 6511: 6510: 6506: 6497: 6495: 6486: 6485: 6481: 6472: 6470: 6462: 6461: 6457: 6453: 6443: 6441: 6431: 6429: 6419: 6417: 6407: 6405: 6395: 6393: 6385: 6356: 6325: 6308: 6221:Foreign Affairs 6193:Köchler, Hans. 6076: 6074:Further reading 6065: 6063: 6053: 6044: 6041: 6040: 6030: 6028: 6014: 6013: 6009: 6000: 5998: 5981: 5980: 5976: 5966: 5964: 5951: 5950: 5946: 5937: 5935: 5926: 5925: 5921: 5910:The Independent 5903: 5902: 5898: 5885: 5881: 5861: 5860: 5856: 5839: 5838: 5831: 5822: 5820: 5815: 5814: 5810: 5797: 5796: 5792: 5783: 5781: 5776: 5775: 5771: 5761: 5760: 5756: 5742: 5732: 5701: 5700: 5696: 5684: 5680: 5679: 5675: 5666: 5664: 5656: 5655: 5651: 5642: 5640: 5631: 5630: 5626: 5616: 5614: 5612:www.dfat.gov.au 5606: 5605: 5601: 5587: 5585: 5584:. 28 March 2018 5576: 5575: 5571: 5561: 5559: 5545: 5544: 5540: 5526: 5524: 5515: 5514: 5510: 5500: 5498: 5489: 5488: 5484: 5466: 5464: 5455: 5454: 5450: 5440: 5438: 5429: 5428: 5424: 5410: 5409: 5405: 5389: 5388: 5384: 5374: 5372: 5371:. 10 March 2015 5363: 5362: 5358: 5348: 5346: 5335: 5334: 5330: 5302: 5301: 5297: 5284: 5283: 5279: 5270: 5268: 5260: 5259: 5255: 5246: 5244: 5235: 5234: 5230: 5221: 5219: 5211: 5210: 5206: 5197: 5196: 5192: 5179: 5178: 5174: 5161: 5160: 5156: 5152:. 15 June 2017. 5143: 5139: 5129: 5127: 5118: 5117: 5113: 5108:Wayback Machine 5100: 5096: 5087: 5085: 5080: 5079: 5075: 5066: 5064: 5055: 5054: 5050: 5041:Wayback Machine 5031: 5027: 5018: 5016: 5008: 5007: 5003: 4990: 4989: 4985: 4971: 4970: 4966: 4956: 4955: 4951: 4946:. treasury.gov. 4943: 4935: 4934: 4930: 4920: 4918: 4909: 4908: 4904: 4895: 4893: 4884: 4883: 4879: 4869: 4867: 4854: 4853: 4849: 4836: 4835: 4831: 4822: 4820: 4816: 4815: 4811: 4791: 4790: 4786: 4773: 4772: 4768: 4759: 4758: 4754: 4718: 4717: 4713: 4704: 4702: 4693: 4692: 4688: 4679: 4677: 4668: 4667: 4663: 4654: 4652: 4644: 4643: 4636: 4623: 4622: 4618: 4611: 4596: 4595: 4591: 4577: 4575: 4566: 4565: 4561: 4534: 4533: 4529: 4520: 4518: 4508:Washington Post 4501: 4500: 4496: 4487: 4486: 4482: 4473: 4471: 4458: 4457: 4453: 4444: 4442: 4434: 4433: 4429: 4413: 4411: 4403: 4402: 4395: 4386: 4384: 4376: 4375: 4371: 4362: 4360: 4352: 4351: 4347: 4338: 4336: 4328: 4327: 4323: 4314: 4312: 4304: 4303: 4299: 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1347: 1327: 1321: 1277: 1244:Rose Revolution 1240: 1197: 1191: 1152: 1147: 1139:Main articles: 1137: 1135:Other countries 1108: 1102: 1069:Embargo of 1807 1065: 1059: 1054: 1048: 1035: 1022:business entity 1017:and exporters. 1014: 986: 984:Smart Sanctions 959:policy analysts 954: 878: 861: 838: 784: 765:—which forbade 751:Napoleonic Wars 747: 680: 651: 650: 581: 573: 572: 528: 518: 517: 488: 478: 477: 448:Trade sanctions 398: 390: 389: 350:Free-trade area 340: 332: 331: 302: 294: 293: 259: 249: 248: 194:Import licenses 164: 154: 153: 114:Trade diversion 74: 35: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 6636: 6634: 6626: 6625: 6620: 6615: 6610: 6600: 6599: 6595: 6594: 6579: 6549: 6534: 6504: 6479: 6454: 6452: 6451: 6439: 6427: 6415: 6403: 6383: 6382: 6377: 6372: 6367: 6362: 6355: 6354:External links 6352: 6351: 6350: 6335:, Yale, 2022, 6329: 6323: 6306: 6299: 6292: 6278: 6212:Abraham Newman 6201: 6191: 6181: 6174: 6163: 6153: 6143: 6136: 6135: 6134: 6124: 6107: 6100: 6089: 6082: 6075: 6072: 6039: 6038: 6007: 5974: 5963:on Mar 4, 2016 5957:The Sofia Echo 5944: 5919: 5896: 5879: 5854: 5829: 5808: 5790: 5769: 5754: 5745:|journal= 5694: 5673: 5649: 5624: 5599: 5569: 5538: 5521:Sumarium group 5508: 5482: 5475:Punto de Corte 5448: 5422: 5403: 5382: 5356: 5328: 5315:(4): 727–750. 5295: 5277: 5253: 5228: 5204: 5190: 5172: 5154: 5137: 5126:on 9 June 2009 5111: 5094: 5073: 5048: 5025: 5001: 4983: 4964: 4949: 4928: 4902: 4877: 4847: 4842:Deutsche Welle 4829: 4809: 4784: 4766: 4752: 4731:(3): 182–204. 4711: 4686: 4661: 4634: 4616: 4609: 4600:The Age of Oil 4589: 4559: 4527: 4494: 4480: 4451: 4427: 4393: 4382:Foreign Policy 4369: 4345: 4321: 4297: 4272: 4244: 4231:(2): 161–170. 4206: 4182: 4169:(2): 115–122. 4142: 4123: 4090: 4068: 4035: 4016: 4001: 3982: 3964: 3950: 3947:on 2013-05-17. 3917: 3899: 3870: 3846: 3822: 3798: 3774: 3750: 3726: 3702: 3678: 3654: 3630: 3617: 3590: 3551: 3528: 3486: 3462: 3439: 3400: 3359: 3324: 3301: 3276: 3258: 3221: 3186: 3163: 3138: 3126: 3079: 3072: 3052: 3036: 3016: 2990: 2948: 2935: 2922: 2909: 2896: 2879: 2821: 2786:(2): 297–303. 2766: 2759: 2739: 2732: 2712: 2709:on 2011-07-10. 2694: 2648: 2645:on 2022-12-09. 2599: 2550: 2508: 2458: 2445: 2395: 2360:(3): 643–659. 2337: 2331: 2306: 2275: 2274: 2272: 2269: 2268: 2267: 2262: 2257: 2252: 2247: 2242: 2237: 2232: 2227: 2222: 2217: 2211: 2210: 2194: 2191: 2190: 2189: 2184: 2174: 2171: 2157: 2135: 2129: 2126: 2116: 2110: 2103: 2100: 2097: 2091: 2081: 2071: 2065: 2059: 2053: 2041: 2038: 2037: 2036: 2032: 2027: 2024: 2023: 2022: 2018: 2012: 2009: 2008: 2007: 2006: 2005: 1998:European Union 1970: 1943: 1940: 1935: 1930: 1927: 1926: 1925: 1907: 1902: 1897: 1890: 1887: 1886: 1885: 1874: 1868: 1862: 1859: 1853: 1852: 1851: 1845: 1835: 1816: 1788: 1787: 1786: 1780: 1777: 1746: 1743: 1730: 1723: 1707:Iran sanctions 1704: 1701: 1698: 1679: 1673: 1672: 1671: 1662: 1647: 1636: 1633: 1630: 1629: 1609: 1607: 1596: 1593: 1583:, increase in 1549:European Union 1524:, large-scale 1506:Yom Kippur War 1488:In 1973–1974, 1450: 1447: 1443:Nelson Mandela 1435:Resolution 919 1422:production of 1400:Main article: 1397: 1394: 1388: 1385: 1372: 1369: 1349:Main article: 1346: 1343: 1339:Resolution 751 1323:Main article: 1320: 1317: 1283:(UNSC) and/or 1276: 1273: 1239: 1236: 1193:Main article: 1190: 1187: 1163:European Union 1151: 1148: 1136: 1133: 1104:Main article: 1101: 1098: 1061:Main article: 1058: 1055: 1050:Main article: 1047: 1044: 1034: 1031: 1013: 1010: 985: 982: 953: 950: 877: 874: 865:foreign policy 860: 857: 846:United Nations 837: 834: 819: 818: 815: 812: 805: 802: 783: 780: 755:United Kingdom 746: 743: 727:arms embargoes 715:trade barriers 682: 681: 679: 678: 671: 664: 656: 653: 652: 649: 648: 646:Terms of trade 643: 638: 633: 628: 623: 618: 613: 608: 603: 598: 593: 588: 582: 579: 578: 575: 574: 571: 570: 565: 560: 555: 550: 545: 540: 538:Trading nation 535: 529: 524: 523: 520: 519: 516: 515: 510: 505: 500: 495: 489: 484: 483: 480: 479: 476: 475: 470: 469: 468: 463: 458: 450: 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6376: 6373: 6371: 6368: 6366: 6363: 6361: 6358: 6357: 6353: 6348: 6347: 6342: 6338: 6334: 6330: 6326: 6320: 6316: 6312: 6307: 6304: 6300: 6297: 6293: 6291: 6290:online review 6287: 6283: 6279: 6275: 6272: 6268: 6264: 6260: 6255: 6251: 6247: 6243: 6239: 6235: 6231: 6227: 6223: 6222: 6217: 6213: 6209: 6208:Henry Farrell 6205: 6204:Krugman, Paul 6202: 6200: 6196: 6192: 6190: 6186: 6182: 6179: 6175: 6172: 6168: 6164: 6162: 6158: 6154: 6152: 6148: 6144: 6141: 6137: 6133: 6129: 6125: 6122: 6118: 6117: 6116: 6112: 6108: 6105: 6101: 6098: 6094: 6090: 6087: 6083: 6081: 6078: 6077: 6073: 6071: 6062: 6058: 6057: 6051: 6026: 6022: 6018: 6011: 6008: 5997: 5993: 5989: 5985: 5978: 5975: 5962: 5958: 5954: 5948: 5945: 5934: 5930: 5923: 5920: 5915: 5911: 5907: 5900: 5897: 5893: 5889: 5883: 5880: 5875: 5871: 5866: 5858: 5855: 5850: 5846: 5842: 5836: 5834: 5830: 5818: 5812: 5809: 5804: 5800: 5794: 5791: 5779: 5773: 5770: 5765: 5758: 5755: 5750: 5737: 5729: 5725: 5721: 5717: 5713: 5709: 5705: 5698: 5695: 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4833: 4830: 4819: 4813: 4810: 4805: 4801: 4800: 4795: 4788: 4785: 4781:. 2021-08-17. 4780: 4776: 4770: 4767: 4762: 4756: 4753: 4748: 4744: 4739: 4734: 4730: 4726: 4722: 4715: 4712: 4701: 4697: 4690: 4687: 4676: 4672: 4665: 4662: 4651: 4647: 4641: 4639: 4635: 4630: 4626: 4620: 4617: 4612: 4610:9780275990084 4606: 4602: 4601: 4593: 4590: 4586: 4573: 4569: 4563: 4560: 4555: 4551: 4547: 4546: 4541: 4537: 4531: 4528: 4517: 4513: 4509: 4505: 4498: 4495: 4490: 4484: 4481: 4470:on 2019-05-04 4469: 4465: 4461: 4455: 4452: 4441: 4437: 4431: 4428: 4423: 4410: 4409:www.sipri.org 4406: 4400: 4398: 4394: 4383: 4379: 4373: 4370: 4359: 4355: 4349: 4346: 4335: 4331: 4325: 4322: 4311: 4307: 4301: 4298: 4287: 4283: 4276: 4273: 4262: 4258: 4251: 4249: 4245: 4239: 4234: 4230: 4226: 4222: 4215: 4213: 4211: 4207: 4196: 4192: 4186: 4183: 4177: 4172: 4168: 4164: 4163: 4158: 4151: 4149: 4147: 4143: 4139: 4135: 4132: 4127: 4124: 4119: 4115: 4109: 4101: 4097: 4093: 4091:9781442279582 4087: 4083: 4079: 4072: 4069: 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2591: 2587: 2583: 2578: 2573: 2569: 2565: 2561: 2554: 2551: 2546: 2542: 2538: 2534: 2530: 2526: 2522: 2515: 2513: 2509: 2504: 2500: 2496: 2492: 2488: 2484: 2481:(1): 96–108. 2480: 2476: 2472: 2465: 2463: 2459: 2455: 2449: 2446: 2441: 2437: 2433: 2429: 2425: 2421: 2418:(2): 90–136. 2417: 2413: 2409: 2402: 2400: 2396: 2391: 2387: 2383: 2379: 2375: 2371: 2367: 2363: 2359: 2355: 2351: 2344: 2342: 2338: 2334: 2328: 2324: 2320: 2313: 2311: 2307: 2302: 2298: 2294: 2290: 2283: 2281: 2277: 2270: 2266: 2263: 2261: 2258: 2256: 2253: 2251: 2248: 2246: 2243: 2241: 2238: 2236: 2235:Globalization 2233: 2231: 2228: 2226: 2223: 2221: 2218: 2216: 2213: 2212: 2208: 2202: 2197: 2192: 2188: 2185: 2182: 2178: 2175: 2172: 2169: 2165: 2161: 2158: 2155: 2151: 2147: 2143: 2139: 2136: 2133: 2130: 2127: 2124: 2120: 2119:North Vietnam 2117: 2114: 2111: 2108: 2104: 2101: 2098: 2096: 2092: 2090: 2086: 2082: 2080: 2076: 2073:Italy by the 2072: 2069: 2066: 2063: 2060: 2057: 2054: 2052: 2048: 2044: 2043: 2039: 2033: 2030: 2029: 2025: 2019: 2015: 2014: 2010: 2003: 1999: 1995: 1991: 1987: 1983: 1980: 1979: 1978: 1974: 1971: 1968: 1964: 1960: 1956: 1952: 1948: 1944: 1941: 1939: 1936: 1933: 1932: 1928: 1923: 1919: 1915: 1911: 1908: 1906: 1903: 1901: 1898: 1896: 1893: 1892: 1888: 1883: 1878: 1875: 1872: 1869: 1866: 1863: 1860: 1857: 1854: 1849: 1846: 1843: 1839: 1836: 1833: 1829: 1825: 1821: 1817: 1815: 1811: 1807: 1803: 1799: 1795: 1794: 1792: 1789: 1784: 1781: 1778: 1775: 1772: 1768: 1765: 1761: 1757: 1753: 1752: 1750: 1747: 1744: 1742: 1738: 1734: 1731: 1728: 1724: 1721: 1717: 1713: 1708: 1705: 1702: 1699: 1697: 1696:Liechtenstein 1693: 1689: 1685: 1680: 1677: 1674: 1670: 1666: 1663: 1661: 1658: 1657: 1656: 1652: 1648: 1645: 1642: 1641: 1640: 1634: 1626: 1617: 1613: 1610:This list is 1608: 1601: 1600: 1594: 1592: 1590: 1586: 1582: 1577: 1573: 1569: 1565: 1561: 1557: 1554: 1550: 1547:In 2010, the 1545: 1543: 1539: 1535: 1531: 1527: 1523: 1519: 1515: 1511: 1507: 1503: 1499: 1495: 1491: 1486: 1484: 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The 964: 960: 951: 949: 946: 945:Claas Mertens 942: 937: 934: 932: 928: 923: 919: 917: 912: 907: 905: 900: 895: 894:regime change 890: 886: 883: 875: 873: 869: 866: 858: 856: 853: 851: 847: 843: 835: 833: 830: 828: 824: 816: 813: 810: 806: 803: 800: 799: 798: 795: 793: 789: 781: 779: 777: 773: 768: 764: 760: 756: 752: 744: 742: 740: 734: 732: 728: 724: 720: 719:asset freezes 716: 710: 708: 704: 700: 696: 692: 688: 677: 672: 670: 665: 663: 658: 657: 655: 654: 647: 644: 642: 639: 637: 634: 632: 629: 627: 624: 622: 619: 617: 614: 612: 609: 607: 604: 602: 599: 597: 594: 592: 589: 587: 584: 583: 577: 576: 569: 566: 564: 561: 559: 556: 554: 551: 549: 546: 544: 543:United States 541: 539: 536: 534: 533:Trade mission 531: 530: 527: 522: 521: 514: 511: 509: 506: 504: 501: 499: 496: 494: 491: 490: 487: 482: 481: 474: 471: 467: 464: 462: 459: 457: 454: 453: 451: 449: 446: 444: 441: 439: 438:Trade justice 436: 434: 431: 429: 428:Globalization 426: 424: 421: 419: 416: 414: 411: 409: 406: 404: 401: 400: 394: 393: 386: 383: 381: 378: 376: 373: 371: 368: 366: 365:Single market 363: 361: 360:Customs union 358: 356: 353: 351: 348: 346: 343: 342: 336: 335: 328: 325: 323: 320: 318: 315: 313: 310: 308: 305: 304: 301:Organizations 298: 297: 290: 287: 285: 282: 280: 277: 275: 274:Laissez-faire 272: 270: 269:Protectionism 267: 265: 262: 261: 258: 253: 252: 245: 242: 240: 237: 235: 232: 230: 227: 225: 222: 220: 217: 215: 212: 210: 207: 205: 202: 200: 197: 195: 192: 190: 187: 185: 184:Import quotas 182: 180: 177: 175: 172: 170: 167: 166: 163: 158: 157: 150: 147: 145: 142: 140: 137: 135: 132: 130: 129:Trade finance 127: 125: 122: 120: 117: 115: 112: 110: 107: 105: 102: 100: 97: 95: 92: 90: 87: 85: 82: 80: 77: 76: 73: 68: 67: 61: 57: 56: 53: 49: 46: 44: 39: 38: 33: 19: 6562: 6552: 6517: 6507: 6496:. 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