Emergency position-indicating radiobeacon

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in the early 1970s. The frequency and signal format used by the ELT beacons was not designed for satellite detection, which resulted in a system with poor location detection abilities and long delays in detection of activated beacons. The satellite detection network was built after the ELT beacons were already in general use, with the first satellite not being launched until 1982, and even then, the satellites only provided detection, with location accuracy being roughly 20 km (12 mi). The technology was later expanded to cover use on vessels at sea (EPIRB), individual persons (PLB), and starting in 2016, maritime survivor locating devices (MSLD). All have migrated from using 121.500 MHz as their primary frequency to using 406 MHz, which was designed for satellite detection and location.

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Canadian registered aircraft to either a 406 MHz ELT or an alternate means system; however, elected officials have overruled the recommendation of Transport Canada for the regulation and have asked for a looser regulation to be drafted by Transport Canada. Recent information indicates Transport Canada may permit private, general aviation flight with only an existing 121.5 MHz ELT if there is a placard visible to all passengers stating to the effect that the aircraft does not comply with international recommendations for the carriage of the 406 MHz emergency alerting device and is not detectable by satellites in the event of a crash.

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aviation aircraft to install ELTs by Dec. 30, 1973, and it preempted all the state ELT laws. The federal ELT law left the matter of alerting vague, although the initial idea was alerting by over flying aircraft which could receive an ELT's 75-milliwatt signal from 50 nautical miles away. The law set the compliance dates as one year after passage for newly manufactured or imported aircraft (December 30, 1971), and three years for existing aircraft (December 30, 1973). In response to the law, the

2023: 2987: 356: 4851: 1532:, and in the specification the alarm signal is defined as an AM signal (A3X and/or N0N emissions), containing a swept tone ranging from 1600 Hz to 300 Hz (downwards), with 2-4 sweeps per second. When activated, 406 MHz units transmit a 0.5 second, 5-watt digital burst every 50 seconds, varying within a span of ±2.5 seconds somewhat randomly, so as to avoid multiple ELTs always having their beacons synchronized. 557:. Also, two satellite passes per beacon were used. This eliminated false alarms by using two measurements to verify the beacon's location from two different bearings. This prevented false alarms from VHF channels that affected a single satellite. Regrettably, the second satellite pass almost doubled the average time before notification of the rescuing authority. However, the notification time was much less than a day. 6190: 5108: 5118: 6200: 45: 1778:

water-sensing device or a submerged-sensing device that activates and releases a floating beacon after it has been submerged in between 1 and 4 meters of water. In addition to the 406 MHz signal mandated by C/S T.001, the IMO and ICAO require an auxiliary 121.5 MHz at another frequency in order to support the large installed base of 121.5 MHz direction finding equipment.

6179: 2999: 6210: 4377:, When one enters the transmitted (i.e. GPS-location-included) 15-hex into the decoder, the unmodified 15-hex ID is printed at the bottom of the output of the Beacon Decoder page. This method can be used to confirm that a beacon is encoding the correct 15-hex ID (as printed on the side of the beacon) into its distress messages. URL updated 26 March 2021. 53: 509:

million and the signals were broadcast using only 75–100 milliwatts of power. Coverage was partial because the satellite had to be in view of both the beacon and a ground station at the same time; the satellites did not store and forward the beacon's position. Coverage in polar and Southern Hemisphere areas was poor.

1887:– This entered service in 1997 and service ended 1 December 2006; all former users have switched to Category I or II 406 MHz EPIRBs. These beacons were float-free, automatically activated EPIRBs operated on 1646 MHz and were detectable by the Inmarsat geostationary satellite system, and were recognized by 2963:

latitude and longitude, so they can be used for both normal and emergency tracking. They also are routed to the Internet, where they are archived for some period of time, and viewable by others. There are several emergency packet types that can indicate distress. Since it is part of the amateur radio

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The repetition period shall not be so stable that any two transmitters appear to be synchronized closer than a few seconds over a 5-minute period. The intent is that no two beacons will have all of their bursts coincident. The period shall be randomised around a mean value of 50 seconds, so that time

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position into the signal. All beacons are located by Doppler triangulation to confirm the location. The digital data identifies the registered user. A phone call by authorities to the registered phone number often eliminates false alarms (false alarms are the typical case). If there is a problem, the

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Once deployed, EPIRBs can be activated, depending on the circumstances, either manually (crewman flicks a switch) or automatically (when water contacts the unit's "sea-switch".) All modern EPIRBs provide both methods of activation and deployment, and thus are labelled "Manual and Automatic Deployment

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The US Coast Guard web page for EPIRBs states: "You may be fined for false activation of an unregistered EPIRB. The US Coast Guard routinely refers cases involving the nondistress activation of an EPIRB (e.g., as a hoax, through gross negligence, carelessness, or improper storage and handling) to the

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The LEOSAR system calculates the location of distress events using Doppler processing techniques. Doppler processing is based upon the principle that the frequency of the distress beacon, as "heard" by the satellite instrument, is affected by the relative velocity of the satellite with respect to the

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All ELTs, all PLBs, and most EPIRBs are required to have a low-power homing signal, that is identical to the original 121.500 MHz VHF beacon signal. However, due to the extremely large number of false alarms that the old beacons generated, the transmit power was greatly reduced, and because the

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Carriage requirements for emergency locator beacons on most US non-jet powered fixed-wing civil aircraft became law on December 29, 1970, with the signing of Senate bill S.2193, "The Occupational Safety and Health Act of 1970," Public Law 91-596. as a last-minute rider to the Occupational Safety and

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Although monitoring of 121.5 and 243 MHz (Class B) distress signals by satellite ceased in February 2009, the FAA has not mandated an upgrade of older ELT units to 406 MHz in United States aircraft. Transport Canada has put forward a proposed regulatory requirement that requires upgrade to

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Cospas-Sarsat defines standards for beacons, auxiliary equipment to be mounted on conforming weather and communication satellites, ground stations, and communications methods. The satellites communicate the beacon data to their ground stations, which forward it to main control centers of each nation

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boaters in distress and in need of immediate rescue. In the event of an emergency, such as a ship sinking or medical emergency onboard, the transmitter is activated and begins transmitting a continuous 406 MHz distress radio signal, which is used by search-and-rescue teams to quickly locate the

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The most important aspect of a beacon in classification is the mode of transmission. There are two valid transmission modes: digital and analog. Where digital usually has a longer range, analog is more reliable. Analog beacons are useful to search parties and SAR aircraft, though they are no longer

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Despite the switch to 406 MHz, pilots and ground stations are encouraged to continue to monitor for transmissions on the emergency frequencies, as most 406 MHz beacons are required to be equipped with 121.5 "homers." Furthermore, the 121.5 MHz frequency continues remains the official

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Emergency beacons operating on 406 MHz transmit a unique 15-, 22-, or 30-character serial number called a hex code. When the beacon is purchased, the hex code should be registered with the relevant national (or international) authority. After one of the mission control centers has detected the

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Receivers are auxiliary systems mounted on several types of satellites. This substantially reduces the program's cost. The weather satellites that carry the SARSAT receivers are in "ball of yarn" orbits, inclined at 99 degrees. The longest period that all satellites can be out of line-of-sight of a

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Russia developed the original system, and its success drove the desire to develop the improved 406-MHz system. The original system was a brilliant adaptation to the low-quality beacons, originally designed to aid air searches. It used just a simple, lightweight transponder on the satellite, with no

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If the beacon's frequency is more precise, it can be located more precisely, saving search time, so modern 406-MHz beacons are accurate to 2 parts per billion, giving a search area of only 2 km, compared to the older beacons accurate to 50 parts per million that had 200 km of search area.

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Once the satellite data is received, less than a minute is needed to forward them to any signatory nation. The primary means of detection and location is by the COSPAS-SARSAT satellites. However, additional means of location are frequently used. For example, the FAA requires that all pilots monitor

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The first form of these beacons was the 121.5 MHz ELT, which was designed as an automatic locator beacon for crashed military aircraft. These beacons were first used in the 1950s by the U.S. military, and were mandated for use on many types of commercial and general-aviation aircraft beginning

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Personal Locator Beacons (PLBs) are designed for use by individuals who are hiking, kayaking, or conducting other activities on land or water where they are not in or associated with an aircraft or vessel that is equipped with its own ELT or EPIRB. As with EPIRBs, the RTCM maintains specifications

1785:(Radio Technical Commission for Maritime Services) maintains specifications specific to EPIRB devices. The alarm signal is defined as an AM signal (A3X and/or N0N emissions), containing a swept tone ranging from 1600 Hz to 300 Hz (either upwards or downwards), with 2-4 sweeps per second. 573:

Some geosynchronous satellites have beacon receivers. Since the end of 2003, there are four such geostationary satellites (GEOSAR) that cover more than 80% of the surface of the earth. As with all geosynchronous satellites, they are located above the equator. The GEOSAR satellites do not cover the

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and broadcasts its position, usually accurate within 100 m (330 ft), to facilitate location. Previous emergency beacons without a GPS can only be localized to within 2 km (1.2 mi) by the COSPAS satellites and relied heavily upon the 121.5 MHz homing signal to pin-point the

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Emergency Position-Indicating Radio Beacons (EPIRBs) are a development of the ELT designed specifically for use on boats and ships, and basic models tend to be less expensive than ELTs (average cost is $ 800). As such, instead of using an impact sensor to activate the beacon, they typically use a

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An intermediate technology 406-MHz beacon (now mostly obsolete in favor of GPS-enabled units) has worldwide coverage, locates within 2 km (12.5 km search area), notifies kin and rescuers in 2 hours maximum (46 min average), and has a serial number to look up phone numbers, etc. This can

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Preliminary specification for second-generation beacons. From beacon activation a total of initial transmissions shall be made separated by fixed intervals. The first transmission shall commence within seconds of beacon activation. Transmissions shall then occur at nominally second intervals

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ch15/16. Manually activated, these beacons operate on maritime channels only, and therefore are not detectable by satellite or normal aircraft. Designed for small crafts operating close to shore, this type was only recognized in the United States. Use of these units was phased out in 1999. These

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ELTs were first mandated in 1973 by FAA technical standard order (TSO-C91). The original TSO-C91, and updated TSO-C91A were officially deprecated as of February 2, 2009, when reception of the 121.5 MHz signal was deactivated on all of the SAR satellite, in favor of the C126 ELT models, with

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Registration information allows SAR agencies to start a rescue more quickly. For example, if a shipboard telephone number listed in the registration is unreachable, it could be assumed that a real distress event is occurring. Conversely, the information provides a quick and easy way for the SAR

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processing. Local-user terminals (LUTs) detecting nongeostationary satellites interpret the Doppler frequency shift heard by LEOSAR and MEOSAR satellites as they pass over a beacon transmitting at a fixed frequency. The interpretation determines both bearing and range. The range and bearing are

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These distress signals could be detected by satellite over only 60% of the earth, required up to 6 hours for notification, located within 20 km (12 mi) (search area of 1200 km), were anonymous, and could not be located well because their frequency is only accurate to 50 parts per

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added the unrelated beacon language as a rider to the bill, which became section 31 of the law. (Earlier in the session he tried to add the requirements as an amendment to House bill H.R. 14465, the "Airport and Airways Development Act of 1969," but was unsuccessful.) It required most general

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SAR satellite system. This affects all maritime beacons (EPIRBs), all aviation beacons (ELTs) and all personal beacons (PLBs). In other words, Cospas-Sarsat has ceased satellite detection and processing of 121.5/243 MHz beacons. These older beacons are now only detectable by ground-based

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Because of the extremely high numbers of false alerts on the 121.500 MHz frequency (over 98% of all COSPAS-SARSAT alerts), the IMO eventually requested for a termination of COSPAS-SARSAT processing of 121.5 MHz signals. The ICAO Council also agreed to this phase-out request, and the

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organization, which performs the search and rescue. As Search and Rescue approach the search areas, they use Direction Finding (DF) equipment to locate the beacon using the 121.5 MHz homing signal, or in newer EPIRBs, the AIS location signal. The basic purpose of this system is to help

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However, rescue cannot begin until a Doppler track is available. The COSPAS-SARSAT specifications say that a beacon location is not considered "resolved" unless at least two Doppler tracks match or a Doppler track confirms an encoded (GPS) track. One or more GPS tracks are not sufficient.

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rescuers find survivors within the so-called "golden day" (the first 24 hours following a traumatic event) during which the majority of survivors can usually be saved. The feature distinguishing a modern EPIRB, often called GPIRB, from other types of emergency beacon is that it contains a

1668:, ground testing of A-, B-, and S-type ELTs is to be done within the first 5 minutes of each hour. Testing is restricted to three audio sweeps. Type I and II devices (those transmitting at 406 MHz) have a self test function and must not be activated except in an actual emergency. 2054:

lb). They can be purchased from marine suppliers, aircraft refitters, and (in Australia and the United States) hiking supply stores. The units have a useful life of 10 years, operate across a range of conditions −40 to 40 °C (−40 to 104 °F), and transmit for 24 to 48 hours.

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until minutes after beacon activation. The repetition period between the start of two successive transmissions shall be randomised around the stated nominal value, so that intervals between successive transmissions are randomly distributed over ± seconds. Subsequent transmissions .

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In the case of 121.5 MHz beacons, the frequency is known in aviation as the "VHF Guard" emergency frequency, and all U.S. civilian pilots (private and commercial) are required, by FAA policy, to monitor this frequency when it is possible to do so. The frequency can be used by

2284:. The 15-hex ID can only be reprogrammed by certified distress radiobeacon technicians. The national authority uses this number to look up phone numbers and other contact information for the beacon. This is crucial to handle the large number of false alarms generated by beacons. 1936:

For a marine EPIRB to begin transmitting a signal (or "activate") it first needs to come out of its bracket (or "deploy"). Deployment can happen either manually where someone must physically remove it from its bracket or automatically where water pressure will cause a

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article covered the death of 16-year-old Carla Corbus, who survived, though badly injured, along with her mother, for 54 days after the plane her step-dad was flying crashed in the Trinity Alps of California in March 1967. He was lost and died in the woods looking for

2484:(and most jurisdictions in Europe) no special license is required to operate an EPIRB. In some countries (for example the Netherlands) a marine radio operators license is required. The following paragraphs define other requirements relating to EPIRBs, ELTs, and PLBs. 125:

Since the inception of Cospas-Sarsat in 1982, distress radio beacons have assisted in the rescue of over 50,000 people in more than 7,000 distress situations. In 2010 alone, the system provided information used to rescue 2,388 persons in 641 distress situations.

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polar caps. Since they see the Earth as a whole, they see the beacon immediately, but have no motion, and thus no Doppler frequency shift to locate it. However, if the beacon transmits GPS data, the geosynchronous satellites give nearly instantaneous response.

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Beacons operating on 121.5 MHz and 243.0 MHz only simply transmit an anonymous siren tone, thus carry no position or identity information to SAR agencies. Such beacons now rely solely on the terrestrial or aeronautical monitoring of the frequency.

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Class A – 121.5/243 MHz. Float-free, automatically activating. Due to limited signal coverage and possible lengthy delays in signal recognition, the U.S. Coast Guard no longer recommends use of this type. These devices have been phased out by the U.S.

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IEC 61097-2: Global maritime distress and safety system (GMDSS) - Part 2: COSPASSARSAT EPIRB - Satellite emergency position indicating radio beacon operating on 406 MHz - Operational and performance requirements, methods of testing and required test

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After problems with the C-91 ELTs, The FAA responded to the defective early ELTs by outlawing the installation of C-91 ELTs and certifying C91a ELTs with an improved gravity switch, improved crash and fire-worthy casing, and batteries that work in colder

89:, which can detect emergency beacons anywhere on Earth transmitting on the distress frequency of 406 MHz. The satellites calculate the position or utilize the GPS coordinates of the beacon and quickly passes the information to the appropriate local 553:

digital recorders or other complexities. Ground stations listened to each satellite as long as it was above the horizon. Doppler shift was used to locate the beacon(s). Multiple beacons were separated when a computer program analysed the signals with a

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The 406-MHz beacons with GPS track with a precision of 100 m in the 70% of the world closest to the equator, and send a serial number so the responsible authority can look up phone numbers to notify the registrant (e.g., next-of-kin) in four minutes.

616:. Despite the clear benefits of registration, an unregistered 406-MHz beacon is very substantially better than a 121.5-MHz beacon, because the hex code received from a 406-MHz beacon confirms the authenticity of the signal as a real distress signal. 290:" (Космическая Система Поиска Аварийных Судов), which translates to "space system for the search of vessels in distress". A consortium of USSR, the U.S., Canada, and France formed the organization in 1982. Since then, 29 other countries have joined. 325:

Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) for EPIRBs, PLBs, and EPIRBs to utilize the new Return Link Service or RLS that provides a confirmation message from Search and Rescue back to the beacon to let the survivors know their distress message was

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As part of the United States efforts to prepare beacon users for the end of 121.5 MHz frequency processing by satellites, the FCC has prohibited the use of 121.5 MHz EPIRBs as of January 1, 2007 (47 CFR 80.1051). See

1554:") have not been permitted for new installations since June 21, 1995; the replacing standard was TSO-C91a. Furthermore, TSO-C91/91a ELTs are being replaced / supplemented by the TSO C126 406 MHz ELT, a far superior unit. 2964:

service, it costs nothing to transmit on and uses the extensive network, however, one must be a licensed amateur radio operator. There is also no guarantee that an APRS distress packet report would be seen or handled by

2883:(bold are Canadian-required frequencies). Although sometimes defined in the same standards as the COSPAS-SARSAT beacons, MSLDs can not be detected by that satellite network, and are instead intended only for short-range 1386:

In the UK, the Distress and Diversion Cell of the Royal Air Force provides continuous monitoring of 121.5 MHz and 243.0 MHz, with autotriangulation from a network of terrestrial receivers on both frequencies.

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characters. The unique 15-character digital identity (the 15-hex ID) is hard-coded in the firmware of the beacon. The 406.025 MHz carrier signal is modulated plus or minus 1.1 radians with the data encoded using

1480:, the FAA declined to do so. Citing two recent accidents, one with a 121.5 MHz ELT and one with a 406 MHz ELT, the NTSB concludes that switching all ELTs to 406 MHz is a necessary goal to work towards. 2610: 1999:

A Ship Security Alert System (SSAS) is a special variety of an EPIRB designed to alert the ship's owner(s) of a possible piracy or terrorist attack. They thus have several distinguishing operational differences:

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COSPAS-SARSAT Council decided that future satellites would no longer carry the 121.5 MHz search and rescue repeater (SARR). Since 1 February 2009, only 406 MHz beacons are detected by the international

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False alarms were common, as the beacon transmitted on the aviation emergency frequency, with interference from other electronic and electrical systems. To reduce false alarms, a beacon was confirmed by a second

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Several systems are in use, with beacons of varying expense, different types of satellites, and varying performance. Carrying even the oldest systems provides an immense improvement in safety over carrying none.

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As a GEOSAR satellite remains fixed relative to the Earth rotating with the earth around the equator, GEOSAR satellites utilize the GPS provided by the EPIRB, PLB, or ELT to provide rescuers with beacon position

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in a general aviation aircraft on October 16, 1972 sparked the then largest ever search and rescue effort, which proved fruitless. This high-profile event further hastened the mandating of ELTs aboard aircraft.

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take up to two hours because it has to use moving weather satellites to locate the beacon. To help locate the beacon, the beacon's frequency is controlled to 2 parts per billion, and its power is five watts.

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system for search and rescue (SAR). These beacons transmit a 406 MHz distress signal every 50 seconds, varying over a span of 2.5 seconds to avoid multiple beacons always transmitting at the same time.

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VHF transmitter typically uses the same antenna as the UHF beacon, the radiated signal is further reduced by the inherent inefficiencies of transmitting with an antenna not tuned to the transmitted signal.

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Federal Communications Commission. The FCC will prosecute cases based upon evidence provided by the Coast Guard, and will issue warning letters or notices of apparent liability for fines up to $ 10,000."

3247: 517:, which could easily slow confirmation of a 'case' of distress to as much as 4 hours (although in rare circumstances, the satellites could be positioned such that immediate detection becomes possible.) 2069:

The alarm signal is defined as an AM signal (A3X and/or N0N emissions), containing a swept tone ranging from 300 Hz to 1600 Hz (upwards), with 2–4 sweeps per second. PLBs shall sweep upward.

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Automatic EPIRBs are water activated. Some EPIRBs also "deploy"; this means that they physically depart from their mounting bracket on the exterior of the vessel (usually by going into the water.)

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beacon. By monitoring the change of the beacon frequency of the received beacon signal and knowing the exact position of the satellite, the LUT is able to calculate the location of the beacon.

2586: 2500:(ICAO) regulations must register their beacons. Some national administrations (including the United States, Canada, Australia, and the UK) also require registration of 406 MHz beacons. 2061: 1457: 1613:, hard landings, movement by ground crews and aircraft maintenances, can generate false alarms, which can interfere with and cannot be distinguished from genuine emergency transmissions. 1536: 2459:(frequency band protected to ±50 kHz) (Satellite detection ceased on 1 February 2009, but this frequency is still used for short-range location during a search and rescue operation) 636:. RCCs are operated unilaterally by personnel of a single military service (e.g. an air force, or a navy) or a single civilian service (e.g. a national police force, or a coast guard). 1456:

EPIRBs that do not transmit on 406 MHz are banned on boats in the United States and in many other jurisdictions. More information about the switch to 406 MHz is available on

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U.S. Military forces at one time used 121.5/243.0 MHz beacons such as the "PRC-106," which had a built-in VHF radio. The military is replacing them with modern 406 MHz PLBs.

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The newest of the Cospas Sarsat satellites, detect EPIRB, PLB, and ELT distress signals in almost real-time (i.e within 5 minutes) including the beacons location with or without GPS.

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The U.S. Coast Guard warns that a user's "life may be saved as a result of registered emergency information" because it can respond more quickly to signals from registered beacons.

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signal, this registration information is passed to the rescue coordination center, which then provides the appropriate search-and-rescue agency with crucial information, such as:

3331: 4239:"RSS-287—Emergency Position Indicating Radio Beacons (EPIRB), Emergency Locator Transmitters (ELT), Personal Locator Beacons (PLB), and Maritime Survivor Locator Devices (MSLD)" 3708:"RSS-287—Emergency Position Indicating Radio Beacons (EPIRB), Emergency Locator Transmitters (ELT), Personal Locator Beacons (PLB), and Maritime Survivor Locator Devices (MSLD)" 3279: 2280:

Embedded 15-Hex ID or 15-hex transmitted distress message, for example, 2024F72524FFBFF The hex ID is printed or stamped on the outside of the beacon and is hard-coded into its

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but is still found on many aircraft. ELTs are relatively large, and would fit in a cube about 30 cm (12 in) on a side, and weigh 2 to 5 kg (4.4 to 11.0 lb).

3017: 538:. If the beacon is moving toward or away from the satellite track due to the Earth's rotation, it is on one side or other of the satellite's path. Doppler shift is zero at the 4445: 2175:

beacon location data guides search and rescue efforts. No beacon is ignored. Anonymous beacons are confirmed by two Doppler tracks before beginning beacon location efforts.

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Unless the national registry authority advises otherwise, personal information contained in a beacon is used exclusively for SAR distress alert resolution purposes.

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release unit to separate the EPIRB from its bracket. If it does not come out of the bracket it will not activate. There is a magnet in the bracket which operates a

1911: 1906:(GMDSS). Most commercial off-shore working vessels with passengers are required to carry a self-deploying EPIRB, while most in-shore and fresh-water craft are not. 392: 3933: 2287:

A location protocol number, and type of location protocol: EPIRB or MMSI, as well as all the data fields of that location protocol. If the beacon is equipped with

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provides the status of 406 MHz beacon regulations in specific countries and extracts of some international regulations pertaining to 406 MHz beacons.

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once again recommended that the U.S. FAA require all aircraft have 406 MHz ELTs. They first recommended this back in 2000 and after vigorous opposition by

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measured from the rate of change of the heard frequency, which varies both according to the path of the satellite in space and the rotation of the earth. This

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406 MHz UHF beacons transmit bursts of digital information to orbiting satellites, and may also contain a low-power integrated analog (121.500 MHz)

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406 MHz beacons transmit for a quarter of a second immediately when turned on, and then transmit a digital burst once every 50 seconds thereafter. Both

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satellites. EPIRB beacons with built-in GPS are usually called GPIRBs, for GPS position-indicating radio beacon or global position-indicating radio beacon.

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To increase the useful power, and handle multiple simultaneous beacons, modern 406-MHz beacons transmit in bursts, and remain silent for about 50 seconds.

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The U.S. NOAA operates the U.S. Mission Control Center (USMCC) in Suitland, Maryland. It distributes beacon signal reports to one or more of these RCCs:

4446:"RSS-187, Emergency Position Indicating Radio Beacons, Emergency Locator Transmitters, Personal Locator Beacons, and Maritime Survivor Locator Devices" 3934:"RSS-187, Emergency Position Indicating Radio Beacons, Emergency Locator Transmitters, Personal Locator Beacons, and Maritime Survivor Locator Devices" 3220: 2600: 1727:

that crashed on February 18, 1969 in the Sierra Nevada Mountains. Five aircraft crashed and five searchers were killed while trying to find Flight 708.

6249: 3760: 2497: 1332: 633: 4774: 4669:"Report ITU-R M.2285-0 Maritime survivor locating systems and devices (man overboard systems) -- An overview of systems and their mode of operation" 4252: 1961:

is designed to deploy automatically when submerged to a prescribed depth; the pressure of the water activates a mechanism which releases the EPIRB.

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Report ITU-R M.2285-0 Maritime survivor locating systems and devices (man overboard systems) -- An overview of systems and their mode of operation

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Emergency Locator Transmitters (ELTs) are fairly expensive (aviation use; Average cost is $ 1500–3000) locator beacons. In commercial aircraft, a

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at 121.5 MHz. The frequency is often routinely monitored by commercial aircraft, but has not been monitored by satellite since Feb. 1, 2009.

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Category I – 406/121.5 MHz. Float-free, automatically activated EPIRB. Detectable by satellite anywhere in the world. Recognized by GMDSS.

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An unregistered 406-MHz beacon still carries some information, such as the manufacturer and serial number of the beacon, and in some cases, an

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intervals between transmission are randomly distributed on the interval 47.5 to 52.5 seconds. (specification for first-generation beacons)

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When a beacon is sold to another country, the purchaser is responsible for having the beacon reprogrammed with a new country code and to

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The rescue authority uses its own receiving equipment afterwards to locate the beacon and commence its own rescue or recovery operations.

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RCCs are responsible for a geographic area, known as a "search-and-rescue region of responsibility" (SRR). SRRs are designated by the

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The RTCA published DO-145, DO-146, and DO-147, which the FAA then adopted the three DO documents as Technical Standard Order TSO C91.

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ICAO/IMO Working Paper 10 to 14 September 2007 – Joint Working Group on Harmonization of Aeronautical and Maritime Search and Rescue

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A country code, which lets the worldwide COSPAS/SARSAT central authority identify the national authority responsible for the beacon.

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243.0 MHz UHF ± 12 kHz (frequency band protected to ± 100 kHz) (prior to 1 February 2009 – COSPAS-SARSAT Compatible)

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The transmitter is activated, either automatically in a crash or after sinking, or manually by survivors of an emergency situation.

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The GPS system permits stationary, wide-view geosynchronous communications satellites to enhance the Doppler position received by

6244: 5797: 5345: 5147: 3300: 3023: 2941:

These devices are commonly referred to as SEND (Satellite Emergency Notification Device), and examples include SPOT and inReach.

2924: 2869: 2802: 1793: 3781: 2010:

The COSPAS-SARSAT system sends the distress message to the vessel's country of origin, regardless of the location of the vessel.

5908: 5027: 4995: 4833: 4504: 3911: 3418: 3046: 2913: 2865: 2781: 1789: 1737: 1665: 4533: 3565: 5903: 5454: 4979: 4947: 4895: 4287: 1380: 423:

Receivers are payloads on the U.S. GPS satellites, on the Russian GLONASS satellites, and on the European GALILEO satellites.

322: 134:

The several types of emergency locator beacons are distinguished by the environment for which they were designed to be used:

1828:

Category II – 406/121.5 MHz. Similar to Category I, except is manually activated. Some models are also water activated.

1799: 180:(personal locator beacons) are carried by individuals and intended to indicate a person in distress who is away from normal 4452: 3728: 3549: 434:

Receivers are payloads on various geosynchronous satellites, including some of the U.S. GOES weather satellites (including

6264: 5928: 4796: 3108: 3040: 2902: 2311: 2307: 601:

agencies to check and eliminate false alarms (potentially sparing the beacon's owner from significant false alert fines).

245: 6213: 4765: 2977: 2303:

giving the beacon's current position. In some aircraft beacons, this data is taken from the aircraft's navigation system.

1226:) are partners in Joint Rescue Co-ordination Centres; CCG operates Maritime Rescue Subcentres to offload work from JRCC. 169:(ship security alert systems) are used to indicate possible piracy or terrorism attacks discreetly on sea-going vessels. 6203: 5964: 5861: 5404: 5171: 5039: 4987: 4983: 3034: 1741: 4606: 2492:

All distress alerting beacons operating on 406 MHz should be registered; all vessels and aircraft operating under

1850:

Class B – 121.5/243 MHz. Manually activated version of Class A. These devices have been phased out by the FCC and

928: 448:, such as USMCC (in Suitland, Maryland), where the detected location and beacon details are used to determine to which 6193: 5700: 5140: 5111: 4300: 2650: 1918: 1303: 444:

When one of the COSPAS-SARSAT satellites detects a beacon, the detection is passed to one of the program's roughly 30

376:

The ground stations process the signals and forward the data, including approximate location, to a national authority.

3840: 3642: 4422:"Handbook on Radio Frequency Spectrum Requirements for Civil Aviation including Statement of Approved ICAO Policies" 4323: 3907: 3608: 6052: 5974: 5913: 5620: 5023: 4991: 4975: 4959: 4887: 4826: 4398: 3627: 3097: 2317:

One can use the beacon decoder web page at Cospas-Sarsat to extract the 15-hex ID from the 30-hex distress message.

1994: 1574: 677: 449: 2845:

There are also other personal devices in the marketplace which do not meet the standard for 406 MHz devices.

1740:(FAA) published on March 13, 1971, Notice of Proposed Rule Making (NPRM) 71–7 with the proposed amendments to the 534:

the position of the beacon. A faster change in the Doppler indicates that the beacon is closer to the satellite's

6259: 5824: 5785: 5630: 5530: 5459: 5392: 5219: 5047: 4927: 4185: 3940: 3198: 2861: 2592: 1712: 1578: 1522: 1427:

In Vietnam, operations are supported by the Ministry of Transport, Vietnam Maritime Administration (VINAMARINE).

1355: 952: 924: 4182:"Inmarsat will withdraw epirb service in 2006 and promises new safety service on next generation I-4 satellites" 3224: 2213:

The digital distress message generated by the beacon varies according to the above factors and is encoded in 30

6183: 5425: 5360: 5313: 5199: 5121: 5095: 4374: 3011: 1982: 1593:

beacons. However, the 121.5 MHz signal is still used for close-in direction finding of a downed aircraft.

1376: 1219: 539: 69: 38: 4807:

The History and Experience of the International COSPAS-SARSAT Programme for Satellite-Aided Search and Rescue

3372: 1692: 1684:

institutes development of a "Crash-Locator Beacon" and a "Crash-Locator Bearing Recorder" in the early 1950s.

1421:

In China, operations are supported by the Maritime Safety Administration, Bureau of Harbour Superintendency.

6022: 6007: 5851: 5802: 5725: 5625: 5303: 5189: 5184: 5019: 4547: 3862: 2598: 2007:

They are prohibited from emitting a homing signal on 121.5 MHz so as to make transmissions more covert.

1702:. Later, SARBE beacons included a radio for voice communication by the survivor with the rescuing personnel. 1681: 226: 152:(emergency position-indicating radio beacons) are carried on ships and boats, and signal maritime distress. 4200: 1977:

A Submarine Emergency Positioning Indicating Radio Beacon (SEPIRB) is an EPIRB that is approved for use on

17: 5944: 5730: 5545: 5490: 5485: 5298: 5263: 5075: 4967: 4324:"SPECIFICATION FOR SECOND-GENERATION COSPAS-SARSAT 406-MHz DISTRESS BEACONS C/S T.018 Preliminary Issue A" 2956: 2916:

channels, so they show up on ship AIS receivers. They are lightweight and can be used to equip inflatable

1744:(FAR). After public comment, the final rules were published in the Federal Register on September 21, 1971. 1514: 554: 280: 4259: 5846: 5650: 5615: 5535: 5515: 5437: 5325: 5246: 5015: 4859: 4668: 4477: 4040: 3995: 3131: 3058: 2193: 1964: 609: 253: 48:

Overview diagram of COSPAS-SARSAT communication system used to detect and locate ELTs, EPIRBs, and PLBs.

4806: 1898:

Furthermore, the U.S. Coast Guard recommend that no EPIRB of any type manufactured before 1989 be used.

188:. They are also used for crew-saving applications in shipping and lifeboats at terrestrial systems. In 163:(submarine emergency position-indicating radio beacons) are EPIRBs designed only for use on submarines. 3961: 3685: 1439:

In Taiwan, operations are supported by the International Telecommunication Development Company (ITDC)

221:

When manually activated, or automatically activated upon immersion or impact, such beacons send out a

5760: 5720: 5690: 5447: 5382: 5273: 5087: 4999: 4971: 4955: 4903: 4899: 2330:

on the following key frequencies; the frequency used distinguishes the capabilities of the beacon. A

1858: 1768:

Dec 23, 1992: TSO-C126, 406 MHz Emergency Locator Transmitter (ELT) defines the 406 MHz ELT

1518: 1279: 1211: 271:

is an international organization that has been a model of international cooperation, even during the

31: 4387:

https://web.archive.org/web/20060520033357/http://www.cospas-sarsat.com/DocumentsRSeries/r9oct28.pdf

1694:- VHF, and SARBE - Search-And-Rescue-Beacon Equipment (UHF) range of beacons which were used by the 566:

beacon is about two hours. The first satellite constellation was launched in the early 1970s by the

141:(emergency locator transmitters) are carried on aircraft and are activated in the event of a crash. 5770: 5710: 5469: 5431: 5288: 5229: 5214: 4935: 4931: 4923: 4883: 3816: 2965: 2197: 1223: 613: 155:

Activated by water when the beacon is out of the bracket or manually by the ON switch on the EPIRB.

5117: 3526: 1945:

in the EPIRB. This prevents accidental activation if the unit gets wet from rain or shipped seas.

1891:, but not by the United States. In September 2004, Inmarsat announced that it was terminating its 501:

The oldest, cheapest beacons are aircraft ELTs that send an anonymous warble on the aviation band

5997: 5954: 5885: 5755: 5685: 5660: 5595: 5442: 5163: 5071: 4943: 4919: 4911: 4789: 4703: 3085: 2338:

satellite-compatible frequencies. In the past, other frequencies were also used as a part of the

2004:

They are manually activated by hidden buttons or switches, much like the alarms bank tellers use.

1411: 1272: 502: 490: 2731:

C/S T.015: Specification and Type Approval Standard for 406 MHz Ship Security Alert Beacons

2560: 1857:

Class S – 121.5/243 MHz. Similar to Class B, except it floats, or is an integral part of a

1494: 209:

Distress alerts transmitted from ELTs, EPIRBs, SSAS, and PLBs are received and processed by the

2100:

All PLBs transmit in digital mode on 406 MHz. There are AIS PLBs that transmit on VHF 70.

1647:

Within these classes, an ELT may be either a digital 406 MHz beacon, or an analog beacon (

1410:

In India, operations are supported by the Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO) and by the

6037: 5959: 5873: 5856: 5819: 5705: 5665: 5495: 5464: 5330: 5224: 5079: 4689: 4648: 4586: 4283: 4021:. Vol. 7, no. 5. Inspector General, Department of the Air Force. May 1951. p. 4 3976: 2884: 2339: 1804: 1732: 1688: 181: 144:

Activated by G-switch (crash sensor) or manually by cockpit remote switch or ON switch on ELT.

107: 73: 4238: 3707: 2078:

PLB equipment is required to include 406 MHz plus a homing frequency on 121.5 MHz.

2026:

Personal Locator Beacons now include GPS, White and IR Strobe Lights and Return Link Service.

1395:

In Russia, operations are supported by the Federal State Unitary Enterprise Morsvyazsputnik.

1383:

operates the Mission Control Centre (UKMCC), which receives and distributes distress alerts.

452:(for example, the U.S. Coast Guard's PACAREA RCC, in Alameda, California) to pass the alert. 102:

The standard frequency of a modern EPIRB is 406 MHz. It is an internationally regulated

6239: 6042: 6002: 5982: 5949: 5878: 5836: 5750: 5605: 5590: 5565: 5540: 5500: 5350: 5209: 5204: 5194: 4963: 4221: 3301:"Civil Air Patrol, Maryland Wing Conference, Locating 121.5 & 406 MHz Emergency Beacons" 3125: 3070: 2991: 2905:), as they transmit AIS messages containing accurate GPS position information and include a 2434: 1873: 915: 4630: 2879:, or one of these: 156.525 MHz, 156.750 MHz, 156.800 MHz, 156.850 MHz, 2754:

Recommendation ITU-R M.633 (IMO's technical requirements for the 406 MHz EPIRB signal)

1436:

In Indonesia, operations are supported by the National SAR Agency of Indonesia (BASARNAS).

644:

These international search-and-rescue points of contact receive SAR alerts from the USMCC.

355: 172:

Activated by discreet switch/button in the ship's bridge or cabin, or manually on the SSAS.

5670: 5525: 5293: 5256: 5063: 4813: 4769: 4490: 4301:"SPECIFICATION FOR COSPAS-SARSAT 406 MHz DISTRESS BEACONS C/S T.001 Issue 3 – Revision 15" 3823: 3177: 3160:

ITU Radio Regulations, Section IV. Radio Stations and Systems – Article 1.93, definition:

3076: 3003: 2986: 2704:

Special Committee (SC) 121 on Automatic Identification Systems (AIS) and digital Messaging

2616: 2604: 2564: 2327: 2274:

A bit telling whether the message is short (15 hex digits) or long (30 hex digits) format.

2219: 1922: 1699: 1547: 1292: 470: 225:. The signals are monitored worldwide and the location of the distress is detected by non- 222: 189: 90: 77: 5268: 4215:"Specification for COSPAS-SARSAT 406 MHz Distress Beacons C/S T.001 Issue 3 - Revision 7" 3014: – Radio-frequency beacon used to locate airplanes, vessels, and persons in distress 4347:"NASA Search and Rescue Mission Office : Distress Alerting Satellite System (DASS)" 3317: 2034:

PLBs vary in size from cigarette-packet to paperback book and weigh 200 g to 1 kg (

2022: 1660:

Any ELT that is not a 406 MHz ELT with a Hex Code became obsolete February 1, 2009.

373:

The satellites transfer the beacon's signal to their respective ground control stations.

44: 5868: 5740: 5715: 5675: 5645: 5520: 5355: 5241: 5083: 4879: 4875: 4786:"EEVblog #368 - EPIRB Teardown (Examination of the components of a 121/5/243Mhz Epirb)" 4350: 4143: 3114: 2359: 1602: 1558: 1286: 526: 514: 489:

Both of the above types of beacons usually include an auxiliary 25-milliwatt beacon at

230: 103: 2812: 1895:

EPIRB service as of December 2006 due to a lack of interest in the maritime community.

6228: 6017: 5790: 5780: 5695: 5585: 5580: 5570: 5555: 5377: 5236: 5059: 5035: 4891: 4855: 3785: 3505: 3026: – 1996 business jet disappearance near Dorchester, New Hampshire, United States 2854: 2521:

The following list shows the agencies accepting 406 beacon registrations by country:

2477: 2335: 2159: 1862: 1695: 1691:, and at the same time Burndept produced the TALBE (Talk and Listen Beacon Equipment) 1449: 1430:

In Singapore, operations are supported by the Civil Aviation Authority of Singapore.

268: 234: 4508: 4282:

Albert Helfrick, Principles of Avionics, 5th Edition, Avionics Communications, 2009

3425: 3419:"USMCC 406 MHz Alert and Support Messages for the LEOSAR/GEOSAR/MEOSAR (LGM) System" 2740:

C/S G.005, Guidelines on 406 MHz Beacon Coding, Registration, and Type Approval

1816:

Emergency position-indicating radio beacons (EPIRBs) are sub-classified as follows:

5895: 5735: 5680: 5610: 5575: 5510: 5409: 5399: 5251: 5043: 4951: 4939: 4915: 4907: 2633:

Several regulations and technical specifications govern emergency locator beacons:

2178:

The distress message transmitted by a 406 beacon contains the information such as:

1724: 1299: 567: 95: 1324:

AIRCOM also operates the Canadian Mission Control Centre (CMCC) from JRCC Trenton

27:

Distress radio beacon, a tracking transmitter that is triggered during an accident

4164: 4082: 2857:

locator beacon. In the U.S., rules were established in 2016 in 47 C.F.R. Part 95

1687:

In the UK, by 1959 the first automatic beacon for liferafts had been produced by

939:

On-shore beacons are investigated by local search-and-rescue services in Alaska.

6095: 5745: 5655: 5640: 5600: 5560: 5419: 5091: 4399:"COSPAS-SARSAT 406 MHz FREQUENCYMANAGEMENT PLAN C/S T.012 Issue 1 – Revision 10" 3468: 2536: 2481: 2214: 1942: 1938: 1803:

A GPS-enabled EPIRB transmitter alerts agencies of an emergency, assisting with

1752: 1486:

has conducted crash tests with small airplanes to investigate how ELTs perform.

590:

a description of the vessel, aircraft, vehicle, or person (in the case of a PLB)

531: 4686:

Life-saving appliances: including LSA code/ International Maritime Organization

2722:

C/S A.002: Cospas-Sarsat Mission Control Centres Standard Interface Description

2188:

The encoded identification of the vessel or aircraft in distress, either as an

6100: 5807: 5505: 5414: 5370: 5340: 5318: 5308: 5283: 5067: 4785: 4779: 3621: 2441: 1884: 1748: 1621:

Emergency locator transmitters (ELTs) for aircraft may be classed as follows:

1610: 1207:

The Canadian Mission Control Centre receives and distributes distress alerts.

4762: 3817:

Regulations Amending the Canadian Aviation Regulations (Parts I and VI – ELT)

2728:

C/S T.007: COSPAS‑SARSAT 406 MHz Distress Beacons Type Approval Standard

1433:

In the Republic of Korea, operations are supported by the Korea Coast Guard.

6085: 5550: 5365: 2437:

channels 15/16 – these channels are used only on the obsolete Class C EPIRBs

2300: 2107:. PLBs should not be used in cases where normal emergency response (such as 1978: 1403:

In Hong Kong, operations are supported by the Hong Kong Marine Department's

214: 111: 82: 1915: 3649: 3579:"NTSB to FAA: Require 406 MHz ELTs | Doug Ritter's Equipped.org Blog" 2968:. It would have to be seen by an amateur radio operator and forwarded on. 2270:

Example hex codes look like the following: 90127B92922BC022FF103504422535

203:

Activated manually by deploying antenna and pressing the ON button/switch.

6080: 6070: 5987: 5812: 5635: 3052: 2917: 2896: 2445: 2310:

it with their nation's beacon registry, and the seller is responsible to

2296: 2281: 2185:

A unique 15-digit hexadecimal beacon identification code (a "15-hex ID").

272: 249: 115: 4748:

Cospas-Sarsat – the International Satellite System For Search and Rescue

3594:"Second Crash Test Harvests Valuable Data to Improve Emergency Response" 2959:

to track positions and send short messages. Most APRS packets contain a

1180:

U.S. Coast Guard Sector Guam (RSC) (coordinates SAR under RCC Honolulu)

6075: 6060: 2725:

C/S T.001 Specification for COSPAS-SARSAT 406 MHz Distress Beacons

2623:

Cospas-Sarsat International 406 MHz Beacon Registration Database (IBRD)

2292: 2209:

Whether or not the beacon contains a 121.5 MHz homing transmitter.

2171: 1708:

Mar 17 1969: FAA Advisory Circular 91-19 advised pilots to install ELTs

1606: 1577:(ADF) radionavigation equipment, which is being phased out in favor of 1562: 435: 260:

do not operate on 406 MHz, thus are covered in separate articles.

3088: – Electronic rescue and locating system for use by divers at sea 2640:

AC 20–85, Emergency Locator Transmitters and Receivers, March 16, 1973

2075:

They must be registered to a specific person (with NOAA in the U.S.).

1765:

March 16, 1973: AC 20–85, Emergency Locator Transmitters and Receivers

6105: 6065: 5387: 5179: 5132: 3578: 2887:

equipment mounted on the vessel on which the survivor was traveling.

2251: 2236: 2232: 2163: 2145:

The radiotelephony locator beacon sound made by ELTs and some EPIRBs.

2065:

The radiotelephony locator beacon sound made by PLBs and some EPIRBs.

1509:

The radiotelephony locator beacon sound made by ELTs and some EPIRBs.

306:

GEOSAR or Geosynchronous Earth Orbiting Search and Rescue Satellites

4797:

Rescue Coordination Centres (RCCs) and SAR Points of Contact (SPOCs)

4607:"C/S T.001 Specification for COSPAS-SARSAT 406 MHz Distress Beacons" 2901:

These devices are distinct from traditional SAR radar transponders (

2580: 2014:

As with EPIRBs, the RTCM maintains specifications for SSAS devices.

52: 4763:

NOAA notice of planned phasing out of 121.5/243 MHz beacons in 2009

4752: 4054: 3079: – Radio transmitter to identify a location for navigation aid 363:

A transmission is typically detected and processed in this manner:

275:. SARSAT means search-and-rescue satellite-aided tracking. COSPAS ( 72:

for commercial and recreational boats, a portable, battery-powered

6090: 6027: 5335: 5031: 4729: 3120: 3064: 2622: 2250:

406 MHz beacons will be the only beacons compatible with the

2137: 2108: 2057: 2021: 1963: 1888: 1798: 1501: 1493: 535: 391:

has a network of direction finder sites along the coastlines. The

354: 257: 197: 185: 51: 43: 3117: – Small radios carried to facilitate rescue in an emergency 3094: – Worldwide emergency communication system for ships at sea 3049: – Automatic tracking system that uses transceivers on ships 2698:

Special Committee (SC) 110 on Emergency Beacons (EPIRBs and PLBs)

321:

The new MEOSAR system also provides the framework along with the

6032: 4747: 4428: 2693: 2574: 2189: 1782: 1483: 605: 388: 5136: 4822: 2701:

Special Committee (SC) 119 on Maritime Survivor Locator Devices

2222:, which ensures a net zero phase shift aiding Doppler location 1528:

The specifications for the design of ELTs are published by the

395:

maintains a near-real-time map that shows SARSAT U.S. Rescues.

5278: 4757: 2960: 2910: 2906: 2532: 2456: 2452: 2355: 2288: 2167: 1582: 1557:

ELTs are unique among distress radiobeacons in that they have

379:

The national authority forwards the data to a rescue authority

238: 2314:

the deprecated beacon ID with their national beacon registry.

1869:. Their use is no longer recommended by the U.S. Coast Guard. 1472:

In a Safety Recommendation released September 2007, the U.S.

596:

any additional information that may be useful to SAR agencies

1424:

In Japan, operations are supported by the Japan Coast Guard

412:

Receivers are payloads on various Low Earth Orbit satellites

85:

operated by an international consortium of rescue services,

5008:

Satellite emergency position-indicating radiobeacon station

2669:

TSO-C126b: 406 MHz Emergency Locator Transmitter (ELT)

2666:

TSO-C126a: 406 MHz Emergency Locator Transmitter (ELT)

2192:

value, or as, in the case of an ELT, either the aircraft's

2103:

Personal locator beacons operating on 406 MHz must be

664:

Argentina - Servicio de Alerta de Socorro Satelital (SASS)

409:

Support Doppler detection and reception of encoded position

4055:"Family gets answers about mysterious plane crash in 1969" 2663:

TSO-C126: 406 MHz Emergency Locator Transmitter (ELT)

1677:

Automatic SOS radios were developed as early as the 1930s.

691:

Central American Corporation for Navigation Area Services

370:

At least one satellite picks up the beacon's transmission.

315:

MEOSAR or Mid-Earth Orbiting Search and Rescue Satellites

297:

LEOSAR or Low Earth Orbiting Search and Rescue Satellites

4120:, Volume 36, Number 50, March 13, 1971, pages 4,878-4,881 3877:"TSO-C91a, Emergency Locator Transmitter (ELT) Equipment" 3863:"COPA Flight 8 Ottawa: July 2009 Update on 4006 MHz ELTs" 3568:. National Transportation Safety Board. 4 September 2007. 3105: – Portable emergency satellite communication device 3073: – Civilian auxiliary of the United States Air Force 1705:

Jan 9 1964: FAA Advisory Circular 170-4 investigated ELTs

4753:

ITU – Maritime mobile Access and Retrieval System (MARS)

4083:"Civil Aviation Bills Facing Uncertain Fate in Congress" 2424:

Ch-19 S: 406.076 MHz (operational at a future date)

2421:

Ch-18 R: 406.073 MHz (operational at a future date)

2412:

Ch-15 O: 406.064 MHz (operational at a future date)

2409:

Ch-14 N: 406.061 MHz (operational at a future date)

2400:

Ch-11 K: 406.052 MHz (operational at a future date)

2397:

Ch-10 J: 406.049 MHz (operational at a future date)

4165:"TSO-C126, 406 MHz Emergency Locator Transmitter (ELT)" 4108:

Cong. Rec., Vol. 116, May 12, 1970, pages 15,134-15,136

3373:"Aircraft beacon has become utterly outmoded, FAA says" 3081:

Pages displaying short descriptions of redirect targets

3055: – Radio transmitter which sends a location signal 2346:

Cospas-Sarsat (satellite) compatible beacon frequencies

1973:

Submarine Emergency Positioning Indicating Radio Beacon

3643:"Comparison of 406 MHz and 121.5 MHz Distress Beacons" 3150:

Community Emergency Response Team Participant Handbook

3020: – 1986 aviation disaster in the Shetland Islands 2494:

International Convention for the Safety of Life at Sea

2089:

There are two kinds of personal locator beacon (PLB):

3450:"U.S. Coast Guard Rescue Coordination Centers (RCCs)" 3111: – Transponder intended for emergency use at sea 3043: – Transponder intended for emergency use at sea 2975: 2597:

New Zealand - New Zealand Rescue Coordination Centre

2557: 2093:

PLB with GPS data (internally or externally provided)

1981:. Two are carried on board and can be fired from the 4070:, Volume 116, December 30, 1970, pages 44,064-44,065 3018:

1986 British International Helicopters Chinook crash

2504:

There is no charge to register 406 MHz beacons.

1865:. These devices have been phased out by the FCC and 911:

Land-based emergency signals in the lower 48 states

81:

emergency and render aid. The signal is detected by

6114: 6051: 5973: 5937: 5894: 5835: 5769: 5478: 5170: 4866: 3908:"Section 2. Emergency Services Available to Pilots" 3469:"Emergency Position Indicating Radiobeacon (EPIRB)" 3332:"MEOSAR: Medium Earth Orbiting Search & Rescue" 2734:

C/S G.003, Introduction to the Cospas-Sarsat System

2646:

AC 91-19 mar 17 1969 advised pilots to install ELTs

2334:beacon can operate on one of the three (currently) 2072:PLB alerts are passed to State and Local agencies. 955:investigates offshore beacons and rescues victims. 4129:FR 36-183, September 21, 1971, pages 18,716-18,725 4081: 1551: 5004:Emergency position-indicating radiobeacon station 4440: 4438: 4220:. cospas-sarsat.com. May 20, 2006. Archived from 3463: 3461: 3459: 3162:emergency position-indicating radiobeacon station 1443:Phase-out of 121.5 MHz satellite alerting service 4737:RTCM, Standard for 406 MHz Satellite EPIRBs 2694:Radio Technical Commission for Maritime Services 2609:Switzerland - Federal Office for Civil Aviation 56:First generation EPIRB emergency locator beacons 2853:A Maritime Survivor Locator Device (MSLD) is a 2719:C/S A.001: Cospas-Sarsat Data Distribution Plan 2527:National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration 393:National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration 4725:COSPAS-SARSAT, Document C/S T.001 October 1999 2226:406 MHz beacon facts and transmission schedule 1464:global VHF aircraft voice distress frequency. 1405:Hong Kong Maritime Rescue Co-ordination Centre 525:The Cospas-Sarsat system was made possible by 5148: 4834: 4253:"2017 FCC Marine Communications Rule Changes" 4201:"Notice 34 Information Concerning Submarines" 3061: – Emergency locator rescue radio beacon 2776:EPIRB hydrostatic release device requirements 2581:Stazione Satellitare Italiana - Cospas Sarsat 2551:United Kingdom Maritime and Coastguard Agency 8: 4548:"CFR §91.207 Emergency locator transmitters" 2931:SEND—Satellite Emergency Notification Device 2539:for civil beacons, CMCC for military beacons 2516:Cospas-Sarsat Handbook of Beacon Regulations 2429:Cospas-Sarsat unsupported beacon frequencies 2362:at 406.025-406.076 MHz ± 0.005 MHz 2081:As of 2017, PLBs must have an internal GPS. 1877:devices have been phased out by the FCC and 402:The types of satellites in the network are: 387:121.500 MHz whenever possible, and the 6163:Global telecommunications regulation bodies 4090:. Vol. 95, no. 12. pp. 54–55 431:Supports only reception of encoded position 293:The satellites used in the system include: 99:beacons location as they arrived on scene. 18:Emergency position-indicating radio beacons 6199: 5155: 5141: 5133: 5012:Standard frequency and time signal station 4841: 4827: 4819: 4708:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher ( 3092:Global Maritime Distress and Safety System 2675:Radio Technical Commission for Aeronautics 1904:Global Maritime Distress and Safety System 1773:Emergency Position-Indicating Radio Beacon 1498:ELT about to be installed onto an airplane 1416:Maritime Rescue Coordination Centre Mumbai 1122:(RCC Honolulu; operated as JRCC with DOD) 30:"PLB" redirects here. For other uses, see 4080:Winston, Donald C. (September 20, 1971). 3520:"Report to the Maritime Safety Committee" 3280:"What happens when I activate my beacon?" 3248:"Inquest into the death of David Iredale" 2743:C/S S.007, Handbook of Beacon Regulations 2498:International Civil Aviation Organization 2257:406 MHz beacons must be registered ( 2182:Which country the beacon originates from. 1333:Joint Rescue Coordination Centre Victoria 634:International Civil Aviation Organization 194:NSW National Parks & Wildlife Service 62:emergency position-indicating radiobeacon 3128: – 1989 aviation accident in Brazil 3037: – Emergency aeronautical frequency 1315:Joint Rescue Coordination Centre Trenton 1247:Joint Rescue Coordination Centre Halifax 1228: 879: 646: 570:, Canada, France and the United States. 37:For broader coverage of this topic, see 4780:Operation of a Hydrostatic Release Unit 4140:"Emergency Locator Transmitters (ELTs)" 3142: 3103:Satellite emergency notification device 2982: 2937:Satellite emergency notification device 2709:Satellite Emergency Notification Device 2654:§91.207 Emergency locator transmitters. 2388:Ch-7 G: 406.040 MHz (in use today) 2385:Ch-6 F: 406.037 MHz (in use today) 2376:Ch-3 C: 406.028 MHz (in use today) 2373:Ch-2 B: 406.025 MHz (in use today) 2162:. They can be uniquely identified (via 1278:the northern and western waters of the 1160:U.S. Coast Guard Sector San Juan (RSC) 420:Medium Earth Orbiting Search and Rescue 4701: 4653:: CS1 maint: archived copy as title ( 4646: 4591:: CS1 maint: archived copy as title ( 4584: 4486: 4475: 3981:: CS1 maint: archived copy as title ( 3974: 3702: 3700: 3698: 3673: 3671: 3669: 3361:See COSPAS-SARSAT document A.001, 2005 3030:Acronyms and abbreviations in avionics 1747:The disappearance of U.S. Congressmen 4407:International Cospas-Sarsat Programme 4332:International Cospas-Sarsat Programme 4309:International Cospas-Sarsat Programme 4041:"Flight magazine, 18 September, 1959" 3753:"Historical Technical Standard Order" 3637: 3635: 3500: 3498: 3496: 3494: 3492: 3490: 3488: 3486: 3484: 3482: 3413: 3411: 3295: 3293: 2643:AC 170-4 Jan 9 1964 investigated ELTs 2467:License and registration requirements 1348:Maritime Rescue Sub-Centre St. John's 1285:the navigable estuary portion of the 593:the home port of a vessel or aircraft 264:International COSPAS-SARSAT Programme 237:, and in more recent EPIRBs, also by 211:International Cospas-Sarsat Programme 7: 6209: 3371:Friess, Steve (September 11, 2007). 3171: 3169: 2544:Australian Maritime Safety Authority 2370:Ch-1 A: 406.022 MHz (reference) 1721:Hawthorne Nevada Airlines Flight 708 1474:National Transportation Safety Board 904:Air Force Rescue Coordination Center 196:provide personal locator beacons to 4854: 2823:Submergence and manual release test 2351:see above for transmission schedule 1968:EPIRB hydrostatic release mechanism 1733:Senator Peter Dominick (R-Colorado) 1648: 1458:Cospas-Sarsat's 121.5/243 Phase-Out 1354:waters surrounding the province of 630:International Maritime Organization 333:that can initiate a rescue effort. 244:Loosely related devices, including 4088:Aviation Week and Space Technology 3550:Use of 121.5/243 MHz EPIRBs Banned 2881:161.975 MHz, 162.025 MHz 2803:CFR title 46 Vol 6 Section 160.062 1953:Automatic hydrostatic release unit 1340:Victoria Search and Rescue Region 1322:Trenton Search and Rescue Region. 914:United States Air Force Auxiliary 542:between the beacon and the orbit. 336:Cospas Sarsat Monitoring include: 130:Types of emergency locator beacons 25: 2951:Automatic Packet Reporting System 2737:C/S G.004, Cospas-Sarsat Glossary 2569:Hellenic Civil Aviation Authority 2258: 2239:satellites monitor these signals. 2104: 1841:Federal Communications Commission 1550:(of the type described below as " 1262:Maritime Rescue Sub-Centre Quebec 1254:Halifax Search and Rescue Region 1216:Canadian Forces Search and Rescue 929:Alaska Rescue Coordination Center 521:Location by Doppler (without GPS) 104:mobile radiocommunication service 6250:International telecommunications 6208: 6198: 6189: 6188: 6177: 5798:Free-space optical communication 5116: 5107: 5106: 4849: 4792:from the original on 2021-12-11. 4532:. March 25, 2013. Archived from 4364:Example of 406 MHz Beacon Coding 3800:"Emergency Locator Transmitters" 3609:"NASA Completes ELT Crash Tests" 3024:1996 New Hampshire Learjet crash 2997: 2985: 2927:numbers in the range 970YYxxxx. 2872:numbers in the range 972yyzzzz. 2849:Maritime Survivor Locator Device 2448:satellites on 1646 MHz UHF. 2134:Analog 121.500 MHz homing signal 1796:numbers in the range 974yyzzzz. 346:Rescue Coordination Center (RCC) 110:operations to detect and locate 5048:Instrument landing system (ILS) 4996:Radio direction-finding station 4858:and systems in accordance with 3912:Federal Aviation Administration 3784:. July 19, 2011. Archived from 3592:McDonald, Samuel (2015-07-29). 3566:Safety recommendation (A-07-51) 3246:Milovanovich, C. (7 May 2009). 3178:"Cospas-Sarsat System Overview" 3047:Automatic identification system 2923:AIS-SART devices are allocated 2829:Technical tests on the membrane 2782:Safety of Life a Sea Convention 1738:Federal Aviation Administration 1719:The winter 1969 search for the 1666:Federal Aviation Administration 1609:. Numerous activities, such as 192:, some police stations and the 6255:Radio stations and systems ITU 4980:Radionavigation mobile station 4948:On-board communication station 4896:High altitude platform station 4688:(2nd ed.). London. 2010. 2909:receiver and a transmitter on 2707:Special Committee (SC) 128 on 2206:When equipped, a GPS position. 1902:EPIRBs are a component of the 1490:Emergency Locator Transmitters 1381:Maritime and Coastguard Agency 288:Sistema Poiska Avariynyh Sudov 246:search and rescue transponders 1: 4199:Canadian Coast Guard (2017). 3109:Search and rescue transponder 3041:Search and rescue transponder 2809:U.S. Coast Guard Regulations 2200:(from its Mode-S transponder) 2166:). Advanced beacons encode a 1552:Traditional ELT, unregistered 1295:within the province of Quebec 1282:within the province of Quebec 1275:within the province of Quebec 497:Traditional ELT, unregistered 343:Mission Control Centers (MCC) 6184:Telecommunication portal 5965:Telecommunications equipment 5028:Ship's emergency transmitter 4988:Radiolocation mobile station 4984:Radionavigation land station 4530:"Agentschap Telecom - EPIRB" 3861:Hunt, Adam (July 27, 2009). 3035:Aircraft emergency frequency 2154:Digital 406 MHz beacons 1742:Federal Aviation Regulations 1298:the southern portion of the 1037:District 8: New Orleans, LA 5701:Alexander Stepanovich Popov 4788:. YouTube. 9 October 2012. 3837:"Canada Backs Off 406 ELTs" 3607:Kauh, Elaine (2015-08-26). 2651:Code of Federal Regulations 2558:Ministry of Merchant Marine 2366:Channel frequency (status) 1672:Timeline of ELT development 1304:Carillon Generating Station 997:District 5: Portsmouth, VA 359:VHF radio direction finding 340:Local User Terminals (LUTs) 6281: 6235:Aircraft emergency systems 5405:Telecommunications history 5024:Experimental radio station 4992:Radiolocation land station 4976:Radiodetermination station 4960:Aeronautical earth station 3679:"EBC-502HM Specifications" 3098:Index of aviation articles 2948: 2934: 2894: 2326:Distress beacons transmit 1995:Ship Security Alert System 1992: 1989:Ship Security Alert System 1792:transmitter are allocated 1575:Automatic Direction Finder 1539:, ELTs built according to 1162:(sub-sector of RCC Miami) 1120:District 14: Honolulu, HI 1057:District 9: Cleveland, OH 962:Coast Guard Atlantic Area 763:Mexico Telecommunications 678:Maritime Operations Centre 578:Search-and-rescue response 493:to guide rescue aircraft. 450:rescue coordination centre 36: 29: 6172: 6013:Public Switched Telephone 5825:telecommunication circuit 5786:Fiber-optic communication 5531:Francis Blake (telephone) 5326:Optical telecommunication 5102: 4928:Land mobile earth station 3253:. Lawlink. Archived from 3067: – Rescue technology 2817:Corrosion resistance test 2799:U.S. Federal Regulations 2593:Danish Maritime Authority 2418:Ch-17 Q: 406.070 MHz 2415:Ch-16 P: 406.067 MHz 2406:Ch-13 M: 406.058 MHz 2403:Ch-12 L: 406.055 MHz 1983:submerged signal ejectors 1916:on the 121.5/243 phaseout 1859:survival craft (lifeboat) 1523:underwater locator beacon 1356:Newfoundland and Labrador 1100:District 13: Seattle, WA 1082:Pacific SAR Coordinator) 1077:District 11: Alameda, CA 950: 925:Alaska Air National Guard 540:closest point of approach 481:High-precision registered 5924:Orbital angular-momentum 5361:Satellite communications 5200:Communications satellite 5096:Emergency locator beacon 4431:. 2009. Doc 9718-AN/957. 3012:Emergency locator beacon 2841:Alternative technologies 2533:Canadian Beacon Registry 2394:Ch-9 I: 406.046 MHz 2391:Ch-8 H: 406.043 MHz 2382:Ch-5 E: 406.034 MHz 2379:Ch-4 D: 406.031 MHz 2130:monitored by satellite. 1959:hydrostatic release unit 1879:are no longer recognized 1867:are no longer recognized 1852:are no longer recognized 1845:are no longer recognized 1812:EPIRB sub-classification 1628:AD: automatic deployable 1625:A: automatically ejected 1453:receivers and aircraft. 1377:Department for Transport 1375:The United Kingdom, the 1220:Royal Canadian Air Force 1140:District 17: Juneau, AK 227:geostationary satellites 70:emergency locator beacon 39:Emergency locator beacon 6245:Emergency communication 5803:Molecular communication 5626:Gardiner Greene Hubbard 5455:Undersea telegraph line 5190:Cable protection system 5020:Radio astronomy station 3996:"Another Automatic SOS" 3722:"C-S Emergency Beacons" 3391:"SAR Points of Contact" 2957:amateur radio operators 2875:A MSLD may transmit on 2587:Agentschap Telecom (NL) 2444:beacons transmitted to 2018:Personal Locator Beacon 1682:United States Air Force 977:District 1: Boston, MA 446:Mission Control Centers 283:for the Russian words " 76:used in emergencies to 5945:Communication protocol 5731:Charles Sumner Tainter 5546:Walter Houser Brattain 5491:Edwin Howard Armstrong 5299:Information revolution 4968:Aircraft earth station 4888:Survival craft station 4375:beacon decoder webpage 4001:15 September 1938 p241 2146: 2085:PLB sub-classification 2066: 2027: 1969: 1820:Recognized categories: 1808: 1664:According to the U.S. 1637:AP: automatic portable 1617:ELT sub-classification 1515:cockpit voice recorder 1510: 1499: 1017:District 7: Miami, FL 555:fast Fourier transform 360: 351:Detection and location 254:avalanche transceivers 57: 49: 5919:Polarization-division 5651:Narinder Singh Kapany 5616:Erna Schneider Hoover 5536:Jagadish Chandra Bose 5516:Alexander Graham Bell 5247:online video platform 4860:ITU Radio Regulations 3318:"SARSAT U.S. Rescues" 3286:on February 19, 2014. 3132:GPS aircraft tracking 3059:Avalanche transceiver 2144: 2064: 2025: 1967: 1802: 1713:Saturday Evening Post 1561:and are activated by 1508: 1497: 1468:FAA transition status 936:Alaskan inland areas 775:Netherlands Antilles 587:phone numbers to call 461:GPS-based, registered 358: 55: 47: 6265:Radio geopositioning 5761:Vladimir K. Zworykin 5721:Almon Brown Strowger 5691:Charles Grafton Page 5346:Prepaid mobile phone 5274:Electrical telegraph 5088:Multi-satellite link 5044:Radar beacon (racon) 5000:Radio beacon station 4972:Broadcasting station 4956:Aeronautical station 4904:Mobile earth station 4188:on December 9, 2006. 4068:Congressional Record 3227:on 15 September 2012 2966:emergency responders 2295:, a rough (rounded) 2096:PLB with no GPS data 1723:"Gamblers' Special" 1601:Automatic ELTs have 1519:flight data recorder 1302:downstream from the 1280:Gulf of St. Lawrence 1238:Geographic Coverage 1212:Canadian Coast Guard 892:Geographic coverage 881:United States SPOCs 799:Trinidad and Tobago 656:Geographic Coverage 624:Responsible agencies 213:, the international 32:PLB (disambiguation) 5711:Johann Philipp Reis 5470:Wireless revolution 5432:The Telephone Cases 5289:Hydraulic telegraph 4936:Coast earth station 4924:Land mobile station 4876:Terrestrial station 4758:NOAA SARSAT website 3946:on August 11, 2011. 3473:www.navcen.uscg.gov 2220:Manchester encoding 2198:ICAO 24-bit address 1634:AF: automatic fixed 1589:their 406 MHz 1224:Royal Canadian Navy 882: 715:Dominican Republic 614:ICAO 24-bit address 5909:Frequency-division 5886:Telephone exchange 5756:Charles Wheatstone 5686:Jun-ichi Nishizawa 5661:Innocenzo Manzetti 5596:Reginald Fessenden 5331:Optical telegraphy 5164:Telecommunications 4944:Ship earth station 4920:Base earth station 4912:Land earth station 4812:2017-01-21 at the 4768:2021-05-22 at the 4536:on March 25, 2013. 4427:(Fifth ed.). 3822:2015-03-25 at the 3757:www.airweb.faa.gov 3377:The New York Times 3176:O'Connors, Chris. 3086:ENOS Rescue-System 2615:2018-07-12 at the 2603:2016-12-02 at the 2563:2003-08-06 at the 2147: 2067: 2028: 1970: 1943:reed safety switch 1921:2018-02-09 at the 1809: 1640:W: water activated 1546:2008-07-04 at the 1511: 1500: 1412:Indian Coast Guard 1273:St. Lawrence River 1039:(RCC New Orleans) 880: 503:distress frequency 361: 182:emergency services 58: 50: 6222: 6221: 5960:Store and forward 5955:Data transmission 5869:Network switching 5820:Transmission line 5666:Guglielmo Marconi 5631:Internet pioneers 5496:Mohamed M. Atalla 5465:Whistled language 5130: 5129: 5080:Satellite network 4728:FCC, Part 80 and 4485:Missing or empty 4472:: 10. March 2009. 4353:on March 4, 2016. 3914:. p. 6-2-4.c 3788:on July 19, 2011. 2885:Direction finding 2860:MOB devices with 2820:Temperature tests 2549:United Kingdom – 2340:search and rescue 2142: 2062: 2031:for PLB devices. 1949:and Activation." 1833:Obsolete classes: 1689:Ultra Electronics 1537:14 CFR 91.207.a.1 1506: 1363: 1362: 1196: 1195: 1079:(RCC Alameda and 946:U.S. Coast Guard 870: 869: 108:search-and-rescue 74:radio transmitter 16:(Redirected from 6272: 6260:Rescue equipment 6212: 6211: 6202: 6201: 6192: 6191: 6182: 6181: 6180: 6053:Notable networks 6043:Wireless network 5983:Cellular network 5975:Types of network 5950:Computer network 5837:Network topology 5751:Thomas A. Watson 5606:Oliver Heaviside 5591:Philo Farnsworth 5566:Daniel Davis Jr. 5541:Charles Bourseul 5501:John Logie Baird 5210:Data compression 5205:Computer network 5157: 5150: 5143: 5134: 5120: 5110: 5109: 5076:Satellite system 4964:Aircraft station 4871: 4853: 4843: 4836: 4829: 4820: 4793: 4714: 4713: 4707: 4699: 4682: 4676: 4675: 4673: 4665: 4659: 4658: 4652: 4644: 4642: 4641: 4635: 4629:. Archived from 4628: 4620: 4614: 4613: 4611: 4603: 4597: 4596: 4590: 4582: 4580: 4579: 4573: 4567:. Archived from 4566: 4558: 4552: 4551: 4544: 4538: 4537: 4526: 4520: 4519: 4517: 4516: 4507:. Archived from 4501: 4495: 4494: 4488: 4483: 4481: 4473: 4466: 4460: 4459: 4458:on July 6, 2011. 4457: 4451:. Archived from 4450: 4442: 4433: 4432: 4426: 4418: 4412: 4411: 4403: 4395: 4389: 4384: 4378: 4372: 4366: 4361: 4355: 4354: 4349:. Archived from 4343: 4337: 4336: 4328: 4320: 4314: 4313: 4305: 4297: 4291: 4280: 4274: 4273: 4271: 4270: 4264: 4258:. Archived from 4257: 4249: 4243: 4242: 4235: 4229: 4228: 4227:on May 20, 2006. 4226: 4219: 4211: 4205: 4204: 4196: 4190: 4189: 4184:. Archived from 4178: 4172: 4171: 4169: 4161: 4155: 4154: 4152: 4151: 4142:. Archived from 4136: 4130: 4127: 4121: 4118:Federal Register 4115: 4109: 4106: 4100: 4099: 4097: 4095: 4085: 4077: 4071: 4065: 4059: 4058: 4051: 4045: 4044: 4037: 4031: 4030: 4028: 4026: 4016: 4008: 4002: 3993: 3987: 3986: 3980: 3972: 3970: 3969: 3960:. Archived from 3954: 3948: 3947: 3945: 3939:. Archived from 3938: 3930: 3924: 3923: 3921: 3919: 3904: 3898: 3897: 3895: 3894: 3888: 3882:. Archived from 3881: 3873: 3867: 3866: 3858: 3852: 3851: 3849: 3848: 3839:. Archived from 3833: 3827: 3814: 3808: 3807: 3796: 3790: 3789: 3778: 3772: 3771: 3769: 3768: 3759:. Archived from 3749: 3743: 3742: 3740: 3739: 3733: 3727:. Archived from 3726: 3718: 3712: 3711: 3704: 3693: 3692: 3690: 3684:. Archived from 3683: 3675: 3664: 3663: 3661: 3660: 3654: 3648:. Archived from 3647: 3639: 3630: 3624: 3623:NASA crash video 3619: 3613: 3612: 3604: 3598: 3597: 3589: 3583: 3582: 3575: 3569: 3563: 3557: 3547: 3541: 3540: 3538: 3537: 3531: 3525:. Archived from 3524: 3516: 3510: 3509: 3502: 3477: 3476: 3465: 3454: 3453: 3446: 3440: 3439: 3437: 3436: 3430: 3424:. Archived from 3423: 3415: 3406: 3405: 3403: 3402: 3393:. Archived from 3387: 3381: 3380: 3368: 3362: 3359: 3353: 3352: 3350: 3349: 3343: 3337:. Archived from 3336: 3328: 3322: 3321: 3314: 3308: 3307: 3305: 3297: 3288: 3287: 3282:. Archived from 3276: 3270: 3269: 3267: 3265: 3260:on 22 March 2011 3259: 3252: 3243: 3237: 3236: 3234: 3232: 3223:. Archived from 3221:"Rescue Stories" 3217: 3211: 3210: 3208: 3206: 3197:. Archived from 3195:"SAR statistics" 3191: 3185: 3184: 3182: 3173: 3164: 3158: 3152: 3147: 3126:Varig Flight 254 3082: 3071:Civil Air Patrol 3002: 3001: 3000: 2990: 2989: 2981: 2955:APRS is used by 2877:121.500 MHz 2832:Performance test 2621:International – 2525:United States – 2435:Marine VHF radio 2328:distress signals 2143: 2063: 2053: 2052: 2048: 2043: 2042: 2038: 1929:EPIRB activation 1521:must contain an 1507: 1229: 1059:(RCC Cleveland) 916:Civil Air Patrol 883: 647: 456:Beacon operation 21: 6280: 6279: 6275: 6274: 6273: 6271: 6270: 6269: 6225: 6224: 6223: 6218: 6178: 6176: 6168: 6110: 6047: 5969: 5933: 5890: 5839: 5831: 5772: 5765: 5671:Robert Metcalfe 5526:Tim Berners-Lee 5474: 5294:Information Age 5166: 5161: 5131: 5126: 5098: 5064:Radio altimeter 5040:Secondary radar 5016:Amateur station 4869: 4867: 4862: 4847: 4814:Wayback Machine 4784: 4770:Wayback Machine 4744: 4722: 4717: 4700: 4696: 4684: 4683: 4679: 4671: 4667: 4666: 4662: 4645: 4639: 4637: 4633: 4626: 4624:"Archived copy" 4622: 4621: 4617: 4609: 4605: 4604: 4600: 4583: 4577: 4575: 4571: 4564: 4562:"Archived copy" 4560: 4559: 4555: 4546: 4545: 4541: 4528: 4527: 4523: 4514: 4512: 4505:"KANNAD 406 AS" 4503: 4502: 4498: 4484: 4474: 4468: 4467: 4463: 4455: 4448: 4444: 4443: 4436: 4424: 4420: 4419: 4415: 4410:. October 2014. 4401: 4397: 4396: 4392: 4385: 4381: 4373: 4369: 4362: 4358: 4345: 4344: 4340: 4335:. October 2014. 4326: 4322: 4321: 4317: 4312:. October 2014. 4303: 4299: 4298: 4294: 4281: 4277: 4268: 4266: 4262: 4255: 4251: 4250: 4246: 4237: 4236: 4232: 4224: 4217: 4213: 4212: 4208: 4198: 4197: 4193: 4180: 4179: 4175: 4167: 4163: 4162: 4158: 4149: 4147: 4138: 4137: 4133: 4128: 4124: 4116: 4112: 4107: 4103: 4093: 4091: 4079: 4078: 4074: 4066: 4062: 4053: 4052: 4048: 4039: 4038: 4034: 4024: 4022: 4014: 4010: 4009: 4005: 3994: 3990: 3973: 3967: 3965: 3958:"Archived copy" 3956: 3955: 3951: 3943: 3936: 3932: 3931: 3927: 3917: 3915: 3906: 3905: 3901: 3892: 3890: 3886: 3879: 3875: 3874: 3870: 3860: 3859: 3855: 3846: 3844: 3835: 3834: 3830: 3824:Wayback Machine 3815: 3811: 3798: 3797: 3793: 3780: 3779: 3775: 3766: 3764: 3751: 3750: 3746: 3737: 3735: 3731: 3724: 3720: 3719: 3715: 3706: 3705: 3696: 3688: 3681: 3677: 3676: 3667: 3658: 3656: 3652: 3645: 3641: 3640: 3633: 3622: 3620: 3616: 3606: 3605: 3601: 3591: 3590: 3586: 3577: 3576: 3572: 3564: 3560: 3554:BoatUS Magazine 3548: 3544: 3535: 3533: 3529: 3522: 3518: 3517: 3513: 3504: 3503: 3480: 3467: 3466: 3457: 3448: 3447: 3443: 3434: 3432: 3428: 3421: 3417: 3416: 3409: 3400: 3398: 3389: 3388: 3384: 3370: 3369: 3365: 3360: 3356: 3347: 3345: 3341: 3334: 3330: 3329: 3325: 3316: 3315: 3311: 3303: 3299: 3298: 3291: 3278: 3277: 3273: 3263: 3261: 3257: 3250: 3245: 3244: 3240: 3230: 3228: 3219: 3218: 3214: 3204: 3202: 3193: 3192: 3188: 3180: 3175: 3174: 3167: 3159: 3155: 3148: 3144: 3140: 3080: 3077:Electric beacon 3008: 2998: 2996: 2984: 2976: 2974: 2953: 2947: 2939: 2933: 2899: 2893: 2851: 2843: 2778: 2631: 2617:Wayback Machine 2605:Wayback Machine 2565:Wayback Machine 2490: 2474: 2469: 2451:121.5 MHz 2431: 2348: 2324: 2268: 2228: 2156: 2138: 2136: 2127: 2117: 2087: 2058: 2050: 2046: 2045: 2040: 2036: 2035: 2020: 1997: 1991: 1975: 1955: 1931: 1923:Wayback Machine 1814: 1788:EPIRBs with an 1775: 1700:Royal Air Force 1674: 1657: 1619: 1603:impact monitors 1599: 1559:impact monitors 1548:Wayback Machine 1502: 1492: 1470: 1445: 1401: 1393: 1373: 1368: 1293:Richelieu River 1210:In Canada, the 1205: 875: 642: 626: 580: 563: 523: 499: 483: 471:low Earth orbit 463: 458: 353: 266: 223:distress signal 200:for no charge. 190:New South Wales 132: 91:first responder 68:) is a type of 42: 35: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 6278: 6276: 6268: 6267: 6262: 6257: 6252: 6247: 6242: 6237: 6227: 6226: 6220: 6219: 6217: 6216: 6206: 6196: 6186: 6173: 6170: 6169: 6167: 6166: 6159: 6154: 6149: 6144: 6139: 6138: 6137: 6132: 6124: 6118: 6116: 6112: 6111: 6109: 6108: 6103: 6098: 6093: 6088: 6083: 6078: 6073: 6068: 6063: 6057: 6055: 6049: 6048: 6046: 6045: 6040: 6035: 6030: 6025: 6020: 6015: 6010: 6005: 6000: 5995: 5990: 5985: 5979: 5977: 5971: 5970: 5968: 5967: 5962: 5957: 5952: 5947: 5941: 5939: 5935: 5934: 5932: 5931: 5926: 5921: 5916: 5911: 5906: 5904:Space-division 5900: 5898: 5892: 5891: 5889: 5888: 5883: 5882: 5881: 5876: 5866: 5865: 5864: 5854: 5849: 5843: 5841: 5833: 5832: 5830: 5829: 5828: 5827: 5817: 5816: 5815: 5805: 5800: 5795: 5794: 5793: 5783: 5777: 5775: 5767: 5766: 5764: 5763: 5758: 5753: 5748: 5743: 5741:Camille Tissot 5738: 5733: 5728: 5723: 5718: 5716:Claude Shannon 5713: 5708: 5706:Tivadar Puskás 5703: 5698: 5693: 5688: 5683: 5678: 5676:Antonio Meucci 5673: 5668: 5663: 5658: 5653: 5648: 5646:Charles K. Kao 5643: 5638: 5633: 5628: 5623: 5621:Harold Hopkins 5618: 5613: 5608: 5603: 5598: 5593: 5588: 5583: 5578: 5573: 5568: 5563: 5558: 5553: 5548: 5543: 5538: 5533: 5528: 5523: 5521:Emile Berliner 5518: 5513: 5508: 5503: 5498: 5493: 5488: 5482: 5480: 5476: 5475: 5473: 5472: 5467: 5462: 5460:Videotelephony 5457: 5452: 5451: 5450: 5445: 5435: 5428: 5423: 5417: 5412: 5407: 5402: 5397: 5396: 5395: 5390: 5385: 5375: 5374: 5373: 5363: 5358: 5356:Radiotelephone 5353: 5348: 5343: 5338: 5333: 5328: 5323: 5322: 5321: 5311: 5306: 5301: 5296: 5291: 5286: 5281: 5276: 5271: 5266: 5261: 5260: 5259: 5254: 5249: 5244: 5242:Internet video 5234: 5233: 5232: 5227: 5222: 5217: 5207: 5202: 5197: 5192: 5187: 5182: 5176: 5174: 5168: 5167: 5162: 5160: 5159: 5152: 5145: 5137: 5128: 5127: 5125: 5124: 5114: 5103: 5100: 5099: 5084:Satellite link 5082: | 5056:ILS glide path 4986: | 4900:Mobile station 4874: 4872: 4864: 4863: 4856:Radio stations 4848: 4846: 4845: 4838: 4831: 4823: 4817: 4816: 4804: 4799: 4794: 4782: 4777: 4772: 4760: 4755: 4750: 4743: 4742:External links 4740: 4739: 4738: 4735: 4734:MED, 0735/2001 4732: 4726: 4721: 4718: 4716: 4715: 4694: 4677: 4660: 4615: 4598: 4553: 4539: 4521: 4496: 4470:Sport Aviation 4461: 4434: 4413: 4390: 4379: 4367: 4356: 4338: 4315: 4292: 4275: 4244: 4241:. August 2001. 4230: 4206: 4191: 4173: 4156: 4131: 4122: 4110: 4101: 4072: 4060: 4046: 4032: 4003: 3988: 3949: 3925: 3899: 3868: 3853: 3828: 3826:Canada Gazette 3809: 3791: 3773: 3744: 3713: 3710:. August 2001. 3694: 3691:on 2016-06-14. 3665: 3631: 3614: 3599: 3584: 3570: 3558: 3542: 3511: 3506:"Participants" 3478: 3455: 3441: 3407: 3382: 3363: 3354: 3323: 3309: 3289: 3271: 3238: 3212: 3186: 3165: 3153: 3141: 3139: 3136: 3135: 3134: 3129: 3123: 3118: 3115:Survival radio 3112: 3106: 3100: 3095: 3089: 3083: 3074: 3068: 3062: 3056: 3050: 3044: 3038: 3032: 3027: 3021: 3015: 3007: 3006: 2994: 2973: 2970: 2949:Main article: 2946: 2943: 2935:Main article: 2932: 2929: 2895:Main article: 2892: 2889: 2868:are allocated 2850: 2847: 2842: 2839: 2838: 2837: 2836: 2835: 2834: 2833: 2830: 2827: 2826:Strength tests 2824: 2821: 2818: 2807: 2806: 2805: 2797: 2796: 2795: 2789: 2788: 2787: 2777: 2774: 2773: 2772: 2771: 2770: 2763: 2760: 2759: 2758: 2755: 2749: 2746: 2745: 2744: 2741: 2738: 2735: 2732: 2729: 2726: 2723: 2720: 2716:Cospas-Sarsat 2714: 2713: 2712: 2705: 2702: 2699: 2691: 2690: 2689: 2686: 2683: 2680: 2672: 2671: 2670: 2667: 2664: 2661: 2658: 2655: 2647: 2644: 2641: 2630: 2629:Specifications 2627: 2626: 2625: 2619: 2607: 2595: 2589: 2585:Netherlands – 2583: 2577: 2571: 2554: 2547: 2540: 2529: 2512: 2511: 2508: 2505: 2489: 2486: 2473: 2470: 2468: 2465: 2464: 2463: 2460: 2449: 2438: 2430: 2427: 2426: 2425: 2422: 2419: 2416: 2413: 2410: 2407: 2404: 2401: 2398: 2395: 2392: 2389: 2386: 2383: 2380: 2377: 2374: 2371: 2364: 2363: 2360:carrier signal 2352: 2347: 2344: 2323: 2320: 2319: 2318: 2315: 2304: 2285: 2278: 2275: 2267: 2264: 2263: 2262: 2255: 2254:(DASS) system. 2248: 2244: 2240: 2227: 2224: 2211: 2210: 2207: 2204: 2186: 2183: 2155: 2152: 2135: 2132: 2126: 2125:Beacon content 2123: 2122: 2121: 2116: 2113: 2098: 2097: 2094: 2086: 2083: 2019: 2016: 2012: 2011: 2008: 2005: 1993:Main article: 1990: 1987: 1974: 1971: 1954: 1951: 1930: 1927: 1900: 1899: 1896: 1882: 1870: 1855: 1848: 1830: 1829: 1826: 1813: 1810: 1774: 1771: 1770: 1769: 1766: 1763: 1759: 1756: 1745: 1728: 1717: 1709: 1706: 1703: 1685: 1678: 1673: 1670: 1662: 1661: 1656: 1653: 1645: 1644: 1641: 1638: 1635: 1632: 1629: 1626: 1618: 1615: 1598: 1597:ELT activation 1595: 1491: 1488: 1469: 1466: 1444: 1441: 1400: 1397: 1392: 1389: 1372: 1371:United Kingdom 1369: 1367: 1364: 1361: 1360: 1358: 1352: 1350: 1344: 1343: 1341: 1338: 1335: 1329: 1328: 1326: 1320: 1317: 1311: 1310: 1308: 1307: 1306: 1296: 1289: 1287:Saguenay River 1283: 1276: 1267: 1264: 1258: 1257: 1255: 1252: 1249: 1243: 1242: 1239: 1236: 1233: 1204: 1201: 1194: 1193: 1188: 1186: 1184: 1181: 1177: 1176: 1171: 1169: 1167: 1164: 1157: 1156: 1151: 1149: 1147: 1144: 1137: 1136: 1131: 1129: 1127: 1124: 1117: 1116: 1111: 1109: 1107: 1104: 1102:(RCC Seattle) 1097: 1096: 1091: 1089: 1087: 1084: 1074: 1073: 1068: 1066: 1064: 1061: 1054: 1053: 1048: 1046: 1044: 1041: 1034: 1033: 1028: 1026: 1024: 1021: 1014: 1013: 1008: 1006: 1004: 1001: 999:(RCC Norfolk) 994: 993: 988: 986: 984: 981: 974: 973: 970: 968: 966: 963: 959: 958: 956: 949: 947: 943: 942: 940: 937: 934: 931: 921: 920: 918: 912: 909: 906: 900: 899: 896: 893: 890: 887: 874: 871: 868: 867: 865: 863: 860: 856: 855: 853: 851: 848: 844: 843: 841: 839: 836: 832: 831: 829: 827: 824: 820: 819: 817: 815: 812: 808: 807: 805: 803: 800: 796: 795: 793: 791: 788: 784: 783: 781: 779: 776: 772: 771: 769: 767: 764: 760: 759: 757: 755: 752: 748: 747: 745: 743: 740: 736: 735: 733: 731: 728: 724: 723: 721: 719: 716: 712: 711: 709: 707: 704: 700: 699: 697: 695: 692: 688: 687: 685: 683: 680: 673: 672: 670: 668: 665: 661: 660: 657: 654: 651: 641: 638: 625: 622: 598: 597: 594: 591: 588: 579: 576: 562: 559: 522: 519: 515:satellite pass 498: 495: 482: 479: 462: 459: 457: 454: 442: 441: 440: 439: 432: 426: 425: 424: 421: 415: 414: 413: 410: 384: 383: 380: 377: 374: 371: 368: 352: 349: 348: 347: 344: 341: 330: 329: 328: 327: 319: 313: 312: 311: 304: 303: 302: 265: 262: 231:Doppler effect 207: 206: 205: 204: 175: 174: 173: 164: 158: 157: 156: 147: 146: 145: 131: 128: 118:, and people. 26: 24: 14: 13: 10: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 6277: 6266: 6263: 6261: 6258: 6256: 6253: 6251: 6248: 6246: 6243: 6241: 6238: 6236: 6233: 6232: 6230: 6215: 6207: 6205: 6197: 6195: 6187: 6185: 6175: 6174: 6171: 6164: 6160: 6158: 6155: 6153: 6150: 6148: 6145: 6143: 6140: 6136: 6133: 6131: 6128: 6127: 6125: 6123: 6120: 6119: 6117: 6113: 6107: 6104: 6102: 6099: 6097: 6094: 6092: 6089: 6087: 6084: 6082: 6079: 6077: 6074: 6072: 6069: 6067: 6064: 6062: 6059: 6058: 6056: 6054: 6050: 6044: 6041: 6039: 6036: 6034: 6031: 6029: 6026: 6024: 6021: 6019: 6016: 6014: 6011: 6009: 6006: 6004: 6001: 5999: 5996: 5994: 5991: 5989: 5986: 5984: 5981: 5980: 5978: 5976: 5972: 5966: 5963: 5961: 5958: 5956: 5953: 5951: 5948: 5946: 5943: 5942: 5940: 5936: 5930: 5929:Code-division 5927: 5925: 5922: 5920: 5917: 5915: 5914:Time-division 5912: 5910: 5907: 5905: 5902: 5901: 5899: 5897: 5893: 5887: 5884: 5880: 5877: 5875: 5872: 5871: 5870: 5867: 5863: 5860: 5859: 5858: 5855: 5853: 5850: 5848: 5845: 5844: 5842: 5840:and switching 5838: 5834: 5826: 5823: 5822: 5821: 5818: 5814: 5811: 5810: 5809: 5806: 5804: 5801: 5799: 5796: 5792: 5791:optical fiber 5789: 5788: 5787: 5784: 5782: 5781:Coaxial cable 5779: 5778: 5776: 5774: 5768: 5762: 5759: 5757: 5754: 5752: 5749: 5747: 5744: 5742: 5739: 5737: 5734: 5732: 5729: 5727: 5724: 5722: 5719: 5717: 5714: 5712: 5709: 5707: 5704: 5702: 5699: 5697: 5696:Radia Perlman 5694: 5692: 5689: 5687: 5684: 5682: 5679: 5677: 5674: 5672: 5669: 5667: 5664: 5662: 5659: 5657: 5654: 5652: 5649: 5647: 5644: 5642: 5639: 5637: 5634: 5632: 5629: 5627: 5624: 5622: 5619: 5617: 5614: 5612: 5609: 5607: 5604: 5602: 5599: 5597: 5594: 5592: 5589: 5587: 5586:Lee de Forest 5584: 5582: 5581:Thomas Edison 5579: 5577: 5574: 5572: 5571:Donald Davies 5569: 5567: 5564: 5562: 5559: 5557: 5556:Claude Chappe 5554: 5552: 5549: 5547: 5544: 5542: 5539: 5537: 5534: 5532: 5529: 5527: 5524: 5522: 5519: 5517: 5514: 5512: 5509: 5507: 5504: 5502: 5499: 5497: 5494: 5492: 5489: 5487: 5484: 5483: 5481: 5477: 5471: 5468: 5466: 5463: 5461: 5458: 5456: 5453: 5449: 5446: 5444: 5441: 5440: 5439: 5436: 5434: 5433: 5429: 5427: 5424: 5421: 5418: 5416: 5413: 5411: 5408: 5406: 5403: 5401: 5400:Smoke signals 5398: 5394: 5391: 5389: 5386: 5384: 5381: 5380: 5379: 5378:Semiconductor 5376: 5372: 5369: 5368: 5367: 5364: 5362: 5359: 5357: 5354: 5352: 5349: 5347: 5344: 5342: 5339: 5337: 5334: 5332: 5329: 5327: 5324: 5320: 5317: 5316: 5315: 5312: 5310: 5307: 5305: 5302: 5300: 5297: 5295: 5292: 5290: 5287: 5285: 5282: 5280: 5277: 5275: 5272: 5270: 5267: 5265: 5262: 5258: 5255: 5253: 5250: 5248: 5245: 5243: 5240: 5239: 5238: 5237:Digital media 5235: 5231: 5228: 5226: 5223: 5221: 5218: 5216: 5213: 5212: 5211: 5208: 5206: 5203: 5201: 5198: 5196: 5193: 5191: 5188: 5186: 5183: 5181: 5178: 5177: 5175: 5173: 5169: 5165: 5158: 5153: 5151: 5146: 5144: 5139: 5138: 5135: 5123: 5119: 5115: 5113: 5105: 5104: 5101: 5097: 5094: | 5093: 5090: | 5089: 5086: | 5085: 5081: 5078: | 5077: 5074: | 5073: 5070: | 5069: 5066: | 5065: 5062: | 5061: 5060:Marker beacon 5058: | 5057: 5054: | 5053: 5052:ILS localizer 5050: | 5049: 5046: | 5045: 5042: | 5041: 5038: | 5037: 5036:Primary radar 5034: | 5033: 5030: | 5029: 5026: | 5025: 5022: | 5021: 5018: | 5017: 5014: | 5013: 5010: | 5009: 5006: | 5005: 5002: | 5001: 4998: | 4997: 4994: | 4993: 4990: | 4989: 4985: 4982: | 4981: 4978: | 4977: 4974: | 4973: 4970: | 4969: 4966: | 4965: 4962: | 4961: 4958: | 4957: 4954: | 4953: 4950: | 4949: 4946: | 4945: 4942: | 4941: 4938: | 4937: 4934: | 4933: 4932:Coast station 4930: | 4929: 4926: | 4925: 4922: | 4921: 4918: | 4917: 4914: | 4913: 4910: | 4909: 4906: | 4905: 4902: | 4901: 4898: | 4897: 4894: | 4893: 4892:Fixed station 4890: | 4889: 4886: | 4885: 4884:Space station 4882: | 4881: 4880:Earth station 4878: | 4877: 4873: 4865: 4861: 4857: 4852: 4844: 4839: 4837: 4832: 4830: 4825: 4824: 4821: 4815: 4811: 4808: 4805: 4803: 4800: 4798: 4795: 4791: 4787: 4783: 4781: 4778: 4776: 4773: 4771: 4767: 4764: 4761: 4759: 4756: 4754: 4751: 4749: 4746: 4745: 4741: 4736: 4733: 4731: 4727: 4724: 4723: 4719: 4711: 4705: 4697: 4695:9789280115079 4691: 4687: 4681: 4678: 4670: 4664: 4661: 4656: 4650: 4636:on 2018-02-08 4632: 4625: 4619: 4616: 4608: 4602: 4599: 4594: 4588: 4574:on 2008-07-04 4570: 4563: 4557: 4554: 4549: 4543: 4540: 4535: 4531: 4525: 4522: 4511:on 2007-10-09 4510: 4506: 4500: 4497: 4492: 4479: 4471: 4465: 4462: 4454: 4447: 4441: 4439: 4435: 4430: 4423: 4417: 4414: 4409: 4408: 4400: 4394: 4391: 4388: 4383: 4380: 4376: 4371: 4368: 4365: 4360: 4357: 4352: 4348: 4342: 4339: 4334: 4333: 4325: 4319: 4316: 4311: 4310: 4302: 4296: 4293: 4289: 4285: 4279: 4276: 4265:on 2018-02-07 4261: 4254: 4248: 4245: 4240: 4234: 4231: 4223: 4216: 4210: 4207: 4202: 4195: 4192: 4187: 4183: 4177: 4174: 4166: 4160: 4157: 4146:on 2019-05-06 4145: 4141: 4135: 4132: 4126: 4123: 4119: 4114: 4111: 4105: 4102: 4089: 4084: 4076: 4073: 4069: 4064: 4061: 4056: 4050: 4047: 4042: 4036: 4033: 4020: 4019:Flying Safety 4013: 4012:"Down at Sea" 4007: 4004: 4000: 3997: 3992: 3989: 3984: 3978: 3964:on 2009-10-12 3963: 3959: 3953: 3950: 3942: 3935: 3929: 3926: 3913: 3909: 3903: 3900: 3889:on 2008-07-04 3885: 3878: 3872: 3869: 3864: 3857: 3854: 3843:on 2009-05-15 3842: 3838: 3832: 3829: 3825: 3821: 3818: 3813: 3810: 3805: 3801: 3795: 3792: 3787: 3783: 3777: 3774: 3763:on 2007-12-05 3762: 3758: 3754: 3748: 3745: 3734:on 2017-04-26 3730: 3723: 3717: 3714: 3709: 3703: 3701: 3699: 3695: 3687: 3680: 3674: 3672: 3670: 3666: 3655:on 2005-09-05 3651: 3644: 3638: 3636: 3632: 3629: 3625: 3618: 3615: 3610: 3603: 3600: 3595: 3588: 3585: 3580: 3574: 3571: 3567: 3562: 3559: 3556:. March 2007. 3555: 3551: 3546: 3543: 3532:on 2017-01-30 3528: 3521: 3515: 3512: 3507: 3501: 3499: 3497: 3495: 3493: 3491: 3489: 3487: 3485: 3483: 3479: 3474: 3470: 3464: 3462: 3460: 3456: 3451: 3445: 3442: 3431:on 2017-09-29 3427: 3420: 3414: 3412: 3408: 3397:on 2018-02-09 3396: 3392: 3386: 3383: 3378: 3374: 3367: 3364: 3358: 3355: 3344:on 2017-04-26 3340: 3333: 3327: 3324: 3319: 3313: 3310: 3302: 3296: 3294: 3290: 3285: 3281: 3275: 3272: 3256: 3249: 3242: 3239: 3226: 3222: 3216: 3213: 3201:on 2012-08-06 3200: 3196: 3190: 3187: 3179: 3172: 3170: 3166: 3163: 3157: 3154: 3151: 3146: 3143: 3137: 3133: 3130: 3127: 3124: 3122: 3119: 3116: 3113: 3110: 3107: 3104: 3101: 3099: 3096: 3093: 3090: 3087: 3084: 3078: 3075: 3072: 3069: 3066: 3063: 3060: 3057: 3054: 3051: 3048: 3045: 3042: 3039: 3036: 3033: 3031: 3028: 3025: 3022: 3019: 3016: 3013: 3010: 3009: 3005: 2995: 2993: 2988: 2983: 2979: 2971: 2969: 2967: 2962: 2958: 2952: 2944: 2942: 2938: 2930: 2928: 2926: 2921: 2919: 2915: 2912: 2908: 2904: 2898: 2890: 2888: 2886: 2882: 2878: 2873: 2871: 2867: 2863: 2858: 2856: 2855:man-overboard 2848: 2846: 2840: 2831: 2828: 2825: 2822: 2819: 2816: 2815: 2814: 2811: 2810: 2808: 2804: 2801: 2800: 2798: 2793: 2792: 2790: 2785: 2784: 2783: 2780: 2779: 2775: 2767: 2766: 2764: 2761: 2756: 2753: 2752: 2750: 2747: 2742: 2739: 2736: 2733: 2730: 2727: 2724: 2721: 2718: 2717: 2715: 2710: 2706: 2703: 2700: 2697: 2696: 2695: 2692: 2687: 2684: 2681: 2678: 2677: 2676: 2673: 2668: 2665: 2662: 2659: 2656: 2653: 2652: 2648: 2645: 2642: 2639: 2638: 2636: 2635: 2634: 2628: 2624: 2620: 2618: 2614: 2611: 2608: 2606: 2602: 2599: 2596: 2594: 2590: 2588: 2584: 2582: 2578: 2576: 2572: 2570: 2566: 2562: 2559: 2555: 2552: 2548: 2545: 2541: 2538: 2534: 2530: 2528: 2524: 2523: 2522: 2519: 2517: 2509: 2506: 2503: 2502: 2501: 2499: 2495: 2487: 2485: 2483: 2479: 2478:North America 2471: 2466: 2461: 2458: 2454: 2450: 2447: 2443: 2440:The obsolete 2439: 2436: 2433: 2432: 2428: 2423: 2420: 2417: 2414: 2411: 2408: 2405: 2402: 2399: 2396: 2393: 2390: 2387: 2384: 2381: 2378: 2375: 2372: 2369: 2368: 2367: 2361: 2357: 2354:406 MHz 2353: 2350: 2349: 2345: 2343: 2341: 2337: 2336:Cospas-Sarsat 2333: 2329: 2321: 2316: 2313: 2309: 2305: 2302: 2298: 2294: 2290: 2286: 2283: 2279: 2276: 2273: 2272: 2271: 2265: 2260: 2256: 2253: 2249: 2245: 2241: 2238: 2234: 2230: 2229: 2225: 2223: 2221: 2216: 2208: 2205: 2203: 2199: 2195: 2191: 2187: 2184: 2181: 2180: 2179: 2176: 2173: 2169: 2165: 2161: 2160:homing beacon 2153: 2151: 2133: 2131: 2124: 2119: 2118: 2115:Obsolete PLBs 2114: 2112: 2110: 2106: 2101: 2095: 2092: 2091: 2090: 2084: 2082: 2079: 2076: 2073: 2070: 2056: 2032: 2024: 2017: 2015: 2009: 2006: 2003: 2002: 2001: 1996: 1988: 1986: 1984: 1980: 1972: 1966: 1962: 1960: 1952: 1950: 1946: 1944: 1940: 1934: 1928: 1926: 1924: 1920: 1917: 1914:'s statement 1913: 1907: 1905: 1897: 1894: 1890: 1886: 1883: 1880: 1875: 1871: 1868: 1864: 1863:survival suit 1860: 1856: 1853: 1849: 1846: 1842: 1837: 1836: 1835: 1834: 1827: 1824: 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948: 945: 944: 941: 938: 935: 932: 930: 927:operates the 926: 923: 922: 919: 917: 913: 910: 907: 905: 902: 901: 898:Phone number 897: 894: 891: 888: 885: 884: 878: 873:United States 872: 866: 864: 861: 858: 857: 854: 852: 849: 846: 845: 842: 840: 837: 834: 833: 830: 828: 825: 822: 821: 818: 816: 813: 810: 809: 806: 804: 801: 798: 797: 794: 792: 789: 786: 785: 782: 780: 777: 774: 773: 770: 768: 765: 762: 761: 758: 756: 753: 750: 749: 746: 744: 741: 738: 737: 734: 732: 729: 726: 725: 722: 720: 717: 714: 713: 710: 708: 705: 702: 701: 698: 696: 693: 690: 689: 686: 684: 681: 679: 675: 674: 671: 669: 666: 663: 662: 658: 655: 652: 649: 648: 645: 639: 637: 635: 631: 623: 621: 617: 615: 611: 607: 602: 595: 592: 589: 586: 585: 584: 577: 575: 571: 569: 560: 558: 556: 550: 547: 543: 541: 537: 533: 528: 520: 518: 516: 510: 506: 504: 496: 494: 492: 487: 480: 478: 474: 472: 467: 460: 455: 453: 451: 447: 437: 433: 430: 429: 427: 422: 419: 418: 416: 411: 408: 407: 405: 404: 403: 400: 396: 394: 390: 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Retrieved 3199:the original 3189: 3161: 3156: 3145: 2954: 2940: 2922: 2900: 2880: 2876: 2874: 2859: 2852: 2844: 2813:USCG 160.162 2649: 2632: 2542:Australia – 2520: 2513: 2496:(SOLAS) and 2491: 2488:Registration 2475: 2365: 2331: 2325: 2269: 2212: 2201: 2194:registration 2177: 2157: 2148: 2128: 2102: 2099: 2088: 2080: 2077: 2074: 2071: 2068: 2033: 2029: 2013: 1998: 1976: 1958: 1956: 1947: 1935: 1932: 1908: 1901: 1892: 1878: 1866: 1851: 1844: 1832: 1831: 1819: 1818: 1815: 1787: 1780: 1776: 1731:Health Act. 1663: 1646: 1620: 1600: 1587: 1571: 1567: 1556: 1534: 1527: 1512: 1482: 1471: 1462: 1455: 1446: 1438: 1435: 1432: 1429: 1426: 1423: 1420: 1409: 1402: 1394: 1385: 1374: 1323: 1300:Ottawa River 1209: 1206: 1197: 1190: 1173: 1161: 1153: 1141: 1133: 1121: 1113: 1101: 1093: 1081: 1078: 1070: 1058: 1050: 1038: 1030: 1019:(RCC Miami) 1018: 1010: 998: 990: 978: 876: 643: 627: 618: 608:or aircraft 603: 599: 581: 572: 568:Soviet Union 564: 551: 548: 544: 532:triangulates 524: 511: 507: 500: 488: 484: 475: 468: 464: 443: 401: 397: 385: 362: 335: 331: 310:information. 292: 287: 284: 276: 267: 243: 220: 208: 177: 166: 160: 149: 138: 133: 124: 120: 114:watercraft, 101: 96:GPS receiver 65: 61: 59: 6096:NPL network 5808:Radio waves 5746:Alfred Vail 5656:Hedy Lamarr 5641:Dawon Kahng 5601:Elisha Gray 5561:Yogen Dalal 5486:Nasir Ahmed 5420:Teleprinter 5284:Heliographs 5092:Feeder link 4094:October 10, 3804:rgl.faa.gov 3264:20 February 2786:SOLAS 74.95 2537:CFB Trenton 2482:Australasia 2322:Frequencies 2312:de-register 2215:hexadecimal 1939:hydrostatic 1753:Nick Begich 1698:and later, 1643:S: survival 1266:QuebecCity 1241:SAR Agency 953:Coast Guard 895:SAR agency 659:SAR Agency 610:tail number 6229:Categories 6142:Antarctica 6101:Toasternet 6023:Television 5506:Paul Baran 5438:Television 5422:(teletype) 5415:Telegraphy 5393:transistor 5371:Phryctoria 5341:Photophone 5319:Smartphone 5309:Mass media 5068:Radiosonde 4720:References 4640:2018-02-07 4578:2007-09-06 4515:2007-10-01 4288:1885544278 4269:2018-02-06 4150:2018-02-08 3968:2009-09-22 3918:28 January 3893:2007-09-06 3847:2009-11-20 3767:2007-09-06 3738:2018-02-08 3659:2018-02-06 3536:2018-02-09 3435:2018-02-08 3401:2018-02-08 3348:2018-02-08 2591:Denmark - 2442:Inmarsat-E 2332:recognized 2111:) exists. 2105:registered 1979:submarines 1893:Inmarsat E 1885:Inmarsat-E 1874:Marine VHF 1872:Class C – 1843:(FCC) and 1749:Hale Boggs 1611:aerobatics 835:Chile RCC 811:Venezuela 682:BERMUDASP 561:Satellites 326:confirmed. 229:using the 112:distressed 106:that aids 83:satellites 6126:Americas 6115:Locations 6086:Internet2 5847:Bandwidth 5551:Vint Cerf 5448:streaming 5426:Telephone 5366:Semaphore 5257:streaming 4704:cite book 3782:"The ELT" 3231:9 October 2992:Transport 2918:liferafts 2794:ISO 15734 2573:France – 2556:Greece – 2531:Canada – 2301:longitude 2266:Hex codes 2259:see below 1649:see below 1337:VICTORIA 1235:SRR Name 965:LANTAREA 889:SRR name 847:Paraguay 838:ChileRCC 718:DOMREPSP 703:Colombia 653:SRR Name 491:121.5 MHz 215:satellite 6194:Category 6081:Internet 6071:CYCLADES 5988:Ethernet 5938:Concepts 5862:terminal 5813:wireless 5636:Bob Kahn 5479:Pioneers 5304:Internet 5195:Cable TV 5112:Category 4810:Archived 4790:Archived 4766:Archived 4649:cite web 4587:cite web 3977:cite web 3820:Archived 3611:. AVweb. 3053:AIS-SART 3004:Aviation 2972:See also 2897:AIS-SART 2891:AIS SART 2660:TSO-C91a 2613:Archived 2601:Archived 2579:Italy – 2561:Archived 2446:Inmarsat 2342:system. 2308:register 2297:latitude 2282:firmware 1919:Archived 1631:F: Fixed 1544:Archived 1319:TRENTON 1251:HALIFAX 1086:PACAREA 859:Uruguay 823:Bolivia 727:Ecuador 694:COCESNA 676:Bermuda 640:Americas 632:and the 279:) is an 273:Cold War 250:AIS-SART 248:(SART), 184:; e.g., 116:aircraft 6240:Beacons 6214:Commons 6204:Outline 6157:Oceania 6076:FidoNet 6061:ARPANET 5874:circuit 5443:digital 5172:History 4868:desig- 4290:, p 287 4025:11 July 3628:YouTube 3596:. NASA. 2978:Portals 2769:results 2679:DO-127? 2657:TSO-C91 2472:License 2293:GLONASS 2196:or its 2172:GLONASS 2049:⁄ 2039:⁄ 1807:efforts 1716:rescue. 1607:g-force 1563:g-force 1541:TSO-C91 1535:As per 1418:(MRCC) 1407:(MRCC) 1183:MARSEC 787:Panama 778:NANTSP 766:MEXTEL 754:MEXISP 751:Mexico 739:Guyana 706:COLMSP 527:Doppler 436:GOES-16 428:GEOSAR 417:MEOSAR 406:LEOSAR 323:Galileo 281:acronym 6152:Europe 6122:Africa 6106:Usenet 6066:BITNET 6003:Mobile 5879:packet 5388:MOSFET 5383:device 5180:Beacon 5122:Portal 4870:nation 4692: 4286: 3999:Flight 2711:(SEND) 2688:DO-147 2685:DO-146 2682:DO-145 2546:(AMSA) 2252:MEOSAR 2237:LEOSAR 2233:GEOSAR 2164:GEOSAR 1460:page. 1391:Russia 1366:Europe 1203:Canada 1166:SANJN 1146:CGD17 1126:CGD14 1106:CGD13 1063:CGD09 1043:CGD08 1023:CGD07 1003:CGD05 983:CGD01 933:AKRCC 908:AFRCC 850:PARSP 826:BOLSP 814:VZMCC 790:PANSP 742:GUYSP 667:ARMCC 277:КОСПАС 256:, and 198:hikers 161:SEPIRB 78:locate 6135:South 6130:North 6091:JANET 6028:Telex 6018:Radio 5857:Nodes 5852:Links 5773:media 5351:Radio 5336:Pager 5264:Drums 5230:video 5225:image 5215:audio 5032:Radar 4730:GMDSS 4672:(PDF) 4634:(PDF) 4627:(PDF) 4610:(PDF) 4572:(PDF) 4565:(PDF) 4456:(PDF) 4449:(PDF) 4425:(PDF) 4402:(PDF) 4327:(PDF) 4304:(PDF) 4263:(PDF) 4256:(PDF) 4225:(PDF) 4218:(PDF) 4168:(PDF) 4015:(PDF) 3944:(PDF) 3937:(PDF) 3887:(PDF) 3880:(PDF) 3732:(PDF) 3725:(PDF) 3689:(PDF) 3682:(PDF) 3653:(PDF) 3646:(PDF) 3530:(PDF) 3523:(PDF) 3429:(PDF) 3422:(PDF) 3342:(PDF) 3335:(PDF) 3304:(PDF) 3258:(PDF) 3251:(PDF) 3205:9 Oct 3181:(PDF) 3138:Notes 3121:TACBE 3065:RECCO 2553:(MCA) 2109:9-1-1 1889:GMDSS 862:URSP 802:TTSP 730:ECSP 650:SPOC 536:orbit 258:RECCO 186:9-1-1 150:EPIRB 66:EPIRB 6147:Asia 6033:UUCP 5993:ISDN 4710:link 4690:ISBN 4655:link 4593:link 4491:help 4429:ICAO 4284:ISBN 4096:2017 4027:2021 3983:link 3920:2024 3266:2010 3233:2012 3207:2012 2945:APRS 2925:MMSI 2903:SART 2870:MMSI 2791:ISO 2765:IEC 2762:ICAO 2751:ITU 2637:FAA 2575:CNES 2567:and 2514:The 2480:and 2455:± 6 2299:and 2235:and 2190:MMSI 2044:to 2 1912:NOAA 1794:MMSI 1783:RTCM 1781:The 1751:and 1725:DC-3 1680:The 1581:and 1530:RTCA 1484:NASA 1478:AOPA 1399:Asia 1291:the 1271:the 1232:RCC 1222:and 1214:and 951:The 886:RCC 606:MMSI 389:USCG 233:for 167:SSAS 139:ELT 6038:WAN 6008:NGN 5998:LAN 5279:Fax 5220:DCT 3626:on 2961:GPS 2914:AIS 2911:VHF 2907:GPS 2866:AIS 2864:or 2862:DSC 2748:IMO 2476:In 2457:kHz 2453:VHF 2356:UHF 2291:or 2289:GPS 2170:or 2168:GPS 1861:or 1805:SAR 1790:AIS 1651:). 1583:GPS 1579:VOR 1517:or 1414:'s 239:GPS 178:PLB 60:An 6231:: 4706:}} 4702:{{ 4651:}} 4647:{{ 4589:}} 4585:{{ 4482:: 4480:}} 4476:{{ 4437:^ 4404:. 4329:. 4306:. 4086:. 4017:. 3979:}} 3975:{{ 3910:. 3802:. 3755:. 3697:^ 3668:^ 3634:^ 3552:. 3481:^ 3471:. 3458:^ 3410:^ 3375:. 3292:^ 3168:^ 2920:. 2535:, 2358:- 2261:). 1985:. 1957:A 1925:. 1711:A 1565:. 1379:, 438:). 252:, 241:. 6165:) 6161:( 5156:e 5149:t 5142:v 4842:e 4835:t 4828:v 4712:) 4698:. 4674:. 4657:) 4643:. 4612:. 4595:) 4581:. 4550:. 4518:. 4493:) 4489:( 4272:. 4203:. 4170:. 4153:. 4098:. 4057:. 4043:. 4029:. 3985:) 3971:. 3922:. 3896:. 3865:. 3850:. 3806:. 3770:. 3741:. 3662:. 3581:. 3539:. 3508:. 3475:. 3452:. 3438:. 3404:. 3379:. 3351:. 3320:. 3306:. 3268:. 3235:. 3209:. 3183:. 2980:: 2202:. 2051:5 2047:1 2041:2 2037:1 1881:. 1854:. 1847:. 1218:( 612:/ 64:( 41:. 34:. 20:)

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