700:, attention was devoted to avoiding the number being dialed accidentally by errant interruptions of the circuits by making them involve long sequences of pulses, such as with the UK 999 emergency number. This meant that "111" could not be used: "111" dialing could accidentally take place when phone lines were in too close proximity to each other. Subscribers, as they were called then, were even given instructions on how to find the number "9" on the dial in darkened, or smoke-filled, rooms, by locating and placing the first finger in the "0" and the second in the "9", then removing the first when actually dialling. Some people have reported accidentally dialing 112 by loop-disconnect for various technical reasons, including while working on extension telephone wiring, and point to this as a disadvantage of the 112 emergency number, which takes only four loop-disconnects to activate.
479:(PMG) introduced the Triple Zero (000) number in major population centres and near the end of the 1980s extended its coverage to nationwide. The number Triple Zero (000) was chosen for several reasons: technically, it suited the dialing system for the most remote automatic exchanges, particularly outback Queensland. These communities used the digit 0 to select an automatic trunk line to a centre. In the most remote communities, two 0s had to be used to reach a main centre; thus dialing 0+0, plus another 0 would call (at least) an operator. Zero is closest to the finger stall on Australian rotary dial phones, so it was easy to dial in darkness. The Telecommunications Numbering Plan 1997, also administered by ACMA, specifies that:
79:
147:
1903:
434:
416:, many telephone exchanges were closed at night but it was still possible to make emergency calls. An operator had to connect the emergency calls only. In 1913, an automatic system was set up. It made provision for calling the police by dialing 17 and the fire brigade by dialing 18. As more manual telephone exchanges were converted to dial operation, more and more subscribers had access to these special numbers. The service was not widespread until the 1970s.
3018:
1936:
3028:
1926:
672:
especially likely to need emergency services. Since 2020, emergency responders have been able to better locate callers who dial 911 on their cellphones from indoors as the U.S. wireless industry improved caller-location for the majority of such calls. The "heightened location accuracy," available to supporting networks and handsets, can find callers through nearby devices connected to
43:
404:" systems were developed that not only would display the caller's number and address at the dispatch center but also could be configured so that 911 calls were automatically routed to the correct dispatch center, regardless of what central office the caller was served from. In the United States, most cities have E911 systems either in use, or in their emergency systems design plans.
58:
3007:
1915:
3038:
1946:
186:) is then determined. If the call has been answered by a telephone operator, they then connect the call to the appropriate emergency service, who then dispatches the appropriate help. In the case of multiple services being needed on a call, the most urgent need must be determined, with other services being called in as needed.
159:
traffic, they still may be able to access circuits that other traffic cannot. Often the system is set up so that once a call is made to an emergency telephone number, it must be answered. Should the caller abandon the call, the line may still be held until the emergency service answers and releases the call.
528:
The
International Telecommunication Union has officially set two standard emergency phone numbers for countries to use in the future. AP reports that member states have agreed that either 911 or 112 should be designated as emergency phone numbers – 911 is currently used in North America, while 112 is
308:
numbered in reverse to the UK and most of the world, with the number 1 on New
Zealand rotary phones in the same position as the number 9 on British rotary phones. Dialling 111 would be recognised by the British-built step-by-step exchanges then used as a 999 emergency call, which would route the call
600:
as pre-programmed emergency numbers that are always available. The SIM card issued by the operator can contain additional country-specific emergency numbers that can be used even when roaming abroad. The GSM network can also update the list of well-known emergency numbers when the phone registers to
570:
phone, the special emergency call setup takes place. The actual number is not even transmitted into the network, but the network redirects the emergency call to the local emergency desk. Most GSM mobile phones can dial emergency numbers even when the phone keyboard is locked, the phone is without a
241:
Because numbers were different for every exchange, callers either had to dial the operator or look up the telephone number. This problem was at least partially solved in Canada, the UK, and the US by dialing "0" for the local assistance operator in case of emergency, although faster service could be
229:
When an emergency happened in the pre-dial (or "manual") telephone era, the user simply picked up the telephone receiver and waited for the operator to answer "number, please?". The user then responded with "get me the police", "I'm calling to report a fire", or "I need an ambulance/doctor". Even in
122:
for assistance. The emergency number differs from country to country; it is typically a three-digit number so that it can be easily remembered and dialed quickly. Some countries have a different emergency number for each of the different emergency services; these often differ only by the last digit.
372:
Electromechanical switching equipment still in use made it difficult to adapt to recognize 911, especially in small towns and rural areas where the call might have to be switched over a considerable distance. For this reason, there are still county sheriff departments that have toll-free "800" area
351:
911 was chosen instead. The "1" as the second digit was key; it told the switching equipment that this was not a routine call. (At the time, when the second digit was "1" or "0" the equipment handled the call as a long distance or special number call.) The first 911 emergency phone system went into
360:
in 1968. On
February 16, 1968, the first-ever 9-1-1 call was placed by Alabama Speaker of the House Rankin Fite, from Haleyville City Hall, to U.S. Rep. Tom Bevill, at the city's police station. However, 911 systems were not in widespread use until the 1980s when the number 911 was adopted as the
608:
instead of another emergency number may be advantageous, since GSM phones and networks give special priority to emergency calls. A phone dialing an emergency service number not recognized by it may refuse to roam onto another network, leading to trouble if there is no access to the home network.
376:
The rapid replacement of electromechanical switching systems in the 1980s with electronic or digital systems eliminated the problem of older switches that would not recognize 911. At this point, 911 service is available in most of North
America, but there are still small, sparsely-populated, or
158:
The emergency telephone number is a special case in the country's telephone number plan. In the past, calls to the emergency telephone number were often routed over special dedicated circuits. Though with the advent of electronic exchanges these calls are now often mixed with ordinary telephone
671:
requires networks to route every mobile-phone and payphone 911 call to an emergency service call center, including phones that have never had service, or whose service has lapsed. As a result, there are programs that provide donated used mobile phones to victims of domestic violence and others
368:
The implementation of 911 service in the US was a gradual and haphazard process. Because telephone service boundaries did not always exactly match governmental and other jurisdictional boundaries, a user might dial 911, only to discover that they had been connected to the wrong dispatch center
683:
Mobile phones generate additional problems for emergency operators, as many phones will allow emergency numbers to be dialed even while the keypad is locked. Since mobile phones are typically carried in pockets and small bags, the keys can easily be depressed accidentally, leading to
204:
In many parts of the world, an emergency service can identify the telephone number that a call has been placed from. This is normally done using the system that the telephone company uses to bill calls, making the number visible even for users who have unlisted numbers or who block
233:
In small towns, operators frequently provided additional services, knowing where to reach doctors, veterinarians, law enforcement personnel and firefighters at all times. Frequently, the operator was also responsible for activating the town's fire alarm.
460:
number as a standard on 29 July 1991. It is now a valid emergency number throughout EU countries and in many other CEPT countries. It works in parallel with other local emergency numbers in about two out of three EU states.
237:
When manual switching systems began to be replaced by automatic, or "dial" systems, there was frequently concern among users that the very personalized emergency service provided by manual operators would be lost.
449:
1532:
663:
with a mobile phone. In those cases the emergency number has to be called by using a landline telephone or with an additional first/last digit (for example 922 or 992 instead of 92 and 003 or 033 instead of 03).
265:
on 30 June 1937 using the number 999, and this was later extended to cover the entire country. When 999 was dialed, a buzzer sounded and a red light flashed in the exchange to attract an operator's attention.
913:
557:
Mobile phones can be used in countries with different emergency numbers. This means that a traveller visiting a foreign country does not have to know the local emergency numbers. The mobile phone and the
475:
Prior to 1969, Australia lacked a national number for emergency services; the police, fire and ambulance services possessed many phone numbers, one for each local unit. In 1961, the office of the
956:
347:
Because of the design of U.S. central office (phone) switches, it was not practical to use the
British emergency number 999 (as was briefly considered). What was up to that time unassigned
193:
systems (CACH). The emergency dispatcher may find it necessary to give urgent advice in life-threatening situations. Some dispatchers have special training in telling people how to perform
498:
is an emergency telephone number in several countries. For example, it is used for fire emergencies in
Austria, for traffic emergencies in China, and for police emergencies in Egypt.
1716:
616:
On some networks, a GSM phone without a SIM card may be used to make emergency calls, and most GSM phones accept a larger list of emergency numbers without SIM card, such as
242:
obtained if the user dialed the full number for the Police or Fire
Department. This system remained essentially unchanged throughout most of North America until the 1970s.
1540:
688:. A system has been developed in the UK to connect calls where the caller is sent to an automated system, leaving more operators free to handle genuine emergency calls.
826:
1065:
978:
1171:
1336:
655:
The GSM phones may regard some phone numbers with one or two digits as special service codes. It might be impossible to make an emergency call to numbers like
2990:
2962:
2957:
1982:
1350:
217:
can provide the location of landline callers by looking up the physical address in a database, and mobile callers through triangulation from towers or
1709:
285:, mayor of Winnipeg at the time. The city changed the number to 911 in 1972, in order to be consistent with the newly adopted U.S. emergency number.
1458:
953:
1595:
2984:
720:
2979:
2969:
2949:
2751:
1395:
1244:
761:
3062:
1949:
1939:
1702:
1096:
1205:
1149:
2974:
2820:
1929:
1399:
756:
135:
1484:
2746:
1741:
1025:
476:
2840:
1634:
1127:
668:
648:. However, some GSM networks will not accept emergency calls from phones without a SIM card. For example, to decrease the risk of
2625:
2173:
1975:
1879:
1855:
1825:
1811:
1799:
1791:
1772:
1766:
1754:
1510:
709:
596:
590:
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470:
428:
338:
256:
189:
Emergency dispatchers are trained to control the call in order to provide help in an appropriate manner; they can be assisted by
131:
127:
1167:
2736:
1424:
Universal Mobile
Telecommunications System (UMTS); Service aspects; Service principles (3GPP TS 22.101 version 9.1.0 Release 9)
538:
31:
1423:
2731:
2282:
1570:
823:
576:
2756:
562:
have a preprogrammed list of emergency numbers. When the user tries to set up a call using an emergency number known by a
419:
France now uses 112, the
European emergency number, as well as 17 and 18 for police and fire brigade, specific to France.
362:
198:
3041:
876:
850:
3031:
2792:
2689:
2232:
1999:
190:
986:
3021:
2528:
1968:
1848:
1841:
1833:
1818:
1779:
1201:
772:
1328:
796:
2880:
2802:
2741:
2448:
559:
179:
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2458:
2358:
2287:
2220:
2047:
353:
3011:
2253:
2188:
2141:
2027:
1919:
714:
78:
369:
because they had telephone service from one location but lived within the boundaries of another jurisdiction.
146:
1366:
2850:
2835:
2679:
2630:
2553:
2453:
2131:
2017:
2012:
1783:
1760:
697:
134:(used mostly in the Americas) will connect callers to emergency services. For individual countries, see the
2772:
2558:
2373:
2318:
2313:
2126:
2091:
1871:
301:
1454:
1043:
2674:
2478:
2443:
2363:
2343:
2265:
2153:
2074:
1592:
515:
is an emergency telephone number in
Pakistan. It can be used to call for fire and medical emergencies.
382:
1662:
2588:
2548:
2518:
2275:
2210:
2101:
750:
542:
163:
2598:
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2116:
2057:
2042:
1736:
893:
740:
342:
1684:
1670:
2825:
2782:
2713:
2583:
2513:
2488:
2423:
2270:
1991:
933:
1089:
433:
2865:
2787:
2701:
2684:
2647:
2533:
2493:
2323:
2292:
2158:
2052:
1907:
1863:
1646:
1638:
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1358:
1240:
964:
546:
119:
1388:
1197:
2870:
2830:
2810:
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2706:
2664:
2578:
2433:
2418:
2393:
2368:
2328:
2178:
2037:
2032:
2022:
1480:
2498:
2353:
2121:
2084:
1674:
1599:
1236:
1229:
960:
854:
830:
725:
2096:
1119:
652:, French and British networks typically do not allow emergency calls without a SIM card.
296:
The emergency number 111 was adopted in New Zealand in 1955 and was first implemented in
221:
on the device. This is often specifically mandated in a country's telecommunication law.
2696:
2568:
2543:
2503:
2473:
2348:
2183:
2069:
685:
453:
1506:
27:
Telephone number that allows caller to contact local emergency services for assistance
17:
3056:
2845:
2618:
2608:
2523:
2413:
2408:
2398:
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2438:
2403:
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2237:
2227:
2079:
1859:
1689:
1175:
680:
that are logged with a specific location in a special emergency-services database.
401:
288:
Several other countries besides the UK have adopted 999 as their emergency number.
282:
210:
1562:
2923:
2573:
2483:
2468:
2428:
2388:
2247:
1886:
767:
507:
322:
305:
183:
175:
2928:
2635:
2333:
2242:
2198:
2168:
2146:
2136:
2111:
1694:
1389:"Guidelines to select Emergency Number for public telecommunications networks"
1304:
872:
847:
326:
261:
The first emergency number system to be deployed anywhere in the world was in
167:
64:
1362:
1286:
2913:
2378:
2193:
1619:
938:
918:
898:
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348:
297:
206:
194:
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230:
large cities, it was seldom necessary to ask for these services by number.
1685:
The Norwegian National Centre on Emergency Communication in Health (KoKom)
1652:
Mobile Reference (2007). "Chapter: History of emergency services numbers".
1642:
2908:
2898:
2815:
2640:
2463:
745:
572:
274:
270:
151:
109: Other number, no redirection or redirection for mobile phones only
2903:
2888:
1627:
The Changing Hospital Industry: Comparing Not-for-Profit and For-Profit
1436:
378:
357:
2933:
2893:
2215:
2007:
1960:
1329:"911 and 112 are the world's standard emergency numbers, ITU decides"
797:"911 and 112 are the world's standard emergency numbers, ITU decides"
413:
389:
386:
278:
262:
171:
1090:"Hold, please: Lack of money pauses plans for 911 service in N.W.T."
42:
2918:
2855:
2163:
735:
730:
673:
442:
432:
154:
elementary school showing emergency numbers used in Mainland China
145:
77:
1007:
2860:
1533:"Deal to spur better 911 call locating for U.S. cellphone users"
214:
130:(used in Europe and parts of Asia, Africa and South America) or
57:
1964:
1698:
894:"Telephone Calls in Emergencies - Plan to Introduce New System"
162:
An emergency telephone number call may be answered by either a
51:
is the emergency number used in many countries in the Americas.
2106:
1803:
563:
529:
standard across the EU and in many other countries worldwide.
218:
83:
613:
forces the phone to try the call with any available network.
1426:, topic 10.1.1 Identification of emergency numbers, clause C
486:
the secondary emergency service numbers are '106' and '112'.
567:
604:
Using an emergency number recognized by a GSM phone like
1679:
1667:
400:
Gradually, various problems were overcome; "smart" or "
1287:"Emergency contacts in Egypt: important phone numbers"
1198:"Triple Zero (000) Australia's Emergency Call Service"
1150:"Le numéro de téléphone à 10 chiffres fête ses 25 ans"
1483:. Federal Communications Commission. 8 October 2008.
361:
standard number across most of the country under the
30:"Emergency call" redirects here. For other uses, see
1602:, European Emergency Number Association, 15-03-2011.
304:
in September 1958. New Zealand telephones had their
2942:
2879:
2801:
2765:
2722:
2663:
2597:
2306:
1998:
1874: (North America Suicide & Crisis Lifeline)
1509:. Federal Communications Commission. 26 June 2008.
1828: (Austria, Egypt, and Bosnia and Herzegovina)
1228:
118:is a number that allows a caller to contact local
86:approved emergency telephone numbers in the world:
1026:"First 9‑1‑1 call is placed in the United States"
579:or there is not a network signal (busy network).
483:the primary emergency service number is '000' and
1593:EENA Operations Document: False Emergency Calls
1012:Lebanon County Department of Emergency Services
317:Southern California Telephone Co. began using
67:, Germany, with the European emergency number
1976:
1710:
575:, emergency number is entered instead of the
8:
1680:European Emergency Number Association (EENA)
1668:National Emergency Number Association (NENA)
954:Just Dial 116 for emergency telephone calls.
2991:Global telecommunications regulation bodies
1351:"RFCs prepare for Internet emergency calls"
3027:
1983:
1969:
1961:
1925:
1717:
1703:
1695:
1235:. Hoboken, New Jersey: Frommer's. p.
1064:Assoc, American Motorcyclist (June 2001).
1629:. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
1227:Porter, Darwin; Danforth Prince (2009).
1168:"History of the Emergency Call Services"
452:recommended the use of 112 in 1972. The
269:The emergency number 999 was adopted in
788:
842:
840:
838:
721:Amateur radio emergency communications
609:Dialing a known emergency number like
1620:"999 - Which Service Do You Require?"
1405:from the original on 14 February 2012
1396:International Telecommunication Union
1305:"Punjab Emergency Service Department"
934:"Choice Of Emergency Number Defended"
818:
816:
762:National Emergency Number Association
7:
3037:
1945:
1563:"Technology tackles bogus 999 calls"
1461:from the original on 20 October 2014
888:
886:
753:(ICE) entry in the mobile phone book
1663:112 – The European emergency number
757:List of emergency telephone numbers
136:list of emergency telephone numbers
1742:Harmonised service of social value
1573:from the original on 13 April 2004
1130:from the original on 4 August 2016
1099:from the original on 30 April 2016
696:As earlier telephone systems used
126:In many countries, dialing either
25:
1690:Emergency Numbers in Saudi Arabia
1513:from the original on 7 March 2009
717:(or 'Emergency Location Service')
545:pertaining to emergency calls in
3036:
3026:
3017:
3016:
3005:
2626:Free-space optical communication
1944:
1935:
1934:
1924:
1913:
1901:
1339:from the original on 2017-04-01.
1208:from the original on 15 May 2009
1202:Library of Congress Web Archives
1174:. 27 August 2007. Archived from
879:from the original on 2017-08-14.
710:999 (emergency telephone number)
471:000 (emergency telephone number)
429:112 (emergency telephone number)
339:911 (emergency telephone number)
257:999 (emergency telephone number)
56:
41:
1487:from the original on 7 May 2009
539:Internet Engineering Task Force
170:. The nature of the emergency (
32:Emergency Call (disambiguation)
1844: (Mercosur member states)
1802:(Europe and others, worldwide
942:. 1 February 1969. p. 14.
922:. 31 October 1958. p. 10.
1:
1441:European communication office
1262:"Emergency Services in China"
1260:Australian Embassy in China.
1067:Motorcyclist Association p.58
952:Staff report (Aug 19, 1946).
363:North American Numbering Plan
3012:Telecommunication portal
2793:Telecommunications equipment
1920:Telecommunication portal
902:. 19 April 1955. p. 11.
873:"9-1-1 Origin & History"
582:Most GSM mobile phones have
437:112 on a lifeguard tower in
191:computer aided call handling
3063:Emergency telephone numbers
2529:Alexander Stepanovich Popov
1882:(Bangladesh, UK and others)
1814:(parts of Asia and Jamaica)
1726:Emergency telephone numbers
1507:"Calls Made From Payphones"
773:Single Non-Emergency Number
142:Configuration and operation
3079:
2233:Telecommunications history
1398:. 15 May 2008. p. 4.
667:In the United States, the
505:
468:
426:
336:
254:
116:emergency telephone number
82:Implementation of the two
29:
3000:
2841:Public Switched Telephone
2653:telecommunication circuit
2614:Fiber-optic communication
2359:Francis Blake (telephone)
2154:Optical telecommunication
1896:
1750:
1732:
1625:Cutler, David M. (2000).
914:"Dial 111 in Emergencies"
846:British Telecom Archives
824:Why 999 for an emergency?
692:Electro-mechanical issues
456:subsequently adopted the
354:Alabama Telephone Company
321:as an emergency line for
281:in 1959 at the urging of
225:Operator-assisted dialing
213:and similar systems like
2752:Orbital angular-momentum
2189:Satellite communications
2028:Communications satellite
715:Advanced Mobile Location
524:ITU standard: 112 or 911
166:or an emergency service
2631:Molecular communication
2454:Gardiner Greene Hubbard
2283:Undersea telegraph line
2018:Cable protection system
1836: (Colombia, Egypt)
1481:"Wireless 911 Services"
698:loop disconnect dialing
392:) that do not have it.
2773:Communication protocol
2559:Charles Sumner Tainter
2374:Walter Houser Brattain
2319:Edwin Howard Armstrong
2127:Information revolution
848:U.K. Telephone History
445:
377:remote areas (such as
155:
111:
18:Emergency phone number
2747:Polarization-division
2479:Narinder Singh Kapany
2444:Erna Schneider Hoover
2364:Jagadish Chandra Bose
2344:Alexander Graham Bell
2075:online video platform
1908:Telephones portal
1858:(Iraq, North America
1455:"Russia: Emergencies"
537:In January 2008, the
436:
383:Northwest Territories
149:
81:
2589:Vladimir K. Zworykin
2549:Almon Brown Strowger
2519:Charles Grafton Page
2174:Prepaid mobile phone
2102:Electrical telegraph
1335:. 12 December 2012.
1266:china.embassy.gov.au
1008:"THE HISTORY OF 911"
751:In case of emergency
2539:Johann Philipp Reis
2298:Wireless revolution
2260:The Telephone Cases
2117:Hydraulic telegraph
1737:Emergency telephone
1204:. 17 October 2019.
1120:"Money for nothing"
741:Emergency telephone
343:9-1-1 (Philippines)
246:Direct-dial numbers
71:painted on its side
2737:Frequency-division
2714:Telephone exchange
2584:Charles Wheatstone
2514:Jun-ichi Nishizawa
2489:Innocenzo Manzetti
2424:Reginald Fessenden
2159:Optical telegraphy
1992:Telecommunications
1673:2005-02-23 at the
1598:2011-09-02 at the
1357:. 8 January 2008.
959:2013-07-19 at the
853:2012-12-13 at the
829:2013-07-19 at the
541:released a set of
477:Postmaster General
446:
164:telephone operator
156:
120:emergency services
112:
3050:
3049:
2788:Store and forward
2783:Data transmission
2697:Network switching
2648:Transmission line
2494:Guglielmo Marconi
2459:Internet pioneers
2324:Mohamed M. Atalla
2293:Whistled language
1958:
1957:
1950:Wikimedia Commons
1769: (Australia)
1757: (Australia)
1309:www.rescue.gov.pk
1246:978-0-470-39897-5
1231:Frommer's Austria
1088:Williams, Ollie.
983:Dispatch Magazine
965:Los Angeles Times
103: 112 and 911
16:(Redirected from
3070:
3040:
3039:
3030:
3029:
3020:
3019:
3010:
3009:
3008:
2881:Notable networks
2871:Wireless network
2811:Cellular network
2803:Types of network
2778:Computer network
2665:Network topology
2579:Thomas A. Watson
2434:Oliver Heaviside
2419:Philo Farnsworth
2394:Daniel Davis Jr.
2369:Charles Bourseul
2329:John Logie Baird
2038:Data compression
2033:Computer network
1985:
1978:
1971:
1962:
1948:
1947:
1938:
1937:
1928:
1927:
1918:
1917:
1916:
1906:
1905:
1904:
1889: (Pakistan)
1883:
1875:
1867:
1845:
1837:
1829:
1815:
1807:
1806:mobile networks)
1795:
1787:
1719:
1712:
1705:
1696:
1603:
1589:
1583:
1582:
1580:
1578:
1559:
1553:
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1550:
1548:
1543:on 23 March 2018
1539:. Archived from
1529:
1523:
1522:
1520:
1518:
1503:
1497:
1496:
1494:
1492:
1477:
1471:
1470:
1468:
1466:
1451:
1445:
1444:
1437:"ECC Report 324"
1433:
1427:
1421:
1415:
1414:
1412:
1410:
1404:
1393:
1385:
1379:
1378:
1376:
1374:
1365:. Archived from
1347:
1341:
1340:
1325:
1319:
1318:
1316:
1315:
1301:
1295:
1294:
1283:
1277:
1276:
1274:
1272:
1257:
1251:
1250:
1234:
1224:
1218:
1217:
1215:
1213:
1194:
1188:
1187:
1185:
1183:
1164:
1158:
1157:
1146:
1140:
1139:
1137:
1135:
1115:
1109:
1108:
1106:
1104:
1085:
1079:
1078:
1076:
1074:
1061:
1055:
1054:
1052:
1050:
1040:
1034:
1033:
1022:
1016:
1015:
1004:
998:
997:
995:
994:
985:. Archived from
979:"History of 911"
974:
968:
950:
944:
943:
930:
924:
923:
910:
904:
903:
890:
881:
880:
869:
863:
857:
844:
833:
820:
811:
810:
808:
807:
793:
686:unintended calls
553:Mobile telephony
108:
102:
96:
90:
63:A fire truck in
60:
45:
21:
3078:
3077:
3073:
3072:
3071:
3069:
3068:
3067:
3053:
3052:
3051:
3046:
3006:
3004:
2996:
2938:
2875:
2797:
2761:
2718:
2667:
2659:
2600:
2593:
2499:Robert Metcalfe
2354:Tim Berners-Lee
2302:
2122:Information Age
1994:
1989:
1959:
1954:
1914:
1912:
1902:
1900:
1892:
1878:
1870:
1854:
1840:
1832:
1824:
1810:
1798:
1790:
1786:, Japan, China)
1778:
1746:
1728:
1723:
1675:Wayback Machine
1659:
1611:
1606:
1600:Wayback Machine
1590:
1586:
1576:
1574:
1569:. 23 May 2002.
1561:
1560:
1556:
1546:
1544:
1531:
1530:
1526:
1516:
1514:
1505:
1504:
1500:
1490:
1488:
1479:
1478:
1474:
1464:
1462:
1453:
1452:
1448:
1435:
1434:
1430:
1422:
1418:
1408:
1406:
1402:
1391:
1387:
1386:
1382:
1372:
1370:
1369:on 26 July 2011
1349:
1348:
1344:
1327:
1326:
1322:
1313:
1311:
1303:
1302:
1298:
1285:
1284:
1280:
1270:
1268:
1259:
1258:
1254:
1247:
1226:
1225:
1221:
1211:
1209:
1196:
1195:
1191:
1181:
1179:
1166:
1165:
1161:
1148:
1147:
1143:
1133:
1131:
1118:Shanoff, Alan.
1117:
1116:
1112:
1102:
1100:
1087:
1086:
1082:
1072:
1070:
1063:
1062:
1058:
1048:
1046:
1044:"Villager p.13"
1042:
1041:
1037:
1024:
1023:
1019:
1006:
1005:
1001:
992:
990:
976:
975:
971:
961:Wayback Machine
951:
947:
932:
931:
927:
912:
911:
907:
892:
891:
884:
871:
870:
866:
860:
855:Wayback Machine
845:
836:
831:Wayback Machine
821:
814:
805:
803:
795:
794:
790:
786:
781:
726:Distress signal
706:
694:
555:
535:
526:
521:
519:Standardisation
510:
504:
493:
473:
467:
431:
425:
410:
356:in Haleyville,
345:
337:Main articles:
335:
315:
294:
259:
253:
248:
227:
144:
110:
106:
104:
100:
98:
94:
92:
88:
76:
75:
74:
73:
72:
61:
53:
52:
46:
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
3076:
3074:
3066:
3065:
3055:
3054:
3048:
3047:
3045:
3044:
3034:
3024:
3014:
3001:
2998:
2997:
2995:
2994:
2987:
2982:
2977:
2972:
2967:
2966:
2965:
2960:
2952:
2946:
2944:
2940:
2939:
2937:
2936:
2931:
2926:
2921:
2916:
2911:
2906:
2901:
2896:
2891:
2885:
2883:
2877:
2876:
2874:
2873:
2868:
2863:
2858:
2853:
2848:
2843:
2838:
2833:
2828:
2823:
2818:
2813:
2807:
2805:
2799:
2798:
2796:
2795:
2790:
2785:
2780:
2775:
2769:
2767:
2763:
2762:
2760:
2759:
2754:
2749:
2744:
2739:
2734:
2732:Space-division
2728:
2726:
2720:
2719:
2717:
2716:
2711:
2710:
2709:
2704:
2694:
2693:
2692:
2682:
2677:
2671:
2669:
2661:
2660:
2658:
2657:
2656:
2655:
2645:
2644:
2643:
2633:
2628:
2623:
2622:
2621:
2611:
2605:
2603:
2595:
2594:
2592:
2591:
2586:
2581:
2576:
2571:
2569:Camille Tissot
2566:
2561:
2556:
2551:
2546:
2544:Claude Shannon
2541:
2536:
2534:Tivadar Puskás
2531:
2526:
2521:
2516:
2511:
2506:
2504:Antonio Meucci
2501:
2496:
2491:
2486:
2481:
2476:
2474:Charles K. Kao
2471:
2466:
2461:
2456:
2451:
2449:Harold Hopkins
2446:
2441:
2436:
2431:
2426:
2421:
2416:
2411:
2406:
2401:
2396:
2391:
2386:
2381:
2376:
2371:
2366:
2361:
2356:
2351:
2349:Emile Berliner
2346:
2341:
2336:
2331:
2326:
2321:
2316:
2310:
2308:
2304:
2303:
2301:
2300:
2295:
2290:
2288:Videotelephony
2285:
2280:
2279:
2278:
2273:
2263:
2256:
2251:
2245:
2240:
2235:
2230:
2225:
2224:
2223:
2218:
2213:
2203:
2202:
2201:
2191:
2186:
2184:Radiotelephone
2181:
2176:
2171:
2166:
2161:
2156:
2151:
2150:
2149:
2139:
2134:
2129:
2124:
2119:
2114:
2109:
2104:
2099:
2094:
2089:
2088:
2087:
2082:
2077:
2072:
2070:Internet video
2062:
2061:
2060:
2055:
2050:
2045:
2035:
2030:
2025:
2020:
2015:
2010:
2004:
2002:
1996:
1995:
1990:
1988:
1987:
1980:
1973:
1965:
1956:
1955:
1953:
1952:
1942:
1932:
1922:
1910:
1897:
1894:
1893:
1891:
1890:
1884:
1876:
1868:
1852:
1851: (Brazil)
1846:
1838:
1830:
1822:
1816:
1808:
1796:
1788:
1776:
1770:
1764:
1758:
1751:
1748:
1747:
1745:
1744:
1739:
1733:
1730:
1729:
1724:
1722:
1721:
1714:
1707:
1699:
1693:
1692:
1687:
1682:
1677:
1665:
1658:
1657:External links
1655:
1654:
1653:
1650:
1623:
1622:, 30 June 2017
1610:
1607:
1605:
1604:
1584:
1554:
1524:
1498:
1472:
1446:
1428:
1416:
1380:
1342:
1320:
1296:
1278:
1252:
1245:
1219:
1189:
1178:on 15 May 2009
1159:
1141:
1110:
1080:
1056:
1035:
1017:
999:
969:
945:
925:
905:
882:
864:
858:
834:
812:
787:
785:
782:
780:
777:
776:
775:
770:
765:
759:
754:
748:
743:
738:
733:
728:
723:
718:
712:
705:
702:
693:
690:
650:nuisance calls
554:
551:
534:
531:
525:
522:
520:
517:
506:Main article:
503:
500:
492:
489:
488:
487:
484:
469:Main article:
466:
463:
454:European Union
427:Main article:
424:
421:
409:
406:
398:
397:
373:code numbers.
334:
331:
314:
311:
293:
290:
255:Main article:
252:
249:
247:
244:
226:
223:
143:
140:
105:
99:
93:
87:
62:
55:
54:
47:
40:
39:
38:
37:
36:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3075:
3064:
3061:
3060:
3058:
3043:
3035:
3033:
3025:
3023:
3015:
3013:
3003:
3002:
2999:
2992:
2988:
2986:
2983:
2981:
2978:
2976:
2973:
2971:
2968:
2964:
2961:
2959:
2956:
2955:
2953:
2951:
2948:
2947:
2945:
2941:
2935:
2932:
2930:
2927:
2925:
2922:
2920:
2917:
2915:
2912:
2910:
2907:
2905:
2902:
2900:
2897:
2895:
2892:
2890:
2887:
2886:
2884:
2882:
2878:
2872:
2869:
2867:
2864:
2862:
2859:
2857:
2854:
2852:
2849:
2847:
2844:
2842:
2839:
2837:
2834:
2832:
2829:
2827:
2824:
2822:
2819:
2817:
2814:
2812:
2809:
2808:
2806:
2804:
2800:
2794:
2791:
2789:
2786:
2784:
2781:
2779:
2776:
2774:
2771:
2770:
2768:
2764:
2758:
2757:Code-division
2755:
2753:
2750:
2748:
2745:
2743:
2742:Time-division
2740:
2738:
2735:
2733:
2730:
2729:
2727:
2725:
2721:
2715:
2712:
2708:
2705:
2703:
2700:
2699:
2698:
2695:
2691:
2688:
2687:
2686:
2683:
2681:
2678:
2676:
2673:
2672:
2670:
2668:and switching
2666:
2662:
2654:
2651:
2650:
2649:
2646:
2642:
2639:
2638:
2637:
2634:
2632:
2629:
2627:
2624:
2620:
2619:optical fiber
2617:
2616:
2615:
2612:
2610:
2609:Coaxial cable
2607:
2606:
2604:
2602:
2596:
2590:
2587:
2585:
2582:
2580:
2577:
2575:
2572:
2570:
2567:
2565:
2562:
2560:
2557:
2555:
2552:
2550:
2547:
2545:
2542:
2540:
2537:
2535:
2532:
2530:
2527:
2525:
2524:Radia Perlman
2522:
2520:
2517:
2515:
2512:
2510:
2507:
2505:
2502:
2500:
2497:
2495:
2492:
2490:
2487:
2485:
2482:
2480:
2477:
2475:
2472:
2470:
2467:
2465:
2462:
2460:
2457:
2455:
2452:
2450:
2447:
2445:
2442:
2440:
2437:
2435:
2432:
2430:
2427:
2425:
2422:
2420:
2417:
2415:
2414:Lee de Forest
2412:
2410:
2409:Thomas Edison
2407:
2405:
2402:
2400:
2399:Donald Davies
2397:
2395:
2392:
2390:
2387:
2385:
2384:Claude Chappe
2382:
2380:
2377:
2375:
2372:
2370:
2367:
2365:
2362:
2360:
2357:
2355:
2352:
2350:
2347:
2345:
2342:
2340:
2337:
2335:
2332:
2330:
2327:
2325:
2322:
2320:
2317:
2315:
2312:
2311:
2309:
2305:
2299:
2296:
2294:
2291:
2289:
2286:
2284:
2281:
2277:
2274:
2272:
2269:
2268:
2267:
2264:
2262:
2261:
2257:
2255:
2252:
2249:
2246:
2244:
2241:
2239:
2236:
2234:
2231:
2229:
2228:Smoke signals
2226:
2222:
2219:
2217:
2214:
2212:
2209:
2208:
2207:
2206:Semiconductor
2204:
2200:
2197:
2196:
2195:
2192:
2190:
2187:
2185:
2182:
2180:
2177:
2175:
2172:
2170:
2167:
2165:
2162:
2160:
2157:
2155:
2152:
2148:
2145:
2144:
2143:
2140:
2138:
2135:
2133:
2130:
2128:
2125:
2123:
2120:
2118:
2115:
2113:
2110:
2108:
2105:
2103:
2100:
2098:
2095:
2093:
2090:
2086:
2083:
2081:
2078:
2076:
2073:
2071:
2068:
2067:
2066:
2065:Digital media
2063:
2059:
2056:
2054:
2051:
2049:
2046:
2044:
2041:
2040:
2039:
2036:
2034:
2031:
2029:
2026:
2024:
2021:
2019:
2016:
2014:
2011:
2009:
2006:
2005:
2003:
2001:
1997:
1993:
1986:
1981:
1979:
1974:
1972:
1967:
1966:
1963:
1951:
1943:
1941:
1933:
1931:
1923:
1921:
1911:
1909:
1899:
1898:
1895:
1888:
1885:
1881:
1877:
1873:
1869:
1865:
1861:
1857:
1853:
1850:
1847:
1843:
1839:
1835:
1831:
1827:
1823:
1821: (China)
1820:
1817:
1813:
1809:
1805:
1801:
1797:
1794:(New Zealand)
1793:
1789:
1785:
1781:
1777:
1775: (India)
1774:
1771:
1768:
1765:
1763: (India)
1762:
1759:
1756:
1753:
1752:
1749:
1743:
1740:
1738:
1735:
1734:
1731:
1727:
1720:
1715:
1713:
1708:
1706:
1701:
1700:
1697:
1691:
1688:
1686:
1683:
1681:
1678:
1676:
1672:
1669:
1666:
1664:
1661:
1660:
1656:
1651:
1648:
1644:
1640:
1636:
1635:9780226132198
1632:
1628:
1624:
1621:
1617:
1613:
1612:
1608:
1601:
1597:
1594:
1588:
1585:
1572:
1568:
1564:
1558:
1555:
1542:
1538:
1534:
1528:
1525:
1512:
1508:
1502:
1499:
1486:
1482:
1476:
1473:
1460:
1456:
1450:
1447:
1442:
1438:
1432:
1429:
1425:
1420:
1417:
1401:
1397:
1390:
1384:
1381:
1368:
1364:
1360:
1356:
1355:blog.anta.net
1352:
1346:
1343:
1338:
1334:
1330:
1324:
1321:
1310:
1306:
1300:
1297:
1292:
1288:
1282:
1279:
1267:
1263:
1256:
1253:
1248:
1242:
1238:
1233:
1232:
1223:
1220:
1207:
1203:
1199:
1193:
1190:
1177:
1173:
1169:
1163:
1160:
1155:
1151:
1145:
1142:
1129:
1125:
1121:
1114:
1111:
1098:
1094:
1091:
1084:
1081:
1069:
1068:
1060:
1057:
1045:
1039:
1036:
1031:
1027:
1021:
1018:
1013:
1009:
1003:
1000:
989:on 2018-09-23
988:
984:
980:
977:Allen, Gary.
973:
970:
967:
966:
962:
958:
955:
949:
946:
941:
940:
935:
929:
926:
921:
920:
915:
909:
906:
901:
900:
895:
889:
887:
883:
878:
874:
868:
865:
862:
859:
856:
852:
849:
843:
841:
839:
835:
832:
828:
825:
819:
817:
813:
802:
798:
792:
789:
783:
778:
774:
771:
769:
766:
763:
760:
758:
755:
752:
749:
747:
744:
742:
739:
737:
734:
732:
729:
727:
724:
722:
719:
716:
713:
711:
708:
707:
703:
701:
699:
691:
689:
687:
681:
679:
675:
670:
665:
662:
658:
653:
651:
647:
643:
639:
635:
631:
627:
623:
619:
614:
612:
607:
602:
599:
598:
593:
592:
587:
586:
580:
578:
574:
569:
565:
561:
552:
550:
548:
544:
543:RFC documents
540:
532:
530:
523:
518:
516:
514:
509:
501:
499:
497:
490:
485:
482:
481:
480:
478:
472:
464:
462:
459:
455:
451:
444:
440:
435:
430:
422:
420:
417:
415:
407:
405:
403:
395:
394:
393:
391:
388:
384:
380:
374:
370:
366:
364:
359:
355:
350:
344:
340:
332:
330:
328:
324:
320:
312:
310:
309:accordingly.
307:
303:
299:
291:
289:
286:
284:
280:
276:
272:
267:
264:
258:
250:
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2724:Multiplexing
2599:Transmission
2564:Nikola Tesla
2554:Henry Sutton
2509:Samuel Morse
2439:Robert Hooke
2404:Amos Dolbear
2339:John Bardeen
2258:
2238:Telautograph
2142:Mobile phone
2097:Edholm's law
2080:social media
2013:Broadcasting
1930:List article
1860:E-911 system
1725:
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1615:
1587:
1575:. Retrieved
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1545:. Retrieved
1541:the original
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1367:the original
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1333:theverge.com
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1176:the original
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402:enhanced 911
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396:Enhanced 911
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306:rotary dials
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283:Stephen Juba
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211:Enhanced 911
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2924:NPL network
2636:Radio waves
2574:Alfred Vail
2484:Hedy Lamarr
2469:Dawon Kahng
2429:Elisha Gray
2389:Yogen Dalal
2314:Nasir Ahmed
2248:Teleprinter
2112:Heliographs
1864:Philippines
1647:p. 118
1547:15 November
1291:tripmydream
1182:19 November
1124:Toronto Sun
768:Phone fraud
508:Rescue 1122
352:use by the
323:Los Angeles
184:coast guard
2970:Antarctica
2929:Toasternet
2851:Television
2334:Paul Baran
2266:Television
2250:(teletype)
2243:Telegraphy
2221:transistor
2199:Phryctoria
2169:Photophone
2147:Smartphone
2137:Mass media
1465:13 October
1314:2024-09-06
1271:18 January
1212:17 October
1073:13 October
1049:13 October
993:2019-11-04
806:2018-07-26
779:References
549:networks.
327:California
168:dispatcher
65:Ennigerloh
2954:Americas
2943:Locations
2914:Internet2
2675:Bandwidth
2379:Vint Cerf
2276:streaming
2254:Telephone
2194:Semaphore
2085:streaming
1643:848656697
1616:Seriously
1373:8 January
1363:1797-1993
1154:Le Figaro
939:The Press
919:The Press
899:The Press
801:The Verge
784:Citations
678:Bluetooth
349:area code
329:in 1946.
302:Carterton
298:Masterton
207:caller ID
195:first aid
97: 911
91: 112
3057:Category
3022:Category
2909:Internet
2899:CYCLADES
2816:Ethernet
2766:Concepts
2690:terminal
2641:wireless
2464:Bob Kahn
2307:Pioneers
2132:Internet
2023:Cable TV
1940:Category
1671:Archived
1618:podcast
1596:Archived
1571:Archived
1567:BBC News
1511:Archived
1485:Archived
1459:Archived
1400:Archived
1337:Archived
1206:Archived
1128:Archived
1097:Archived
1093:CBC News
957:Archived
877:Archived
851:Archived
827:Archived
746:Helpline
704:See also
573:SIM card
560:SIM card
387:Canada's
381:and the
275:Manitoba
271:Winnipeg
152:Shenzhen
3042:Commons
3032:Outline
2985:Oceania
2904:FidoNet
2889:ARPANET
2702:circuit
2271:digital
2000:History
1609:Sources
1537:Reuters
1517:5 April
1491:5 April
1030:HISTORY
379:Nunavut
358:Alabama
180:medical
2980:Europe
2950:Africa
2934:Usenet
2894:BITNET
2831:Mobile
2707:packet
2216:MOSFET
2211:device
2008:Beacon
1641:
1633:
1591:EENA.
1361:
1243:
764:(NENA)
644:, and
439:Pájara
414:France
408:17, 18
390:Arctic
279:Canada
263:London
172:police
107:
101:
95:
89:
2963:South
2958:North
2919:JANET
2856:Telex
2846:Radio
2685:Nodes
2680:Links
2601:media
2179:Radio
2164:Pager
2092:Drums
2058:video
2053:image
2043:audio
1577:1 May
1409:6 May
1403:(PDF)
1392:(PDF)
1134:2 May
1103:2 May
736:eCall
674:Wi-Fi
443:Spain
2975:Asia
2861:UUCP
2821:ISDN
1887:1122
1784:Iran
1639:OCLC
1631:ISBN
1614:BBC
1579:2010
1549:2014
1519:2009
1493:2009
1467:2014
1411:2012
1375:2008
1359:ISSN
1273:2024
1241:ISBN
1214:2019
1184:2007
1172:ACMA
1136:2016
1105:2016
1075:2014
1051:2014
731:E112
601:it.
594:and
513:1122
502:1122
450:CEPT
448:The
341:and
300:and
215:E112
176:fire
2866:WAN
2836:NGN
2826:LAN
2107:Fax
2048:DCT
1880:999
1872:988
1856:911
1849:190
1842:128
1834:123
1826:122
1819:120
1812:119
1804:GSM
1800:112
1792:111
1780:110
1773:108
1767:106
1761:102
1755:000
1237:482
676:or
669:FCC
659:or
646:999
638:110
634:000
630:119
626:118
622:911
618:112
611:112
606:112
597:911
591:999
585:112
577:PIN
566:or
564:GSM
496:122
491:122
465:000
458:112
423:112
412:In
385:in
333:911
319:116
313:116
292:111
251:999
219:GPS
199:CPR
197:or
132:911
128:112
114:An
84:ITU
69:112
49:911
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568:3G
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