The Emergency (Ireland)

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clear that, in certain circumstances, he would have violated our neutrality and that he would justify his actions by Britain's necessity. It seems strange to me that Mr. Churchill does not see that this, if accepted, would mean that Britain's necessity would become a moral code and that when this necessity became sufficiently great, other people's rights were not to count ... that is precisely why we had this disastrous succession of wars – World War No.1 and World War No.2 – and shall it be World War No.3? Surely Mr. Churchill must see that if his contention be admitted in our regard, a like justification can be framed for similar acts of aggression elsewhere and no small nation adjoining a great Power could ever hope to be permitted to go its own way in peace. It is indeed fortunate that Britain's necessity did not reach the point where Mr. Churchill would have acted. All credit to him that he successfully resisted the temptation which I have no doubt many times assailed him in his difficulties, and to which, I freely admit, many leaders might have easily succumbed. It is indeed hard for the strong to be just to the weak, but acting justly always has its rewards. By resisting his temptation in this instance, Mr. Churchill, instead of adding another horrid chapter to the already bloodstained record of the relations between England and this country, has advanced the cause of international morality – an important step, one of the most important indeed that can be taken on the road to the establishment of any sure basis for peace. ...

2982:"In 1942 Rabbi Herzog warned De Valera that Jews were being systematically exterminated in German prison camps. The Taoiseach and his government made efforts to rescue various groups, especially groups including children, and bring them to Ireland. These included a large group of German Jews held at Vittel in Vichy France, who already possessed visas for various South American countries. De Valera, together with the Irish ministers in Berlin, Vichy, and at the Vatican worked to rescue the Vittel Jews, and later groups of Italian, Dutch, Hungarian, and Slovakian Jews, but without success. In no case were the Nazis willing to let such groups depart for Ireland or leave Europe under Irish auspices. There was also a mistaken belief that Jews with Irish visas might be imprisoned, but would not be sent to the death camps, a belief the Vittel episode destroyed." From Judaism: A Quarterly Journal of Jewish Life and Thought, Summer, 1999, The Jews of Ireland. Robert Tracy 1226:, was urging London to seize the port at Cobh, or that attempts had been made to split the consensus over the Neutrality policy. Concessions such as relaxing of the claim on Lough Swilly to allow British navy and air force patrols did go some way to easing the tension. As the war turned against Nazi Germany in their eastern campaign, and as the Abwehr became less and less effective, around 1943–1944, operations in the island of Ireland ceased to be of interest to the German Government and military and therefore the British. Overall, during the period the focus of de Valera was maintaining Irish neutrality. The Irish authorities' pursuit of an aggressive campaign of internment against the IRA, including raising the 586:, was sent to Dublin to explore possibilities with de Valera. From these Chamberlain produced a six-point proposal that committed the UK government to a united Ireland and proposed the setting up of a joint body to effect this. A Joint Defence Council would be set up immediately and the State provided with military equipment. In return the State would join the Allies and intern all German and Italian aliens. Rejected by the Irish government, the proposal was then amended to strengthen the steps towards a united Ireland, and no longer requiring Ireland to join the war, but only to invite British forces to use Irish bases and ports. De Valera rejected the revised proposal on 4 July and made no counter proposal. 760:, including Eleanor Roosevelt, provided to him by Gray. Aiken spent the last seven weeks of his visit on what was seen as an anti-administration speaking tour, associating closely with isolationist opinion. The result was that the US would not sell any armaments to the State, and relations between the two countries significantly worsened, the US becoming even more unequivocal in its support of the UK. In October 1941 on receiving a note from the Irish government asking for its intentions with regard to Northern Ireland on the stationing of personnel associated with lend-lease, the US State Department referred them to the British government as Northern Ireland was, they insisted, part of the UK. 276:. It was necessary to prevent publication of matter that might undermine the neutrality of the state and to prevent it becoming a clearing house for foreign intelligence, though over the period of the Emergency, the Act started to be used for more party political purposes such as preventing the publication of the numbers of Irish soldiers serving in the United Kingdom armed forces or industrial disputes within the state. In addition, the information made available to Irish people was also carefully controlled. De Valera performed the duties of Minister of External Affairs, though the secretary for the Department of External Affairs, 45: 559:, and wished to be able to forestall this by stationing troops and ships within the Irish state. In addition, this view made the UK reluctant to provide military supplies because of the risk of their falling into German hands after an invasion. The Irish government's view was that they would be more successful against the Germans than the states already occupied, and there could be no agreement for joint military measures while partition continued, and would not commit themselves beyond neutrality for the whole island should it end. 756:. Aiken left Ireland in March 1941. For his St Patrick's Day address, de Valera claimed that Ireland was under blockade from both sides and that neutrality protected Ireland from "the hazards of imperial adventure". Aiken's visit was disastrous. His anti-British views and, in American eyes, overestimation of Ireland's military capabilities went across all the administration's policies towards the war. As well as alienating Roosevelt and other members of the administration, he failed to use the letters of introduction to senior 61: 226: 621: 6487: 1218:

Irish government and military over how to react to a German invasion. The Irish military shared details of their defences and military capabilities with the British and troops stationed in Northern Ireland. The reassurances from the British did not altogether console de Valera however, and he was frequently suspicious, while German forces still threatened Britain, that the British might invade the territory of the State. He did not know that the

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quarters with Mr. de Valera, or perish from the earth. However, with a restraint and poise to which, I venture to say, history will find few parallels, His Majesty’s Government never laid a violent hand upon them, though at times it would have been quite easy and quite natural, and we left the de Valera Government to frolic with the German and later with the Japanese representatives to their heart's content.

858:. The public mood was already agitated, fearing a German invasion and the implications of the bombings added to the concern. So as not to antagonise the Germans further, the Irish authorities initially declined to confirm that the bombs were German. Public speculation, and IRA claims, that the bombs were British, or German but released by British aircraft, later prompted Irish Government denials. 241: 1455:. On 1 September 1976 a motion was passed in the Dáil "that the national emergency created by the armed conflict referred to in the Resolutions, pursuant to the said Article, of Dáil Éireann and Seanad Éireann of the 2nd September, 1939, has ceased to exist". The purpose of this was to allow the government to declare a new emergency, arising out of the conflict in Northern Ireland. 337:

position meant that this policy (which was, in the view of most historians, applied fully and consistently) tended to benefit the Allies more than Germany. For example, British airmen who crash-landed in the State were allowed to go free if they could claim not to have been on a combat mission; otherwise they were released "on licence" (promise to remain). Many chose to escape to

1067:. Walsh tried to contact the Ambassador, but was told that Gray was unavailable. Neither service was held. Since the Ambassador would be unavailable to receive condolences, de Valera sent his secretary to deliver his condolences rather than trying to deliver them in person. De Valera then instructed that flags be lowered to half-mast as a mark of respect to the late President. 209:—which had remained under British jurisdiction under the Anglo-Irish Treaty of 1921. The major remaining disagreement between the countries was the status of Northern Ireland. The Irish saw it as rightfully Irish territory while the UK saw it as rightfully British territory. Within Ireland itself, armed opposition to the treaty settlement took the name of the 752:, on a visit to Great Britain and Ireland in January 1941, failed. In a further attempt to obtain arms from the US de Valera decided that Aiken should visit Washington. Gray supported the idea of a visit, but had doubts over whether Aiken was the right person to make it, and stressed that the Irish were only likely to obtain arms if they co-operated with the 737:

agreed to change the law to allow the sale of arms to all belligerents on a "cash and carry" basis. Nevertheless, the Irish government wanted the US to sell them arms. This was supported by Gray, and by the British government, but only if not at the expense of their own allocation. As a result, in 1940 all surplus US arms were sold to the UK and

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that they could release British pilots but retain German ones. De Valera argued that blow-by-blow parity, returning German aircrews to Germany could not take place as they could bring back militarily-valuable information. However, Hempel was to find out in 1943 that the Irish had been negotiating with the British over returning German internees.

733:. De Valera saw the US as a bulwark against invasion from any party, while the US saw the support of Britain in the war as the priority, and so while supportive of Irish neutrality was sceptical of it extending over the whole island and wanted an arrangement to be made with the UK over ports, possibly through the leasing of them. 1189:). The Abwehr also made attempts to foster intelligence gathering links with the IRA, but found that the IRA was in no condition to be of serious use — these attempts were to occur during the period 1939–1943. The German military also drew up plans detailing how an invasion of Ireland might take place. These plans were titled 366:, estimated Irish popular sympathies as favouring Germany due to anti-British hostility, and de Valera feared that joining the Allies would drive public opinion completely towards the Germans. The Fianna Fáil government, headed by de Valera, ruled alone and did not accommodate any other party in decision making. 1442:

paid tribute to those who "volunteered to fight against Nazi tyranny in Europe, at least 10,000 of whom were killed while serving in British uniforms. In recalling their bravery, we are recalling a shared experience of Irish and British people. We remember a British part of the inheritance of all who

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moved to annul the order. He did not condone desertion, but felt that the order was specifically awarding harsh punishment to those deserters who had served in the Allied forces. General Richard Mulcahy also spoke against the Order, disagreeing with the way in which it applied to enlisted men and not

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the approaches which the southern Irish ports and airfields could so easily have guarded were closed by the hostile aircraft and U-boats. This indeed was a deadly moment in our life, and if it had not been for the loyalty and friendship of Northern Ireland, we should have been forced to come to close

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The German ambassador at the German Legation in Dublin, Eduard Hempel, had his radio confiscated in 1943 to prevent him from passing information to his leaders. This is thought to have occurred at the insistence of the American forces stationed in Northern Ireland. Hempel had been relaying Irish Army

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in Northern Ireland, while the Irish Army drew up plans for defence against the British. The United Kingdom also started to restrict trade to Ireland, reasoning that if Ireland would not do anything to protect the lives of those bringing in supplies, it should at least share in the deprivations being

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in May 1940), but the balance of evidence is that there was never a serious threat. Large elements of the British cabinet and government and those of its allies were opposed to any armed intervention in Ireland; however, in late 1940 and early 1941, relations between the two countries did worsen. The

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In June 1940, to encourage the neutral Irish state to join with the Allies, Churchill indicated to de Valera that the United Kingdom would push for Irish unity, but believing that Churchill could not deliver, de Valera declined the offer. The British did not inform the Government of Northern Ireland

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On the other hand, in the first few years of the war, the government did not show any overt preference for either side. This is partly because de Valera had to keep national unity, which meant accommodating the large swathe of Irish society that rejected anything to do with the British, some of whom

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According to the Irish Defence Department, there were "no International Conventions specifically governing the treatment of belligerent internees and accordingly it appears open to neutral States... to prescribe conditions of internment in whatever manner they think fit." That is why the Irish felt

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Allowances can be made for Mr. Churchill's statement, however unworthy, in the first flush of victory. No such excuse could be found for me in this quieter atmosphere. There are, however, some things it is essential to say. I shall try to say them as dispassionately as I can. Mr. Churchill makes it

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and the North Circular Road. Unlike the earlier bombing incidents, there was no public speculation that the perpetrators were anyone other than the Luftwaffe. The Irish government promptly protested and Germany apologised claiming that high winds were to blame or there had been British interference

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The United Kingdom was now the only major impediment to Germany. A major British concern was now whether Germany would invade Ireland. The British view was that the Irish Army was not powerful enough to resist an invasion for long enough for reinforcement from the UK, particularly with the IRA as a

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All Allied servicemen were released from internment by October 1944 while all Axis servicemen remained at the Curragh. Until 1942, it was not even a technical offence to aid the escape of an internee. Surface ships were excluded from the deal. An example of this policy is the release into Northern

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Unlike other neutral states, Ireland did not introduce a general prohibition on its citizens opting for foreign enlistment during the war. However, one serious concern of government in this regard was the relatively high number of Irish soldiers deserting and leaving the jurisdiction. Estimates of

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The British also had a plan to occupy the entire island as a response to any attempted German invasion. They had always sought to privately reassure de Valera that any invasion by their troops would be by invitation only. This scheme was titled Plan W and intricate details were worked out with the

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Only since 2000 has the wartime Irish economy been studied, away from the grander issues of diplomacy and warfare. Being still largely dependent on Britain for coal, manufactured goods and fuel oils, supplies of these were reduced after the fall of France in mid-1940, causing price inflation and a

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One reason for this would have been the difficult calculation of how damaging the inevitable split in Ireland would be if such a proposal was accepted. One of the main reasons was that the Irish Government thought that the UK would lose the war and did not want to be on the losing side: during the

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or alliance with Britain, whom he considered the "natural allies" of Nazi Germany. When concerted efforts to build a reliable picture of British military strength did begin around 1939–1940, efforts were first made to infiltrate spies to Britain via Ireland, but these attempts consistently failed

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The fact that we cannot use the South and West coasts of Ireland to refuel our flotillas and aircraft and thus protect the trade by which Ireland as well as Great Britain lives, is a most heavy and grievous burden and one which should never have been placed on our shoulders, broad though they may

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For the Irish government, neutrality meant not displaying alignment with either side. On one hand, that meant the open announcement of military activity such as the sighting of submarines or the arrival of parachutists and the suppression of any foreign intelligence activity. Ireland's geographic

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The sale of arms was a major issue. The declaration of war legally impeded the US from selling any arms to belligerents under the laws in force at the time; this led to Ireland being briefly considered as a possible conduit for arms sales to circumvent the law. However, in November 1939 Congress

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Mr. Churchill is proud of Britain's stand alone, after France had fallen and before America entered the war. Could he not find in his heart the generosity to acknowledge that there is a small nation that stood alone not for one year or two, but for several hundred years against aggression; that

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as early as 1943. Other sources report that De Valera was so aware in 1942 and the government sought to secure the release of Jews from then. After the war had ended, Jewish groups had difficulty in getting refugee status for Jewish children – whilst at the same time, a plan to bring over four

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via Northern Ireland. Also, Allied mechanics were allowed to retrieve crash-landed Allied aircraft. There was extensive co-operation between British and Irish intelligence and the exchange of information such as detailed weather reports of the Atlantic Ocean; the decision to go ahead with the

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and several others were arrested in south Dublin at a location where an illegal radio transmitter was operating. McNeela and three other IRA men were imprisoned in Mountjoy Jail, tried (and found guilty) by a military tribunal for "conspiracy to usurp a function of Government" by operating a

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By June 1940, the British representative in Ireland, Maffey, was urging that "the strategic unity of our island group" should take precedence over Ulster Unionism, and Churchill was making clear that there should be no military action taken against Ireland. The British Minister for Health,

701:, the British press attaché in Dublin, reported "No coal. No petrol. No gas. No electric. No paraffin. Guinness good." In March 1942 the government banned the export of beers, and decided that more wheat should be grown, and less barley. The prospect of a shortage of beer led on to 432:

pro-Irish Republican pirate radio station, with McNeela being sentenced to two years imprisonment. With no concessions from the Irish Free State government, McNeela died on 19 April 1940 after 55 days on hunger strike in the Military Wing of St Bricin's Military Hospital, Dublin.

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batteries to defend Belfast. Over 200 tons of explosives, 80 landmines attached to parachutes and 800 firebomb canisters were dropped. Over 1,000 died and 56,000 houses (more than half of the city's housing stock) were damaged leaving 100,000 temporarily homeless. At 4.30

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According to some sources, it appears that there was official indifference from the political establishment to the Jewish victims of the Holocaust during and after the war. This was despite De Valera having knowledge of the crimes committed against Jewish victims of the

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endured spoliations, famine, massacres, in endless succession; that was clubbed many times into insensibility, but each time on returning to consciousness took up the fight anew; a small nation that could never be got to accept defeat and has never surrendered her soul?

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the following day. This gave sweeping powers to the government, including internment, censorship of the press and correspondence, and control of the economy. The Emergency Powers Act lapsed on 2 September 1946, although the Emergency was not formally ended until 1976.

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The great majority of Ireland's trade was with the United Kingdom, and most of its supplies came from there. This created great difficulties for the Irish government as Germany tried to blockade the UK. Additionally the UK required Irish ships to operate under their

725:. The United States was neutral, and Roosevelt's actions were circumscribed by neutrality legislation; however, Roosevelt was a vehement anti-Nazi, an unequivocal supporter of the UK in the war, and personally close to Churchill. The US minister to Ireland was 272:. Liberal use was made of all of these powers. Internment of those who had committed a crime or were about to commit one would be used extensively against the IRA. Censorship was under the charge of the Minister for the Co-ordination of Defensive Measures, 1564:

The British paid for the food and clothing allowance of the orphans, but the Irish paid for their lodgings, attempts were also made to have the British pay for their hospital treatment, but it was dropped when the request was "unfavourably received" in

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During this time two IRA men died as the result of hunger strikes – demanding free association and to have two prisoners (IRA Volunteers Nicky Doherty of County Meath and John Dwyer) moved from the criminal wing to the Republican area within the prison

961:, which the British had initially attributed to the Germans, but later admitted responsibility for and offered to pay compensation when fragments of British ammunition were discovered embedded in the ship. The ship had been attacked by aircraft of the 1300:

However, De Valera over-ruled the Department of Justice and the 150 refugee Jewish children were brought to Ireland in 1948. Earlier, in 1946, 100 Jewish children from Poland were brought to Clonyn Castle in County Meath by a London Jewish charity.

1111:, who visited Britain in late 1940, wrote that year that "Many informed people in Great Britain suspect that the submarines are using bases in Ireland. There are many stories of submarine crews being seen in the cafés in Dublin out of uniform." 1430:

An amnesty was enacted in the Defence Forces (Second World War Amnesty and Immunity) Act 2013, which admitted that the penalties were 'now considered to have been unduly harsh' and offered an apology to those affected. The Minister of Defence,

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troops began to be stationed in Northern Ireland in 1942, Plan Green was reprinted because there was a fear amongst the German High Command (and the Irish Government) that the US Army might attempt an invasion of Ireland, following its

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In pursuit of its policy of neutrality, the Irish Government refused to close the German and Japanese embassies. In 1939, the German Government had very little intelligence on Ireland and Britain. This is because Hitler had hoped for a

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were on their way to cross the Irish border to assist their Belfast colleagues. De Valera followed up with his "they are our people" speech. Although there was a later raid on 4 May, it was confined to the docks and shipyards.

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Ireland of six officers, including four generals, who had crash-landed in Galway en route from Africa on 15 January 1943. Hempel reported in November 1943 that only eleven out of the forty allied internees remained interned.

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on 19 May 1943. De Valera said that "it was a wanton and inexcusable act. There was no possibility of a mistake, the conditions of visibility were good and the neutral markings on our ships were clear. There was no warning

1249:, Ireland's president, also sent condolences, an action which enraged the United States minister as no similar action had taken place on the deaths of President Franklin D. Roosevelt or the former British Prime Minister 256:(the lower house of parliament) that neutrality was the best policy for the country. In this he was almost universally supported by the Dáil and the country at large (although many joined the British military). The 1937 392:

by the IRA (though it was mostly recovered in the following weeks) and there were a number of killings, mostly of policemen. In addition, the existing emergency legislation was undermined by the obtaining of a writ of

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The activities of German agents in Ireland throughout the war years and their attempts to contact and court both IRA and disaffected Irish Army personnel. Many of these agents, if not all, were captured/exposed.

2188: 443:) were executed for the murder of two policemen in September 1940. The IRA became increasingly ineffective in the face of the resolute use of internment, the breaking of hunger strikes, and the application of 1295:

It has always been the policy of the Minister for Justice to restrict the admission of Jewish aliens, for the reason that any substantial increase in our Jewish population might give rise to an anti-Semitic

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German pilots, aircrew and naval personnel who were discovered in Ireland were always interned and remained so for the duration of the conflict. One German prisoner was shot while attempting to escape from

633:' system. In September 1940, a joint agreement on trade, shipping and exports fell through—"the main sticking point between the two sides was the prices on offer from Britain" owing to the refusal to allow 1783:

The Principal Act shall, unless previously terminated under subsection (2) of this section, continue in force until the 2nd day of September, 1946, and shall then expire unless the Oireachtas otherwise

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Due in large part to earlier ministerial neglect and prevarication, local active and passive defences were hopelessly inadequate, and the public physically and psychologically unprepared for the blitz.

1245:. This action has been defended as proper given the state's neutrality. Sir John Maffey, the British Representative, commented that de Valera's actions were "unwise but mathematically consistent". 1384:

stated that he proposed introducing legislation which would deprive deserters of any right "for a long time to come" to employment paid for from public funds. The legislation in question was the

532:" as this he said would be in conflict with the "constitutional theory of the indivisibility of the crown". A prevalent view in the UK was that Ireland was obliged to support the UK in the war. 1812: 3042: 1324:

De Valera's reluctance to recognise a difference between World War II and previous European wars was illustrated by his reply to a radio broadcast by the British Prime Minister, Churchill on

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Several Allied aircrew who crashed or landed in Ireland were interned though many were returned to Britain or Northern Ireland, especially after 1942. The final release was made in June 1944.

598:. Walshe's memoranda affected de Valera, with him telling MacDonald that Great Britain "could not destroy this colossal machine". Nevertheless, from May 1940, Walshe and Col Liam Archer of 4024: 744:

The strong support of the UK by the Roosevelt administration led the Irish government to try to bolster anti-Roosevelt isolationist opinion in the November 1940 presidential election and a

649:. In the autumn of 1940, the threat of German invasion had receded, but relations between the UK and Ireland deteriorated, largely as a result of the increased losses of Allied shipping to 3592: 709:, and coal, and in return Ireland allowed the export of beers. "These supplies were to keep neutral Ireland afloat during World War II and enable the continuance of Irish neutrality". 5639: 4562: 3777: 1412:

To ensure that those personnel who had faithfully served the country in the defence forces had first chance of obtaining jobs with state and local authorities following demobilisation

945: 2573: 594:) predicting the isolation of Great Britain, the dismemberment of its empire, and finally its inevitable crushing by Germany. Walshe also wrote approvingly of the character of the 325:, that Germany would not use its legation for espionage nor attack Irish trade with Great Britain. He then travelled to London on 6 September where he met the Dominions Secretary, 1710: 3587: 3541: 233: 4099: 2945: 427:

D'Arcy died as a result of a 52 day Hunger-strike (16 April 1940) at the age of 32. At the time of his death D'Arcy left a wife and three young children. On 29 December 1939

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The Order only applied to personnel who had been called to active duty during the Emergency or who had enlisted "for the duration" of the Emergency and affected 4,000 men.

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editorial in 1945 noted that, "The campaign against war criminals is strangely confined to those who happen to fight on the wrong side." However it continued to say that

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Keogh, Dermot, "Jews in Twentieth-Century Ireland: Refugees, Anti-Semitism and the Holocaust" pp. 209–210. The plan to bring over Catholic German children was known as

1435:, commented that it 'was a tribute to how far we had come as a society that such a sensitive issue could get practically unanimous support from all sides in the Dáil'. 6534: 5811: 3436: 933:, the Irish Army's Chief of Staff, regularly visited British officers in Belfast and in 1942 twelve Irish officers undertook training with British special forces in 213:, seeing itself as the "true" government of Ireland. This IRA mounted a major sabotage/bombing campaign exclusively in England from January 1939 to March 1940 – the 5501: 1634:

was "all propaganda" and had been faked by the British using starving Indians. Also in Kilkenny the first prize in a fancy dress ball went to "the Beast of Belsen".

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During 1941, the IRA's hopes of a German invasion had faded and funding from the United States had been cut off. The IRA leadership were mostly interned within the

5851: 693:. It was said that "the poor are like hunted rats looking for bread", as wheat supplies fell, and that the introduction of full rationing was "seriously belated". 513: 379: 4109: 3915: 3885: 3868: 653:

attack. To try to prevent some of these losses, the UK wanted sea and air bases in western Ireland. On 5 November, in the House of Commons, Churchill complained:

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meant that the activities of the German Legation in Dublin were supervised closely and attempts to infiltrate spies into the country were quickly discovered.

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discussed the defence of Ireland in the event of a German invasion with counterparts in Northern Ireland and a general strategic plan for UK military action "

6509: 6190: 5673: 3708: 4176: 5953: 4840: 4264: 3925: 1478:– an accidental explosion which occurred during the Emergency and remains the greatest loss of life in a single incident involving the Irish Defence Forces 680:

by Germany and an agreement to allow Irish immigration to Britain to work in the war industries, resulting in up to 200,000 Irish people doing so by 1945.

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To allow deserters to be dealt with in a cost-effective and expeditious way, rather than go the immense expense of court-martialling each man individually

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The Irish government chose to interpret this sentence as a threat of invasion. Some sort of armed occupation was a real possibility (the UK had occupied

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carried out a bombing raid on Belfast on 7 April 1941; eight people died. On 15 April 1941, 180 Luftwaffe bombers attacked Belfast. There was only one

5938: 4608: 4542: 4486: 1796: 6529: 5506: 4142: 4039: 3034: 1207: 804: 3255: 1528:, the main opposition party, because of their support for neutrality. (He rejoined Fine Gael in 1953 and served as their leader from 1959 to 1965.) 6549: 5943: 5678: 4702: 4491: 3894: 583: 447:

for capital offences. A total of seven IRA men were executed in Ireland between September 1940 and December 1944: Patrick McGrath, Thomas Harte,

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between 4,000 and 7,000 members of the Irish armed forces deserted to join the armed forces of belligerent nations, the majority serving in the

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De Valera's response to Churchill's insulting broadcast at the end of the war was masterful and did much to secure his 'father figure' status.

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strength and troop movements to Berlin throughout the war, and he is also thought to have relayed weather reports to the German battleships

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De Valera protested vociferously to the American Government about its "invasion of Ireland" when U.S. troops had landed in Northern Ireland.

6554: 5556: 4939: 4825: 4659: 3572: 3429: 525: 316: 103: 630: 3109: 2563: 926:(RUC) in Belfast. Joint plans of action were then drawn up between the British and Irish intelligence services and military under Plan W. 6318: 6055: 4894: 4807: 4764: 3718: 3395: 2893:

Commentary on Taoiseach Éamon de Valera's visit to the German Legation, 2 May 1945 from the National Archives of Ireland available here

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Canny, Liam (1998). "Pariah Dogs: Deserters from the Irish Defence Forces Who Joined the British Armed Forces during 'The Emergency'".

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in Mountjoy Jail, Dublin. Maurice O'Neill and Richard Goss were the only people executed by the Irish state for a non-murder crime.

210: 178:, which had distanced the state further from the United Kingdom, and which changed its name to "Ireland". He had also conducted the 5801: 4281: 4221: 252:

by the Soviet Union from the east), precipitating war with the UK and France, and their allies. On 2 September, de Valera told the

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in Northern Ireland, but they were not a threat to the stability of Ireland. The IRA fostered links with German intelligence (the

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There were a number of IRA attacks between 1935 and 1945, including ten murders, mostly between January 1939 and March 1940 (see

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in the new British war cabinet, said "we do not want formally to recognise Eire as neutral while Eire remains a member of the

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was arrested and sentenced to three months for refusing to account for his movements and for not giving his name and address.

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hundred Catholic children from the Rhineland encountered no difficulties. The Department of Justice explained in 1948 that:

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in 1939. These attacks consisted of approximately 300 explosions/acts of sabotage and resulted in 10 deaths and 96 injuries.

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to officers. However, despite the arguments put forward by O'Higgins and Mulcahy, the Dáil voted in favour of the order.

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with navigation signals. Churchill later conceded that the raids might have been the result of a British invention which

362:

to the rebels of 1916) to some extent. These attitudes were shared by Aiken and by Walshe. Many, including de Valera and

6308: 6103: 6015: 5586: 4904: 4830: 4680: 4613: 4537: 4368: 4135: 4089: 3970: 3960: 3950: 3838: 3686: 3660: 3650: 3536: 330: 2218: 1672: 6372: 6127: 5841: 4924: 4297: 3980: 3940: 3935: 3665: 3597: 1661:"Ireland's Neutrality Policy in World War II: The Impact of Belligerent Pressures on the Implementation of Neutrality" 1186: 1136: 748:

radio broadcast by de Valera to the US supporting isolationism. An attempt to influence Roosevelt's special emissary,

599: 579: 300: 296: 329:, who was conciliatory and defended Irish neutrality in subsequent Cabinet meetings. In addition, the appointment of 2659:

See Duggan p.180 Duggan, John P. Herr Hempel at the German Legation in Dublin 1937–1945 (Irish Academic Press) 2003

6514: 6465: 5629: 5268: 4934: 4628: 4056: 4014: 4002: 3975: 3930: 3863: 3607: 3582: 3509: 3494: 3489: 1825: 1056: 999: 288: 6288: 6253: 6157: 1241:, de Valera paid a controversial visit to Hempel to express sympathy with the German people over the death of the 403:

which resulted in the release of all those who had been interned. The government responded with the 1939 and 1940

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Evans, Bryce. ‘Ireland during the Second World War:Farewell to Plato's Cave (Manchester University Press, 2014).

5581: 4711: 4325: 4007: 3920: 3792: 3767: 3696: 3567: 3387: 907:

that they had made the offer to the Dublin government, and de Valera's rejection was not publicised until 1970.

842:

On 2 January 1941, there had been several minor German bombings of Irish territory. There were three deaths in

504:

and Foreign Ministry incompetence and IRA weakness. Germans also came to Ireland, the most notable of whom was

307:

of the Dáil. This was to allow the old Dáil to continue in the event that the election could not be completed.

268:. The government was able to take control of the economic life of the country under the new Minister of Supply 6268: 930: 1328:. Churchill praised Britain's restraint in not occupying Ireland to secure the Western Approaches during the 637:

and repair facilities following German pressure, including the threat to blockade Ireland and the bombing of

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In most cases, each Irish ship had "Éire" painted in large lettering on the side and decking, and flew the

1388:

which was passed on 8 August 1945. This punished those who had deserted during the Emergency in four ways:

1312:

and her Paris-born, Belgian-fathered son Leon were the only known Irish victims of the Holocaust, dying in

1193:

and any invasion was to act as a diversionary attack in support of a main attack to conquer Britain titled

6377: 5669: 5546: 5172: 4692: 4547: 4436: 4387: 3691: 3645: 3562: 3514: 1961:

Girvin, p.125. Walshe seemed to be quite comfortable with the largely Catholic government in Vichy France.

1552: 1475: 1465: 1423: 1398:

They lost any entitlement to unemployment benefits normally available to former members of the Irish Army.

1329: 977: 969: 524:

There was a reluctance on the part of the British to accept the policy of Irish neutrality. Anthony Eden,

464: 408: 194: 3797: 547:

in June 1940 brought the war close to Ireland, as German troops occupied the French coastline across the

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De Valera replied to Churchill in another radio broadcast, which was popular when broadcast in Ireland:

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A memorial erected in Dublin in 1991 to members of the Irish mercantile marine lost during the Emergency

284: 179: 156: 6401: 6111: 3405:

Largely anecdotal account related to the British position on Irish neutrality and contacts with U-Boats

1524:, who argued that the State should side with the Allies. He eventually resigned his Dáil seat and from 60: 865:

was the target of a Luftwaffe air raid. Thirty-eight were killed and seventy houses were destroyed on

498:

travelling to Germany to talk, though these attempts were largely ineffectual due to a combination of

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felt in the UK. Relations between the two countries only really eased in the middle of 1941 with the

568: 529: 321:

On the declaration of the emergency, Walshe asked for assurances from the German minister in Dublin,

1401:

For a period of seven years they could not qualify for any employment remunerated from public funds.

1166:

Repeated attempts to offer captured British weaponry to de Valera if he would side with the Germans.

6437: 6313: 6243: 5753: 5576: 5478: 5403: 5374: 5262: 5107: 4797: 4787: 4697: 4373: 4230: 4211: 4165: 1145: 938: 875: 292: 190: 95: 1891: 478:, where they were treated increasingly harshly, or on the run. Most internees accepted release on 5807: 5603: 5536: 5531: 5458: 5441: 5359: 5046: 4974: 4603: 4471: 4421: 4358: 4333: 4329: 4247: 4191: 3277: 2992: 2363: 1762: 1732: 1250: 1198: 1194: 879: 866: 862: 638: 540: 384:

In the early months of the emergency, the greatest threat to the State came from the IRA. In the

128: 91: 6278: 4867: 3414: 2798: 2515: 2476: 937:, County Armagh. Cooperation did not end there and also included the British signalling through 807:, Northern Ireland's Minister of Commerce, asked de Valera for assistance. Within two hours, 13 253: 167: 107: 620: 6354: 6333: 6228: 5634: 5564: 5284: 5146: 5140: 5011: 4917: 4877: 4782: 4643: 3519: 3370: 3356: 3342: 3328: 3314: 3232:

RTÉ News, May 2013: 'Apology and amnesty for World War II soldiers who were branded deserters'

3099: 3093: 3069: 3038: 2777: 2709: 2684: 2660: 2640: 2568: 2472: 2467:"Anglo-Irish Relations, 1939–41: A Study in Multilateral Diplomacy and Military Restraint" in 2422: 2393: 2055: 2001: 1976: 1845: 1182: 1028: 780: 730: 575: 533: 265: 3392: 6023: 6007: 5913: 5887: 5831: 5797: 5493: 5473: 5294: 5249: 4623: 4304: 4286: 4173: 3474: 3223: 2924:"President sent sympathy on Hitler's death | Special reports | Guardian Unlimited" 1998:

Architects of the Resurrection: Ailtirí na hAiséirghe and the fascist 'New Order' in Ireland

1211: 1115: 987: 915: 824: 544: 505: 400: 225: 144: 140: 99: 2894: 1141:

in February 1942. The British military had been intercepting and logging his transmissions.

6213: 6177: 6149: 5817: 5593: 5521: 5516: 5354: 5346: 5224: 5151: 4792: 4476: 4451: 3752: 3399: 3229: 3020: 3004:

Department of Justice Memorandum 'Admission of One Hundred Jewish children' 28 April 1948.

2900: 2629: 2418: 2389: 2310: 2222: 2195: 1892:"Committee on Finance. — General Elections (Emergency Provisions) Bill, 1943—Second Stage" 1585: 1309: 1273: 1098: 1013: 1009: 792: 749: 668: 363: 152: 132: 6031: 3186: 3149: 143:. On 7 December 1922, the parliament of the six north-eastern counties, already known as 2216:

Memorandum, Walshe to de Valera from Joseph P. Walshe to Joseph P. Walshe – 21 June 1940

512:", an IRA plan that detailed a German-supported invasion of Northern Ireland. (See also 193:. He resolved the two countries' economic differences, and negotiated the return of the 6479: 6349: 6141: 6087: 6063: 5928: 5746: 5728: 5624: 5463: 5451: 5229: 5041: 4557: 4292: 4276: 4226: 3410:

No.1 Internment camp "K-Lines" in the Curragh housed IRA, British, and German personnel

1156: 808: 646: 495: 468: 420: 385: 359: 269: 186: 163: 148: 83: 2872: 1395:

They lost any rights to pensions they might have earned due to their years of service.

1055:

On the death of Roosevelt, de Valera made arrangements for a commemoration service in

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In Kilkenny in 1945, a letter to a local newspaper declared that newsreel footage of

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to take a short-cut over Irish territory when flying patrols over the Atlantic. The

944:

From December 1940 onwards the Dublin Government agreed to accept over 2000 British

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Elements of Irish public opinion were markedly different in their treatment of the

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The British Labour Party and the Establishment of the Irish Free State, 1918–1924

882:

regulations at the time, so the city was clearly visible, unlike British cities.

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by Tomás Mac Curtain in Dublin in January 1940 and of two policemen in August.

1214:– but it was abandoned when the feared American invasion failed to take place. 1155:

The "North Strand Bombing" on 31 May 1941 and others that took place in Malin,

779:

Meanwhile, Northern Ireland (as part of the United Kingdom) was at war and the

697:

reappeared and the government started planning for famine relief in late 1941.

6442: 6298: 6293: 6119: 5664: 5308: 5187: 5097: 5061: 5051: 4857: 1609: 1371: 1177: 1118:. Approximately 12 spies were deployed, mostly with little success, including 1094: 991: 934: 548: 389: 115: 2097: 952:". These evacuees included over two hundred children orphaned by the bombing. 295:

was the General Elections (Emergency Provisions) Act 1943, which allowed the

248:

On 1 September 1939, German troops invaded Poland from the west (followed on

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The government's reasons for passing the order have been given as follows:

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Deserters forfeited all pay and allowances for the period of their absence.

1242: 590:

negotiations Walshe had produced two memoranda for de Valera (one entitled

1122:, Ernst Weber-Drohl (a former circus strongman) and Henry Obed, an Indian. 5608: 5541: 5206: 5092: 5036: 4441: 816: 136: 2367: 1469:– a television drama series on German wartime spies in Ireland, made by 5526: 5511: 5410: 5197: 5177: 4151: 1385: 1360: 1325: 855: 851: 820: 784: 663: 642: 444: 3325:

In time of War: Ireland, Ulster, and the price of neutrality 1939–1945

5933: 5396: 5389: 5234: 5167: 5026: 3409: 2516:"WW2 People's War — They served neither King nor Führer but humanity" 1548: 1451:

The end of the Emergency was not declared until 1976, at the time of

1281:

Allied atrocities cannot excuse the monstrous barbarism of the Reich.

1160: 1088: 812: 738: 702: 694: 650: 603: 489: 214: 3035:"Looking back ... Jewish museum offers timely window on their world" 1470: 162:

After 1932, the governing party of the new state was the republican

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Article on 'The Challenge Of The Irish Volunteers of World War II'

3023:

Institute for Jewish Policy Research and American Jewish Committee

1035: 619: 536:

said at the time that "Southern Ireland is at war, but skulking".

343: 239: 224: 4120: 1105:. The agents' mission had been to infiltrate Britain via Ireland. 941:

lines when it believed German planes were headed towards Ireland.

27:

State of emergency in the Republic of Ireland during World War II

1828:: All the 1939 emergency legislation lapsed not later than 1946. 543:

in April 1940, Churchill became the British Prime Minister. The

202: 151:. This Treaty settlement was immediately followed by the bitter 5742: 4972: 4762: 4583: 4189: 4124: 3418: 2733:

John D Kearney and Irish Canadian relations during World War II

1210:

in 1941. These fears led to another German intelligence plan –

388:

in 1939, one million rounds of ammunition were stolen from the

260:

to allow the government to take emergency powers, and then the

5134: 1868:. Jefferson, NC US: McFarland & Company Publishers, pg 138 919: 459:

were executed by firing squad, while two others were hanged –

1520:

There was only one vote against neutrality in the Dáil, from

1038:

landings being decided on, in part, by a weather report from

3187:"Emergency Powers (362) Order, 1945 —Motion to Annual [ 2354:

Barton, Brian (1997). "The Belfast Blitz: April–May 1941".

1551:). Notably, these included the murder of Detective Officer 878:

so as to throw their planes off course. Dublin had limited

2946:

List of ambassadors of the United States to Ireland#Envoys

244:

Recruitment Poster for the Volunteer Reserve Forces, 1939.

147:, voted to opt out of the Irish Free State and rejoin the 705:

deals whereby Britain supplied wheat suitable for making

291:

under the Emergency Powers Act; the only other emergency

1763:"Emergency Powers (Continuance and Amendment) Act, 1945" 885:

On 3 October, the German news agency announced that the

787:

were among the strategic targets for German attack. The

4563:

List of World Heritage Sites in the Republic of Ireland

1005:

when it was heading for France in 1941 was one example.

155:

between the pro-Treaty and anti-Treaty factions of the

3311:

Herr Hempel at the German Legation in Dublin 1937–1945

3150:"Ceisteanna—Questions. Oral Answers. – Army Absentees" 2152:"20th century executions in the Irish Republic (Eire)" 1063:, said that he would not attend unless it was held in 918:

had been staying, the Irish promptly passed copies to

6463: 2564:"Plaques mark secret wartime air corridor in Donegal" 2278:

estuary rather than the Treaty Ports. Girvin, p. 175.

1973:

A New History of Ireland Volume VII: Ireland, 1921-84

972:

to within 7 miles (11 km) of the Irish coast at

264:

was passed that included censorship of the press and

4293:

United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland

2944:"Minister" was the title of the US ambassador. See: 1621:

Hitler was a big fan of the British and their Empire

360:

failed in an attempt to supply a small cache of arms

234:

Minister for the Co-ordination of Defensive Measures

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St. Patrick's (Church of Ireland) Cathedral, Dublin

3095:The Irish Experience Since 1800: A Concise History 2225:, at the Documents on Irish Foreign Policy website 1316:having been transported there from Paris in 1942. 333:as a British representative in Dublin was agreed. 4656:List of national parks of the Republic of Ireland 3783:Sarawak, Brunei, Labuan, and British North Borneo 3339:The Lost Years – The Emergency in Ireland 1939–45 3092:Hachey, Thomas E.; McCaffrey, Lawrence J (2010). 1866:The IRA Bombing Campaign Against Britain, 1939–40 1197:. Both of these plans were shelved by 1942. When 346:landings was influenced by a weather report from 303:general elections to be held without a preceding 110:on 2 September 1939, allowing the passage of the 2098:"Volunteer Tony D'arcy's death on Hunger Strike" 1144:The U-boat torpedo attack which sank the vessel 606:" across the border "if invited" was developed. 5502:Association football in the Republic of Ireland 2922:Associated Press in Dublin (31 December 2005). 2735:Heather J Hawley, University of Western Ontario 2708:. Dingle: Brandon Press. pp. 83, 180–181. 2000:. Manchester University Press. pp. 54–55. 1343: 1334: 655: 3367:Emergency Law in Independent Ireland 1922–1948 3181: 3179: 2308:Evans, B. "A pint of plain is your only man". 983:London was informed when U-boats were sighted. 955:Attacks on Irish vessels, such as that on the 729:, a personal friend of Roosevelt and his wife 717:At the beginning of the Second World War, the 185:De Valera had good relations with the British 5754: 4136: 3446:History of World War II by region and country 3430: 2727: 2725: 2639:. London: Book Club Associates. p. 137. 2600:"Irish Neutrality: Sacred Cow or Pious Wish?" 922:in London, who in turn forwarded them to the 411:, and rearrested and interned IRA activists. 135:, the island of Ireland became an autonomous 8: 2803:. New York: Simon and Schuster. p. 193. 2054:, Collins Press, Cork, Ireland 2011, pg 94, 1230:(LSF), executions, and aggressive action by 1086: 910:When, in 1941, the Irish police discovered " 499: 487: 4265:United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland 3098:(3rd ed.). M. E. Sharpe. p. 182. 1320:The Emergency after the end of World War II 965:, after being mistaken for a French vessel. 667:British stopped informing Ireland of their 616:Irish Mercantile Marine during World War II 5761: 5747: 5739: 5688:Public holidays in the Republic of Ireland 4991: 4982: 4969: 4772: 4759: 4593: 4580: 4199: 4186: 4143: 4129: 4121: 3437: 3423: 3415: 3244:"The Forgotten Volunteers of World War II" 2956:Fisk, Robert "In Time of War" pp. 430–431 1588:. Irish ships sunk by U-boat included the 514:Irish Republican Army–Abwehr collaboration 380:Irish Republican Army–Abwehr collaboration 861:On the night of 30/31 May 1941, Dublin's 494:) and Foreign Ministry, with men such as 5507:Association football in Northern Ireland 3242:Girvin, Brian; Geoffrey Roberts (1998). 3129: 3127: 2593: 2591: 1975:. Oxford University Press. p. 151. 1608:was sunk by German planes south-west of 946:women and children evacuated from London 876:distorted Luftwaffe radio guidance beams 520:Ireland and the United Kingdom 1939–1941 6535:Ireland and the Commonwealth of Nations 6470: 4703:Demographics of the Republic of Ireland 1709:: No.1 p.8 cc.19–20. 2 September 1939. 1651: 1513: 584:Secretary of State for Dominion Affairs 174:). In 1937, de Valera introduced a new 3353:The Emergency: Neutral Ireland 1939–45 3278:"National Emergency: Motion (Resumed)" 1815:from the original on 20 September 2017 1797:"National Emergency: Motion (Resumed)" 990:allowed British flying boats based on 3164:from the original on 21 November 2011 2443:de Valera ‘long fellow, short shadow’ 1773:from the original on 16 December 2013 1675:from the original on 15 December 2019 963:No. 307 Polish Night Fighter Squadron 713:Ireland and the neutral United States 508:, who was captured in possession of " 283:Most emergency measures were made by 7: 3205:from the original on 28 October 2014 3045:from the original on 8 December 2015 3033:Anderson, Nicola (26 January 2011). 2576:from the original on 7 February 2009 1713:from the original on 12 January 2018 1114:The chief Abwehr spy in Ireland was 1012:shot down dozens of escaped British 914:" in a residence where German agent 317:Irish neutrality during World War II 6510:Independent Ireland in World War II 3254:(1). History Publications Ltd: 51. 2610:from the original on 21 August 2008 1743:from the original on 4 January 2015 6324:Patrick McGrath (Irish republican) 4732:Tourism in the Republic of Ireland 4507:Economy of the Republic of Ireland 4305:Irish Free State (1922–1937) 3258:from the original on 15 March 2011 2261:Duggan pp. 112, 132; Girvin p. 161 1482:History of the Republic of Ireland 1355:Punishment of Irish Army deserters 1220:Prime Minister of Northern Ireland 1057:St Mary's (Catholic) Pro-Cathedral 1034:The decision to go ahead with the 976:, and the use of Irish waters for 170:(a veteran of both Irish wars and 127:On 6 December 1922, following the 25: 6448:Provisional Irish Republican Army 5789:Irish Republican Army (1919–1922) 5770:Irish Republican Army (1922–1969) 4517:Post-2008 Irish economic downturn 2526:from the original on 20 July 2012 2469:Twentieth Century British History 1695:"Existence of National Emergency" 1206:(after the British invasion) and 889:would pay compensation, but only 838:Bombing of Dublin in World War II 376:Irish Republican Army (1922–1969) 6540:Ireland–United Kingdom relations 6485: 6473: 6411:Communist Party of Great Britain 5722: 4686:Tallest buildings and structures 2800:Report on England, November 1940 2683:. London: Paladin. p. 327. 2096:Callinan, Luke (21 April 2020). 1896:Dáil Éireann (10th Dáil) debates 1769:. 29 July 1945. pp. §4(1). 1386:Emergency Powers (No. 362) order 1232:Irish Military Intelligence (G2) 59: 54:"The Emergency Period" 43: 6530:1939 in the Republic of Ireland 3112:from the original on 6 May 2016 893:paid this after the war, using 405:Offences Against the State Acts 6550:Neutral states in World War II 6453:Official Irish Republican Army 5924:Anti-Treaty Guerrilla Campaign 4522:Post-2008 Irish banking crisis 3393:Article on the 'Belfast Blitz' 3341:(Little, Brown & Co) 1997 2132:"The Forgotten Hunger Strikes" 2072:"The Forgotten Hunger Strikes" 1305:Irish victims of the Holocaust 1263:History of the Jews in Ireland 578:, who had negotiated the 1938 1: 5852:Collaboration with the Abwehr 1840:Gibbons, I. (16 April 2015). 1811:: 119–256. 1 September 1976. 1093:agents were arrested outside 1019:A British armed trawler, the 754:British Purchasing Commission 88:Ré na Práinne / An Éigeandáil 6525:History of Ireland by period 6394:Cumann Poblachta na hÉireann 5872:Officials-Provisionals split 5587:Northern Ireland flags issue 4538:List of conflicts in Ireland 4282:Southern Ireland (1921–1922) 3327:(Gill & Macmillan) 1983 3313:(Irish Academic Press) 2003 3068:. Dublin: RIA. p. 258. 2840:See Duggan p.112 & p.132 2634:Pursuit: The Sinking of the 1890:Oireachtas (14 April 1943). 1733:"Emergency Powers Act, 1939" 221:Declaration of the Emergency 94:in the independent state of 6555:Military-related euphemisms 6373:National Graves Association 5842:Irish republican legitimism 4558:Gaelic clothing and fashion 3064:Ferriter, Diarmaid (2007). 2598:McGowan, Joe (March 2005). 2314:, vol. 22 no. 5, pp. 36–38. 1085:In July 1940, three German 600:Irish Military Intelligence 592:Britain's Inevitable Defeat 358:admired Germany (which had 123:Background of the Emergency 6571: 3201:(4): 27. 18 October 1945. 2456:“Ireland in the War Years” 1358: 1260: 1257:Attitudes to the Holocaust 835: 772: 613: 566: 373: 314: 104:the state remained neutral 5718: 4981: 4968: 4771: 4758: 4592: 4579: 4198: 4185: 4161: 2797:Ingersoll, Ralph (1940). 2471:(Oxford Journals, 2005), 1844:. Springer. p. 107. 1492:Ulster Defence Volunteers 1415:To deter future desertion 924:Royal Ulster Constabulary 901:The Allies and neutrality 541:German invasion of Norway 370:The IRA and the Emergency 262:Emergency Powers Act 1939 112:Emergency Powers Act 1939 3398:9 September 2005 at the 3019:21 November 2007 at the 3014:Anti-semitism in Ireland 2774:Remembering the war dead 2270:In the end, probably at 2221:22 February 2015 at the 1864:McKenna, Joseph (2016), 1008:Throughout the war, the 978:British shipping traffic 407:, which established the 280:, was very influential. 258:constitution was amended 6363:(1922–26 & 1938–69) 5679:Prostitution (Republic) 3284:. Government of Ireland 2858:See Duggan pp. 131–136. 2772:d'Arcy, Fergus (2007). 2704:Dwyer, T. Ryle (1994). 2156:capitalpunishmentuk.org 1665:UCLA Historical Journal 1237:On the occasion of the 1072:The Axis and neutrality 1000:German battleship 850:and other incidents in 719:United States President 419:). On 17 February 1940 182:between 1932 and 1938. 106:. It was proclaimed by 52:Ré na Práinne 36:Emergency Service Medal 6378:Comhairle na Poblachta 5837:Comhairle na dTeachtaí 5812:in relation to the IRA 4548:List of Irish kingdoms 3160:(6): 13. 17 May 1945. 2413:Wills, Claire (2007). 2384:Wills, Claire (2007). 2189:Churchill Centre Paper 2140:accessed 26 March 2022 1996:Douglas, R.M. (2009). 1659:Spelman, Greg (2004). 1476:Glen of Imaal disaster 1466:Caught in a Free State 1370:, Royal Air Force and 1352: 1339: 1330:Battle of the Atlantic 1298: 1283: 1171:Relations with Germany 1087: 1027:, from June 1941, for 660: 625: 500: 488: 484:remained barely active 409:Special Criminal Court 245: 237: 87: 5655:Mass media (Republic) 5599:National coat of arms 4487:IRA Northern Campaign 2776:. Stationery Office. 1809:Government of Ireland 1767:Government of Ireland 1737:Government of Ireland 1707:Government of Ireland 1487:Minister for Supplies 1440:Taoiseach John Bruton 1293: 1279: 1239:death of Adolf Hitler 1204:occupation of Iceland 623: 285:secondary legislation 243: 228: 180:Anglo-Irish trade war 157:Irish Republican Army 68:Fórsa Cosanta Áitiúil 6545:Jewish Irish history 6417:Wolfe Tone Societies 6407:Connolly Association 5919:Battle of Kilmallock 5898:IRA Southern Command 5893:IRA Northern Command 5577:County coats of arms 5469:List of Irish people 4543:List of Irish tribes 4393:Cromwellian conquest 4379:Plantation of Ulster 4310:Ireland (since 1922) 3365:Ó Longaigh, Seosamh 3228:8 April 2015 at the 2899:22 June 2007 at the 2487:See Fisk pp. 175–176 2392:. pp. 208–210. 2206:Girvin, pp. 108–109. 1739:. 3 September 1939. 1447:End of the Emergency 1379:Minister for Defence 1228:Local Security Force 854:, Dublin and at the 582:with Ireland whilst 569:Partition of Ireland 530:British Commonwealth 6438:Republican Congress 5867:Haughey arms crisis 5692:in Northern Ireland 5683:in Northern Ireland 5424:Legendary creatures 5337:Traditional singing 5173:Saint Patrick's Day 4808:Republic of Ireland 4737:Tourist attractions 4722:ROI–UK border 4707:of Northern Ireland 4660:in Northern Ireland 4492:IRA Border Campaign 4467:War of Independence 4437:Second Great Famine 4422:Act of Union (1800) 4374:Flight of the Earls 4231:Lordship of Ireland 4166:Republic of Ireland 3895:Carpathian Ruthenia 3369:(Four Courts) 2006 3195:Dáil Éireann Debate 3154:Dáil Éireann Debate 2869:"Operation Sealion" 2706:Guests of the State 2415:That Neutral Island 2386:That Neutral Island 2234:Girvin, pp. 124–125 2194:3 July 2010 at the 1971:Hill, J.R. (1976). 1424:Thomas F. O'Higgins 1422:On 18 October 1945 1159:on 5 May 1941, and 1097:after landing near 1023:, was stationed at 970:St George's Channel 795:squadron and seven 563:Unification refused 526:Dominions Secretary 293:primary legislation 266:mail correspondence 191:Neville Chamberlain 133:War of Independence 102:, throughout which 18:Emergency (Ireland) 6402:Córas na Poblachta 6269:Tomás Ó Dubhghaill 6171:Ruairí Ó Brádaigh 5808:Anglo-Irish Treaty 5729:Ireland portal 5047:Skirts and kidneys 4553:List of High Kings 4472:Anglo-Irish Treaty 4412:First Great Famine 4397:Settlement of 1652 4369:Tyrone's Rebellion 4359:Desmond Rebellions 4248:Kingdom of Ireland 3485:French West Africa 3465:British Somaliland 2993:Operation Shamrock 2926:. London: Guardian 2831:See Duggan p. 185. 2822:See Duggan p. 185. 2454:Joseph T. Carroll 1443:live in Ireland." 1251:David Lloyd George 1195:Operation Sea Lion 1059:. The Ambassador, 998:which located the 968:The mining of the 764:Significant events 723:Franklin Roosevelt 626: 610:Ports and shipping 246: 238: 129:Anglo-Irish Treaty 92:state of emergency 6515:1939 in Irish law 6461: 6460: 6422:Clann na hÉireann 6398: 6390: 6382: 6364: 6289:Seán Mac Stíofáin 6254:Máirtín Ó Cadhain 6182: 6174: 6168: 6162: 6158:Ruairí Ó Brádaigh 6154: 6146: 6138: 6132: 6124: 6116: 6112:Willie McGuinness 6108: 6100: 6092: 6084: 6076: 6068: 6060: 6052: 6044: 6036: 6028: 6020: 6012: 6004: 5996: 5988: 5980: 5974: 5966: 5939:Northern Campaign 5934:Sabotage Campaign 5794:British Partition 5736: 5735: 5714: 5713: 5710: 5709: 5121: 5120: 5012:Bacon and cabbage 4964: 4963: 4960: 4959: 4831:Foreign relations 4754: 4753: 4750: 4749: 4681:Notable buildings 4575: 4574: 4571: 4570: 4118: 4117: 3709:Dutch East Indies 3547:Southern Rhodesia 3480:French Somaliland 3355:(Macmillan) 2006 3105:978-0-7656-2511-3 3039:Irish Independent 2849:See Duggan p.135. 2783:978-0-7557-7589-7 2572:. 19 April 2007. 2569:Irish Independent 2428:978-0-571-22105-9 2399:978-0-571-22105-9 2136:hungerstrikes.org 2076:hungerstrikes.org 2052:Pawns in the Game 1187:Operation Seagull 1183:Operation Lobster 887:German government 867:Summerhill Parade 803: 781:Harland and Wolff 596:Pétain government 576:Malcolm MacDonald 534:Winston Churchill 465:Crumlin Road Gaol 311:Neutrality policy 16:(Redirected from 6562: 6520:1940s in Ireland 6490: 6489: 6488: 6478: 6477: 6476: 6469: 6396: 6388: 6380: 6362: 6319:Éamonn O'Doherty 6314:Peadar O'Donnell 6244:Seamus O'Donovan 6209:Erskine Childers 6180: 6172: 6166: 6160: 6152: 6144: 6136: 6130: 6122: 6114: 6106: 6098: 6090: 6082: 6074: 6066: 6058: 6050: 6042: 6034: 6026: 6024:Mick Fitzpatrick 6018: 6010: 6002: 5994: 5986: 5978: 5972: 5964: 5914:Battle of Dublin 5888:IRA Army Council 5832:Munster Republic 5802:Southern Ireland 5798:Northern Ireland 5763: 5756: 5749: 5740: 5727: 5726: 5725: 5404:Tuatha Dé Danann 4992: 4983: 4970: 4905:Northern Ireland 4883: 4873: 4863: 4773: 4760: 4594: 4581: 4457:Home Rule crisis 4287:Northern Ireland 4200: 4187: 4174:Northern Ireland 4145: 4138: 4131: 4122: 3869:Military history 3623:Native Americans 3439: 3432: 3425: 3416: 3309:Duggan, John P. 3294: 3293: 3291: 3289: 3274: 3268: 3267: 3265: 3263: 3239: 3233: 3221: 3215: 3214: 3212: 3210: 3183: 3174: 3173: 3171: 3169: 3146: 3140: 3139: 3136:Studia Hibernica 3131: 3122: 3121: 3119: 3117: 3089: 3083: 3082: 3061: 3055: 3054: 3052: 3050: 3030: 3024: 3011: 3005: 3002: 2996: 2989: 2983: 2980: 2974: 2973:(3), p.50 (2006) 2963: 2957: 2954: 2948: 2942: 2936: 2935: 2933: 2931: 2919: 2913: 2910: 2904: 2891: 2885: 2884: 2882: 2880: 2875:on 27 April 2006 2871:. 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1944: 1943:See Duggan p.180 1941: 1935: 1932: 1926: 1923: 1917: 1914: 1908: 1907: 1905: 1903: 1887: 1881: 1875: 1869: 1862: 1856: 1855: 1837: 1831: 1830: 1822: 1820: 1793: 1787: 1786: 1780: 1778: 1759: 1753: 1752: 1750: 1748: 1729: 1723: 1722: 1720: 1718: 1691: 1685: 1684: 1682: 1680: 1656: 1635: 1628: 1622: 1619: 1613: 1598:City of Limerick 1582: 1576: 1572: 1566: 1562: 1556: 1545: 1539: 1535: 1529: 1518: 1377:On 17 May 1945, 1310:Esther Steinberg 1212:Operation Osprey 1092: 1014:barrage balloons 988:Donegal Corridor 801: 503: 493: 289:statutory orders 145:Northern Ireland 141:Irish Free State 100:Second World War 63: 47: 21: 6570: 6569: 6565: 6564: 6563: 6561: 6560: 6559: 6500: 6499: 6496: 6486: 6484: 6474: 6472: 6464: 6462: 6457: 6426: 6338: 6279:Fergal O'Hanlon 6219:Richard Barrett 6214:Michael Carolan 6185: 6178:Cathal Goulding 6150:John Joe McGirl 6104:Patrick Fleming 6056:Seán Harrington 5954:Chiefs of Staff 5948: 5944:Border Campaign 5902: 5876: 5818:Irish Civil War 5772: 5767: 5737: 5732: 5723: 5721: 5706: 5674:outside Ireland 5645:Historic houses 5613: 5594:Irish Wolfhound 5565:Brighid's Cross 5551: 5522:Gaelic handball 5517:Gaelic football 5488: 5459:Hiberno-Normans 5428: 5341: 5289: 5244: 5225:Hiberno-English 5211: 5156: 5117: 5071: 4977: 4956: 4899: 4881: 4871: 4861: 4802: 4793:Ulster loyalism 4767: 4746: 4664: 4588: 4567: 4526: 4452:Dublin lock-out 4388:Confederate War 4339:Norman invasion 4326:Battles of Tara 4314: 4270:1801–1923 4258:1691–1800 4253:1536–1691 4241:1169–1536 4194: 4181: 4157: 4149: 4119: 4114: 4110:Pacific Islands 4105:Solomon Islands 4085:Gilbert Islands 4067: 4061: 4040:Channel Islands 3812: 3675: 3629: 3551: 3448: 3443: 3400:Wayback Machine 3384: 3379: 3302: 3297: 3287: 3285: 3276: 3275: 3271: 3261: 3259: 3248:History Ireland 3241: 3240: 3236: 3230:Wayback Machine 3222: 3218: 3208: 3206: 3185: 3184: 3177: 3167: 3165: 3148: 3147: 3143: 3133: 3132: 3125: 3115: 3113: 3106: 3091: 3090: 3086: 3076: 3063: 3062: 3058: 3048: 3046: 3032: 3031: 3027: 3021:Wayback Machine 3012: 3008: 3003: 2999: 2990: 2986: 2981: 2977: 2964: 2960: 2955: 2951: 2943: 2939: 2929: 2927: 2921: 2920: 2916: 2911: 2907: 2901:Wayback Machine 2892: 2888: 2878: 2876: 2867: 2866: 2862: 2857: 2853: 2848: 2844: 2839: 2835: 2830: 2826: 2821: 2817: 2812: 2808: 2796: 2795: 2791: 2784: 2771: 2770: 2766: 2761: 2757: 2752: 2748: 2743: 2739: 2731:(1997, Hawley) 2730: 2723: 2716: 2703: 2702: 2698: 2691: 2675: 2674: 2670: 2658: 2654: 2647: 2628: 2627: 2623: 2613: 2611: 2597: 2596: 2589: 2579: 2577: 2562: 2561: 2557: 2553:see Girvin p.69 2552: 2548: 2543: 2539: 2529: 2527: 2514: 2513: 2509: 2504: 2500: 2496:Fisk pp.175–176 2495: 2491: 2486: 2482: 2466: 2462: 2453: 2449: 2441:Tim Pat Coogan 2440: 2436: 2429: 2421:. p. 212. 2419:Faber and Faber 2412: 2411: 2407: 2400: 2390:Faber and Faber 2383: 2382: 2378: 2356:History Ireland 2353: 2352: 2348: 2343: 2339: 2331: 2327: 2322: 2318: 2311:History Ireland 2307: 2303: 2298: 2294: 2287:Girvin pp. 171 2286: 2282: 2269: 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1010:Irish Air Corps 912:Operation Green 903: 840: 834: 777: 771: 766: 750:Wendell Willkie 715: 686: 669:order of battle 618: 612: 580:trade agreement 571: 565: 522: 467:, Belfast) and 457:Maurice O’Neill 437:Patrick McGrath 382: 374:Main articles: 372: 364:Richard Mulcahy 331:Sir John Maffey 319: 313: 287:in the form of 223: 211:anti-treaty IRA 168:Éamon de Valera 153:Irish Civil War 139:, known as the 131:that ended the 125: 77: 76: 75: 74: 73: 66:Reverse : 64: 56: 55: 50:Obverse : 48: 39: 38: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 6568: 6566: 6558: 6557: 6552: 6547: 6542: 6537: 6532: 6527: 6522: 6517: 6512: 6502: 6501: 6495: 6494: 6492:United Kingdom 6482: 6459: 6458: 6456: 6455: 6450: 6445: 6440: 6434: 6432: 6428: 6427: 6425: 6424: 6419: 6414: 6404: 6399: 6391: 6383: 6375: 6370: 6365: 6357: 6355:Fianna Éireann 6352: 6350:Cumann na mBan 6346: 6344: 6340: 6339: 6337: 6336: 6334:Tarlach Ó hUid 6331: 6326: 6321: 6316: 6311: 6306: 6301: 6296: 6291: 6286: 6281: 6276: 6271: 6266: 6261: 6256: 6251: 6246: 6241: 6236: 6231: 6229:Ernie O'Malley 6226: 6221: 6216: 6211: 6206: 6201: 6195: 6193: 6187: 6186: 6184: 6183: 6175: 6169: 6163: 6155: 6147: 6139: 6133: 6125: 6117: 6109: 6101: 6093: 6088:Charlie Kerins 6085: 6077: 6069: 6061: 6053: 6045: 6037: 6029: 6021: 6013: 6005: 5997: 5989: 5981: 5975: 5967: 5958: 5956: 5950: 5949: 5947: 5946: 5941: 5936: 5931: 5929:Christmas Raid 5926: 5921: 5916: 5910: 5908: 5904: 5903: 5901: 5900: 5895: 5890: 5884: 5882: 5878: 5877: 5875: 5874: 5869: 5864: 5859: 5854: 5849: 5844: 5839: 5834: 5829: 5815: 5805: 5791: 5786: 5780: 5778: 5774: 5773: 5768: 5766: 5765: 5758: 5751: 5743: 5734: 5733: 5719: 5716: 5715: 5712: 5711: 5708: 5707: 5705: 5704: 5699: 5694: 5685: 5676: 5667: 5662: 5657: 5652: 5647: 5642: 5640:Heritage Sites 5637: 5632: 5627: 5621: 5619: 5615: 5614: 5612: 5611: 5606: 5601: 5596: 5591: 5590: 5589: 5579: 5574: 5567: 5561: 5559: 5553: 5552: 5550: 5549: 5544: 5539: 5534: 5529: 5524: 5519: 5514: 5509: 5504: 5498: 5496: 5490: 5489: 5487: 5486: 5481: 5476: 5471: 5466: 5464:Irish diaspora 5461: 5456: 5455: 5454: 5452:Gaelic Ireland 5444: 5438: 5436: 5430: 5429: 5427: 5426: 5421: 5414: 5407: 5400: 5393: 5386: 5379: 5378: 5377: 5372: 5367: 5362: 5351: 5349: 5343: 5342: 5340: 5339: 5334: 5329: 5324: 5323: 5322: 5312: 5305: 5299: 5297: 5291: 5290: 5288: 5287: 5282: 5277: 5272: 5265: 5260: 5254: 5252: 5246: 5245: 5243: 5242: 5237: 5232: 5227: 5221: 5219: 5213: 5212: 5210: 5209: 5204: 5195: 5193:Rose of Tralee 5190: 5185: 5180: 5175: 5170: 5164: 5162: 5158: 5157: 5155: 5154: 5149: 5144: 5137: 5131: 5129: 5123: 5122: 5119: 5118: 5116: 5115: 5110: 5105: 5100: 5095: 5090: 5085: 5079: 5077: 5073: 5072: 5070: 5069: 5064: 5059: 5054: 5049: 5044: 5039: 5034: 5029: 5024: 5019: 5014: 5009: 5004: 5002:List of dishes 4998: 4996: 4989: 4979: 4978: 4973: 4966: 4965: 4962: 4961: 4958: 4957: 4955: 4954: 4949: 4944: 4943: 4942: 4932: 4927: 4922: 4921: 4920: 4918:D'Hondt method 4909: 4907: 4901: 4900: 4898: 4897: 4892: 4891: 4890: 4885: 4879:Seanad Éireann 4875: 4855: 4850: 4845: 4844: 4843: 4833: 4828: 4823: 4818: 4812: 4810: 4804: 4803: 4801: 4800: 4795: 4790: 4785: 4779: 4777: 4769: 4768: 4763: 4756: 4755: 4752: 4751: 4748: 4747: 4745: 4744: 4739: 4734: 4729: 4724: 4719: 4714: 4709: 4700: 4695: 4690: 4689: 4688: 4683: 4672: 4670: 4666: 4665: 4663: 4662: 4653: 4652: 4651: 4641: 4636: 4631: 4626: 4621: 4619:Extreme points 4616: 4611: 4609:Climate change 4606: 4600: 4598: 4590: 4589: 4584: 4577: 4576: 4573: 4572: 4569: 4568: 4566: 4565: 4560: 4555: 4550: 4545: 4540: 4534: 4532: 4528: 4527: 4525: 4524: 4519: 4514: 4509: 4504: 4499: 4494: 4489: 4484: 4479: 4474: 4469: 4464: 4459: 4454: 4449: 4444: 4439: 4434: 4429: 4427:1803 Rebellion 4424: 4419: 4417:1798 Rebellion 4414: 4409: 4404: 4402:Williamite War 4399: 4390: 4384:1641 Rebellion 4381: 4376: 4371: 4366: 4364:Spanish Armada 4361: 4356: 4354:Tudor conquest 4351: 4346: 4344:Bruce campaign 4341: 4336: 4322: 4320: 4316: 4315: 4313: 4312: 4307: 4302: 4301: 4300: 4290: 4289:(1921–present) 4284: 4279: 4277:Irish Republic 4274: 4273: 4272: 4262: 4261: 4260: 4255: 4245: 4244: 4243: 4238: 4236:800–1169 4227:Gaelic Ireland 4224: 4219: 4214: 4208: 4206: 4196: 4195: 4190: 4183: 4182: 4180: 4179: 4171: 4162: 4159: 4158: 4150: 4148: 4147: 4140: 4133: 4125: 4116: 4115: 4113: 4112: 4107: 4102: 4097: 4092: 4087: 4082: 4077: 4071: 4069: 4063: 4062: 4060: 4059: 4054: 4049: 4048: 4047: 4042: 4037: 4032: 4030:British Empire 4025:United Kingdom 4022: 4017: 4012: 4011: 4010: 4005: 4000: 3998:Basque Country 3990: 3989: 3988: 3983: 3978: 3968: 3963: 3958: 3953: 3948: 3943: 3938: 3933: 3928: 3923: 3918: 3913: 3908: 3903: 3898: 3888: 3883: 3878: 3877: 3876: 3874:Basque Country 3871: 3861: 3856: 3851: 3846: 3844:Czechoslovakia 3841: 3836: 3831: 3826: 3820: 3818: 3814: 3813: 3811: 3810: 3805: 3800: 3795: 3790: 3785: 3780: 3775: 3770: 3765: 3760: 3755: 3750: 3745: 3744: 3743: 3733: 3728: 3723: 3722: 3721: 3716: 3706: 3705: 3704: 3694: 3689: 3683: 3681: 3677: 3676: 3674: 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p. 162 2245: 2243:Girvin, p. 129 2236: 2227: 2208: 2199: 2181: 2177:In Time of War 2168: 2142: 2123: 2114: 2088: 2063: 2050:Flynn, Barry, 2043: 2034: 2025: 2020:Girvin, pp.143 2013: 2007:978-0719079733 2006: 1988: 1981: 1963: 1954: 1945: 1936: 1927: 1918: 1909: 1882: 1870: 1857: 1851:978-1137444080 1850: 1832: 1788: 1754: 1724: 1686: 1650: 1648: 1645: 1643: 1640: 1637: 1636: 1623: 1614: 1606:City of Bremen 1577: 1567: 1557: 1540: 1530: 1512: 1511: 1509: 1506: 1505: 1504: 1499: 1494: 1489: 1484: 1479: 1473: 1460: 1457: 1448: 1445: 1438:In April 1995 1420: 1419: 1416: 1413: 1403: 1402: 1399: 1396: 1393: 1359:Main article: 1356: 1353: 1321: 1318: 1306: 1303: 1258: 1255: 1172: 1169: 1168: 1167: 1164: 1157:County Donegal 1153: 1142: 1126: 1123: 1120:Günther Schütz 1112: 1106: 1083: 1073: 1070: 1069: 1068: 1053: 1050: 1047: 1032: 1029:air/sea rescue 1017: 1006: 984: 981: 966: 953: 942: 927: 908: 902: 899: 836:Main article: 833: 832:Dublin bombing 830: 773:Main article: 770: 767: 765: 762: 714: 711: 685: 682: 647:County Wexford 614:Main article: 611: 608: 567:Main article: 564: 561: 545:fall of France 521: 518: 496:Francis Stuart 469:Charlie Kerins 386:Christmas Raid 371: 368: 315:Main article: 312: 309: 222: 219: 187:Prime Minister 149:United Kingdom 124: 121: 65: 58: 57: 49: 42: 41: 40: 34: 33: 32: 31: 26: 24: 14: 13: 10: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 6567: 6556: 6553: 6551: 6548: 6546: 6543: 6541: 6538: 6536: 6533: 6531: 6528: 6526: 6523: 6521: 6518: 6516: 6513: 6511: 6508: 6507: 6505: 6498: 6493: 6483: 6481: 6471: 6467: 6454: 6451: 6449: 6446: 6444: 6441: 6439: 6436: 6435: 6433: 6429: 6423: 6420: 6418: 6415: 6412: 6408: 6405: 6403: 6400: 6395: 6392: 6387: 6384: 6379: 6376: 6374: 6371: 6369: 6366: 6361: 6358: 6356: 6353: 6351: 6348: 6347: 6345: 6341: 6335: 6332: 6330: 6327: 6325: 6322: 6320: 6317: 6315: 6312: 6310: 6307: 6305: 6302: 6300: 6297: 6295: 6292: 6290: 6287: 6285: 6284:Manus Canning 6282: 6280: 6277: 6275: 6272: 6270: 6267: 6265: 6264:Dominic Behan 6262: 6260: 6259:Brendan Behan 6257: 6255: 6252: 6250: 6247: 6245: 6242: 6240: 6239:Paddy McLogan 6237: 6235: 6232: 6230: 6227: 6225: 6222: 6220: 6217: 6215: 6212: 6210: 6207: 6205: 6202: 6200: 6199:Cathal Brugha 6197: 6196: 6194: 6192: 6191:Personalities 6188: 6179: 6176: 6170: 6164: 6159: 6156: 6151: 6148: 6143: 6140: 6134: 6129: 6128:Richard Burke 6126: 6121: 6118: 6113: 6110: 6105: 6102: 6097: 6094: 6089: 6086: 6081: 6078: 6073: 6070: 6065: 6062: 6057: 6054: 6049: 6046: 6041: 6040:Stephen Hayes 6038: 6033: 6030: 6025: 6022: 6017: 6014: 6009: 6008:Seán MacBride 6006: 6001: 5998: 5993: 5992:Andrew Cooney 5990: 5985: 5982: 5976: 5971: 5968: 5963: 5960: 5959: 5957: 5955: 5951: 5945: 5942: 5940: 5937: 5935: 5932: 5930: 5927: 5925: 5922: 5920: 5917: 5915: 5912: 5911: 5909: 5905: 5899: 5896: 5894: 5891: 5889: 5886: 5885: 5883: 5879: 5873: 5870: 5868: 5865: 5863: 5862:Plan Kathleen 5860: 5858: 5857:The Emergency 5855: 5853: 5850: 5848: 5847:Abstentionism 5845: 5843: 5840: 5838: 5835: 5833: 5830: 5827: 5823: 5819: 5816: 5813: 5809: 5806: 5803: 5799: 5795: 5792: 5790: 5787: 5785: 5782: 5781: 5779: 5775: 5771: 5764: 5759: 5757: 5752: 5750: 5745: 5744: 5741: 5731: 5730: 5717: 5703: 5700: 5698: 5697:Public houses 5695: 5693: 5689: 5686: 5684: 5680: 5677: 5675: 5671: 5668: 5666: 5663: 5661: 5658: 5656: 5653: 5651: 5648: 5646: 5643: 5641: 5638: 5636: 5633: 5631: 5628: 5626: 5623: 5622: 5620: 5616: 5610: 5607: 5605: 5602: 5600: 5597: 5595: 5592: 5588: 5585: 5584: 5583: 5580: 5578: 5575: 5573: 5572: 5568: 5566: 5563: 5562: 5560: 5558: 5554: 5548: 5545: 5543: 5540: 5538: 5535: 5533: 5530: 5528: 5525: 5523: 5520: 5518: 5515: 5513: 5510: 5508: 5505: 5503: 5500: 5499: 5497: 5495: 5491: 5485: 5482: 5480: 5477: 5475: 5472: 5470: 5467: 5465: 5462: 5460: 5457: 5453: 5450: 5449: 5448: 5445: 5443: 5440: 5439: 5437: 5435: 5431: 5425: 5422: 5420: 5419: 5415: 5413: 5412: 5408: 5406: 5405: 5401: 5399: 5398: 5394: 5392: 5391: 5387: 5385: 5384: 5380: 5376: 5373: 5371: 5368: 5366: 5363: 5361: 5358: 5357: 5356: 5353: 5352: 5350: 5348: 5344: 5338: 5335: 5333: 5330: 5328: 5325: 5321: 5318: 5317: 5316: 5313: 5311: 5310: 5306: 5304: 5301: 5300: 5298: 5296: 5292: 5286: 5283: 5281: 5278: 5276: 5273: 5271: 5270: 5266: 5264: 5261: 5259: 5256: 5255: 5253: 5251: 5247: 5241: 5238: 5236: 5233: 5231: 5228: 5226: 5223: 5222: 5220: 5218: 5214: 5208: 5205: 5203: 5199: 5196: 5194: 5191: 5189: 5186: 5184: 5181: 5179: 5176: 5174: 5171: 5169: 5166: 5165: 5163: 5159: 5153: 5150: 5148: 5145: 5143: 5142: 5138: 5136: 5133: 5132: 5130: 5128: 5124: 5114: 5111: 5109: 5106: 5104: 5101: 5099: 5096: 5094: 5091: 5089: 5086: 5084: 5081: 5080: 5078: 5074: 5068: 5065: 5063: 5060: 5058: 5055: 5053: 5050: 5048: 5045: 5043: 5040: 5038: 5035: 5033: 5030: 5028: 5025: 5023: 5020: 5018: 5015: 5013: 5010: 5008: 5005: 5003: 5000: 4999: 4997: 4993: 4990: 4988: 4984: 4980: 4976: 4971: 4967: 4953: 4952:Peace process 4950: 4948: 4945: 4941: 4938: 4937: 4936: 4933: 4931: 4928: 4926: 4923: 4919: 4916: 4915: 4914: 4911: 4910: 4908: 4906: 4902: 4896: 4893: 4889: 4886: 4884: 4882:(upper house) 4880: 4876: 4874: 4872:(lower house) 4870: 4866: 4865: 4864: 4860: 4856: 4854: 4851: 4849: 4846: 4842: 4839: 4838: 4837: 4834: 4832: 4829: 4827: 4824: 4822: 4819: 4817: 4814: 4813: 4811: 4809: 4805: 4799: 4796: 4794: 4791: 4789: 4788:Republicanism 4786: 4784: 4781: 4780: 4778: 4774: 4770: 4766: 4761: 4757: 4743: 4740: 4738: 4735: 4733: 4730: 4728: 4725: 4723: 4720: 4718: 4715: 4713: 4710: 4708: 4704: 4701: 4699: 4696: 4694: 4691: 4687: 4684: 4682: 4679: 4678: 4677: 4674: 4673: 4671: 4667: 4661: 4657: 4654: 4650: 4647: 4646: 4645: 4642: 4640: 4637: 4635: 4632: 4630: 4627: 4625: 4622: 4620: 4617: 4615: 4612: 4610: 4607: 4605: 4602: 4601: 4599: 4595: 4591: 4587: 4582: 4578: 4564: 4561: 4559: 4556: 4554: 4551: 4549: 4546: 4544: 4541: 4539: 4536: 4535: 4533: 4529: 4523: 4520: 4518: 4515: 4513: 4510: 4508: 4505: 4503: 4502:Peace process 4500: 4498: 4495: 4493: 4490: 4488: 4485: 4483: 4482:The Emergency 4480: 4478: 4475: 4473: 4470: 4468: 4465: 4463: 4462:Easter Rising 4460: 4458: 4455: 4453: 4450: 4448: 4447:Fenian Rising 4445: 4443: 4440: 4438: 4435: 4433: 4430: 4428: 4425: 4423: 4420: 4418: 4415: 4413: 4410: 4408: 4405: 4403: 4400: 4398: 4394: 4391: 4389: 4385: 4382: 4380: 4377: 4375: 4372: 4370: 4367: 4365: 4362: 4360: 4357: 4355: 4352: 4350: 4347: 4345: 4342: 4340: 4337: 4335: 4331: 4327: 4324: 4323: 4321: 4317: 4311: 4308: 4306: 4303: 4299: 4296: 4295: 4294: 4291: 4288: 4285: 4283: 4280: 4278: 4275: 4271: 4268: 4267: 4266: 4263: 4259: 4256: 4254: 4251: 4250: 4249: 4246: 4242: 4239: 4237: 4234: 4233: 4232: 4228: 4225: 4223: 4222:Early history 4220: 4218: 4215: 4213: 4210: 4209: 4207: 4205: 4201: 4197: 4193: 4188: 4184: 4178: 4175: 4172: 4170: 4167: 4164: 4163: 4160: 4156: 4153: 4146: 4141: 4139: 4134: 4132: 4127: 4126: 4123: 4111: 4108: 4106: 4103: 4101: 4098: 4096: 4093: 4091: 4088: 4086: 4083: 4081: 4078: 4076: 4073: 4072: 4070: 4064: 4058: 4055: 4053: 4050: 4046: 4043: 4041: 4038: 4036: 4033: 4031: 4028: 4027: 4026: 4023: 4021: 4018: 4016: 4013: 4009: 4006: 4004: 4001: 3999: 3996: 3995: 3994: 3991: 3987: 3984: 3982: 3979: 3977: 3974: 3973: 3972: 3969: 3967: 3964: 3962: 3959: 3957: 3954: 3952: 3949: 3947: 3944: 3942: 3939: 3937: 3934: 3932: 3929: 3927: 3924: 3922: 3921:Liechtenstein 3919: 3917: 3914: 3912: 3909: 3907: 3904: 3902: 3899: 3896: 3892: 3889: 3887: 3884: 3882: 3879: 3875: 3872: 3870: 3867: 3866: 3865: 3862: 3860: 3857: 3855: 3852: 3850: 3847: 3845: 3842: 3840: 3837: 3835: 3832: 3830: 3827: 3825: 3822: 3821: 3819: 3815: 3809: 3806: 3804: 3801: 3799: 3796: 3794: 3791: 3789: 3786: 3784: 3781: 3779: 3776: 3774: 3771: 3769: 3766: 3764: 3761: 3759: 3756: 3754: 3751: 3749: 3746: 3742: 3739: 3738: 3737: 3734: 3732: 3729: 3727: 3724: 3720: 3717: 3715: 3712: 3711: 3710: 3707: 3703: 3700: 3699: 3698: 3695: 3693: 3690: 3688: 3685: 3684: 3682: 3678: 3672: 3669: 3667: 3664: 3662: 3659: 3657: 3656:Latin America 3654: 3652: 3649: 3647: 3644: 3642: 3639: 3638: 3636: 3634:South America 3632: 3624: 3621: 3619: 3616: 3614: 3611: 3609: 3606: 3604: 3601: 3599: 3596: 3595: 3594: 3593:United States 3591: 3589: 3586: 3584: 3581: 3579: 3576: 3574: 3571: 3569: 3566: 3564: 3561: 3560: 3558: 3556:North America 3554: 3548: 3545: 3543: 3540: 3538: 3535: 3533: 3530: 3526: 3523: 3521: 3518: 3517: 3516: 3513: 3511: 3508: 3506: 3503: 3501: 3498: 3496: 3493: 3491: 3488: 3486: 3483: 3481: 3478: 3476: 3473: 3471: 3468: 3466: 3463: 3461: 3460:Belgian Congo 3458: 3457: 3455: 3451: 3447: 3440: 3435: 3433: 3428: 3426: 3421: 3420: 3417: 3411: 3408: 3406: 3403: 3401: 3397: 3394: 3391: 3389: 3386: 3385: 3381: 3376: 3375:1-85182-922-9 3372: 3368: 3364: 3362: 3361:1-4050-0010-4 3358: 3354: 3350: 3348: 3347:0-316-88189-9 3344: 3340: 3336: 3334: 3333:0-7171-2411-8 3330: 3326: 3323:Fisk, Robert 3322: 3320: 3319:0-7165-2746-4 3316: 3312: 3308: 3305: 3304: 3299: 3283: 3279: 3273: 3270: 3257: 3253: 3249: 3245: 3238: 3235: 3231: 3227: 3224: 3220: 3217: 3204: 3200: 3196: 3192: 3190: 3182: 3180: 3176: 3163: 3159: 3155: 3151: 3145: 3142: 3137: 3130: 3128: 3124: 3111: 3107: 3101: 3097: 3096: 3088: 3085: 3081: 3077: 3075:9781904890287 3071: 3067: 3060: 3057: 3044: 3040: 3036: 3029: 3026: 3022: 3018: 3015: 3010: 3007: 3001: 2998: 2994: 2988: 2985: 2979: 2976: 2972: 2968: 2967:History Today 2962: 2959: 2953: 2950: 2947: 2941: 2938: 2925: 2918: 2915: 2909: 2906: 2902: 2898: 2895: 2890: 2887: 2874: 2870: 2864: 2861: 2855: 2852: 2846: 2843: 2837: 2834: 2828: 2825: 2819: 2816: 2810: 2807: 2802: 2801: 2793: 2790: 2785: 2779: 2775: 2768: 2765: 2759: 2756: 2750: 2747: 2741: 2738: 2734: 2728: 2726: 2722: 2717: 2715:0-86322-182-3 2711: 2707: 2700: 2697: 2692: 2690:0-586-08498-3 2686: 2682: 2678: 2672: 2669: 2666: 2665:0-7165-2746-4 2662: 2656: 2653: 2648: 2646:0-00-634014-8 2642: 2638: 2635: 2631: 2625: 2622: 2609: 2605: 2601: 2594: 2592: 2588: 2575: 2571: 2570: 2565: 2559: 2556: 2550: 2547: 2541: 2538: 2525: 2521: 2517: 2511: 2508: 2502: 2499: 2493: 2490: 2484: 2481: 2478: 2474: 2470: 2464: 2461: 2457: 2451: 2448: 2444: 2438: 2435: 2430: 2424: 2420: 2416: 2409: 2406: 2401: 2395: 2391: 2387: 2380: 2377: 2373: 2369: 2365: 2361: 2357: 2350: 2347: 2341: 2338: 2335: 2329: 2326: 2323:Girvin, p.182 2320: 2317: 2313: 2312: 2305: 2302: 2299:Girvin p. 179 2296: 2293: 2290: 2284: 2281: 2277: 2273: 2267: 2264: 2258: 2255: 2249: 2246: 2240: 2237: 2231: 2228: 2224: 2220: 2217: 2212: 2209: 2203: 2200: 2197: 2193: 2190: 2185: 2182: 2178: 2175:Robert Fisk, 2172: 2169: 2157: 2153: 2146: 2143: 2137: 2133: 2127: 2124: 2121:Flynn, pg 95. 2118: 2115: 2103: 2099: 2092: 2089: 2077: 2073: 2067: 2064: 2061: 2060:9781848891166 2057: 2053: 2047: 2044: 2038: 2035: 2029: 2026: 2023: 2017: 2014: 2009: 2003: 1999: 1992: 1989: 1984: 1978: 1974: 1967: 1964: 1958: 1955: 1952:Girvin, p.199 1949: 1946: 1940: 1937: 1931: 1928: 1922: 1919: 1913: 1910: 1897: 1893: 1886: 1883: 1880: 1877:Girvin, pp.84 1874: 1871: 1867: 1861: 1858: 1853: 1847: 1843: 1836: 1833: 1829: 1827: 1814: 1810: 1806: 1802: 1798: 1792: 1789: 1785: 1772: 1768: 1764: 1758: 1755: 1742: 1738: 1734: 1728: 1725: 1712: 1708: 1704: 1700: 1696: 1690: 1687: 1674: 1671:: 60–82: 60. 1670: 1666: 1662: 1655: 1652: 1646: 1641: 1633: 1627: 1624: 1618: 1615: 1611: 1607: 1603: 1600:, and the SS 1599: 1595: 1591: 1587: 1581: 1578: 1571: 1568: 1561: 1558: 1554: 1550: 1544: 1541: 1534: 1531: 1527: 1523: 1517: 1514: 1507: 1503: 1500: 1498: 1495: 1493: 1490: 1488: 1485: 1483: 1480: 1477: 1474: 1472: 1468: 1467: 1463: 1462: 1458: 1456: 1454: 1446: 1444: 1441: 1436: 1434: 1428: 1425: 1417: 1414: 1411: 1410: 1409: 1406: 1400: 1397: 1394: 1391: 1390: 1389: 1387: 1383: 1382:Oscar Traynor 1380: 1375: 1373: 1369: 1362: 1354: 1351: 1347: 1342: 1338: 1333: 1331: 1327: 1319: 1317: 1315: 1311: 1304: 1302: 1297: 1292: 1289: 1282: 1278: 1276: 1275: 1270: 1264: 1256: 1254: 1252: 1248: 1244: 1240: 1235: 1233: 1229: 1225: 1221: 1215: 1213: 1209: 1205: 1200: 1196: 1192: 1188: 1184: 1179: 1170: 1165: 1162: 1158: 1154: 1150: 1149: 1143: 1140: 1139: 1134: 1133: 1127: 1124: 1121: 1117: 1116:Hermann Görtz 1113: 1110: 1107: 1104: 1100: 1096: 1091: 1090: 1084: 1081: 1076: 1075: 1071: 1066: 1062: 1058: 1054: 1051: 1048: 1045: 1041: 1037: 1033: 1031:(ASR) duties. 1030: 1026: 1022: 1021:Robert Hastie 1018: 1015: 1011: 1007: 1004: 1003: 997: 993: 989: 985: 982: 979: 975: 971: 967: 964: 960: 959: 954: 951: 947: 943: 940: 936: 932: 928: 925: 921: 917: 916:Hermann Görtz 913: 909: 905: 904: 900: 898: 896: 892: 888: 883: 881: 877: 872: 868: 864: 859: 857: 853: 849: 848:County Carlow 845: 839: 831: 829: 826: 825:Dún Laoghaire 822: 818: 814: 810: 806: 798: 797:anti-aircraft 794: 790: 786: 783:shipyards in 782: 776: 775:Belfast blitz 769:Belfast Blitz 768: 763: 761: 759: 755: 751: 747: 742: 740: 734: 732: 728: 724: 720: 712: 710: 708: 704: 700: 699:John Betjeman 696: 692: 683: 681: 679: 675: 670: 665: 659: 654: 652: 648: 644: 640: 636: 635:transshipment 632: 622: 617: 609: 607: 605: 601: 597: 593: 587: 585: 581: 577: 570: 562: 560: 558: 552: 550: 546: 542: 537: 535: 531: 527: 519: 517: 515: 511: 510:Plan Kathleen 507: 506:Hermann Görtz 502: 497: 492: 491: 485: 481: 477: 472: 470: 466: 462: 458: 454: 450: 446: 442: 438: 435:Two IRA men ( 433: 430: 426: 425:IRA volunteer 422: 418: 417:Mountjoy Jail 412: 410: 406: 402: 401:Seán MacBride 398: 397: 396:habeas corpus 391: 387: 381: 377: 369: 367: 365: 361: 355: 353: 349: 345: 340: 339:Great Britain 334: 332: 328: 324: 323:Eduard Hempel 318: 310: 308: 306: 302: 298: 294: 290: 286: 281: 279: 278:Joseph Walshe 275: 271: 267: 263: 259: 255: 251: 242: 235: 231: 227: 220: 218: 216: 212: 208: 204: 200: 196: 192: 188: 183: 181: 177: 173: 172:Easter Rising 169: 165: 160: 158: 154: 150: 146: 142: 138: 134: 130: 122: 120: 117: 113: 109: 105: 101: 97: 93: 89: 85: 81: 80:The Emergency 72: 69: 62: 53: 46: 37: 30: 19: 6497: 6368:Clan na Gael 6204:Liam Mellows 6165:Seán Cronin 6080:Hugh McAteer 6072:Eoin McNamee 6048:Pearse Kelly 6032:Seán Russell 5970:Joe McKelvey 5881:Organisation 5856: 5720: 5690: / 5681: / 5672: / 5650:Homelessness 5569: 5537:Road bowling 5532:Martial arts 5479:Ulster Scots 5416: 5409: 5402: 5395: 5388: 5381: 5360:Mythological 5307: 5267: 5240:Ulster Scots 5200: / 5139: 5067:Three-in-One 4878: 4869:Dáil Éireann 4868: 4858: 4816:Constitution 4705: / 4676:Architecture 4658: / 4531:Other topics 4512:Celtic Tiger 4497:The Troubles 4481: 4395: / 4386: / 4332: / 4328: / 4229: / 4217:Protohistory 4052:Vatican City 3971:Soviet Union 3905: 3719:West Sumatra 3588:Newfoundland 3542:South Africa 3537:Sierra Leone 3515:North Africa 3366: 3352: 3338: 3324: 3310: 3286:. 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