Bulgaria–United States relations

1487: 141: 543:. MacGahan wrote a series of vivid articles about the massacres, particularly about what had happened in the Bulgarian village of Batak, where MacGahan reported that the entire village had been massacred. These reports, carried in the British and European press and later printed as pamphlets, caused widespread anger against the Ottoman Government. In November 1876, Consul General Schuyler and Prince Tseretelev published their full report, estimating that fifteen thousand Bulgarians had been killed in the aftermath of the uprising. (A report by British diplomat Walter Baring at the same time put the number at twelve thousand.) In addition to describing the reprisals and massacres, it contained the first map of the Bulgarian population in the region. 765:

broke through Bulgarian lines on the Salonika front. Despite opposition from King Ferdinand, The Bulgarian Government of Prime Minister Malinov approached American diplomats about a possible withdrawal from the War, accepting the principals laid by President Wilson. From Sofia, Consul Murphy cabled to Washington, "Bulgaria accepts with good will the proposal that the President should be the arbiter of the Balkans." However, before the United States could take part in the negotiations, the Malinov government fell and was replaced by a government led by Agrarian Party leader Alexander Stambolyski. Stambolyski forced King Ferdinand to abdicate in favor of his son, Boris III, and signed an armistice with the Entente Powers.

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restored to the Enos-Midia line as agreed upon at the conference in London; (3) that the south border of Bulgaria should be the coast of the Aegean Sea from Enos to the Gulf of Orfano, and should leave the mouth of the Struma River in Bulgarian territory; (4) that the best access to the sea for Serbia is through Saloniki; (5) that the final disposition of Macedonia cannot be determined without further inquiry; (6) that an independent Albania is almost certainly an indesirable political entity. We are strongly of the opinion that in the last analysis economic considerations will outweigh nationalistic affiliations in the Balkans and that a settlement which insures economic prosperity is most likely to be a lasting one."

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and Turkey. Wilson agreed to reconsider his proposal. In his final message to Congress delivered on December 4, Wilson called for a declaration of war against Austria-Hungary, but said, "The same logic would lead also to a declaration of war against Turkey and Bulgaria. They too, are tools of Germany. But they are mere tools and do not yet stand in the direct path of our proposed actions. We shall go wherever the necessities of this war carry us, but it seems to me that we should go only where immediate and practical considerations lead us and not heed any others". After holding hearings on the subject, Congress accepted Wilson's argument and declared war on Austria-Hungary, but not on Bulgaria or Turkey.

1142: 956: 483: 680: 1180:"There was an exchange of views between the Foreign Secretaries on the question of the desirability of a Yugoslav-Bulgarian pact of alliance. The question at issue was whether a state still under an armistice regime could be allowed to enter into a treaty with another state. Mr. Eden suggested that the Bulgarian and Yugoslav Governments should be informed that this could not be approved. Mr. Stettinius suggested that the British and American Ambassadors should discuss the matter further with Mr. Molotov in Moscow. Mr. Molotov agreed with the proposal of Mr. Stettinius." 347:, Bulgaria declared war on the United States on December 13, 1941. Bulgaria's ambassador to the United States, Dimitar Naumov, learned about the war from the newspapers. Convinced that this was a mistake, Naumov in an open telegram demanded a rebuttal from Sofia and said that "rumors of a war are more than incredible and comical" and that in the United States it is considered incredible for Bulgaria to declare war on the States. Minister Plenipotentiary George H. Earl III left Sofia at the end of December. The United States declared war on Bulgaria only on June 5, 1942. 761:, given by Wilson to Congress on January 8, 1918, Wilson called for "the relations of the several Balkan states to one another determined by a friendly counsel along historically established lines of allegiance and nationality." In February 1918 he added four more principles, one of which said "Every territorial settlement involved in this war must be made in the interest and for the benefit of the population concerned." Bulgarians saw in these declarations the hope that the United States would look favorably on its hopes for the return of its territories. 964: 231: 707:

Greece, and Silistra from Romania without war. Neither of the belligerent parties here is willing to promise this territory to her, but the other Balkan States - Serbia, Greece and Romania - are opposed to giving anything to Bulgaria... it is also possible that if the chances of war favor Germany and Austria, Bulgaria will join them, against the will of her people whose sympathies are with Russia, because the present Bulgarian Government believes that it can obtain more from Germany and Austria than from Russia".

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repression reached Bulgaria, social division deepened. The Agrarian government was overthrown by a coup, backed by King Boris, in 1934. In 1935, King Boris banned all opposition parties, and took Bulgaria into an alliance with Nazi Germany and Fascist Italy. The signing of the Balkan Pact in 1938 with Greece and Yugoslavia gave Bulgaria more normal relations with its neighbors, but Bulgaria maintained its territorial claims to Yugoslav-held Macedonia, Greek-held Eastern Thrace and Romanian held Dobrudzha. (See

615: 38: 491: 2464: 652:, U.S. Special Envoy and Minister Plenipotentiary to Greece, Romania and Serbia, presented his diplomatic credentials and his accreditation letter from U.S. President Theodore Roosevelt to Prince Ferdinand. At his Palace in Sofia, Prince Ferdinand gave a toast to President Roosevelt in English, and a band played American music, but the U.S. still did not fully recognize Bulgaria as an independent nation, since it was still by treaty a principality under Ottoman sovereignty. 1423: 1483:

Gorna Banja, a suburb of Sofia, thirty miles away. The pro-western cabinet favored opening Bulgaria's airspace to NATO, while the Socialist opposition resisted and organized protest marches. In a poll, 70% were against the war and this number increased to over 80% by the end of the conflict. The BBC reported on May 1, 1999 that "the Bulgarian public is divided between a desire to join NATO and the European Union and sympathy for fellow Slavs and Christian Orthodox Serbs."

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on February 23 and left for Turkey. The Bulgarian Government denounced the break in relations as a new stage in "the fight of the American imperialists against the front of peace and democracy." Thereafter the Polish Embassy in Washington looked after Bulgarian interests in the United States, and the Swiss Embassy in Sofia protected American interests in Bulgaria.

838: 329:. On May 3, 1909, the US secretary of state sent a telegram to Hutcheson, acting diplomatic representative for Bulgaria, informing him of the order of the US president to convey his congratulations to King Ferdinand on Bulgaria's admission to the community of sovereign and independent countries. With this act, the United States recognized the independence of the 1533:, Bulgaria deployed about four hundred soldiers to the 9,200 member multi-national force under Polish command. The Bulgarian battalion provided logistical support and did guard duty in southern Iraq. The Bulgarian contingent suffered thirteen soldiers and six civilians killed, before it was withdrawn by the Socialist-led coalition government in December 2005. 948: 671:(1913) Bulgaria quarreled with its former allies and went to war, eventually fighting against Serbia, Greece, Montenegro, Ottoman Turkey and Romania. Bulgaria lost most of Thrace to Greece and Turkey; the city of Silistra and province of Southern Dobrudzha to Romania, and most of Macedonia to Serbia. During both wars, the United States remained neutral. 1327:. Zhivkov spent nearly a month in the United States. He visited food processing plants, and also visited Atlantic City, where he was impressed by the giant resort hotels. He told reporters that Bulgaria was considering the construction of one or two hotels of eight to ten stories on the Black Sea coast, similar to those he had seen in Atlantic City. 1224: 814:

the Allies and Bulgaria gave Greece formerly Bulgarian territories along the Aegean Sea in Thrace, with the promise that Bulgaria would have free access to the Aegean through Salonika, and through the Turkish Straits, which were to be administered by a newly created international state. North Macedonia became part of the new state of Yugoslavia.

1267:, who sought to pursue his version of socialism in Yugoslavia. The Bulgarian Government remained loyal to Stalin. A purge was launched against suspected "Titoists" in the Bulgarian Government, leading to removal of between 60,000 and 70,000 Communist Party members, and to the arrest, trial and execution in December 1949 of Deputy Prime Minister 1411: 779: 157: 718:, a diplomat from the American Embassy in Istanbul, to Sofia. He met Prime Minister Radoslavov, who told him that Bulgaria wanted to preserve friendly relations with the United States, and had joined the war reluctantly. He confirmed to Einstein that Bulgaria's goal was to retain the territory lost in 1913 from the Treaty of Bucharest. 726:

interests. The Bulgarian prime minister, Radoslavov, summoned U.S. Consul Dominick Murphy and assured him that Bulgaria was anxious to maintain good relations with the United States. Bulgaria and the U.S. were put into the position of being members of different alliances at war with each other, while keeping diplomatic relations.

703:, a former professor from Robert College in Istanbul, presented his credentials to President Wilson in Washington, and became the first Bulgarian Ambassador to the United States. A few months later, in 1915, Dominick Murphy became the Consul-General in Sofia, the first American diplomat resident in Bulgaria. 1364:(whom he took hunting in his hunting preserve near Razgrad), and maintained extremely close relations with the Soviet Union. In 1957, about one thousand Bulgarian students a year were studying in Soviet universities, and an additional ten thousand young Bulgarians a year went to the Soviet Union to work. 1482:

in 1999, when NATO launched air strikes against Yugoslavia, the center-right government in Bulgaria took the side of NATO. During the aerial bombardment, four NATO missiles accidentally landed in Bulgaria. On April 29, 1999, a NATO anti-radar missile missed its target in Yugoslavia and hit a house in

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Many American planes were lost in the raids, some shot down by Bulgarian pilots. Between 1943 and 1944, 329 Allied pilots and air crew from seven nations, mostly American, were captured and confined in a prisoner-of-war camp located within the boundaries of what is today the Shumensko Plateau Natural

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Pursuing its policy of isolationism, the United States played little role in the political events of the Balkans, but it did move toward more constructing more normal diplomatic relations with the changing Bulgarian governments. A series of treaties were signed and ratified between the two countries,

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Virtual civil war followed. The Communist Party or its allies made two attempts to kill King Boris, including a bombing of St. Nedelya Cathedral in 1925 which resulted in the death of 123 people. However, the Agrarian Party remained popular, and won the 1931 elections. As the effects of the worldwide

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reduced the territory of Bulgaria, but did not fully resolve territorial conflicts in the Balkans. It created a powerful new state, Yugoslavia, next to Bulgaria, which continued to claim larger Macedonian territories. It resulted in a flood of Bulgarian refugees out of the Yugoslav part of Macedonia,

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On its proposals for restoring to Bulgaria the territory of southern Dobrudzha, largely inhabited by Bulgarians but given to Romania in 1913, and lands in Eastern Thrace along the Aegean Sea. The U.S. delegation faced the united opposition of France, Britain, Japan and Italy. The final treaty between

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and severed diplomatic relations with the United States on 20 February. The United States announced the suspension of diplomatic relations with Bulgaria the following day, with Heath leaving the country on 24 February. Heath and the forty-three members of the U.S. legation boarded the Orient Express

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The bombers flew over Greece and Bulgaria on their way to the target. Because of the distance - a thousand miles - they had no fighter escort. Because of clouds over Bulgaria, many of the planes became scattered. German radar detected the incoming aircraft, and the anti-aircraft defenses were warned

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reported: "Picture pirates keep American moving pictures agents on the jump in the Balkans. There are no copyright laws and treaty provisions which protect American films in Turkey, Romania and Bulgaria, and consequently those countries are the happy hunting ground for film thieves. A film stolen in

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Events in Bulgaria were strongly influenced by the Russian Revolution of February 1917, which stirred anti-monarchist and anti-war sentiment. In September 1918, there was a mutiny in the Bulgarian army, the so-called Vladaisko uprising and the combined forces of the Serbs, British, French and Greeks

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In the months that followed, Communist Party leader Chervenkov continued to follow the Stalinist model, rushing industrial development and collectivizing agriculture. The Orthodox Patriarch was sent to a monastery, and the church was put under state control. An estimated twelve thousand people were

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Bulgaria's territorial claims were strongly resisted by Romania, Greece, Turkey, and particularly Serbia. By the time the final peace treaty between the Allies and Bulgaria was negotiated, President Wilson had returned to the United States, where he faced bitter opposition to his proposed League of

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The American public, largely thanks to the reports of MacGahan and American missionaries in Bulgaria, was sympathetic to the Bulgarian cause. The Turkish Government accused Consul-General Schuyler of bias toward the Bulgarians and breach of diplomatic practice. He was withdrawn from Istanbul by the

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On October 28, in Moscow, Bulgarian foreign minister Stainov signed an Armistice with representatives of the U.S., Britain, and the Soviet Union. Lieutenant General James Gammell, representative of the Supreme Allied Commander for the Mediterranean, and George Kennan, the U.S. Charge D'Affaires in

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supported educational institutions in Bulgaria, constructed a building for the Faculty of Agronomy at the University of Sofia. The Rockefeller Foundation spent about three hundred thousand dollars in Bulgaria, sending thirty doctors to study in the United States, sharing the cost of establishing a

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and American philanthropist Cleveland Dodge, head of the board of Robert College, wrote to Wilson asking him not to declare war on Bulgaria, saying that it would have no effect on the war, but would harm the work of American missionaries, educational institutions, and American citizens in Bulgaria

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When British forces came close to capturing the Dardanelles and Istanbul in the spring of 1915, Bulgaria considered joining the Entente, but Britain, France and Russia were not willing to take territory away from their allies, Romania, Serbia and Greece. On the other hand, Germany promised to give

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in Bulgaria, on October 17, 1945, General Vladimir Stoychev was sent to Washington as a political representative of Bulgaria. After the entry into force of the Paris Peace Treaty in September 1947, diplomatic relations were restored, but only three years later the State Department froze diplomatic

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became the first sitting U.S. President to visit Bulgaria, speaking to a huge crowd in Nevsky Square. To show their commitment to closer relations with the United States and earnest desire to become a member of NATO and the European Union, Bulgaria contributed a contingent of troops to the US led

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As the Red Army approached the northern border of Bulgaria in September 1944, the Bulgarian government announced that it was withdrawing unilaterally from the Axis, withdrew its troops from Greece and Yugoslavia, and then declared war on Germany, hoping to avoid a Soviet occupation. The Red Army

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Starting in September 2001 and concluding in November 2005, the United States Department of Defense, in cooperation with the Department of State and US Ambassador, Jim Pardew, began advising the Bulgarian Ministry of Defense in defense reform in order to assist, train, and prepare the Bulgarian

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Zhivkov modified some Stalinist policies, officially "regretting" the trial and execution of Kostov and other alleged "Titoists," and closing some labor camps, but the regime continued to harshly repress any signs of dissent. Bulgaria did not experience anti-communist uprisings of the kind that

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A few months later, Bulgaria itself became a target. Between November 14, 1943 and January 10, 1944, The United States Army Air Force bombed Sofia six times. (The daylight raid on January 10, 1944 was also followed by a British nighttime bombing.) The raids killed an estimated 1,374 people, and

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In Spring 1943, the Bulgarian government ordered the deportation of the Jewish population of Bulgaria. The deportation of Jews from Bulgarian territory was resisted and eventually blocked by protests by the Bulgarian Orthodox Church and members of parliament. The Jews of territories occupied by

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accused Bulgaria of joining forces with the 'devil' and providing information to Germany. President Wilson drafted a statement to Congress in December 1917 which said "I... recommend that Congress immediately declare the United States in a state of war with Austria-Hungary, with Turkey and with

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U.S. diplomat Charles Vopicka, covering Bulgaria for the State Department, wrote to Secretary of State Lansing in November 1914: "In my opinion Bulgaria is trying to through her diplomacy what she lost on the battlefield last year.... Bulgaria is trying to get Macedonia from Serbia, Kavala from

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Under the Armistice, Bulgaria promised to put its armed forces under Allied Command until Germany was defeated, and then to submit to an Allied Control Commission. Bulgaria was also obliged to withdraw its soldiers and government officials from the parts of Greece and Yugoslavia which had been

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in 1943. On August 1, 1943, One hundred and seventy-seven B-24 Liberators with 1,726 crew members took off from Libya with the destination of the Ploiești refinery complex in Romania, which was reported to be producing sixty percent of the gasoline and petroleum products used by the German war

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The Governments of Bulgaria, Hungary, and Romania have declared war against the United States. I realize that the three Governments took this action not upon their own initiative or in response to the wishes of their own peoples but as the instruments of Hitler. These three Governments are now

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The Russian Government demanded reforms by the Ottoman Government to protect the Bulgarians and other nationalities within the Ottoman Empire. When the Ottoman Government refused, the Russian Empire declared war on Turkey. In 1877, the Russian Army moved through Romania, crossed the Danube and

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told a NATO conference that it was impossible to be neutral over Kosovo; she said one was either in favor or against the Yugoslav policy of intolerance. She also repeated Bulgaria's policy that Balkan borders should remain unchanged. She stated, "we want no more Balkanization of the Balkans."

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began in September 1939, both Bulgaria and the United States were neutral. As in World War I, Bulgaria looked for an ally that would help it regain lands it claimed in Yugoslavia, Romania and Greece. In September 1940, Bulgaria succeeded in negotiating, with the help of Germany, the return of

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Wilson appointed a Commission of Inquiry to study the possible future map of the Balkans. The Commission concluded: "(1) that the area of annexed by Romania in the Dorbrudja is almost surely Bulgarian in character and should be returned; (2) that the boundary between Bulgaria Turkey should be

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On April 6, 1917, Germany's policy of unrestricted submarine warfare finally compelled the United States to declare war on Germany. The U.S. did not, however, declare war against Bulgaria or Germany's other allies, since Bulgaria did not have submarines and did not directly threaten American

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The raids shocked the Bulgarian public and government, which had expected to escape the direct impact of the war. Soon afterwards, Bulgaria engaged in informal diplomatic contacts with the United States. including negotiations in Cairo, to bring about Bulgaria's withdrawal from the Axis.

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correspondent Harrison Salisbury, his first interview to an American journalist, calling for immediate resumption of diplomatic relations with the United States. He also called for more trade, and educational and cultural exchanges. Missions were reopened in the two countries in 1959.

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Bulgaria the original borders it had had after the Treaty of San Stefano. Bulgaria signed an alliance with Germany on September 6, 1915, mobilized its forces, and declared war on Serbia on October 14. Britain, France and Italy, allies of Serbia, responded by declaring war on Bulgaria.

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NATO peace keeping force in Bosnia-Herzegovina, beginning in 1996 and throughout that mission, which ended in 2004, followed by continued participation in the European Union Force (EUFOR) ready reaction force stationed at the former NATO Camp Butmir, in Sarajevo, Bosnia-Herzegovina.

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on 11 December 1941, Bulgaria followed the German lead on 13 December. The United States did not immediately declare war on Bulgaria, however. Only in June 1942, did President Roosevelt call for a declaration of war. On June 2, 1942, President Roosevelt sent the following message to

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When World War I began in August 1914, both Bulgaria and the United States were neutral. The United States wished to stay out of any European conflict, while Bulgaria wanted to see which side, the Entente or the Central Powers, would help it regain Thrace, Dobrudzha, and Macedonia.

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He was succeeded by a new generation of leaders, who turned Bulgaria toward democracy and a market economy. Opposition parties and independent media began to spring up in Sofia, and the new leaders began to re-orient Bulgaria toward Western Europe and the United States.

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Though the Communist Party formally was only one partner in the new coalition government, they, along with the Soviet representatives, were the real power in Bulgaria. They created a People's Militia to harass the opposition parties and gradually purged their rivals.

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toured several cities in the United States with Bulgarian Ambassador to the United States Elena Poptodorova, to encourage more American investment in Bulgaria. He also encouraged the Bulgarian Government step up its fight against corruption and organized crime.

901:(used to make perfume) to the United States, and also a major exporter of tobacco to the U.S. In 1922, the Bulgarian Finance Ministry made an agreement with the American Banknote Company to print a large quantity of Bulgarian currency in the United States. 463:, which published for seventy-six years, with articles on science, history, and the theory and practice of western democracy. The model of the American Republic was frequently discussed by Bulgarian intelligentsia as one model for an independent Bulgaria. 801:

When negotiations for the future of Europe began in Paris in 1919, Bulgaria found itself among the defeated countries. Nonetheless, the Bulgarian government felt that Wilson and the United States would look favorably upon its territorial claims.

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damaged many downtown buildings. The National Library was destroyed and the National Theater and Museum of Natural History and other important buildings downtown were badly damaged. Thousands of civilians were evacuated to the countryside. (See

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The United States made a tentative attempt to establish diplomatic relations with Bulgaria in 1901, but the diplomat named by Washington was rejected by the Bulgarian Government, since he was based in Istanbul rather than in the principality.

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were first formally established in 1903, have moved from missionary activity and American support for Bulgarian independence in the late 19th century to the growth of trade and commerce in the early 20th century, to reluctant hostility during

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held the first talks with associates of the US legation there. The negotiations were completed in 1901, when an agreement was reached between the two countries for the US minister plenipotentiary in Constantinople to also be accredited in

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During Kostov's trial for treason, American Minister Heath was frequently mentioned as a contact of Kostov. He was blamed for Kostov's alleged plot to overthrow the Bulgarian government, and for using the American Legation as a center of

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In March 2004, Bulgaria formally became a member of NATO. In December 2005, U.S. Secretary of State Rice and Bulgarian foreign minister Kalfin signed a Defense Cooperation Agreement which permitted U.S. military forces to establish

1177:, when British Foreign Secretary Eden said that Soviet-occupied Bulgaria should not be allowed to form an alliance with Yugoslavia, where Marshal Tito was establishing a Communist regime. According to the Minutes of the Conference: 1587:

Bulgaria continues to participate actively in military missions and to have a close security partnership with the U.S., NATO and the European Union. As of October 2007, Bulgaria had 380 soldiers taking part in the NATO Mission in

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The loss of lands which Bulgarians saw as part of their homeland was bitterly resented in Bulgaria. The re-uniting of these territories to Bulgaria became the major objective of Bulgarian foreign policy for the next sixty years.

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In late November 1966, the U.S. and Bulgaria raised the level of their diplomatic missions from legations to Embassies, with an exchange of Ambassadors. Economic, technical, scientific and cultural contacts slowly were resumed.

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While the Bulgarian government supported NATO, it refused to take large numbers of Kosovo refugees. According to the UNHCR, about 2500 Kosovars crossed into Bulgaria. Much larger numbers entered North Macedonia and Albania.

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In 1908, when the Great Powers were distracted by the annexation of Bosnia by Austria-Hungary, Prince Ferdinand declared that Bulgaria was a fully independent state, and proclaimed himself King. Shortly afterward, President

406:, learned Bulgarian and published the first guide to Bulgarian grammar for foreigners in 1843. By the end of the 1850s, American missionaries had printed and distributed a version of the Bible in the Bulgarian vernacular. 721:

The Bulgarian Army, the largest in the Balkans, was victorious at first, occupying Skopje and most of the Serbian portion of Macedonia, entering Greek Macedonia, and taking Dobrudzha from the Romanians in September 1916.

4665: 1576:, to discuss greater military and political cooperation. President Bush praised Bulgaria for its democratic government and ethnic tolerance, which he said could serve as a model for other countries in the Balkans. 845:

The period between 1919 and 1939 was extremely difficult for Bulgaria and the rest of Europe. It saw large dislocations of populations, economic depression, and the rise of extremist parties on the left and right.

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The U.S. Summer Work-Travel Program is another important part of the relationship between the two countries. In 2007, about ten thousand Bulgarian students received visas for summer jobs across the United States.

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as U.S. representative to Bulgaria in September 1947, he found the Dimitrov government, following the Stalinist line, was increasingly hostile to the United States and the West. The announcement by President

1522:. The Bulgarian Armed Forces continued to provide a contingent of Soldiers (a reinforced company) to the International Stability Armed Forces (ISAF) under NATO command in Afghanistan through December 2014. 868:

When Stamboliyski officially recognized the border with Yugoslavia and banned the VMRO in 1923, he was deposed in a violent coup and beheaded. The Communist Party was suppressed, and Communist Party leader

634:, in which he presented America as a technological leader and a land of opportunity. The book made a strong impression on the imagination of many Bulgarian intellectuals, and shaped their image of America. 2820: 4308: 4303: 4253: 4248: 1133:

continued to advance, however, crossing the Danube in September and entering Sofia on September 16, 1944. The Fatherland Front staged a coup d'état and the Communists became part of the new government.

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Pro-NATO and European sentiment prevailed. The Bulgarian Government also began to process of applying for NATO membership, and membership in the European Union, with the support of the United States.

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in 1863, teaching mathematics, natural history, economics, logic, political history, international law, philosophy, and the English language. By 1868 half the student body were Bulgarians. Two future

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and by many leaders of the Bulgarian national-liberation movement, who did not want to see Bulgaria divided by religion, but the schools and newspapers founded by the missionaries contributed to the

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had 254 men students and 237 women students from all over Bulgaria, providing an American-style secondary education, complete with athletics, an orchestra and chorus, student council, and yearbook.

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In 1887, the Russian Government, which suspected Prince Alexander of liberal tendencies, organized a coup in Bulgaria. Alexander went into exile, and the Bulgarian government chose a German prince,

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In the midst of his defense of the Versailles Treaty, President Wilson suffered a stroke. Wilson was unwilling compromise with the Senate, and The Treaty was defeated in the Senate. In March 1921

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During the 1920s, Bulgaria experienced an economic boom, and trade with the United States began to increase. American firms built grain elevators, dockyards, and dock facilities at the port of

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The Communists, Agrarian Party and their allies, along with some army officers, had begun to organize a resistance, the Fatherland Front, against the Germans and Bulgarian Government in 1943.

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After the death of Stalin in 1953, the Bulgarian Communist Party began looking for a new leader to replace the rigid Chervenkov. In March 1954 it found a forty-one-year-old politburo member,

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took power. The leader of the Agrarian Party, Nikola Petkov, who refused to cooperate with the Communists, was arrested and executed. By the end of 1947, Bulgaria was firmly in Soviet orbit.

574:, which granted extensive territories to a newly independent Bulgaria. However, the British, German, and French governments refused to recognize the new Russian-sponsored state. In 1878, the 4488: 2915: 1541:

pulled out soldiers at the same time. However, in 2006, the Bulgarian Parliament voted 151 to 15 to send 120 soldiers and 34 support staff to guard the Ashraf refugee camp north of Baghdad.

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Ministry of Defense and Armed Forces for full membership in NATO. This Defense Cooperation initiative, the Joint Force Modernization Program, had the support of both countries' governments.

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occupied by its forces, to move out Bulgarians who had been settled on these territories after January 1941, and to repeal the laws by which these territories had been annexed to Bulgaria.

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Therefore, I recommend that the Congress recognize a state of war between the United States and Bulgaria, between the United States and Hungary, and between the United States and Romania ."

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in 1989, designed to help Central and East European countries to build democratic institutions. U.S. Government foreign assistance to Bulgaria totaled over $ 600 million through 2007. The

1304:, who had commanded the People's Militia in Sofia at the end of World War II. Zhivkov remained Party Secretary for thirty-three years, one of the longest rule of any Soviet-bloc leader. 1357:

were jammed. An American diplomat was arrested for passing out American literature in the town of Plovdiv in 1960, and any contact with Americans was dangerous for ordinary Bulgarians.

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The first contact between Americans and Bulgarians in the early 19th century was through American books and American missionaries. The first American literature to be translated into

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The Bulgarian elections of June 1990 and October 1991 brought a new government into power that favored closer relations with NATO, the EU, and the United States. Bulgarian president

535:, traveled to the Bulgarian territories of the Ottoman Empire in July and August 1876 to investigate the reports of atrocities and massacres. He was joined by an American journalist 490: 2233: 4393: 1486: 4323: 2885: 2813: 1617: 750: 395: 1086:

During the return flight, several aircraft crashed in Bulgaria. One aircraft was intercepted and shot down by four Bulgarian fighters, crashing in a field near the village of

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America and Bulgaria had little diplomatic contact in the nineteenth century, but it did have commercial and cultural contact. Bulgaria had a modest participation in the 1893

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on May 14, 1955. Though no Soviet troops were stationed on Bulgarian soil, in 1968, Zhivkov sent a Bulgarian division to join Polish, Hungarian and Soviet troops to crush a

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Thrace, and of Greek refugees out of Bulgaria, and created tensions which would help lead to Bulgaria and the United States being on opposite sides in the Second World War.

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established diplomatic relations in 1903. The US minister plenipotentiary for Greece, Romania, and Serbia was also authorized for Bulgaria. He presented his credentials to

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Turkish Atrocities in Bulgaria, Letters of the Special Commissioner of the "Daily News," J.A. MacGahan, Esq., with An Introduction & Mr. Schuyler's Preliminary Report

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United States Department of State / Papers relating to the Foreign Relations of the United States with the Address of the President to Congress, December 8, 1914 (1914)

363:. The United States and Bulgaria agreed to resume diplomatic relations on March 24, 1959 after the Bulgarian authorities had issued a formal apology in the Heath case. 1211:

In September 1946, the monarchy was officially abolished through a plebiscite, and King Simeon II was exiled. A Communist Government under President Vasil Kolarov and

865:(VMRO), started by Bulgarians from the region of Macedonia, after the war part of Yugoslavia, which demanded that Bulgaria reclaim Macedonia from Yugoslavia by force. 498:

In April 1876 (May by the modern calendar), a group of Bulgarian nationalists led an uprising against Ottoman rule in the area in different parts of the country. (See

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was founded in 1991, with assistance from the United States Government, to provide a liberal arts education to students from Bulgaria and other Balkan countries.

862: 4734: 4378: 4328: 4273: 3581: 2905: 433:. The two schools merged and moved to Samokov in 1869. The American School of Samokov offered an American-style education, taught in English to the Bulgarians. 4293: 4258: 4162: 4131: 1197:

In February 1945 the Regent, Prince Kirill, was arrested, along with dozens of ministers and officials of the old regime, tried for war crimes, and executed.

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In 1928 Americans provided humanitarian assistance following a major earthquake in southern Bulgaria. American Foundations were also active in Bulgaria. The

586:, drew a new map of Bulgaria which returned parts of eastern and southern Bulgaria as well as the whole geographical region of Macedonia to Turkey, gave the 4313: 4136: 3997: 3960: 3705: 2406: 4453: 4358: 4353: 4343: 4333: 4263: 3917: 3902: 3799: 2254: 1721: 1701: 667:(1912), Bulgaria allied itself with Serbia, Greece and Montenegro, and successfully took Thrace and large parts of Macedonia from Turkey. However, in the 4458: 4278: 4058: 3158: 988:. King Boris granted the German request, and on March 1, 1941, Bulgaria permitted the Germans to pass through its territory and joined the Axis powers. 1323:

In September 1960, Zhivkov visited the United States to speak, along with dozens of other world leaders, at the opening of the General Assembly of the

340:

was appointed Bulgarian minister plenipotentiary in the United States. The Bulgarian legation in Washington was officially opened on January 16, 1915.

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U.S. BREAKS WITH BULGARIA, DEMANDS RECALL OF ENVOY; CITES 'INSULTS' TO LEGATION; SATELLITE ENVOY ON HIS WAY OUT U.S. BREAKS TIES WITH SOFIA REGIME

4398: 4063: 4007: 3992: 3675: 3614: 3551: 3477: 3467: 3462: 3457: 3306: 3173: 3143: 3133: 2996: 2986: 2976: 2961: 2680: 932:, founded in 1930 with the assets of the Near East Relief organization, built fourteen playgrounds in Sofia and thirty-four around the country. 2836: 2787: 2399: 1711: 1060: 4448: 4105: 3887: 3732: 3644: 3619: 3588: 3498: 3430: 3375: 3331: 3316: 2971: 2730: 2610: 1736: 1173:

in March 1945, Bulgaria was occupied by the Soviet Army, and a pro-Soviet government had been installed. Bulgaria was discussed only once at

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The first combat between American and Bulgarian military forces took place during the American raid on the Romanian oil refinery complex of

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In March 1941, the German Army asked permission to move its troops through Bulgaria to attack Greece, which was successfully resisting an

590:(also Dobruja) region along the Danube to Romania. The Berlin Treaty created the Principality of Bulgaria, nominally under Ottoman rule. 4508: 1644: 1083:

The raid caused serious damage to the refinery complex, but losses were very high - fifty-four aircraft and 532 crew members were lost.

524:. On June 23 Pears wrote the first article about the "Bulgarian Horrors". The article led to inquires in Parliament, and Prime Minister 4433: 4208: 4068: 4048: 4012: 3982: 3967: 3955: 3897: 3892: 3882: 3831: 3821: 3752: 3717: 3712: 3700: 3604: 3556: 3530: 3405: 3385: 3352: 3336: 3326: 3301: 3153: 3018: 3013: 2981: 2966: 2875: 2675: 2544: 1731: 1435: 955: 198: 4203: 4198: 4177: 4172: 4022: 3987: 3977: 3762: 3747: 3737: 3571: 3561: 3510: 3503: 3493: 3390: 3260: 3178: 3148: 3123: 3066: 3049: 3044: 2956: 2910: 2746: 2670: 2595: 2559: 2504: 1208:, the U.S. representative in Sofia, attempted to persuade the government to follow democratic principles, but he had little success. 556: 4690: 2341: 2310: 2163: 1518:

on the United States in 2001, the Bulgarian government contributed troops to the NATO contingent in Afghanistan which overthrew the

854: 510:

in Istanbul brought the stories of the massacres to the attention of Dr. Albert Long and the acting president of Robert College Dr.

149: 4443: 4126: 3727: 3695: 3690: 3624: 3415: 3240: 3198: 3168: 2890: 2539: 2519: 1141: 2016: 1991: 663:

In 1912 and 1913, Bulgaria fought two wars to try regain territories it felt were rightfully Bulgarian from its neighbors. In the

1548:

US Secretary of State Rice and Bulgarian Foreign Affairs Minister Kalfin sign the Defense Cooperation Agreement in December, 2005

1099: 2715: 2710: 2690: 2645: 2534: 1439: 1311:

Zhivkov maintained a strict and repressive Soviet-style regime at home, but he also tried, following the lead of Soviet leader

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in Germany. He was replaced by his six-year-old son, Simeon II, under a regents, among them the King's uncle, Prince Kirill.

471: 2705: 2700: 2685: 2665: 2660: 2635: 2625: 2605: 2554: 2483: 2478: 999:

on 6 April. On 20 April 1941, Bulgarian forces entered Greece on the heels of the Wehrmacht without fighting and went on to

2463: 679: 402:, where the Ottoman Government had given them permission to preach to the Christian population. One of these missionaries, 2429: 1809: 1716: 1289: 1059:

Bulgarian forces in Greece and Macedonia, however, were rounded up by Bulgarian troops and sent to Nazi death camps. (See

959:

U.S. B-24 over Ploiești, Romania in August 1943. Several B-24s were shot down on their return flight by Bulgarian fighters

2720: 2655: 2549: 2514: 2509: 2453: 2443: 1004: 440: 4438: 2524: 1353:

Despite his new diplomacy, Zhivkov allowed no dissent or free speech in Bulgaria. Bulgarian-language broadcasts of the

963: 448: 252: 1051:

engaged in military activities directed against the United Nations and are planning an extension of these activities.

4531: 1882: 1760: 511: 386: 821:

became president, and the United States retreated into a policy of isolationism from European and Balkan affairs.

4680: 1201: 1000: 996: 861:, and his policy of reconciliation with Yugoslavia was bitterly opposed by a nationalist political movement, the 467: 414: 351: 474:

and the American missionaries who returned to the United States often became unofficial diplomats for Bulgaria.

2262: 2234:"President Joe Biden Welcomed the Newly Appointed Ambassador of Bulgaria to the United States Georgi Panayotov" 936: 355:

relations with Bulgaria. The reason is that in the early 1950s, the Bulgarian government accused U.S. Minister

314: 286: 407: 410:

published a full textbook of Bulgarian grammar in 1860, and compiled the first Bulgarian-English dictionary.

4660: 4483: 850: 638: 575: 322: 2381: 230: 1601: 1146: 1040: 992: 917: 905: 2099:

Sipkov, Ivan (1977). "Bibliographic Summary of United States-Bulgarian Diplomatic and Treaty Relations".

1264: 502:.) The uprising was badly planned, equipped and led, and failed. It was followed by savage reprisals and 858: 591: 571: 563:.) The advance of the Russian Army was covered by MacGahan and other journalists for the British press. 422: 1399:

The rise of democratic movements across Eastern Europe in the 1980s, the arrival in power in Moscow of

614: 17: 885:

including agreements for postal services, conciliation, arbitration, naturalization, and extradition.

4705: 4622: 4546: 3907: 1834: 1663: 1515: 1091: 1028: 929: 825: 1205: 4695: 4627: 4556: 4541: 4478: 1706: 1422: 878: 657: 560: 517: 330: 325:

in Sofia on September 19, 1903. On September 22, 1908, Bulgaria declared its independence from the

1859: 1375:

in Prague. In 1978, the Bulgarian secret police were implicated in the assassination in London of

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Volunteers began to arrive in Bulgaria to teach English and aid in community development, and a

2052: 1797: 201:(NATO) and growing political, military and economic ties in the beginning of the 21st century. 4637: 2337: 2306: 1687: 1458: 1447: 1400: 1388: 1380: 1312: 1280: 1166: 985: 818: 734: 668: 583: 579: 525: 443:, also played an important part in educating the new Bulgarian elite. It opened its campus in 381: 360: 318: 125: 108: 4617: 4586: 4566: 4561: 2108: 1764: 1652: 1640: 1354: 1260: 1174: 1008: 787: 700: 664: 426: 337: 264: 241: 102: 1995: 1288:

sent to labor camps between the end of World War Two and the death of Stalin in 1953. (See

1149:" at the Yalta Conference, Winston Churchill, Franklin Delano. Roosevelt and Joseph Stalin. 466:

The Protestant missionaries had limited success in Bulgaria. Their work was opposed by the

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The U.S. Congress responded to the changes in Bulgaria and Eastern Europe by passing the

1090:

in Plovdiv Province. One crewmen died, as did seven villagers working in the field. (See

1781: 4596: 4571: 2020: 1569: 1391:. Markov was assassinated with a poisoned umbrella on September 7, Zhivkov's birthday. 1384: 1324: 1268: 898: 795: 730: 715: 507: 499: 456: 436: 399: 326: 302: 294: 161: 116: 1568:

Bulgaria joined the European Union on January 1, 2007. On June 11–12, 2007, President

1345: 606: 282: 4728: 4675: 4591: 2831: 2762: 1683: 1659: 1636: 1479: 1454: 1404: 1376: 1372: 1315:, to build better relations with the United States. In 1957, he gave an interview to 1301: 1162: 181: 121: 72: 1360:

Zhivkov cultivated personal relationships with Soviet leaders Nikita Khrushchev and

2849: 1466: 1338:"A great slander. The Soviet Union is helping us to build an independent economy." 1331: 1232: 1126: 972: 921:

National Health Institute, and carrying out a major campaign to eradicate malaria.

430: 356: 290: 190: 145: 1560: 837: 2331: 4670: 1589: 1580: 1443: 1427: 1368: 1072: 552: 521: 425:. Besides Bible instruction, it taught mathematics, chemistry, physics, and the 403: 186: 2386: 2371: 1889: 1544: 2359:

Peter Menikoff: The Story of a Bulgarian Boy in the Great American Melting Pot

2112: 1462: 1330:

In his interviews with American reporters, Zhivkov denied that Bulgaria was a

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Bulgaria was passive while the combined forces of Germany, Italy and Hungary

506:

carried out by Turkish regular and irregular soldiers. Bulgarian students at

1334:

of the Soviet Union. "Puppet? Not true!" Zhivkov said to Edwin Gritz of the

1276: 1031:

in June 1941, and did not break diplomatic relations with the Soviet Union.

741:, who demanded a declaration of war on Bulgaria and Germany's other allies. 587: 2221: 1557:, whereby American soldiers could train at three Bulgarian military bases. 156: 4700: 2424: 2191: 1628: 1403:

in 1985, and the fall of the Berlin Wall in 1989, led to the downfall of

1027:, then in the Kingdom of Yugoslavia. Bulgaria did not participate in the 503: 444: 194: 177: 61: 2319:, Studies in Bulgarian History, East European Monographs, Boulder, 1988. 1461:

in 1990, followed by the official visit to Sofia by U.S. Vice-President

1259:

Georgi Dimitrov died in July 1949 to be succeeded by another Stalinist,

947: 733:

came under pressure from some members of Congress, particularly Senator

1538: 1534: 1519: 1087: 935:

American schools also continued to play an important role. In 1935 the

418: 344: 1410: 1948:(PRFR) 1919, The Paris Peace Conference, vol. 11914, Washington, 1915 1597: 1107: 1024: 1012: 548: 208:

approve of U.S. leadership, with 16% disapproving and 52% uncertain.

778: 687: 570:

With their army defeated, The Ottoman Sultan was forced to sign the

4473: 274: 1559: 1543: 1485: 1421: 1409: 1344: 1222: 1170: 962: 954: 946: 928:

organized a school of nursing to train new medical personnel. The

836: 777: 686: 678: 613: 605: 489: 481: 307: 281: 155: 139: 115: 1836:

Fifty Years in Constantinople and Recollections of Robert College

1114:

Political situation in Bulgaria after the formal start of the war

148:, the first acting U.S. President to visit Bulgaria, in front of 1593: 1530: 913:

transit is copied and the copies sold to the Balkan countries."

594:, nephew of King Alexander the Second, became the first Prince. 459:

studied there. American missionaries also founded the newspaper

4505: 4419: 2847: 2802: 2395: 2324:

The Immigration History Research Center: A Guide to Collections

1407:, who resigned as Communist Party leader on November 10, 1989. 691:

Charles Vopicka, State Department officer for Bulgarian affairs

1686:, the first democratically elected president of Bulgaria with 1946:

Papers Relating to the Foreign Relations of the United States

1934:

Papers Relating to the Foreign Relations of the United States

1839:(1 ed.). Boston & New York: Houghton Mufflin Company 1529:

In July 2003, after the United States and its allies invaded

1019:. Bulgaria also occupied most of what is now the Republic of 1457:

visited the United States and had talks with U.S. President

924:

In 1925 there were only 125 trained nurses in Bulgaria. The

204:

According to the 2012 U.S. Global Leadership Report, 32% of

1883:"Reception of the First Minister of Bulgaria to the US" in 1666:

was erected in front of the embassy in Washington in 1996.

1450:

Commission was created to establish university exchanges.

478:

American diplomats, journalists and Bulgarian independence

293:(right) in Washington before their meeting with President 1600:; and about one hundred soldiers on an EU-led mission in 514:, who wrote letters to the Istanbul correspondent of the 2376: 1811:Мудрост добраго Рихарда преведена от Гавриила Кръстeвича 1379:, a Bulgarian dissident who was a correspondent for the 1125:

King Boris died suddenly in August 1943, after visiting

1592:; 152 soldiers serving with the U.S.-led coalition in 2164:"A Grateful Clinton Offers Encouragement to Bulgaria" 1308:

rocked Berlin and Hungary in 1956 or Prague in 1968.

1080:

when the bombers arrived for their low-level attack.

675:

Bulgaria and the United States in the First World War

413:

In 1860, the first American school (today called the

2322:

Moody, Suzanna, Joel Wurl; Rudolph J Vecoli (eds.).

1905: 1903: 1901: 1899: 1897: 1618:

List of ambassadors of Bulgaria to the United States

908:

of American movies in Bulgaria. On May 3, 1925, the

857:. Stamboliyski's socialist reforms were resisted by 751:

American Board of Commissioners for Foreign Missions

396:

American Board of Commissioners for Foreign Missions

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US Agency for International Development in Bulgaria

1011:, up to the Aegean Coast, including the islands of 547:defeated the Turkish Army, after costly battles at 486:

American Consul-General to Istanbul Eugene Schuyler

350:In 1945, by virtue of an agreement to establish an 270: 258: 247: 237: 223: 100: 95: 87: 82: 44: 2352:Gale Encyclopedia of Multicultural America, Vol. 1 1564:Poster advertising 2008 Summer Work-Travel Program 1244:, under which the United States would support the 429:. In 1863, a school for young women was opened in 1596:; 35 to 40 soldiers serving on a NATO mission in 1296:The United States and the regime of Todor Zhivkov 1036:Germany′s declaration of war on the United States 774:The Peace Conference and the Treaty of Versailles 660:offered full diplomatic recognition to Bulgaria. 2017:"Full text of Armistice Agreement with Bulgaria" 1436:Support for East European Democracies (SEED) Act 398:, sent the first Protestant missionaries to the 1658:At the initiative of the President of Bulgaria 1572:visited Sofia to meet with Bulgarian president 1200:Following the German surrender in May 1945, an 897:. In 1928 Bulgaria was the largest exporter of 197:, to partnership with the United States in the 1279:. On 19 January 1950, Bulgaria declared Heath 863:Internal Macedonian Revolutionary Organization 2814: 2407: 2333:The United States and Bulgaria in World War I 1474:Bulgaria and America during the Kosovo crisis 1137:The Armistice between Bulgaria and the Allies 979: 833:Bulgarian-American relations between the Wars 602:American isolationism and tentative diplomacy 372:American missionaries and schools in Bulgaria 8: 1890:http://digital.library.wisc.edu/1711.dl/FRUS 1798:History of the U.S. and Bulgaria's Relations 1761:U.S. Global Leadership Project Report - 2012 1727:Bulgarian-American Joint Military Facilities 1639:. It is located at 1621 22nd Street N.W. in 1555:Bulgarian-American Joint Military Facilities 1256:, further increased tensions in the region. 30: 1263:. Meanwhile, there had emerged a momentous 1110:. They were released on September 8, 1944. 904:There was even the beginning of a thriving 390:, "The Way to Wealth", in 1837. In 1839, a 301:In 1892, the representative of Bulgaria in 4517: 4502: 4416: 4095: 3779: 3447: 3215: 2865: 2858: 2844: 2821: 2807: 2799: 2414: 2400: 2392: 2361:. Nashville, Tenn.: Cokesbury Press, 1928. 1742:Bulgarian Ambassadors to the United States 714:In October 1915 the State Department sent 229: 220: 193:, to ideological confrontation during the 2291:. Palo Alto, Calif.: Ragusan Press, 1979. 2255:"Zhelyu Zhelev – The dissident president" 1649:Bulgarian Ambassador to the United States 1510:Bulgaria and the United States after 9/11 1246:Greek Government against Communist rebels 1189:The beginning of the Cold War in Bulgaria 889:The growth of Bulgarian-American commerce 849:Bulgaria was first led by Prime Minister 630:visited the exposition and wrote a book, 531:The American Consul General in Istanbul, 4745:Bilateral relations of the United States 2336:. Boulder: Eastern European Monographs. 1140: 980:Bulgaria's involvement on the Axis' side 2354:. 3rd ed. Farmington Hills: Gale, 2000. 1753: 1673: 578:, drafted largely by German chancellor 224:Embassy of Bulgaria in Washington, D.C. 18:Embassy of Bulgaria in Washington, D.C. 2837:Foreign relations of the United States 2101:International Journal of Law Libraries 1921: 1909: 1712:Foreign relations of the United States 1702:Bulgaria–United States trade relations 1154:Moscow, signed for the United States. 1061:History of the Jews in North Macedonia 494:American journalist Januarius MacGahan 29: 2382:Bulgarian Ministry of Foreign Affairs 2298:. New York: Marshall Cavendish, 1994. 1737:United States Ambassadors to Bulgaria 88:Embassy of Bulgaria, Washington, D.C. 7: 2372:History of Bulgaria - U.S. relations 1793: 1791: 1789: 1777: 1775: 1773: 1490:NATO member flags in Sofia, Bulgaria 1426:American University in Bulgaria (In 1395:Democracy and partnership after 1989 1231:When the State Department appointed 1219:Bulgaria breaks diplomatic relations 873:fled through Yugoslavia to Austria. 4254:Greater Republic of Central America 4249:Federal Republic of Central America 1936:, 1918, Supp. 1, Part one, 326-327. 528:called for a formal investigation. 91:Embassy of the United States, Sofia 2326:. New York: Greenwood Press, 1991. 2301:Carlson, Claudia and David Allen. 1732:Bulgarian-American Trade Relations 199:North Atlantic Treaty Organization 25: 2305:. New York: Chelsea House, 1990. 2194:August 21, 2024, at Ghost Archive 1992:"History of WWII POW camp Shumen" 1822:– via Europeana Collection. 1029:German attack on the Soviet Union 986:invasion by Germany's ally, Italy 967:King Boris and Adolf Hitler, 1943 4735:Bulgaria–United States relations 4369:Principality of Schaumburg-Lippe 3060:Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic 2896:Democratic Republic of the Congo 2830: 2462: 2423: 2296:Encyclopedia of Multiculturalism 2053:History of the U.S. and Bulgaria 1676: 1367:Bulgaria became a member of the 1100:Bombing of Sofia in World War II 976:Southern Dobruzha from Romania. 810:Nations within the U.S. Senate. 648:Finally, on September 19, 1903, 275:http://www.bulgaria-embassy.org/ 189:and open war and bombardment in 66: 55: 36: 31:Bulgaria–United States relations 4740:Bilateral relations of Bulgaria 2779:Diplomatic missions of Bulgaria 2253:Vatahov, Ivan (17 April 2003). 1864:. London: Bradbury Agnew and Co 1858:MacGahan, Januarius A. (1876). 1440:American University in Bulgaria 1169:and President Roosevelt met in 993:invaded and defeated Yugoslavia 769:The interwar period (1919–1941) 3281:St. Vincent and the Grenadines 782:Left to Right, Prime Minister 592:Prince Alexander of Battenberg 359:of espionage and declared him 170:National Archaeological Museum 1: 2430:Foreign relations of Bulgaria 2203:Source: U.S. Embassy in Sofia 1847:– via Internet Archive. 1717:Foreign relations of Bulgaria 1387:radio and the U.S. sponsored 1290:History of Communist Bulgaria 1265:split between Stalin and Tito 1003:of the present-day region of 567:U.S. Government in May 1878. 557:Russo-Turkish War (1877–1878) 2140:, October 8, 1960, page A11. 1981:Messages of the Presidents. 1005:Eastern Macedonia and Thrace 951:President Franklin Roosevelt 737:, and from former president 618:President Theodore Roosevelt 472:Bulgarian National Awakening 441:State University of New York 4489:International organizations 4389:Kingdom of the Two Sicilies 4244:Duchy of Brunswick-Lüneburg 2788:Ministry of Foreign Affairs 2128:, October 13, 1960, pg. 73. 2089:, September 22, 1957, pg. 1 1494:Bulgarian foreign minister 1349:Radio Voice of America logo 639:Ferdinand Saxe-Coburg-Gotha 582:and British prime minister 449:Prime Ministers of Bulgaria 367:From first contacts to 1919 4761: 4532:Proclamation of Neutrality 4319:North German Confederation 2212:Source: U.S. Embassy Sofia 2162:Lacey, Marc (1999-11-23). 2043:, February 23, 1950, pg. 2 1647:neighborhood. The current 1615: 1204:was established in Sofia. 1023:and much of South-Eastern 610:King Ferdinand of Bulgaria 539:, on a commission for the 150:Alexander Nevsky Cathedral 4516: 4501: 4429: 4415: 2857: 2843: 2460: 2357:Yankoff, Peter Dimitrov. 2330:Petkov, Petko M. (1991). 2113:10.1017/S0340045X00004627 1833:Washburn, George (1909). 1202:Allied Control Commission 937:American College in Sofia 794:of France, and President 790:of Italy, Prime Minister 468:Bulgarian Orthodox Church 421:by missionaries from the 415:American College of Sofia 352:Allied Control Commission 228: 78: 65: 54: 35: 4324:Grand Duchy of Oldenburg 2886:Central African Republic 2377:U.S. Department of State 1664:monument to Vasil Levski 1579:In 2007 U.S. Ambassador 1184:The Cold War (1947–1989) 683:President Woodrow Wilson 315:Principality of Bulgaria 287:Prince Kiril of Bulgaria 164:and Bulgarian president 4484:Third Border Initiative 2303:The Bulgarian Americans 2294:Auerbach, Susan (ed.). 2289:The Bulgarian-Americans 1106:Park, near the city of 851:Aleksandar Stamboliyski 786:of the United Kingdom, 757:In Point Eleven of his 626:. The Bulgarian writer 394:religious society, the 387:Poor Richard's Almanack 4394:Kingdom of Württemberg 4384:Grand Duchy of Tuscany 3946:Bosnia and Herzegovina 2756:Multilateral relations 1565: 1549: 1491: 1431: 1415: 1350: 1228: 1227:President Harry Truman 1150: 1001:occupy the territories 997:Germany invaded Greece 995:and contemporaneously 968: 960: 952: 918:Rockefeller Foundation 906:copyright infringement 842: 798: 699:On December 22, 1914, 692: 684: 641:, as their new ruler. 619: 611: 495: 487: 336:On December 10, 1914, 298: 289:(left) and Ambassador 173: 153: 152:, Sofia, November 1999 137: 120:Former U.S. President 2916:São Tomé and Príncipe 2901:Republic of the Congo 2317:The Pen and the Sword 2287:Altankov, Nikolay G. 1563: 1547: 1489: 1465:. In 1999, President 1425: 1413: 1348: 1226: 1144: 966: 958: 950: 840: 781: 690: 682: 617: 609: 572:Treaty of San Stefano 493: 485: 423:Congregational Church 285: 159: 143: 119: 4706:Special Relationship 4547:Good Neighbor policy 4309:Mecklenburg-Strelitz 4304:Mecklenburg-Schwerin 4299:Grand Duchy of Hesse 4234:Grand Duchy of Baden 3908:Special Relationship 3758:United Arab Emirates 2152:, September 27, 1957 1629:Republic of Bulgaria 1516:September 11 attacks 1092:Operation Tidal Wave 930:Near East Foundation 826:Treaty of Versailles 343:Under pressure from 212:History of relations 128:during his visit to 4696:Progressive realism 4691:Non-interventionism 4542:Roosevelt Corollary 4479:Major non-NATO ally 4364:Kingdom of Sardinia 4289:Hanseatic Republics 3286:Trinidad and Tobago 3271:St. Kitts and Nevis 3226:Antigua and Barbuda 2772:Diplomatic missions 2077:, February 23, 1950 1707:Bulgarian Americans 879:History of Bulgaria 658:William Howard Taft 632:To Chicago and Back 561:History of Bulgaria 384:'s introduction to 331:Kingdom of Bulgaria 32: 27:Bilateral relations 4686:Middle East policy 4284:Kingdom of Hanover 4239:Kingdom of Bavaria 3251:Dominican Republic 2168:The New York Times 1960:, February 3, 1929 1633:diplomatic mission 1566: 1550: 1496:Nadezhda Mihailova 1492: 1432: 1416: 1351: 1229: 1151: 1067:Combat during WWII 969: 961: 953: 926:American Red Cross 843: 799: 792:Georges Clemenceau 784:David Lloyd George 743:The New York Times 739:Theodore Roosevelt 693: 685: 628:Aleko Konstantinov 624:Chicago Exposition 620: 612: 537:Januarius MacGahan 496: 488: 453:Konstantin Stoilov 439:, a branch of the 299: 251:1621 22nd Street, 218:Diplomatic mission 176:Relations between 174: 172:, Sofia, June 2007 154: 138: 83:Diplomatic mission 4722: 4721: 4718: 4717: 4714: 4713: 4497: 4496: 4411: 4410: 4407: 4406: 4379:Republic of Texas 4329:Orange Free State 4274:Republic of Genoa 4217: 4216: 4087: 4086: 3771: 3770: 3439: 3438: 3207: 3206: 2906:Equatorial Guinea 2796: 2795: 2315:Clark, James F., 2180:BBC, May 13, 1999 1972:, April 21, 1935. 1688:George H. W. Bush 1459:George H. W. Bush 1448:Fulbright Program 1401:Mikhail Gorbachev 1389:Radio Free Europe 1381:BBC World Service 1313:Nikita Khrushchev 1281:persona non grata 1167:Winston Churchill 1161:By the time that 1007:, except for the 819:Warren G. Harding 735:Henry Cabot Lodge 669:Second Balkan War 584:Benjamin Disraeli 580:Otto Von Bismarck 541:London Daily News 526:Benjamin Disraeli 417:) was founded in 382:Benjamin Franklin 361:persona non grata 319:the United States 280: 279: 126:Elena Poptodorova 114: 113: 109:Kenneth H. Merten 16:(Redirected from 4752: 4518: 4503: 4417: 4294:Hawaiian Kingdom 4259:Congo Free State 4163:Marshall Islands 4132:Papua New Guinea 4096: 3780: 3448: 3216: 2866: 2859: 2845: 2835: 2834: 2823: 2816: 2809: 2800: 2466: 2428: 2427: 2416: 2409: 2402: 2393: 2387:Official website 2347: 2275: 2274: 2272: 2270: 2261:. 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Archived from 1988: 1982: 1979: 1973: 1967: 1961: 1955: 1949: 1943: 1937: 1931: 1925: 1919: 1913: 1907: 1892: 1880: 1874: 1873: 1871: 1869: 1855: 1849: 1848: 1846: 1844: 1830: 1824: 1823: 1821: 1819: 1806: 1800: 1795: 1784: 1779: 1768: 1758: 1690:(right) in 1990. 1680: 1653:Georgi Panayotov 1641:Washington, D.C. 1373:popular uprising 1355:Voice of America 1261:Valko Chervenkov 1175:Yalta Conference 1047:To the Congress: 1009:Evros prefecture 943:Second World War 788:Vittorio Orlando 701:Stefan Panaretov 665:First Balkan War 576:Treaty of Berlin 427:English language 338:Stefan Panaretov 323:Prince Ferdinand 265:Georgi Panayotov 242:Washington, D.C. 233: 221: 103:Georgi Panayotov 70: 69: 59: 58: 40: 33: 21: 4760: 4759: 4755: 4754: 4753: 4751: 4750: 4749: 4725: 4724: 4723: 4710: 4653: 4647: 4613:Lodge Corollary 4606:Other doctrines 4601: 4523: 4512: 4493: 4425: 4403: 4314:Duchy of Nassau 4213: 4182: 4146: 4137:Solomon Islands 4115: 4083: 4027: 3998:North Macedonia 3961:Northern Cyprus 3924: 3846: 3767: 3659: 3593: 3535: 3482: 3435: 3364: 3341: 3290: 3203: 3112: 3076: 3028: 2920: 2853: 2839: 2829: 2827: 2797: 2792: 2767: 2751: 2735: 2681:North Macedonia 2569: 2493: 2467: 2458: 2432: 2422: 2420: 2368: 2350:Riggs, Thomas. 2344: 2329: 2284: 2279: 2278: 2268: 2266: 2252: 2251: 2247: 2238: 2236: 2232: 2231: 2227: 2220: 2216: 2211: 2207: 2202: 2198: 2188: 2184: 2179: 2175: 2161: 2160: 2156: 2148: 2144: 2138:Washington Post 2136: 2132: 2124: 2120: 2098: 2097: 2093: 2085: 2081: 2073: 2069: 2062: 2058: 2051: 2047: 2039: 2035: 2026: 2024: 2015: 2014: 2010: 2001: 1999: 1990: 1989: 1985: 1980: 1976: 1968: 1964: 1956: 1952: 1944: 1940: 1932: 1928: 1920: 1916: 1908: 1895: 1881: 1877: 1867: 1865: 1857: 1856: 1852: 1842: 1840: 1832: 1831: 1827: 1817: 1815: 1808: 1807: 1803: 1796: 1787: 1780: 1771: 1759: 1755: 1750: 1722:US–EU relations 1698: 1691: 1681: 1672: 1625: 1620: 1614: 1574:Georgi Parvanov 1512: 1476: 1397: 1362:Leonid Brezhnev 1336:Washington Post 1298: 1254:Josip Broz Tito 1240:in 1947 of the 1238:Harry S. 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Jackson 604: 533:Eugene Schuyler 512:George Washburn 480: 374: 369: 219: 214: 166:Georgi Parvanov 160:U.S. president 71: 67: 60: 56: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 4758: 4756: 4748: 4747: 4742: 4737: 4727: 4726: 4720: 4719: 4716: 4715: 4712: 4711: 4709: 4708: 4703: 4698: 4693: 4688: 4683: 4678: 4673: 4668: 4663: 4657: 4655: 4649: 4648: 4646: 4645: 4640: 4635: 4630: 4625: 4620: 4615: 4609: 4607: 4603: 4602: 4600: 4599: 4594: 4589: 4584: 4579: 4574: 4569: 4564: 4559: 4554: 4549: 4544: 4539: 4534: 4528: 4526: 4514: 4513: 4506: 4499: 4498: 4495: 4494: 4492: 4491: 4486: 4481: 4476: 4471: 4469:United Nations 4466: 4461: 4456: 4454:European Union 4451: 4446: 4441: 4436: 4430: 4427: 4426: 4420: 4413: 4412: 4409: 4408: 4405: 4404: 4402: 4401: 4396: 4391: 4386: 4381: 4376: 4371: 4366: 4361: 4359:Ryukyu Kingdom 4356: 4354:Russian Empire 4351: 4346: 4344:Duchy of Parma 4341: 4336: 4334:Ottoman Empire 4331: 4326: 4321: 4316: 4311: 4306: 4301: 4296: 4291: 4286: 4281: 4276: 4271: 4266: 4264:Czechoslovakia 4261: 4256: 4251: 4246: 4241: 4236: 4231: 4225: 4223: 4219: 4218: 4215: 4214: 4212: 4211: 4206: 4201: 4196: 4190: 4188: 4184: 4183: 4181: 4180: 4175: 4170: 4165: 4160: 4154: 4152: 4148: 4147: 4145: 4144: 4139: 4134: 4129: 4123: 4121: 4117: 4116: 4114: 4113: 4108: 4102: 4100: 4093: 4089: 4088: 4085: 4084: 4082: 4081: 4076: 4071: 4066: 4061: 4056: 4051: 4046: 4041: 4035: 4033: 4029: 4028: 4026: 4025: 4020: 4015: 4010: 4005: 4000: 3995: 3990: 3985: 3980: 3975: 3970: 3965: 3964: 3963: 3953: 3948: 3943: 3938: 3932: 3930: 3926: 3925: 3923: 3922: 3921: 3920: 3918:Cayman Islands 3915: 3910: 3903:United Kingdom 3900: 3895: 3890: 3885: 3880: 3875: 3870: 3865: 3860: 3854: 3852: 3848: 3847: 3845: 3844: 3839: 3834: 3829: 3824: 3819: 3818: 3817: 3807: 3802: 3800:Czech Republic 3797: 3792: 3786: 3784: 3777: 3773: 3772: 3769: 3768: 3766: 3765: 3760: 3755: 3750: 3745: 3740: 3735: 3730: 3725: 3720: 3715: 3710: 3709: 3708: 3698: 3693: 3688: 3683: 3678: 3673: 3667: 3665: 3661: 3660: 3658: 3657: 3652: 3647: 3642: 3637: 3632: 3627: 3622: 3617: 3612: 3607: 3601: 3599: 3595: 3594: 3592: 3591: 3586: 3585: 3584: 3574: 3569: 3564: 3559: 3554: 3549: 3543: 3541: 3537: 3536: 3534: 3533: 3528: 3523: 3518: 3513: 3508: 3507: 3506: 3501: 3490: 3488: 3484: 3483: 3481: 3480: 3475: 3470: 3465: 3460: 3454: 3452: 3445: 3441: 3440: 3437: 3436: 3434: 3433: 3428: 3423: 3418: 3413: 3408: 3403: 3398: 3393: 3388: 3383: 3378: 3372: 3370: 3366: 3365: 3363: 3362: 3361: 3360: 3349: 3347: 3343: 3342: 3340: 3339: 3334: 3329: 3324: 3319: 3314: 3309: 3304: 3298: 3296: 3292: 3291: 3289: 3288: 3283: 3278: 3273: 3268: 3263: 3258: 3253: 3248: 3243: 3238: 3233: 3228: 3222: 3220: 3213: 3209: 3208: 3205: 3204: 3202: 3201: 3196: 3191: 3186: 3181: 3176: 3171: 3166: 3161: 3156: 3151: 3146: 3141: 3136: 3131: 3126: 3120: 3118: 3114: 3113: 3111: 3110: 3105: 3100: 3095: 3090: 3084: 3082: 3078: 3077: 3075: 3074: 3069: 3064: 3063: 3062: 3052: 3047: 3042: 3036: 3034: 3030: 3029: 3027: 3026: 3021: 3016: 3011: 3006: 3001: 3000: 2999: 2989: 2984: 2979: 2974: 2969: 2964: 2959: 2954: 2949: 2944: 2939: 2934: 2928: 2926: 2922: 2921: 2919: 2918: 2913: 2908: 2903: 2898: 2893: 2888: 2883: 2878: 2872: 2870: 2863: 2855: 2854: 2848: 2841: 2840: 2828: 2826: 2825: 2818: 2811: 2803: 2794: 2793: 2791: 2790: 2785: 2775: 2773: 2769: 2768: 2766: 2765: 2759: 2757: 2753: 2752: 2750: 2749: 2743: 2741: 2737: 2736: 2734: 2733: 2731:United Kingdom 2728: 2723: 2718: 2713: 2708: 2703: 2698: 2693: 2688: 2683: 2678: 2673: 2668: 2663: 2658: 2653: 2648: 2643: 2638: 2633: 2628: 2623: 2618: 2613: 2611:Czech Republic 2608: 2603: 2598: 2593: 2588: 2583: 2577: 2575: 2571: 2570: 2568: 2567: 2562: 2557: 2552: 2547: 2542: 2537: 2532: 2522: 2517: 2512: 2507: 2501: 2499: 2495: 2494: 2492: 2491: 2486: 2481: 2475: 2473: 2469: 2468: 2461: 2459: 2457: 2456: 2451: 2446: 2440: 2438: 2434: 2433: 2421: 2419: 2418: 2411: 2404: 2396: 2390: 2389: 2384: 2379: 2374: 2367: 2366:External links 2364: 2363: 2362: 2355: 2348: 2342: 2327: 2320: 2313: 2299: 2292: 2283: 2280: 2277: 2276: 2265:on 11 May 2011 2259:The Sofia Echo 2245: 2225: 2214: 2205: 2196: 2182: 2173: 2154: 2150:New York Times 2142: 2130: 2126:New York Times 2118: 2091: 2087:New York Times 2079: 2075:New York Times 2067: 2056: 2045: 2041:New York Times 2033: 2008: 1983: 1974: 1970:New York Times 1962: 1958:New York Times 1950: 1938: 1926: 1914: 1893: 1875: 1850: 1825: 1801: 1785: 1769: 1752: 1751: 1749: 1746: 1745: 1744: 1739: 1734: 1729: 1724: 1719: 1714: 1709: 1704: 1697: 1694: 1693: 1692: 1682: 1675: 1671: 1668: 1624: 1621: 1613: 1610: 1570:George W. Bush 1514:Following the 1511: 1508: 1475: 1472: 1396: 1393: 1385:Deutsche Welle 1325:United Nations 1317:New York Times 1297: 1294: 1269:Traicho Kostov 1220: 1217: 1206:Maynard Barnes 1190: 1187: 1185: 1182: 1138: 1135: 1115: 1112: 1068: 1065: 1056: 1055: 1052: 1048: 981: 978: 944: 941: 910:New York Times 899:attar of roses 890: 887: 855:Agrarian Party 841:King Boris III 834: 831: 796:Woodrow Wilson 775: 772: 770: 767: 731:Woodrow Wilson 716:Lewis Einstein 676: 673: 603: 600: 508:Robert College 500:April Uprising 479: 476: 457:Todor Ivanchov 437:Robert College 400:Ottoman Empire 373: 370: 368: 365: 327:Ottoman Empire 303:Constantinople 295:Herbert Hoover 278: 277: 272: 268: 267: 262: 256: 255: 249: 245: 244: 239: 235: 234: 226: 225: 217: 213: 210: 162:George W. Bush 112: 111: 105: 98: 97: 93: 92: 89: 85: 84: 80: 79: 76: 75: 64: 52: 51: 49: 46: 45: 42: 41: 26: 24: 14: 13: 10: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 4757: 4746: 4743: 4741: 4738: 4736: 4733: 4732: 4730: 4707: 4704: 4702: 4699: 4697: 4694: 4692: 4689: 4687: 4684: 4682: 4679: 4677: 4676:Domino theory 4674: 4672: 4669: 4667: 4664: 4662: 4659: 4658: 4656: 4650: 4644: 4641: 4639: 4636: 4634: 4631: 4629: 4626: 4624: 4621: 4619: 4616: 4614: 4611: 4610: 4608: 4604: 4598: 4595: 4593: 4590: 4588: 4585: 4583: 4580: 4578: 4575: 4573: 4570: 4568: 4565: 4563: 4560: 4558: 4555: 4553: 4550: 4548: 4545: 4543: 4540: 4538: 4535: 4533: 4530: 4529: 4527: 4525: 4519: 4515: 4510: 4504: 4500: 4490: 4487: 4485: 4482: 4480: 4477: 4475: 4472: 4470: 4467: 4465: 4462: 4460: 4459:Latin America 4457: 4455: 4452: 4450: 4447: 4445: 4442: 4440: 4437: 4435: 4432: 4431: 4428: 4423: 4418: 4414: 4400: 4397: 4395: 4392: 4390: 4387: 4385: 4382: 4380: 4377: 4375: 4372: 4370: 4367: 4365: 4362: 4360: 4357: 4355: 4352: 4350: 4347: 4345: 4342: 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