40:
323:
769:, originating from animal sources, pose a significant threat to human health. Up to 75% of emerging infectious diseases are zoonotic, originating from viruses and other pathogens that are transmitted from animals to humans. Understanding the mechanisms of transmission, the role of wildlife trade, and the importance of surveillance and early detection is crucial for mitigating the impact of zoonotic diseases on human health. Surveillance efforts involving wastewater have been identified as valuable tools for detecting early warning signs of disease emergence and providing timely interventions.
402:, to conduct an 18-month study. According to the report produced by the committee in 1992, its charge "was to identify significant emerging infectious diseases, determine what might be done to deal with them, and recommend how similar future threats might be confronted to lessen their impact on public health." The report recommended setting up a surveillance program to recognize emerging diseases and proposed methods of intervention in case an emergent disease was discovered.
2524:, a method in which genetic information can be passed within a generation, and spread rapidly through its own population as was illustrated in multiple studies. Horizontal gene transfer speeds the process of genetic transfer since there is no need to wait an entire generation time for gene to be passed on. Since most antibiotics do not work on MRSA, physicians have to turn to alternative methods based in
2510:, without being affected in any way. MSSA was treatable with the antibiotic methicillin until it acquired the gene for antibiotic resistance. Through genetic mapping of various strains of MRSA, scientists have found that MSSA acquired the mecA gene in the 1960s, which accounts for its pathogenicity, before this it had a predominantly commensal relationship with humans. It is theorized that when this
51:, he drew a map of the world for presentation at a congressional hearing that showed a single notable emerging infectious disease threat: HIV. Since then, he has continually updated the map, now showing the emergence of numerous infectious disease threats to illustrate the experiences of his years in office as well as highlighting certain infections that had emerged before HIV.
222:
nosologists. History and observation protest wildly against this prejudice, and this is what they teach: Diseases which have disappeared and whose traces are confined to the archives of science, are followed by other diseases, unknown to the contemporary generation, and which come for the first time to assert their rights. In other words, there are
266:
in the course of history? Can we assume that new ones will appear? Can we assume that some of these diseases will disappear? Have some of them already disappeared? Finally, what will become of humanity and domestic animals if, as a result of more and more frequent contacts between people, the number of infectious diseases continues to increase?
762:
Emerging infectious diseases between human, animal have become a significant concern in recent years, playing a crucial role in the occurrence and spread of diseases. Human population growth, increased proximity to wildlife, and climate change have created favorable conditions for the transmission of
385:
The striking successes achieved with antibiotics, together with widespread application of vaccines for many previously feared viral diseases, made it appear to many physicians and the public that infectious diseases were retreating and would in time be fully conquered. Although this view was disputed
2514:
strain that had acquired the mecA gene was introduced into hospitals, it came into contact with other hospital bacteria that had already been exposed to high levels of antibiotics. When exposed to such high levels of antibiotics, the hospital bacteria suddenly found themselves in an environment that
317:
On the basis of what has happened in the last thirty years, can we forecast any likely developments for the 1970s? If for the present we retain a basic optimism and assume no major catastrophes occur the most likely forecast about the future of infectious disease is that it will be very dull. There
448:
in 2017 with the objective of accelerating the development of vaccines against emerging infectious diseases to be able to offer them to affected populations during outbreaks. CEPI promotes the idea that a proactive approach is required to "create a world in which epidemics are no longer a threat to
265:
that will be the subject of our talks. I will have to answer, to the extent that our current knowledge allows, questions that you have asked yourself, that every thoughtful or simply curious mind asks: have the infectious diseases that we observe today always existed? Or have some of them appeared
1564:
In
December 2015, the World Health Organization held a workshop on prioritization of pathogens "for accelerated R&D for severe emerging diseases with potential to generate a public health emergency, and for which no, or insufficient, preventive and curative solutions exist." The result was a
406:
A well-designed, well-implemented surveillance program can detect unusual clusters of disease, document the geographic and demographic spread of an outbreak, and estimate the magnitude of the problem. It can also help to describe the natural history of a disease, identify factors responsible for
372:
Surprisingly, most emergent viruses are zoonotic, with natural animal reservoirs a more frequent source of new viruses than is the sudden evolution of a new entity. The most frequent factor in emergence is human behavior that increases the probability of transfer of viruses from their endogenous
494:
The 1992 IOM report distinguished 6 factors contributing to emergence of new diseases (Microbial adaptation and change; Economic development and land use; Human demographics and behavior; International travel and commerce; Technology and industry; Breakdown of public health measures) which were
216:
The French doctor
Charles Anglada (1809–1878) wrote a book in 1869 on extinct and new diseases. He did not distinguish infectious diseases from others (he uses the terms reactive and affective diseases, to mean diseases with an external or internal cause, more or less meaning diseases with or
363:
Challenged by the sudden appearance of AIDS as a major public health crisis jointly sponsored the conference "Emerging
Viruses: The Evolution of Viruses and Viral Diseases" It was convened to consider the mechanisms of viral emergence and possible strategies for anticipating, detecting, and
339:
worked on the concept of emerging diseases while writing his book on the history of AIDS and later in 1993 published an article about the concept of emerging disease as a more precise notion than the term "new disease" that was mostly used in France at that time to qualify AIDS among others.
326:
Throughout the 20th century until 1980, with the exception of the 1918 Spanish flu pandemic, the death rate from infectious diseases in the United States was steadily decreasing. However, because of the AIDS epidemic, the death rate from infectious diseases increased by 58% between 1980 and
4817:
Kalra S., Kelkar D., Galwankar S. C., Papadimos T. J., Stawicki S. P., Arquilla B., Hoey B. A., Sharpe R. P., Sabol D., Jahre J. A. The emergence of Ebola as a global health security threat: From 'lessons learned' to coordinated multilateral containment efforts. J Global Infect Dis 2014 ;
221:
A widely held opinion among physicians admits the invariability of pathologies. All the illnesses which have existed or which have an outbreak around us are categorized according to arrested and preconceived types, and must enter one way or the other into the frameworks established by the
274:
in his 1971 article "Emerging
Diseases of Man and Animals" where in the first sentence of the introduction he implicitly defines emerging diseases as "infectious diseases of man and animals currently emerging as public health problems" and as a consequence also includes re-emerging
411:
The proposed interventions were based on the following: the U.S. public health system, research and training, vaccine and drug development, vector control, public education and behavioral change. A few years after the 1989 Emerging
Viruses conference and the 1992 IOM report, the
3189:"The 2019–2020 Novel Coronavirus (Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2) Pandemic: A Joint American College of Academic International Medicine‑World Academic Council of Emergency Medicine Multidisciplinary COVID-19 Working Group Consensus Paper"
763:
zoonotic diseases, leading to outbreaks such as Zika, Ebola, and COVID-19. The One Health approach, which integrates animal, human, and environmental health, has emerged as a crucial tool for monitoring and mitigating the spread of infectious diseases.
2519:
came into contact with these populations, the multiple genes that code for antibiotic resistance to different drugs were then acquired by MRSA, making it nearly impossible to control. It is thought that MSSA acquired the resistance gene through the
4431:
695:
Use of indiscriminate pesticides in industrial farming reduces/eliminates biological controls (e.g. dragonflies, amphibians, insectivorous birds, spiders) of known disease vectors (e.g. mosquito, tick, biting midge)
3762:. Smolinski, Mark S., Hamburg, Margaret A., Lederberg, Joshua., Institute of Medicine (U.S.). Committee on Emerging Microbial Threats to Health in the 21st Century. Washington, D.C.: National Academies Press. 2003.
3955:
Plaza M., Paladino L., Opara I. N., Firstenberg M. S., Wilson B., Papadimos T. J., Stawicki S. P. The use of distributed consensus algorithms to curtail the spread of medical misinformation. Int J Acad Med 2019 ;
287:
But there are also many familiar organisms formerly considered nonpathogenic that are now associated with nosocomial infections, use of artificial kidneys, and the acceptance or rejection of organ transplants, for
176:
are emerging in hospitals, and are extremely problematic in that they are resistant to many antibiotics. Of growing concern are adverse synergistic interactions between emerging diseases and other infectious and
300:
However, to many people in the 1960s and 1970s the emergence of new diseases appeared as a marginal problem, as illustrated by the introduction to the 1962 edition of
Natural History of Infectious Disease by
2528:. However, prevention is the most preferred method of avoiding antibiotic resistance. By reducing unnecessary antibiotic use in human and animal populations, antibiotics resistance can be slowed.
4504:
4169:
Murray KA, Allen T, Loh E, et al. (2015). "Emerging Viral
Zoonoses from Wildlife Associated with Animal-Based Food Systems: Risks and Opportunities". In Russell MJ, Doyle MP (eds.).
377:
In a 1991 paper Morse underlines how the emergence of new infectious diseases (of which the public became aware through the AIDS epidemic) is the opposite of the then generally expected
5334:
2537:
5186:"With call for 'raw data' and lab audits, WHO chief pressures China on pandemic origin probe - A new team of scientists may replace agency group already probing the start of COVID-19"
4439:
3146:"Increasing incidence and widespread dissemination of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) in hospitals in central Europe, with special reference to German hospitals"
2544:. According to the WHO Director-General, "SAGO will play a vital role in the next phase of studies into the origins of SARS-CoV-2, as well as the origins of future new pathogens."
4413:
783:
5157:
7049:
359:
Conference "Emerging
Viruses: The Evolution of Viruses and Viral Diseases" held 1–3 May 1989 in Washington, DC. In the article summarizing the conference the authors write:
279:
Infectious diseases of man and animals currently emerging as public health problems include some old acquaintances and some that are new in respect to identity or concept.
1405:
4332:
5099:
5036:
3516:
3465:
3414:
5214:"New WHO group aims to improve efforts to find pathogen origins - The World Health Organization's Maria Van Kerkhove on the hunt for COVID-19 origins and what's next"
386:
by virologists and many specialists in infectious diseases, it had become a commonplace to suggest that infectious diseases were about to become a thing of the past .
2540:(SAGO), which is to be a permanent advisory body of the organisation. The Group was formed with a broad objective to examine emerging infectious diseases, including
3520:
3469:
3418:
441:
6656:
1660:
and
Eleanor Gaunt established a list of 87 human pathogens first reported in the period between 1980 and 2005. These were classified according to their types.
4724:
To KK, Tsang AK, Chan JF, Cheng VC, Chen H, Yuen KY (March 2014). "Emergence in China of human disease due to avian influenza A(H10N8) – Cause for concern?".
343:
Also under the shock of the emergence of AIDS, epidemiologists wanted to take a more active approach to anticipate and prevent the emergence of new diseases.
6210:
5327:
1460:
243:
2492:
468:
170:
5306:
2650:
430:
5241:
4210:
Kurpiers LA, Schulte-HerbrĂĽggen B, Ejotre I, et al. (2016). "Bushmeat and
Emerging Infectious Diseases: Lessons from Africa". In Angelici F (ed.).
4401:
4254:
Leifels M, Khalilur Rahman O, Sam IC, Cheng D, Chua FJ, Nainani D, Kim SY, Ng WJ, Kwok WC, Sirikanchana K, Wuertz S, Thompson J, Chan YF (2022-10-30).
2588:
2515:
had a high level of selection for antibiotic resistance, and thus resistance to multiple antibiotics formed within these hospital populations. When
413:
426:
A decade later the IOM convened the Committee on Emerging Microbial Threats to Health in the 21st Century which published its conclusions in 2003.
5320:
270:
The term emerging disease has been in use in scientific publications since the beginning of the 1960s at least and is used in the modern sense by
67:
whose incidence has increased recently (in the past 20 years), and could increase in the near future. The minority that are capable of developing
6991:
6978:
5592:
5348:
2642:
417:
39:
7044:
6263:
4830:"The emergence of zika virus as a global health security threat: A review and a consensus statement of the INDUSEM Joint working Group (JWG)"
4227:
4186:
4153:
4075:
3677:
3320:
3284:
3087:
238:
4887:
Edridge AW, Deijs M, Namazzi R, Cristella C, Jebbink MF, Maurer I, Kootstra NA, Buluma LR, van Woensel JB, de Jong MD, Idro R (2019-01-01).
6780:
6238:
1835:
437:
318:
may be some wholly unexpected emergence of a new and dangerous infectious disease, but nothing of the sort has marked the past fifty years.
3609:
2317:
1569:
5185:
6983:
5280:
3874:
6413:
6408:
3767:
3722:
3492:
3441:
3398:
2686:
146:
4575:
Hontz RD, Guevara C, Halsey ES, Silvas J, Santiago FW, Widen SG, Wood TG, Casanova W, Vasilakis N, Watts DM, Kochel TJ (May 2015).
467:
Re-emerging infectious diseases – diseases that have spread to new places or which previous treatments no longer control, such as
6492:
5899:
5515:
1301:
5213:
4256:"The one health perspective to improve environmental surveillance of zoonotic viruses: lessons from COVID-19 and outlook beyond"
6086:
999:
145:. EIDs may also result from spread of an existing disease to a new population in a different geographic region, as occurs with
4944:
Andonov A, Robbins M, Borlang J, Cao J, Hatchette T, Stueck A, Deschambault Y, Murnaghan K, Varga J, Johnston L (2019-08-09).
3259:Étude sur les maladies éteintes et les maladies nouvelles, pour servir à l'histoire des évolutions séculaires de la pathologie
253:(Fate of Infectious Diseases) published in 1933 which served as lecture notes for his teaching of a second year course at the
6827:
6425:
6144:
6122:
4759:
Jiang JF, Jiang RR, Chang QC, Zheng YC, Jiang BG, Sun Y, Jia N, Wei R, Liu HB, Huo QB, Wang H (2018-08-02). Vinetz JM (ed.).
1899:
1241:
5493:
3666:
Institute of Medicine (US) Committee on Emerging Microbial Threats to Health (1992). Lederberg J, Shope RE, Oaks SC (eds.).
322:
416:(ProMED) was formed by a group of scientists as a follow-up in 1994 and the Centres for Disease Control (CDC) launched the
394:
convened in February 1991 the 19-member multidisciplinary Committee on Emerging Microbial Threats to Health, co-chaired by
6795:
4520:"Ngari Virus Is a Bunyamwera Virus Reassortant That Can Be Associated with Large Outbreaks of Hemorrhagic Fever in Africa"
1491:
1322:
356:
248:
7039:
6822:
6218:
5975:
5738:
5453:
5301:
1418:
1392:
1276:
966:
33:
5242:"Deadline extension - call for experts to join the Scientific Advisory Group for the Origins of Novel Pathogens (SAGO)"
407:
emergence, facilitate laboratory and epidemiological research, and assess the success of specific intervention efforts.
6735:
6671:
6639:
6587:
5884:
5866:
2220:
1247:
1224:
1218:
3814:
1790:
The following table summarizes the major outbreaks since 1998 caused by emerging or re-emerging infectious diseases.
3661:
3659:
283:
He also notes that some infectious agents are newly considered as diseases because of changing medical technologies:
98:
For every decade since 1940, there has been a consistent increase in the number of EID events from wildlife-related
6420:
5833:
5573:
3799:
2558:
1954:
1950:
429:
In April 2000 the WHO organized a meeting on Global Outbreak Alert and Response, which was the founding act of the
348:
296:
And so infectious disease, one of man's oldest enemies, survives as an adversary that calls forth our best efforts.
193:
539:
Their classification serves as a basis for many others. The following table gives examples for different factors:
6924:
6914:
6609:
6545:
6268:
6233:
5612:
5553:
5246:
5162:
4432:"Blueprint for R&D preparedness and response to public health emergencies due to highly infectious pathogens"
4381:"NIAID Emerging Infectious Diseases/ Pathogens | NIH: National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases"
3216:
2563:
2071:
809:
178:
4828:
Sikka V, Chattu VK, Popli RK, Galwankar SC, Kelkar D, Sawicki SG, Stawicki SP, Papadimos TJ (11 February 2016).
4314:
2225:
6742:
6604:
6479:
6333:
5448:
5438:
2521:
839:
613:
6929:
6847:
6713:
6243:
6041:
5917:
5748:
5686:
5520:
5488:
4417:
4380:
3303:
Ndow G, Ambe JR, Tomori O (2019-03-20). "Emerging Infectious Diseases: A Historical and Scientific Review".
1385:
1328:
1213:
1156:
1137:
1081:
957:
849:
4889:"Novel Orthobunyavirus Identified in the Cerebrospinal Fluid of a Ugandan Child With Severe Encephalopathy"
457:
One way to classify emerging infections diseases is by time and how humans were involved in the emergence:
6516:
6301:
6051:
5924:
5530:
5387:
5377:
3025:"Lyme disease ecology in a changing world: consensus, uncertainty and critical gaps for improving control"
2183:
2058:
1454:
1149:
1109:
844:
482:
Accidentally emerging infectious diseases – diseases created or spread unintentionally by humans, such as
3850:
6952:
6837:
6469:
6338:
5846:
5753:
5672:
5093:
5030:
4761:"Potential novel tick-borne Colpodella species parasite infection in patient with neurological symptoms"
1608:
1582:
1553:
1506:
1426:
1230:
1163:
941:
926:
628:
590:
391:
6096:
6919:
6812:
6758:
6686:
6676:
6368:
6223:
6036:
6013:
5703:
4012:
2881:
2824:
2122:
1501:
1481:
1094:
905:
679:
445:
254:
149:. Some known diseases can also emerge in areas undergoing ecologic transformation (as in the case of
103:
2654:
786:(NIAID) maintains a list of Biodefense and Emerging Infectious Diseases. The list is categorized by
461:
Newly emerging infectious diseases – diseases that were not previously described in humans, such as
7006:
6996:
6962:
6567:
6018:
6005:
5987:
5841:
5652:
2568:
2457:
2356:
2253:
1822:
1578:
1496:
880:
875:
854:
820:
332:
6730:
6725:
6634:
6614:
6248:
6091:
6056:
5910:
5876:
5426:
5133:
4486:
4233:
4192:
3793:
3645:
3543:
3510:
3459:
3408:
3005:
2624:
2525:
1848:
1486:
1370:
791:
723:
Has been linked to zoonotic emergence and spread of new infectious diseases in humans, including
27:
Infectious disease of emerging pathogen, often novel in its outbreak range or transmission mode
7016:
6957:
6817:
6770:
6572:
6074:
5743:
5733:
5723:
5525:
5508:
5276:
5218:
5190:
5081:
5050:
Benson M. A., Ohneck E. A., Ryan C., Alonzo F., Smith H., Narechania A., Torres V. J. (2014).
5018:
4973:
4965:
4926:
4908:
4869:
4851:
4800:
4782:
4741:
4706:
4688:
4649:
4614:
4596:
4557:
4539:
4478:
4470:
4362:
4354:
4333:"Emerging Infectious Diseases at the Intersections of Human, Animal, and Environmental Health"
4293:
4275:
4223:
4182:
4149:
4141:
4122:
4071:
4063:
4059:
4040:
3938:
3920:
3781:
3773:
3763:
3736:
3728:
3718:
3683:
3673:
3637:
3629:
3590:
3582:
3498:
3488:
3447:
3437:
3394:
3371:
3363:
3316:
3280:
3238:
3167:
3126:
3083:
3054:
2997:
2956:
2907:
2850:
2793:
2738:
2682:
2616:
2608:
1861:
1613:
1440:
1377:
995:
744:
705:
483:
309:
to write about infectious disease is almost to write of something that has passed into history
302:
126:
7011:
6947:
6934:
6763:
6752:
6644:
6624:
6459:
6373:
6348:
6079:
5965:
5856:
5799:
5605:
5503:
5431:
5125:
5071:
5063:
5008:
4957:
4916:
4900:
4859:
4841:
4790:
4772:
4733:
4696:
4680:
4641:
4604:
4588:
4547:
4531:
4462:
4344:
4283:
4267:
4215:
4174:
4112:
4104:
4030:
4020:
3979:
3928:
3912:
3825:
3710:
3621:
3574:
3355:
3326:
3308:
3257:
3228:
3157:
3116:
3073:
3044:
3036:
2987:
2946:
2938:
2897:
2889:
2840:
2832:
2783:
2773:
2728:
2720:
2674:
2600:
2083:
1937:
1317:
885:
829:
736:
701:
395:
344:
5312:
5158:"WHO Director-General's opening remarks at the Member State Information Session on Origins"
5052:"Evolution of hypervirulence by a MRSA clone through acquisition of a transposable element"
2589:"What Recent History Has Taught Us About Responding to Emerging Infectious Disease Threats"
2195:
798:
considerations. As of 2004, it recognized the following emerging and re-emerging diseases.
495:
extended to 13 factors in the 2003 report (Chapter 3 of the report detailing each of them)
6879:
6874:
6718:
6666:
6474:
6451:
6296:
6273:
5657:
5622:
5498:
5443:
2032:
2019:
1409:
1351:
1253:
1170:
1029:
978:
804:
598:
234:
162:
4945:
440:
demonstrated how ill-prepared the world was to handle such an epidemic. In response, the
4016:
3359:
3029:
Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B, Biological Sciences
2885:
2828:
6909:
6842:
6785:
6557:
6446:
6438:
6316:
6311:
6258:
5982:
5763:
5758:
5718:
5667:
5632:
5470:
5406:
5076:
5051:
5013:
4992:
4921:
4888:
4864:
4829:
4795:
4760:
4701:
4668:
4667:
Wu Z, Yang L, Yang F, Ren X, Jiang J, Dong J, Sun L, Zhu Y, Zhou H, Jin Q (June 2014).
4609:
4576:
4288:
4255:
4117:
4093:"Interspecies transmission and emergence of novel viruses: lessons from bats and birds"
4092:
4035:
4000:
3933:
3900:
3714:
3331:
3162:
3145:
3049:
3024:
2951:
2926:
2902:
2869:
2845:
2812:
2788:
2761:
2733:
2708:
2395:
1657:
1511:
1434:
1422:
1235:
910:
895:
740:
718:
584:
197:
4946:"Rat Hepatitis E Virus Linked to Severe Acute Hepatitis in an Immunocompetent Patient"
4552:
4519:
3562:
7033:
6790:
6747:
6706:
6599:
6582:
6540:
6253:
5804:
5773:
5617:
5394:
4535:
4196:
3188:
2992:
2975:
2757:
2291:
2007:
1994:
1924:
1589:
1521:
1358:
1186:
1022:
974:
920:
915:
890:
653:
562:
558:
76:
72:
44:
4633:
4490:
4453:
Woolhouse M, Gaunt E (January 2007). "Ecological Origins of Novel Human Pathogens".
4237:
3649:
3009:
2628:
204:
may have been circulating in the species without being recognized, as occurred with
7001:
6939:
6701:
6681:
6629:
6577:
6528:
6328:
6278:
5889:
5662:
5460:
5137:
3193:
2420:
2382:
1967:
1531:
1466:
1447:
1334:
1281:
1259:
991:
859:
834:
795:
674:
666:
607:
477:
399:
271:
158:
150:
4997:(MRSA) in hospitals in central Europe, with special reference to German hospitals"
4577:"Itaya virus, a Novel Orthobunyavirus Associated with Human Febrile Illness, Peru"
3217:"The long and winding road leading to the identification of the hepatitis C virus"
2870:"Impacts of biodiversity on the emergence and transmission of infectious diseases"
4777:
4219:
4025:
3274:
3077:
2778:
1623:
Human transmissibility (including population immunity, behavioural factors, etc.)
747:
and influenza viruses Complex issues surrounding the commerce and consumption of
17:
6894:
6696:
6619:
6594:
6343:
6323:
6228:
6188:
6026:
5483:
5399:
5382:
4178:
3757:
3312:
2668:
2407:
2343:
2330:
2278:
2207:
2159:
2109:
2045:
1809:
1603:
1536:
1471:
1340:
1307:
1266:
1201:
1196:
1053:
1043:
982:
970:
870:
865:
825:
724:
624:
566:
336:
205:
201:
118:
95:, as well as clinical. EIDs have been increasing steadily since at least 1940.
4737:
4645:
4349:
4271:
3916:
3667:
3233:
6832:
6807:
6775:
6552:
6533:
6523:
6511:
6358:
5970:
5942:
5768:
5728:
5600:
4466:
4108:
3487:. Impr. BCI) (Nouv. édition revue et augmentée ed.). : Payot et Rivages.
2304:
2239:
1980:
1546:
1541:
1414:
1401:
1176:
1122:
1005:
987:
962:
787:
732:
594:
331:
The concept gained more interest at the end of the 1980s as a reaction to the
130:
4969:
4912:
4855:
4846:
4786:
4692:
4653:
4600:
4543:
4474:
4358:
4279:
3924:
3732:
3633:
3586:
3578:
3502:
3367:
3130:
2612:
6904:
6383:
5708:
5416:
5411:
5344:
4993:"Increasing incidence and widespread dissemination of methicillin-resistant
4961:
3777:
2762:"Emerging infectious diseases: threats to human health and global stability"
2553:
2536:
On 16 July 2021, the Director-General of WHO announced the formation of the
2444:
2369:
2147:
1911:
1574:
1296:
1014:
946:
142:
138:
68:
64:
5085:
5022:
4977:
4930:
4873:
4804:
4745:
4710:
4684:
4618:
4592:
4561:
4482:
4366:
4297:
4146:
New Directions in Conservation Medicine: Applied Cases of Ecological Health
4126:
4068:
New Directions in Conservation Medicine: Applied Cases of Ecological Health
4044:
3968:"The Influence of Antivaccination Movements on the Re-emergence of Measles"
3942:
3785:
3740:
3687:
3242:
3171:
3058:
3040:
3001:
2960:
2942:
2911:
2854:
2797:
2742:
2724:
2620:
476:
Deliberately emerging infectious diseases – diseases created by humans for
4309:
4307:
3984:
3967:
3641:
3625:
3594:
3451:
3375:
257:. In the introduction of the book he sets out the program of the lectures:
6887:
6802:
6378:
6363:
6353:
6306:
5851:
5647:
5627:
5421:
5364:
4904:
2541:
2470:
1887:
1516:
1476:
1129:
1063:
951:
766:
748:
728:
577:
462:
189:
182:
110:
99:
92:
88:
84:
80:
3875:"Creating a world in which epidemics are no longer a threat to humanity"
3547:
2893:
2836:
2678:
2643:"Emerging Infectious Diseases - NIOSH Workplace Safety and Health Topic"
1292:
Diseases with bioterrorism potential, CDC category C (least dangerous):
644:
Clearing of animal habitats that increase the range of diseases such as
390:
As a direct consequence of the 1989 conference on emerging viruses, the
6691:
6562:
5815:
5372:
5129:
4001:"Zoonotic viruses associated with illegally imported wildlife products"
3829:
3183:
3181:
2096:
1526:
1102:
1073:
936:
932:
Diseases with bioterrorism potential, CDC category A (most dangerous):
814:
711:
690:
166:
114:
5067:
4669:"Novel Henipa-like Virus, Mojiang Paramyxovirus, in Rats, China, 2012"
3701:
Morse SS (2014-02-07). "Public Health Disease Surveillance Networks".
2976:"Emerging and reemerging infectious diseases: the perpetual challenge"
1346:
Since 2004, NIAID has added to its biodefense emerging pathogen list:
6899:
6464:
6117:
5713:
3759:
Microbial threats to health : emergence, detection, and response
3669:
Emerging Infections: Microbial Threats to Health in the United States
3121:
3104:
2604:
1874:
1312:
1116:
1009:
639:
217:
without an observable external cause). He writes in the introduction:
3305:
Socio-cultural Dimensions of Emerging Infectious Diseases in Africa
192:, deriving from pathogens present in animals, with only occasional
6128:
5640:
3346:
Sencer DJ (October 1971). "Emerging Diseases of Man and Animals".
2135:
1018:
645:
352:
321:
122:
48:
241:
elaborated the concept of emergence of diseases in his 1930 book
6112:
5581:
5478:
3752:
3750:
3436:. White, David O. (4th ed.). Cambridge : University Press.
3393:. White, David O. (3rd ed.). Cambridge : University Press.
2432:
2266:
2171:
1597:
1593:
1364:
5316:
3563:"Emerging Viruses: The Evolution of Viruses and Viral Diseases"
4409:
4144:. In A. Alonso Aguirre, Richard Ostfeld, Peter Daszak (eds.).
635:
364:
preventing the emergence of new viral diseases in the future.
134:
102:. Human activity is the primary driver of this increase, with
5296:
247:(Birth, Life and Death of Infectious Diseases), and later in
4634:"Rare human outbreak of monkey malaria detected in Malaysia"
3851:"A brief history of vaccines and how they changed the world"
2587:
Paules CI, Eisinger RW, Marston HD, Fauci AS (2017-12-05).
601:) are moving further from the tropics as the climate warms
3432:
Burnet, F. M. (Frank Macfarlane), Sir, 1899-1985. (1972).
3389:
Burnet, F. M. (Frank Macfarlane), Sir, 1899-1985. (1962).
2670:
A brief guide to emerging infectious diseases and zoonoses
1644:
Potential scope of outbreak (risk of international spread)
109:
Emerging infections account for at least 12% of all human
3485:
Histoire du sida début et origine d'une pandémie actuelle
1556:, which can become an emerging threat for many pathogens.
778:
NIAID list of Biodefense and Emerging Infectious Diseases
3610:"Emerging Viruses: Defining the Rules for Viral Traffic"
2538:
Scientific Advisory Group for Origins of Novel Pathogens
2532:
Scientific Advisory Group for Origins of Novel Pathogens
5305:, an open-access, peer-review journal published by the
1560:
WHO list of most important emerging infectious diseases
758:
Emerging Infectious Diseases between Humans and Animals
4518:
Gerrard SR, Li L, Barrett AD, Nichol ST (2004-08-15).
3999:
Smith KM, Anthony SJ, Switzer WM, et al. (2012).
3966:
Patricia CR, Zulay JP, Carlos RL, et al. (2019).
3076:, Isabel dos Santos Silva, John M. Last, eds. (2014).
3023:
Kilpatrick AM, Dobson AD, Levi T, et al. (2017).
1035:
Diseases with bioterrorism potential, CDC category B:
689:
Dam construction and irrigation systems can encourage
212:
History of the concept of emerging infectious diseases
4414:
National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases
4140:
LeBreton M, Pike BL, Saylors KE, et al. (2012).
1619:
These were selected based on the following measures:
784:
National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases
739:
have been implicated in animal-human transmission of
351:
in New York was chair and principal organizer of the
292:
He concludes the introduction with a word of caution:
169:. Nosocomial (hospital-acquired) infections, such as
141:
from a known pathogen, as occurs with new strains of
5116:
Krishnapillai V (1996). "Horizontal gene transfer".
5111:
5109:
3901:"Emerging Pandemic Diseases: How We Got to COVID-19"
6971:
6863:
6655:
6504:
6491:
6396:
6287:
6209:
6181:
6167:
6153:
6137:
6105:
6067:
5996:
5958:
5951:
5933:
5865:
5832:
5825:
5789:
5782:
5694:
5685:
5572:
5469:
5363:
5356:
4212:
Problematic Wildlife: A Cross-Disciplinary Approach
3534:Grmek M (1993). "Le concept de maladie Ă©mergente".
4991:Witte W., Kresken M., Braulke C., Cuny C. (1997).
3672:. Washington (DC): National Academies Press (US).
2709:"Host Range and Emerging and Reemerging Pathogens"
1664:Numbers of pathogen species by taxonomic category
1398:Tick-borne hemorrhagic fever viruses (category C)
2931:Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B
2673:. WHO Regional Office for South-East Asia. 2014.
1406:Severe Fever with Thrombocytopenia Syndrome virus
244:Naissance, vie et mort des maladies infectieuses
5273:The Viral Storm: The Dawn of a New Pandemic Age
5151:
5149:
5147:
4402:"NIAID Emerging Infectious Diseases/ Pathogens"
4249:
4247:
2813:"Global trends in emerging infectious diseases"
2702:
2700:
2698:
627:to increase meat yield of farmed cows leads to
404:
383:
370:
361:
315:
307:
294:
285:
277:
259:
219:
3105:"Global Re-emergence of Measles - 2019 update"
442:Coalition for Epidemic Preparedness Innovation
5328:
4505:"Emerging infections: how and why they arise"
4148:. Oxford University Press. pp. 164–178.
4070:. Oxford University Press. pp. 151–163.
1641:Public health context of the affected area(s)
8:
5098:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
5035:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
3515:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
3464:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
3413:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
3298:
3296:
2498:(MRSA) evolved from methicillin-susceptible
1565:list containing the following six diseases:
1461:Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus
610:and travel facilitating rapid global spread
313:as well as the epilogue of the 1972 edition:
7050:Infectious diseases by mode of transmission
4142:"Bushmeat and Infectious Disease Emergence"
4091:Chan JF, To KK, Tse H, et al. (2013).
3536:History and Philosophy of the Life Sciences
669:is primarily a problem in low-income areas
196:into human populations. For instance, most
153:). Others can experience a resurgence as a
6501:
5955:
5829:
5786:
5691:
5360:
5335:
5321:
5313:
5307:Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
4060:"Wildlife Trade and the Spread of Disease"
3519:) CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (
3468:) CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (
3417:) CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (
2927:"Risk factors for human disease emergence"
2651:Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
431:Global Outbreak Alert and Response Network
5075:
5012:
4920:
4863:
4845:
4794:
4776:
4700:
4608:
4551:
4348:
4315:"Health Ecology and Disease Transmission"
4287:
4116:
4058:Smith KF, Schloegel LM, Rosen GE (2012).
4034:
4024:
3983:
3932:
3483:Grmek, Mirko DraĹľen, (1924-2000) (1995).
3330:
3232:
3161:
3120:
3048:
2991:
2950:
2901:
2844:
2787:
2777:
2732:
2707:Woolhouse ME, Gowtage-Sequeria S (2005).
113:. EIDs can be caused by newly identified
3972:Journal of Pure and Applied Microbiology
3561:Morse SS, Schluederberg A (1990-07-01).
1792:
1662:
541:
414:Program for Monitoring Emerging Diseases
38:
6409:Ear-Nose-Throat/Upper respiratory tract
5582:Access to water, sanitation and hygiene
3082:. Oxford University Press. p. 92.
2579:
6992:Infectious disease (medical specialty)
6884:Antimicrobial resistance surveillance
5091:
5028:
3791:
3508:
3457:
3406:
2506:. Many people are natural carriers of
261:It is this historical existence, this
4834:Journal of Global Infectious Diseases
3434:Natural history of infectious disease
3391:Natural history of infectious disease
1087:Food-borne and Water-borne Pathogens
239:Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine
7:
6239:Compartmental models in epidemiology
3815:"Global outbreak alert and response"
3813:Organization WH (26–28 April 2000).
3614:Perspectives in Biology and Medicine
1210:Mosquito-borne encephalitis viruses
801:Newly recognized (since the 1980s):
438:Western African Ebola virus epidemic
181:leading to the development of novel
5001:Clinical Microbiology and Infection
3360:10.1146/annurev.mi.25.100171.002341
3279:. Presses Électroniques de France.
3150:Clinical Microbiology and Infection
523:Breakdown of public health measures
5212:Kupferschmidt K (25 August 2021).
5014:10.1111/j.1469-0691.1997.tb00277.x
4950:The Journal of Infectious Diseases
3899:Morens DM, Fauci AS (2020-09-03).
3715:10.1128/microbiolspec.OH-0002-2012
3567:The Journal of Infectious Diseases
3163:10.1111/j.1469-0691.1997.tb00277.x
2502:(MSSA), otherwise known as common
1652:Newly reported infectious diseases
1638:Difficulty of detection or control
693:and other mosquito-borne diseases
25:
3262:. Paris: J.-B. Baillière et fils.
2653:. 17 October 2018. Archived from
517:International travel and commerce
514:Economic development and land use
502:Human susceptibility to infection
6988:Economics of Infectious Diseases
4765:PLOS Neglected Tropical Diseases
4536:10.1128/JVI.78.16.8922-8926.2004
4455:Critical Reviews in Microbiology
3276:Destin des maladies infectieuses
3072:Miquel Porta, Sander Greenland,
2993:10.1097/00001888-200512000-00002
2221:Variegated Squirrel Bornavirus 1
1302:Multidrug-resistant tuberculosis
751:are also of particular concern.
335:. On the side of epistemology,
250:Destin des maladies infectieuses
79:concerns as potential causes of
71:between humans can become major
4171:Food Safety Risks from Wildlife
2925:Taylor L., et al. (2001).
2318:Crimean–Congo hemorrhagic fever
1570:Crimean–Congo hemorrhagic fever
1000:Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever
790:risk, which is mostly based on
589:diseases transmitted by animal
576:mass immunocompromisation with
511:Human demographics and behavior
499:Microbial adaptation and change
6997:Infectious disease informatics
6828:Transmission-based precautions
4416:. 26 July 2018. Archived from
4066:, Ostfeld R, Daszak P (eds.).
1900:Influenza A virus subtype H7N2
1626:Severity or case fatality rate
1242:Venezuelan equine encephalitis
663:Poverty and social inequality
573:Changing human susceptibility
155:re-emerging infectious disease
1:
6414:Chest/Lower respiratory tract
6189:Ocular (Eye) mucosal membrane
5550:Behavioral/lifestyle factors
3348:Annual Review of Microbiology
1437:(Deer Tick virus, category C)
1323:Tick-borne encephalitis virus
526:Poverty and social inequality
32:For the medical journal, see
7045:Microbial population biology
5976:Aerosol-generating procedure
5754:Silent/Subclinical infection
5454:Multidrug-resistant bacteria
5302:Emerging Infectious Diseases
4893:Clinical Infectious Diseases
4778:10.1371/journal.pntd.0006546
4673:Emerging Infectious Diseases
4581:Emerging Infectious Diseases
4220:10.1007/978-3-319-22246-2_24
4214:. Springer. pp. 31–57.
4173:. Springer. pp. 31–57.
4026:10.1371/journal.pone.0029505
3215:Houghton M (November 2009).
3079:A Dictionary of Epidemiology
2779:10.1371/journal.ppat.1003467
2713:Emerging Infectious Diseases
1419:Omsk Hemorrhagic Fever virus
1393:St. Louis encephalitis virus
1277:Staphylococcal enterotoxin B
967:Lymphocytic choriomeningitis
419:Emerging Infectious Diseases
200:are zoonotic (whereas other
87:. Their many impacts can be
34:Emerging Infectious Diseases
6640:Vaccine-preventable disease
6588:Monoclonal antibody therapy
4383:. Niaid.nih.gov. 2018-07-26
4179:10.1007/978-3-319-24442-6_2
3313:10.1007/978-3-030-17474-3_3
2593:Annals of Internal Medicine
1679:reported from 1980 to 2005
1588:Highly pathogenic emerging
1248:Western equine encephalitis
1225:Japanese encephalitis virus
1219:Eastern equine encephalitis
57:emerging infectious disease
7066:
6781:Respiratory source control
5240:Staff (8 September 2021).
4738:10.1016/j.jinf.2013.12.014
4646:10.1038/d41586-018-04121-4
4350:10.1001/amajethics.2024.99
4272:10.1038/s43705-022-00191-8
3917:10.1016/j.cell.2020.08.021
3234:10.1016/j.jhep.2009.08.004
2559:Epidemiological transition
1804:Year of start of outbreak
1647:Potential societal impacts
1429:(reclassified from B to C)
614:SARS-related coronaviruses
484:vaccine-derived poliovirus
349:The Rockefeller University
194:cross-species transmission
31:
6925:Global Health Initiatives
6915:Evolutionary epidemiology
6610:Post-exposure prophylaxis
6546:Antimicrobial stewardship
6269:Multiplicity of infection
6234:Basic reproduction number
6010:Percutaneous inoculation
5494:Host–pathogen interaction
5247:World Health Organization
5163:World Health Organization
4467:10.1080/10408410701647560
4109:10.1016/j.tim.2013.05.005
2564:Globalization and disease
2072:Huaiyangshan banyangvirus
1814:Kenya, Tanzania, Somalia
1635:Available countermeasures
1329:hemorrhagic fever viruses
1050:Burkholderia pseudomallei
810:Australian bat lyssavirus
731:. Crowded and unhygienic
179:non-infectious conditions
147:West Nile fever outbreaks
6743:Protective sequestration
6605:Pre-exposure prophylaxis
5896:Generational difference
5449:Horizontal gene transfer
5439:Antimicrobial resistance
5275:. St. Martin's Griffin.
5184:Cohen J (17 July 2021).
4847:10.4103/0974-777X.176140
4331:Nichol AA (2024-02-01).
2522:horizontal gene transfer
1361:(category A areanavirus)
958:Viral hemorrhagic fevers
840:Encephalitozoon cuniculi
6930:Microbial phylogenetics
6848:Wastewater surveillance
6369:Geographic distribution
6244:Critical community size
6042:Surgical site infection
5890:Iatrogenic/Medical care
5809:Microbial translocation
5805:Endogenous reactivation
5800:Normal flora overgrowth
5749:Opportunistic infection
5521:Opportunistic infection
3824:. Geneva, Switzerland.
1866:Saudi Arabia and Yemen
1386:Balamuthia mandrillaris
1367:(category A arenavirus)
1214:California encephalitis
1157:Cyclospora cayetanensis
1138:Yersinia enterocolitica
1082:Clostridium perfringens
862:(equine morbilli virus)
850:Enterocytozoon bieneusi
520:Technology and industry
47:became director of the
7002:Microbial bioterrorism
6625:efficacy/effectiveness
6033:Surgical intervention
5925:Breakthrough infection
5547:Genetic predisposition
5531:Susceptible individual
5378:Germ theory of disease
5156:Staff (16 July 2021).
5056:Molecular Microbiology
4685:10.3201/eid2006.131022
4640:: d41586–018–04121–4.
4593:10.3201/eid2105.141368
4097:Trends in Microbiology
3798:: CS1 maint: others (
3579:10.1093/infdis/162.1.1
3103:Fraser-bell C (2019).
3041:10.1098/rstb.2016.0117
2943:10.1098/rstb.2001.0888
2725:10.3201/eid1112.050997
2493:Methicillin-resistant
2485:Methicillin-resistant
2184:Sosuga pararubulavirus
2059:Pandemic H1N1/09 virus
1632:Evolutionary potential
1455:Human coronavirus HKU1
1150:Cryptosporidium parvum
1110:Listeria monocytogenes
845:Encephalitozoon hellem
532:Lack of political will
469:methicillin-resistant
409:
388:
375:
366:
328:
320:
311:
298:
290:
281:
268:
232:
171:methicillin-resistant
121:species or strains of
69:efficient transmission
52:
6838:Universal precautions
5796:Endogenous overgrowth
5648:Poultry and livestock
5271:Nathan Wolfe (2012).
4995:Staphylococcus aureus
4962:10.1093/infdis/jiz025
4632:Law YH (2018-04-16).
4337:AMA Journal of Ethics
3985:10.22207/JPAM.13.1.13
3703:Microbiology Spectrum
3626:10.1353/pbm.1991.0038
3221:Journal of Hepatology
2500:Staphylococcus aureus
2495:Staphylococcus aureus
2487:Staphylococcus aureus
2396:Rat hepatitis E virus
2160:Mojiang paramyxovirus
1993:Multi-drug resistant
1609:Nipah virus infection
1583:Marburg virus disease
1554:antibiotic resistance
1507:Enterococcus faecalis
1492:Clostridium difficile
1427:Kyasanur Forest virus
1286:Rickettsia prowazekii
1231:Kyasanur Forest virus
1164:Entamoeba histolytica
954:and other pox viruses
942:Clostridium botulinum
927:Staphylococcus aureus
629:antibiotic resistance
620:Economic development
471:Staphylococcus aureus
392:Institute Of Medicine
325:
173:Staphylococcus aureus
106:a leading mechanism.
42:
6940:Genomic reassortment
6920:Genetic epidemiology
6759:Health communication
6687:Flattening the curve
6677:Disease surveillance
6460:Systemic/Generalized
6224:Animal disease model
5704:Asymptomatic carrier
4726:Journal of Infection
3855:World Economic Forum
2123:Plasmodium cynomolgi
1592:relevant to humans (
1552:NIAID also monitors
1502:Enterococcus faecium
1482:Bordetella pertussis
1451:species (category C)
1355:(plague, category A)
1095:Campylobacter jejuni
906:Coccidioides immitis
680:2001 Anthrax attacks
547:Factor of emergence
490:Contributing factors
446:World Economic Forum
444:was launched at the
373:animal hosts to man.
104:loss of biodiversity
7040:Infectious diseases
7007:Pandemic prevention
6963:Viral phylodynamics
6944:Re-emerging disease
6833:Travel restrictions
6037:Postoperative wound
6006:Blood-borne disease
5988:Respiratory droplet
5900:Vertical/Congenital
5885:Nosocomial/Hospital
5842:Spillover infection
5118:Journal of Genetics
4524:Journal of Virology
4507:. 27 February 2019.
4260:ISME Communications
4017:2012PLoSO...729505S
3709:(1): OH-0002-2012.
3273:Nicolle C (2013) .
2894:10.1038/nature09575
2886:2010Natur.468..647K
2837:10.1038/nature06536
2829:2008Natur.451..990J
2569:Pandemic prevention
2254:Ebola virus disease
1794:
1665:
1629:Spillover potential
1579:Ebola virus disease
1497:Cryptococcus gattii
1060:Burkholderia mallei
881:Human herpesvirus 6
876:Human herpesvirus 8
855:Helicobacter pylori
821:Bartonella henselae
745:novel coronaviruses
555:Microbial adaption
543:
508:Changing ecosystems
505:Climate and weather
127:novel coronaviruses
6953:Selection pressure
6249:Force of infection
5877:Contagious disease
5812:Endogenous seeding
5709:Chain of infection
5633:Injection drug use
5544:Vaccination status
5427:Case fatality rate
5345:infectious disease
5130:10.1007/bf02931763
4905:10.1093/cid/ciy486
3307:. pp. 31–40.
3256:Anglada C (1869).
3109:Global Biosecurity
3035:(1722): 20160117.
2868:Felicia K (2010).
2526:Darwinian medicine
1801:Country or region
1793:
1677:Number of species
1671:Number of species
1663:
1487:Borrelia miyamotoi
1395:(SLEV, category B)
1371:Chlamydia psittaci
792:biological warfare
542:
381:of these diseases:
368:They further note:
329:
237:, laureate of the
65:infectious disease
53:
7027:
7026:
7017:Tropical medicine
6958:Synthetic biology
6859:
6858:
6818:Social distancing
6771:Outbreak response
6392:
6391:
6219:Agent-based model
6205:
6204:
6201:
6200:
6197:
6196:
5744:Natural reservoir
5734:Infectious period
5724:Incubation period
5681:
5680:
5637:Natural disaster
5606:Tropical diseases
5589:Biodiversity loss
5526:Risk of infection
5516:Microbiome health
5509:Immunosuppression
5068:10.1111/mmi.12682
4530:(16): 8922–8926.
4442:on 28 April 2020.
4420:on 18 April 2020.
4406:www.niaid.nih.gov
4229:978-3-319-22246-2
4188:978-3-319-24442-6
4155:978-0-19-990905-6
4077:978-0-19-990905-6
3679:978-0-309-04741-8
3608:Morse SS (1991).
3322:978-3-030-17473-6
3286:979-10-223-0029-2
3089:978-0-19-997673-7
2980:Academic Medicine
2974:Fauci AS (2005).
2880:(7324): 647–652.
2823:(7181): 990–993.
2657:on 18 April 2020.
2482:
2481:
2242:sp. Heilongjiang
1862:Rift Valley fever
1783:
1782:
1614:Rift Valley fever
1441:Chikungunya virus
1378:Naegleria fowleri
1079:Epsilon toxin of
1070:Coxiella burnetii
996:Rift Valley Fever
767:Zoonotic diseases
755:
754:
706:Vaccine hesitancy
606:Changes in human
303:Macfarlane Burnet
255:Collège de France
18:Emerging pathogen
16:(Redirected from
7057:
7012:Tropical disease
6948:Reverse zoonosis
6935:One Health Model
6764:Health education
6753:Community health
6672:Cordon sanitaire
6645:Ring vaccination
6615:Repurposed drugs
6502:
6421:Gastrointestinal
6264:Machine learning
6068:Gastrointestinal
6019:Intravenous line
5956:
5870:/Cross-infection
5857:Reverse zoonosis
5830:
5787:
5692:
5673:War and conflict
5541:Nutrition status
5504:Immunodeficiency
5361:
5337:
5330:
5323:
5314:
5286:
5259:
5258:
5256:
5254:
5237:
5231:
5230:
5228:
5226:
5209:
5203:
5202:
5200:
5198:
5181:
5175:
5174:
5172:
5170:
5153:
5142:
5141:
5113:
5104:
5103:
5097:
5089:
5079:
5047:
5041:
5040:
5034:
5026:
5016:
4988:
4982:
4981:
4941:
4935:
4934:
4924:
4884:
4878:
4877:
4867:
4849:
4825:
4819:
4815:
4809:
4808:
4798:
4780:
4756:
4750:
4749:
4721:
4715:
4714:
4704:
4664:
4658:
4657:
4629:
4623:
4622:
4612:
4572:
4566:
4565:
4555:
4515:
4509:
4508:
4501:
4495:
4494:
4450:
4444:
4443:
4438:. Archived from
4428:
4422:
4421:
4398:
4392:
4391:
4389:
4388:
4377:
4371:
4370:
4352:
4328:
4322:
4321:
4319:
4311:
4302:
4301:
4291:
4251:
4242:
4241:
4207:
4201:
4200:
4166:
4160:
4159:
4137:
4131:
4130:
4120:
4088:
4082:
4081:
4055:
4049:
4048:
4038:
4028:
3996:
3990:
3989:
3987:
3963:
3957:
3953:
3947:
3946:
3936:
3911:(5): 1077–1092.
3896:
3890:
3889:
3887:
3885:
3879:
3871:
3865:
3864:
3862:
3861:
3847:
3841:
3840:
3838:
3836:
3819:
3810:
3804:
3803:
3797:
3789:
3754:
3745:
3744:
3698:
3692:
3691:
3663:
3654:
3653:
3605:
3599:
3598:
3558:
3552:
3551:
3531:
3525:
3524:
3514:
3506:
3480:
3474:
3473:
3463:
3455:
3429:
3423:
3422:
3412:
3404:
3386:
3380:
3379:
3343:
3337:
3336:
3334:
3300:
3291:
3290:
3270:
3264:
3263:
3253:
3247:
3246:
3236:
3212:
3206:
3205:
3203:
3201:
3185:
3176:
3175:
3165:
3144:Witte W (1997).
3141:
3135:
3134:
3124:
3122:10.31646/gbio.43
3100:
3094:
3093:
3069:
3063:
3062:
3052:
3020:
3014:
3013:
2995:
2971:
2965:
2964:
2954:
2922:
2916:
2915:
2905:
2865:
2859:
2858:
2848:
2811:Jones K (2008).
2808:
2802:
2801:
2791:
2781:
2753:
2747:
2746:
2736:
2704:
2693:
2692:
2665:
2659:
2658:
2639:
2633:
2632:
2605:10.7326/M17-2496
2584:
2475:Global pandemic
2229:
2063:Global pandemic
1999:South-East Asia
1985:southern Africa
1795:
1666:
1318:SARS coronavirus
1271:Ricinus communis
886:Lyme borreliosis
830:SARS coronavirus
741:emergent viruses
710:Re-emergence of
702:Anti-vaccination
544:
396:Joshua Lederberg
345:Stephen S. Morse
198:emergent viruses
21:
7065:
7064:
7060:
7059:
7058:
7056:
7055:
7054:
7030:
7029:
7028:
7023:
6967:
6880:Antigenic shift
6875:Antigenic drift
6866:
6855:
6719:Barrier nursing
6667:Contact tracing
6658:
6651:
6496:
6494:
6487:
6398:
6388:
6289:
6283:
6274:Serial interval
6193:
6177:
6168:Cervico-vaginal
6163:
6154:Trans-placental
6149:
6133:
6101:
6063:
5999:Vascular system
5998:
5992:
5947:
5935:
5929:
5869:
5861:
5821:
5778:
5696:
5677:
5568:
5499:Immune response
5465:
5444:Drug resistance
5388:Infectious dose
5352:
5341:
5293:
5283:
5270:
5267:
5265:Further reading
5262:
5252:
5250:
5239:
5238:
5234:
5224:
5222:
5211:
5210:
5206:
5196:
5194:
5183:
5182:
5178:
5168:
5166:
5155:
5154:
5145:
5115:
5114:
5107:
5090:
5049:
5048:
5044:
5027:
4990:
4989:
4985:
4943:
4942:
4938:
4886:
4885:
4881:
4827:
4826:
4822:
4816:
4812:
4771:(8): e0006546.
4758:
4757:
4753:
4723:
4722:
4718:
4666:
4665:
4661:
4631:
4630:
4626:
4574:
4573:
4569:
4517:
4516:
4512:
4503:
4502:
4498:
4452:
4451:
4447:
4430:
4429:
4425:
4400:
4399:
4395:
4386:
4384:
4379:
4378:
4374:
4330:
4329:
4325:
4317:
4313:
4312:
4305:
4253:
4252:
4245:
4230:
4209:
4208:
4204:
4189:
4168:
4167:
4163:
4156:
4139:
4138:
4134:
4090:
4089:
4085:
4078:
4057:
4056:
4052:
3998:
3997:
3993:
3965:
3964:
3960:
3954:
3950:
3898:
3897:
3893:
3883:
3881:
3877:
3873:
3872:
3868:
3859:
3857:
3849:
3848:
3844:
3834:
3832:
3817:
3812:
3811:
3807:
3790:
3770:
3756:
3755:
3748:
3725:
3700:
3699:
3695:
3680:
3665:
3664:
3657:
3607:
3606:
3602:
3560:
3559:
3555:
3533:
3532:
3528:
3507:
3495:
3482:
3481:
3477:
3456:
3444:
3431:
3430:
3426:
3405:
3401:
3388:
3387:
3383:
3345:
3344:
3340:
3323:
3302:
3301:
3294:
3287:
3272:
3271:
3267:
3255:
3254:
3250:
3214:
3213:
3209:
3199:
3197:
3187:
3186:
3179:
3143:
3142:
3138:
3102:
3101:
3097:
3090:
3071:
3070:
3066:
3022:
3021:
3017:
2986:(12): 1079–85.
2973:
2972:
2968:
2937:(1411): 983–9.
2924:
2923:
2919:
2867:
2866:
2862:
2810:
2809:
2805:
2772:(7): e1003467.
2755:
2754:
2750:
2706:
2705:
2696:
2689:
2667:
2666:
2662:
2641:
2640:
2636:
2599:(11): 805–811.
2586:
2585:
2581:
2577:
2550:
2534:
2490:
2223:
2033:Bas-Congo virus
2020:Heartland virus
1836:West Nile virus
1788:
1786:Major outbreaks
1654:
1562:
1557:
1410:Heartland virus
1352:Yersinia pestis
1254:West Nile virus
1171:Giardia lamblia
1030:Yersinia pestis
979:Guanarito virus
805:Acanthamebiasis
780:
775:
760:
694:
599:West Nile fever
492:
455:
235:Charles Nicolle
214:
163:drug resistance
37:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
7063:
7061:
7053:
7052:
7047:
7042:
7032:
7031:
7025:
7024:
7022:
7021:
7020:
7019:
7009:
7004:
6999:
6994:
6989:
6986:
6981:
6975:
6973:
6969:
6968:
6966:
6965:
6960:
6955:
6950:
6945:
6942:
6937:
6932:
6927:
6922:
6917:
6912:
6910:Emergent virus
6907:
6902:
6897:
6892:
6891:
6890:
6882:
6877:
6871:
6869:
6861:
6860:
6857:
6856:
6854:
6853:
6850:
6845:
6843:Vector control
6840:
6835:
6830:
6825:
6820:
6815:
6810:
6805:
6800:
6799:
6798:
6793:
6788:
6786:N95 respirator
6778:
6773:
6768:
6767:
6766:
6761:
6756:
6745:
6740:
6739:
6738:
6728:
6723:
6722:
6721:
6711:
6710:
6709:
6704:
6699:
6689:
6684:
6679:
6674:
6669:
6663:
6661:
6659:pharmaceutical
6653:
6652:
6650:
6649:
6648:
6647:
6642:
6637:
6632:
6627:
6617:
6612:
6607:
6602:
6597:
6592:
6591:
6590:
6580:
6575:
6570:
6565:
6560:
6555:
6550:
6549:
6548:
6538:
6537:
6536:
6526:
6521:
6520:
6519:
6508:
6506:
6505:Pharmaceutical
6499:
6489:
6488:
6486:
6485:
6482:
6477:
6472:
6467:
6462:
6457:
6456:Cardiovascular
6454:
6449:
6444:
6441:
6436:
6435:Nervous system
6433:
6430:
6429:
6428:
6418:
6417:
6416:
6411:
6402:
6400:
6394:
6393:
6390:
6389:
6387:
6386:
6381:
6376:
6371:
6366:
6361:
6356:
6351:
6346:
6341:
6336:
6331:
6326:
6321:
6320:
6319:
6314:
6304:
6299:
6293:
6291:
6285:
6284:
6282:
6281:
6276:
6271:
6266:
6261:
6259:Infection rate
6256:
6251:
6246:
6241:
6236:
6231:
6226:
6221:
6215:
6213:
6207:
6206:
6203:
6202:
6199:
6198:
6195:
6194:
6192:
6191:
6185:
6183:
6179:
6178:
6176:
6175:
6171:
6169:
6165:
6164:
6162:
6161:
6157:
6155:
6151:
6150:
6148:
6147:
6141:
6139:
6135:
6134:
6132:
6131:
6125:
6120:
6115:
6109:
6107:
6103:
6102:
6100:
6099:
6094:
6089:
6084:
6083:
6082:
6071:
6069:
6065:
6064:
6062:
6061:
6060:
6059:
6054:
6046:
6045:
6044:
6039:
6031:
6030:
6029:
6024:
6021:
6016:
6014:Injection site
6008:
6002:
6000:
5994:
5993:
5991:
5990:
5985:
5983:Dental aerosol
5980:
5979:
5978:
5968:
5962:
5960:
5953:
5949:
5948:
5946:
5945:
5939:
5937:
5931:
5930:
5928:
5927:
5922:
5921:
5920:
5915:
5914:
5913:
5908:
5905:
5894:
5893:
5892:
5887:
5879:
5873:
5871:
5867:Human-to-human
5863:
5862:
5860:
5859:
5854:
5849:
5844:
5838:
5836:
5827:
5823:
5822:
5820:
5819:
5813:
5810:
5807:
5802:
5797:
5793:
5791:
5784:
5780:
5779:
5777:
5776:
5771:
5766:
5764:Super-spreader
5761:
5759:Superinfection
5756:
5751:
5746:
5741:
5736:
5731:
5726:
5721:
5716:
5711:
5706:
5700:
5698:
5689:
5683:
5682:
5679:
5678:
5676:
5675:
5670:
5668:Vector control
5665:
5660:
5655:
5650:
5645:
5644:
5643:
5635:
5630:
5625:
5620:
5615:
5610:
5609:
5608:
5603:
5597:Climate zones
5595:
5593:Climate change
5590:
5587:
5584:
5578:
5576:
5570:
5569:
5567:
5566:
5565:
5564:
5561:
5558:
5557:
5556:
5548:
5545:
5542:
5539:
5536:
5528:
5523:
5518:
5513:
5512:
5511:
5506:
5496:
5491:
5486:
5481:
5475:
5473:
5467:
5466:
5464:
5463:
5458:
5457:
5456:
5451:
5446:
5436:
5435:
5434:
5429:
5424:
5419:
5409:
5407:Quorum sensing
5404:
5403:
5402:
5392:
5391:
5390:
5380:
5375:
5369:
5367:
5358:
5354:
5353:
5342:
5340:
5339:
5332:
5325:
5317:
5311:
5310:
5292:
5291:External links
5289:
5288:
5287:
5282:978-1250012210
5281:
5266:
5263:
5261:
5260:
5232:
5204:
5176:
5143:
5124:(2): 219–232.
5105:
5062:(4): 664–681.
5042:
5007:(4): 414–422.
4983:
4956:(6): 951–955.
4936:
4899:(1): 139–142.
4879:
4820:
4810:
4751:
4732:(3): 205–215.
4716:
4659:
4624:
4567:
4510:
4496:
4461:(4): 231–242.
4445:
4423:
4393:
4372:
4323:
4303:
4243:
4228:
4202:
4187:
4161:
4154:
4132:
4103:(10): 544–55.
4083:
4076:
4050:
3991:
3978:(1): 127–132.
3958:
3948:
3891:
3866:
3842:
3805:
3768:
3746:
3723:
3693:
3678:
3655:
3620:(3): 387–409.
3600:
3553:
3542:(3): 281–296.
3526:
3493:
3475:
3442:
3424:
3399:
3381:
3354:(1): 465–486.
3338:
3321:
3292:
3285:
3265:
3248:
3207:
3177:
3136:
3095:
3088:
3064:
3015:
2966:
2917:
2860:
2803:
2766:PLOS Pathogens
2748:
2719:(12): 1842–7.
2694:
2687:
2660:
2634:
2578:
2576:
2573:
2572:
2571:
2566:
2561:
2556:
2549:
2546:
2533:
2530:
2517:S. aureus
2512:S. aureus
2508:S. aureus
2504:S. aureus
2489:
2483:
2480:
2479:
2476:
2473:
2467:
2466:
2463:
2460:
2454:
2453:
2450:
2447:
2441:
2440:
2437:
2435:
2429:
2428:
2425:
2423:
2417:
2416:
2413:
2410:
2404:
2403:
2400:
2398:
2392:
2391:
2388:
2385:
2379:
2378:
2375:
2372:
2366:
2365:
2362:
2359:
2353:
2352:
2349:
2346:
2340:
2339:
2336:
2333:
2327:
2326:
2323:
2320:
2314:
2313:
2310:
2307:
2301:
2300:
2297:
2294:
2288:
2287:
2284:
2281:
2275:
2274:
2271:
2269:
2263:
2262:
2259:
2256:
2250:
2249:
2246:
2243:
2236:
2235:
2232:
2230:
2217:
2216:
2213:
2210:
2204:
2203:
2200:
2198:
2192:
2191:
2188:
2186:
2180:
2179:
2176:
2174:
2168:
2167:
2164:
2162:
2156:
2155:
2152:
2150:
2144:
2143:
2140:
2138:
2132:
2131:
2128:
2125:
2119:
2118:
2115:
2112:
2106:
2105:
2102:
2099:
2093:
2092:
2089:
2086:
2080:
2079:
2076:
2074:
2068:
2067:
2064:
2061:
2055:
2054:
2051:
2048:
2042:
2041:
2038:
2035:
2029:
2028:
2025:
2022:
2016:
2015:
2012:
2010:
2004:
2003:
2000:
1997:
1990:
1989:
1986:
1983:
1977:
1976:
1973:
1970:
1964:
1963:
1960:
1957:
1947:
1946:
1943:
1940:
1934:
1933:
1930:
1927:
1921:
1920:
1917:
1914:
1908:
1907:
1904:
1902:
1896:
1895:
1892:
1890:
1884:
1883:
1880:
1877:
1871:
1870:
1867:
1864:
1858:
1857:
1854:
1851:
1845:
1844:
1841:
1838:
1832:
1831:
1828:
1825:
1819:
1818:
1815:
1812:
1806:
1805:
1802:
1799:
1787:
1784:
1781:
1780:
1777:
1774:
1770:
1769:
1766:
1763:
1759:
1758:
1755:
1752:
1748:
1747:
1744:
1741:
1737:
1736:
1733:
1730:
1726:
1725:
1722:
1719:
1715:
1714:
1711:
1708:
1704:
1703:
1700:
1697:
1693:
1692:
1689:
1686:
1682:
1681:
1675:
1673:known in 2005
1669:
1658:Mark Woolhouse
1653:
1650:
1649:
1648:
1645:
1642:
1639:
1636:
1633:
1630:
1627:
1624:
1617:
1616:
1611:
1606:
1601:
1586:
1572:
1561:
1558:
1551:
1550:
1544:
1539:
1534:
1529:
1524:
1519:
1514:
1512:Enterovirus 68
1509:
1504:
1499:
1494:
1489:
1484:
1479:
1474:
1469:
1464:
1458:
1452:
1444:
1438:
1435:Powassan virus
1432:
1431:
1430:
1423:Alkhurma virus
1412:
1396:
1390:
1382:
1374:
1368:
1362:
1356:
1344:
1343:
1337:
1331:
1325:
1320:
1315:
1310:
1305:
1299:
1290:
1289:
1279:
1274:
1264:
1263:
1262:
1257:
1251:
1245:
1239:
1236:LaCrosse virus
1233:
1228:
1222:
1216:
1208:
1207:
1206:
1205:
1204:
1199:
1191:
1190:
1189:
1181:
1180:
1179:
1174:
1167:
1160:
1153:
1143:
1142:
1141:
1134:
1126:
1119:
1113:
1106:
1100:Diarrheagenic
1098:
1085:
1077:
1067:
1057:
1047:
1033:
1032:
1027:
1026:
1025:
1012:
1003:
985:
955:
949:
944:
939:
930:
929:
924:
918:
916:Prion diseases
913:
911:Enterovirus 71
908:
899:
898:
896:Parvovirus B19
893:
888:
883:
878:
873:
868:
863:
857:
852:
847:
842:
837:
832:
823:
818:
812:
807:
800:
779:
776:
774:
771:
759:
756:
753:
752:
737:wildlife farms
721:
719:Wildlife trade
715:
714:
708:
698:
697:
687:
683:
682:
677:
671:
670:
664:
660:
659:
657:
649:
648:
642:
632:
631:
621:
617:
616:
611:
603:
602:
587:
585:Climate change
581:
580:
574:
570:
569:
556:
552:
551:
548:
537:
536:
535:Intent to harm
533:
530:
529:War and famine
527:
524:
521:
518:
515:
512:
509:
506:
503:
500:
491:
488:
487:
486:
480:
474:
465:
454:
453:Classification
451:
213:
210:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
7062:
7051:
7048:
7046:
7043:
7041:
7038:
7037:
7035:
7018:
7015:
7014:
7013:
7010:
7008:
7005:
7003:
7000:
6998:
6995:
6993:
6990:
6987:
6985:
6982:
6980:
6977:
6976:
6974:
6970:
6964:
6961:
6959:
6956:
6954:
6951:
6949:
6946:
6943:
6941:
6938:
6936:
6933:
6931:
6928:
6926:
6923:
6921:
6918:
6916:
6913:
6911:
6908:
6906:
6903:
6901:
6898:
6896:
6893:
6889:
6886:
6885:
6883:
6881:
6878:
6876:
6873:
6872:
6870:
6868:
6862:
6851:
6849:
6846:
6844:
6841:
6839:
6836:
6834:
6831:
6829:
6826:
6824:
6823:Sterilization
6821:
6819:
6816:
6814:
6811:
6809:
6806:
6804:
6801:
6797:
6794:
6792:
6791:Surgical mask
6789:
6787:
6784:
6783:
6782:
6779:
6777:
6774:
6772:
6769:
6765:
6762:
6760:
6757:
6754:
6751:
6750:
6749:
6748:Public health
6746:
6744:
6741:
6737:
6734:
6733:
6732:
6729:
6727:
6724:
6720:
6717:
6716:
6715:
6712:
6708:
6705:
6703:
6700:
6698:
6695:
6694:
6693:
6690:
6688:
6685:
6683:
6680:
6678:
6675:
6673:
6670:
6668:
6665:
6664:
6662:
6660:
6654:
6646:
6643:
6641:
6638:
6636:
6633:
6631:
6628:
6626:
6623:
6622:
6621:
6618:
6616:
6613:
6611:
6608:
6606:
6603:
6601:
6600:Phage therapy
6598:
6596:
6593:
6589:
6586:
6585:
6584:
6583:Immunotherapy
6581:
6579:
6576:
6574:
6571:
6569:
6566:
6564:
6561:
6559:
6556:
6554:
6551:
6547:
6544:
6543:
6542:
6541:Antimicrobial
6539:
6535:
6532:
6531:
6530:
6527:
6525:
6522:
6518:
6515:
6514:
6513:
6510:
6509:
6507:
6503:
6500:
6498:
6490:
6483:
6481:
6478:
6476:
6473:
6471:
6468:
6466:
6463:
6461:
6458:
6455:
6453:
6450:
6448:
6445:
6442:
6440:
6437:
6434:
6432:Genitourinary
6431:
6427:
6424:
6423:
6422:
6419:
6415:
6412:
6410:
6407:
6406:
6404:
6403:
6401:
6395:
6385:
6382:
6380:
6377:
6375:
6372:
6370:
6367:
6365:
6362:
6360:
6357:
6355:
6352:
6350:
6347:
6345:
6342:
6340:
6337:
6335:
6332:
6330:
6327:
6325:
6322:
6318:
6315:
6313:
6310:
6309:
6308:
6305:
6303:
6300:
6298:
6295:
6294:
6292:
6290:in population
6286:
6280:
6277:
6275:
6272:
6270:
6267:
6265:
6262:
6260:
6257:
6255:
6254:Herd immunity
6252:
6250:
6247:
6245:
6242:
6240:
6237:
6235:
6232:
6230:
6227:
6225:
6222:
6220:
6217:
6216:
6214:
6212:
6208:
6190:
6187:
6186:
6184:
6180:
6173:
6172:
6170:
6166:
6159:
6158:
6156:
6152:
6146:
6143:
6142:
6140:
6138:Genitourinary
6136:
6130:
6126:
6124:
6121:
6119:
6116:
6114:
6111:
6110:
6108:
6104:
6098:
6095:
6093:
6090:
6088:
6085:
6081:
6080:Contamination
6078:
6077:
6076:
6073:
6072:
6070:
6066:
6058:
6055:
6053:
6050:
6049:
6048:Vector-borne
6047:
6043:
6040:
6038:
6035:
6034:
6032:
6028:
6025:
6022:
6020:
6017:
6015:
6012:
6011:
6009:
6007:
6004:
6003:
6001:
5995:
5989:
5986:
5984:
5981:
5977:
5974:
5973:
5972:
5969:
5967:
5964:
5963:
5961:
5957:
5954:
5950:
5944:
5941:
5940:
5938:
5932:
5926:
5923:
5919:
5916:
5912:
5909:
5906:
5903:
5902:
5901:
5898:
5897:
5895:
5891:
5888:
5886:
5883:
5882:
5880:
5878:
5875:
5874:
5872:
5868:
5864:
5858:
5855:
5853:
5850:
5848:
5845:
5843:
5840:
5839:
5837:
5835:
5834:Cross-species
5831:
5828:
5824:
5817:
5814:
5811:
5808:
5806:
5803:
5801:
5798:
5795:
5794:
5792:
5788:
5785:
5781:
5775:
5774:Window period
5772:
5770:
5767:
5765:
5762:
5760:
5757:
5755:
5752:
5750:
5747:
5745:
5742:
5740:
5739:Latent period
5737:
5735:
5732:
5730:
5727:
5725:
5722:
5720:
5717:
5715:
5712:
5710:
5707:
5705:
5702:
5701:
5699:
5693:
5690:
5688:
5684:
5674:
5671:
5669:
5666:
5664:
5661:
5659:
5656:
5654:
5651:
5649:
5646:
5642:
5639:
5638:
5636:
5634:
5631:
5629:
5626:
5624:
5621:
5619:
5618:Deforestation
5616:
5614:
5611:
5607:
5604:
5602:
5599:
5598:
5596:
5594:
5591:
5588:
5585:
5583:
5580:
5579:
5577:
5575:
5571:
5563:Stress levels
5562:
5559:
5555:
5552:
5551:
5549:
5546:
5543:
5540:
5537:
5534:
5533:
5532:
5529:
5527:
5524:
5522:
5519:
5517:
5514:
5510:
5507:
5505:
5502:
5501:
5500:
5497:
5495:
5492:
5490:
5487:
5485:
5482:
5480:
5477:
5476:
5474:
5472:
5468:
5462:
5459:
5455:
5452:
5450:
5447:
5445:
5442:
5441:
5440:
5437:
5433:
5430:
5428:
5425:
5423:
5420:
5418:
5415:
5414:
5413:
5410:
5408:
5405:
5401:
5398:
5397:
5396:
5395:Pathogenicity
5393:
5389:
5386:
5385:
5384:
5381:
5379:
5376:
5374:
5371:
5370:
5368:
5366:
5362:
5359:
5355:
5350:
5346:
5338:
5333:
5331:
5326:
5324:
5319:
5318:
5315:
5308:
5304:
5303:
5298:
5295:
5294:
5290:
5284:
5278:
5274:
5269:
5268:
5264:
5249:
5248:
5243:
5236:
5233:
5221:
5220:
5215:
5208:
5205:
5193:
5192:
5187:
5180:
5177:
5165:
5164:
5159:
5152:
5150:
5148:
5144:
5139:
5135:
5131:
5127:
5123:
5119:
5112:
5110:
5106:
5101:
5095:
5087:
5083:
5078:
5073:
5069:
5065:
5061:
5057:
5053:
5046:
5043:
5038:
5032:
5024:
5020:
5015:
5010:
5006:
5002:
4998:
4996:
4987:
4984:
4979:
4975:
4971:
4967:
4963:
4959:
4955:
4951:
4947:
4940:
4937:
4932:
4928:
4923:
4918:
4914:
4910:
4906:
4902:
4898:
4894:
4890:
4883:
4880:
4875:
4871:
4866:
4861:
4857:
4853:
4848:
4843:
4839:
4835:
4831:
4824:
4821:
4814:
4811:
4806:
4802:
4797:
4792:
4788:
4784:
4779:
4774:
4770:
4766:
4762:
4755:
4752:
4747:
4743:
4739:
4735:
4731:
4727:
4720:
4717:
4712:
4708:
4703:
4698:
4694:
4690:
4686:
4682:
4679:(6): 1064–6.
4678:
4674:
4670:
4663:
4660:
4655:
4651:
4647:
4643:
4639:
4635:
4628:
4625:
4620:
4616:
4611:
4606:
4602:
4598:
4594:
4590:
4586:
4582:
4578:
4571:
4568:
4563:
4559:
4554:
4549:
4545:
4541:
4537:
4533:
4529:
4525:
4521:
4514:
4511:
4506:
4500:
4497:
4492:
4488:
4484:
4480:
4476:
4472:
4468:
4464:
4460:
4456:
4449:
4446:
4441:
4437:
4433:
4427:
4424:
4419:
4415:
4411:
4407:
4403:
4397:
4394:
4382:
4376:
4373:
4368:
4364:
4360:
4356:
4351:
4346:
4343:(2): 99–102.
4342:
4338:
4334:
4327:
4324:
4316:
4310:
4308:
4304:
4299:
4295:
4290:
4285:
4281:
4277:
4273:
4269:
4265:
4261:
4257:
4250:
4248:
4244:
4239:
4235:
4231:
4225:
4221:
4217:
4213:
4206:
4203:
4198:
4194:
4190:
4184:
4180:
4176:
4172:
4165:
4162:
4157:
4151:
4147:
4143:
4136:
4133:
4128:
4124:
4119:
4114:
4110:
4106:
4102:
4098:
4094:
4087:
4084:
4079:
4073:
4069:
4065:
4061:
4054:
4051:
4046:
4042:
4037:
4032:
4027:
4022:
4018:
4014:
4011:(1): e29505.
4010:
4006:
4002:
3995:
3992:
3986:
3981:
3977:
3973:
3969:
3962:
3959:
3952:
3949:
3944:
3940:
3935:
3930:
3926:
3922:
3918:
3914:
3910:
3906:
3902:
3895:
3892:
3876:
3870:
3867:
3856:
3852:
3846:
3843:
3831:
3827:
3823:
3816:
3809:
3806:
3801:
3795:
3787:
3783:
3779:
3775:
3771:
3769:0-309-50730-8
3765:
3761:
3760:
3753:
3751:
3747:
3742:
3738:
3734:
3730:
3726:
3724:9781555818425
3720:
3716:
3712:
3708:
3704:
3697:
3694:
3689:
3685:
3681:
3675:
3671:
3670:
3662:
3660:
3656:
3651:
3647:
3643:
3639:
3635:
3631:
3627:
3623:
3619:
3615:
3611:
3604:
3601:
3596:
3592:
3588:
3584:
3580:
3576:
3572:
3568:
3564:
3557:
3554:
3549:
3545:
3541:
3537:
3530:
3527:
3522:
3518:
3512:
3504:
3500:
3496:
3494:2-228-88908-3
3490:
3486:
3479:
3476:
3471:
3467:
3461:
3453:
3449:
3445:
3443:0-521-08389-3
3439:
3435:
3428:
3425:
3420:
3416:
3410:
3402:
3400:0-521-04392-1
3396:
3392:
3385:
3382:
3377:
3373:
3369:
3365:
3361:
3357:
3353:
3349:
3342:
3339:
3333:
3328:
3324:
3318:
3314:
3310:
3306:
3299:
3297:
3293:
3288:
3282:
3278:
3277:
3269:
3266:
3261:
3260:
3252:
3249:
3244:
3240:
3235:
3230:
3227:(5): 939–48.
3226:
3222:
3218:
3211:
3208:
3196:
3195:
3190:
3184:
3182:
3178:
3173:
3169:
3164:
3159:
3156:(4): 414–22.
3155:
3151:
3147:
3140:
3137:
3132:
3128:
3123:
3118:
3114:
3110:
3106:
3099:
3096:
3091:
3085:
3081:
3080:
3075:
3074:Miguel Hernán
3068:
3065:
3060:
3056:
3051:
3046:
3042:
3038:
3034:
3030:
3026:
3019:
3016:
3011:
3007:
3003:
2999:
2994:
2989:
2985:
2981:
2977:
2970:
2967:
2962:
2958:
2953:
2948:
2944:
2940:
2936:
2932:
2928:
2921:
2918:
2913:
2909:
2904:
2899:
2895:
2891:
2887:
2883:
2879:
2875:
2871:
2864:
2861:
2856:
2852:
2847:
2842:
2838:
2834:
2830:
2826:
2822:
2818:
2814:
2807:
2804:
2799:
2795:
2790:
2785:
2780:
2775:
2771:
2767:
2763:
2759:
2752:
2749:
2744:
2740:
2735:
2730:
2726:
2722:
2718:
2714:
2710:
2703:
2701:
2699:
2695:
2690:
2688:9789290224587
2684:
2680:
2676:
2672:
2671:
2664:
2661:
2656:
2652:
2648:
2644:
2638:
2635:
2630:
2626:
2622:
2618:
2614:
2610:
2606:
2602:
2598:
2594:
2590:
2583:
2580:
2574:
2570:
2567:
2565:
2562:
2560:
2557:
2555:
2552:
2551:
2547:
2545:
2543:
2539:
2531:
2529:
2527:
2523:
2518:
2513:
2509:
2505:
2501:
2497:
2496:
2488:
2484:
2477:
2474:
2472:
2469:
2468:
2464:
2461:
2459:
2456:
2455:
2451:
2448:
2446:
2443:
2442:
2438:
2436:
2434:
2431:
2430:
2426:
2424:
2422:
2419:
2418:
2414:
2411:
2409:
2406:
2405:
2401:
2399:
2397:
2394:
2393:
2389:
2386:
2384:
2381:
2380:
2376:
2373:
2371:
2368:
2367:
2363:
2360:
2358:
2357:Ntwetwe virus
2355:
2354:
2350:
2347:
2345:
2342:
2341:
2337:
2334:
2332:
2329:
2328:
2324:
2321:
2319:
2316:
2315:
2311:
2308:
2306:
2303:
2302:
2298:
2295:
2293:
2292:Bourbon virus
2290:
2289:
2285:
2282:
2280:
2277:
2276:
2272:
2270:
2268:
2265:
2264:
2260:
2257:
2255:
2252:
2251:
2247:
2244:
2241:
2238:
2237:
2233:
2231:
2227:
2222:
2219:
2218:
2214:
2211:
2209:
2206:
2205:
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2177:
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2173:
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2169:
2165:
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2161:
2158:
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2149:
2146:
2145:
2141:
2139:
2137:
2134:
2133:
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2126:
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2121:
2120:
2116:
2113:
2111:
2108:
2107:
2103:
2100:
2098:
2095:
2094:
2090:
2087:
2085:
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2081:
2077:
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2070:
2069:
2065:
2062:
2060:
2057:
2056:
2052:
2049:
2047:
2044:
2043:
2039:
2036:
2034:
2031:
2030:
2026:
2023:
2021:
2018:
2017:
2013:
2011:
2009:
2008:Candida auris
2006:
2005:
2001:
1998:
1996:
1995:P. falciparum
1992:
1991:
1987:
1984:
1982:
1979:
1978:
1974:
1971:
1969:
1966:
1965:
1961:
1958:
1956:
1952:
1949:
1948:
1944:
1941:
1939:
1936:
1935:
1931:
1928:
1926:
1925:Chapare virus
1923:
1922:
1918:
1915:
1913:
1910:
1909:
1905:
1903:
1901:
1898:
1897:
1893:
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1622:
1621:
1620:
1615:
1612:
1610:
1607:
1605:
1602:
1599:
1595:
1591:
1590:Coronaviruses
1587:
1584:
1580:
1576:
1573:
1571:
1568:
1567:
1566:
1559:
1555:
1548:
1545:
1543:
1540:
1538:
1535:
1533:
1530:
1528:
1525:
1523:
1522:Leptospirosis
1520:
1518:
1515:
1513:
1510:
1508:
1505:
1503:
1500:
1498:
1495:
1493:
1490:
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1436:
1433:
1428:
1424:
1420:
1416:
1413:
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1407:
1403:
1400:
1399:
1397:
1394:
1391:
1388:
1387:
1383:
1380:
1379:
1375:
1372:
1369:
1366:
1363:
1360:
1359:Chapare virus
1357:
1354:
1353:
1349:
1348:
1347:
1342:
1338:
1336:
1332:
1330:
1326:
1324:
1321:
1319:
1316:
1314:
1311:
1309:
1306:
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1300:
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1234:
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1226:
1223:
1220:
1217:
1215:
1212:
1211:
1209:
1203:
1200:
1198:
1197:Caliciviruses
1195:
1194:
1192:
1188:
1187:Microsporidia
1185:
1184:
1182:
1178:
1175:
1173:
1172:
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1165:
1161:
1159:
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1037:
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1024:
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1013:
1011:
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1004:
1001:
997:
993:
989:
986:
984:
980:
976:
975:Machupo virus
972:
968:
964:
961:
960:
959:
956:
953:
950:
948:
945:
943:
940:
938:
935:
934:
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928:
925:
922:
921:Streptococcus
919:
917:
914:
912:
909:
907:
904:
903:
902:
901:Re-emerging:
897:
894:
892:
891:Microsporidia
889:
887:
884:
882:
879:
877:
874:
872:
869:
867:
864:
861:
858:
856:
853:
851:
848:
846:
843:
841:
838:
836:
833:
831:
827:
826:Coronaviruses
824:
822:
819:
816:
813:
811:
808:
806:
803:
802:
799:
797:
793:
789:
785:
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768:
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750:
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720:
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716:
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700:
699:
692:
688:
685:
684:
681:
678:
676:
673:
672:
668:
665:
662:
661:
658:
655:
654:public health
651:
650:
647:
643:
641:
637:
634:
633:
630:
626:
622:
619:
618:
615:
612:
609:
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604:
600:
596:
592:
588:
586:
583:
582:
579:
575:
572:
571:
568:
564:
563:genetic shift
560:
559:genetic drift
557:
554:
553:
549:
546:
545:
540:
534:
531:
528:
525:
522:
519:
516:
513:
510:
507:
504:
501:
498:
497:
496:
489:
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481:
479:
475:
473:
472:
466:
464:
460:
459:
458:
452:
450:
447:
443:
439:
436:In 2014, the
434:
432:
427:
424:
422:
420:
415:
408:
403:
401:
397:
393:
387:
382:
380:
374:
369:
365:
360:
358:
354:
350:
346:
341:
338:
334:
333:AIDS epidemic
324:
319:
314:
310:
306:
304:
297:
293:
289:
284:
280:
276:
273:
267:
264:
258:
256:
252:
251:
246:
245:
240:
236:
231:
229:
225:
218:
211:
209:
207:
203:
202:novel viruses
199:
195:
191:
188:Many EID are
186:
184:
180:
175:
174:
168:
164:
160:
156:
152:
148:
144:
140:
137:). Some EIDs
136:
132:
128:
124:
120:
116:
112:
107:
105:
101:
96:
94:
90:
86:
82:
78:
74:
70:
66:
62:
58:
50:
46:
45:Anthony Fauci
41:
35:
30:
19:
6864:
6731:Notification
6702:Hand washing
6697:Food hygiene
6682:Disinfection
6578:Immunization
6529:Anthelmintic
6517:prophylactic
6405:Respiratory
6329:Hyperendemic
6279:WAIFW matrix
5934:Environment-
5687:Transmission
5663:Urbanization
5461:Host tropism
5357:Determinants
5343:Concepts in
5300:
5272:
5253:27 September
5251:. Retrieved
5245:
5235:
5225:27 September
5223:. Retrieved
5217:
5207:
5197:27 September
5195:. Retrieved
5189:
5179:
5169:27 September
5167:. Retrieved
5161:
5121:
5117:
5094:cite journal
5059:
5055:
5045:
5031:cite journal
5004:
5000:
4994:
4986:
4953:
4949:
4939:
4896:
4892:
4882:
4837:
4833:
4823:
4813:
4768:
4764:
4754:
4729:
4725:
4719:
4676:
4672:
4662:
4637:
4627:
4587:(5): 781–8.
4584:
4580:
4570:
4527:
4523:
4513:
4499:
4458:
4454:
4448:
4440:the original
4435:
4426:
4418:the original
4405:
4396:
4385:. Retrieved
4375:
4340:
4336:
4326:
4263:
4259:
4211:
4205:
4170:
4164:
4145:
4135:
4100:
4096:
4086:
4067:
4053:
4008:
4004:
3994:
3975:
3971:
3961:
3951:
3908:
3904:
3894:
3882:. Retrieved
3869:
3858:. Retrieved
3854:
3845:
3835:10 September
3833:. Retrieved
3821:
3808:
3758:
3706:
3702:
3696:
3668:
3617:
3613:
3603:
3570:
3566:
3556:
3539:
3535:
3529:
3484:
3478:
3433:
3427:
3390:
3384:
3351:
3347:
3341:
3304:
3275:
3268:
3258:
3251:
3224:
3220:
3210:
3198:. Retrieved
3194:ResearchGate
3192:
3153:
3149:
3139:
3112:
3108:
3098:
3078:
3067:
3032:
3028:
3018:
2983:
2979:
2969:
2934:
2930:
2920:
2877:
2873:
2863:
2820:
2816:
2806:
2769:
2765:
2751:
2716:
2712:
2679:10665/204722
2669:
2663:
2655:the original
2646:
2637:
2596:
2592:
2582:
2535:
2516:
2511:
2507:
2503:
2499:
2494:
2491:
2486:
2449:Liberia, UK
2421:Lyme disease
2383:Yellow fever
2258:West Africa
1968:Melaka virus
1789:
1773:RNA viruses
1762:DNA viruses
1678:
1672:
1655:
1618:
1563:
1549:(category B)
1532:Mucormycosis
1467:Anaplasmosis
1463:(category C)
1457:(category C)
1448:Coccidioides
1446:
1443:(category B)
1415:Flaviviruses
1402:Bunyaviruses
1389:(category B)
1384:
1381:(category B)
1376:
1373:(category B)
1350:
1345:
1335:hantaviruses
1291:
1285:
1282:Typhus fever
1270:
1260:Yellow fever
1169:
1162:
1155:
1148:
1136:
1128:
1121:
1108:
1101:
1093:
1080:
1069:
1059:
1049:
1039:
1034:
1006:Flaviviruses
992:Hantaviruses
988:Bunyaviruses
963:Arenaviruses
931:
900:
860:Hendra virus
835:Ehrlichiosis
828:, including
796:bioterrorism
781:
765:
761:
743:, including
675:Bioterrorism
667:tuberculosis
608:demographics
538:
493:
478:bioterrorism
470:
456:
435:
428:
425:
418:
410:
405:
400:Robert Shope
389:
384:
378:
376:
371:
367:
362:
342:
330:
316:
312:
308:
299:
295:
291:
286:
282:
278:
272:David Sencer
269:
262:
260:
249:
242:
233:
227:
223:
220:
215:
187:
172:
159:tuberculosis
154:
151:Lyme disease
131:ebolaviruses
117:, including
108:
97:
60:
56:
54:
29:
6984:Eradication
6895:Biosecurity
6620:Vaccination
6595:Inoculation
6573:Drug safety
6568:Combination
6495:and Control
6443:Soft tissue
6397:Anatomical
6364:Seasonality
6344:Mesoendemic
6324:Holoendemic
6317:Farr's laws
6229:Attack rate
6027:Animal bite
6023:Insect bite
5959:Respiratory
5586:Air quality
5574:Environment
5484:Comorbidity
5400:Attack rate
5383:Infectivity
4840:(1): 3–15.
4436:www.who.int
3830:10665/66750
2756:Morens DM,
2647:www.cdc.gov
2458:Nipah virus
2408:Guinea worm
2344:Lassa fever
2331:Chikungunya
2279:Lassa fever
2224: [
2208:Chikungunya
2110:Lassa fever
2046:Lassa fever
1849:Itaya virus
1823:Nipah virus
1810:Ngari virus
1604:Lassa fever
1537:Mumps virus
1472:Aspergillus
1341:rickettsias
1327:Tick-borne
1308:Nipah virus
1267:Ricin toxin
1202:Hepatitis A
1115:Pathogenic
1054:melioidosis
1044:brucellosis
1015:Filoviruses
983:Lassa fever
971:Junin virus
871:Hepatitis E
866:Hepatitis C
733:wet markets
725:Nipah virus
652:Inadequate
625:antibiotics
567:Influenza A
449:humanity".
337:Mirko Grmek
206:hepatitis C
161:(following
7034:Categories
6867:infections
6808:Sanitation
6776:Quarantine
6635:resistance
6553:Antiseptic
6534:Ascaricide
6524:Antifungal
6512:Antibiotic
6493:Prevention
6426:Intestinal
6359:Prevalence
6339:Inequality
6288:Occurrence
6087:Breastmilk
5971:Bioaerosol
5943:Sapronosis
5918:Horizontal
5790:Endogenous
5769:Viral load
5729:Index case
4387:2020-05-24
4266:(1): 107.
4064:Aguirre AA
3884:27 January
3860:2020-04-30
3573:(1): 1–7.
2575:References
2305:Zika virus
2240:Colpodella
2212:Caribbean
1981:LuJo virus
1718:Helminths
1577:diseases (
1547:Zika virus
1542:Poliovirus
1177:Toxoplasma
1123:Salmonella
817:, atypical
788:biodefense
595:mosquitoes
6979:Discovery
6905:Disease X
6865:Emerging
6813:Screening
6714:Isolation
6558:Antiviral
6384:Twindemic
6334:Incidence
6211:Modelling
6174:Perinatal
6106:Cutaneous
5997:Linked to
5907:Perinatal
5826:Exogenous
5818:formation
5560:Pregnancy
5417:Endotoxin
5412:Virulence
4970:0022-1899
4913:1058-4838
4856:0974-8245
4818:6:164–77.
4787:1935-2735
4693:1080-6040
4654:0028-0836
4601:1080-6040
4544:0022-538X
4475:1040-841X
4359:2376-6980
4280:2730-6151
4197:133576419
3925:0092-8674
3794:cite book
3733:2165-0497
3634:1529-8795
3587:0022-1899
3511:cite book
3503:708336637
3460:cite book
3409:cite book
3368:0066-4227
3131:2652-0036
2613:0003-4819
2554:Disease X
2445:Monkeypox
2370:Monkeypox
2335:Pakistan
2309:Americas
2148:MERS -CoV
2127:Malaysia
1972:Malaysia
1959:Cameroon
1912:Monkeypox
1879:Scotland
1827:Malaysia
1740:Protozoa
1696:Bacteria
1575:Filovirus
1408:(SFTSV),
1297:Influenza
1193:Viruses:
1145:Protozoa
1090:Bacteria
1042:species (
947:Tularemia
923:, group A
782:The U.S.
686:Land use
656:services
423:in 1995.
275:diseases:
230:diseases.
183:syndemics
143:influenza
111:pathogens
85:pandemics
81:epidemics
6888:EARS-Net
6803:Safe sex
6755:services
6726:Lockdown
6497:measures
6399:location
6379:Syndemic
6374:Sporadic
6354:Pandemic
6349:Outbreak
6307:Epidemic
6160:Prenatal
6052:Mosquito
5936:to-human
5911:Neonatal
5904:Prenatal
5852:Zoonosis
5697:concepts
5628:Humidity
5613:Commerce
5489:Diabetes
5422:Exotoxin
5086:24962815
5023:11864151
4978:30649379
4931:29893821
4874:27013839
4805:30071019
4746:24406432
4711:24865545
4619:25898901
4562:15280501
4491:19213392
4483:18033594
4367:38306198
4298:36338866
4238:85916327
4127:23770275
4045:22253731
4005:PLOS ONE
3956:5:93-99.
3943:32846157
3786:25057653
3778:53981415
3741:26082122
3688:25121245
3650:46237193
3548:23331726
3243:19781804
3172:11864151
3059:28438910
3010:17293745
3002:16306276
2961:11516376
2912:21124449
2855:18288193
2798:23853589
2760:(2013).
2758:Fauci AS
2743:16485468
2629:36800971
2621:29132162
2548:See also
2542:COVID-19
2471:COVID-19
2374:Nigeria
1942:Algeria
1929:Bolivia
1888:SARS-CoV
1798:Disease
1751:Viruses
1656:In 2007
1517:JC virus
1477:BK virus
1304:(MDR-TB)
1130:Shigella
1064:glanders
1040:Brucella
952:Smallpox
749:bushmeat
729:COVID-19
593:such as
578:HIV/AIDS
550:Example
463:HIV/AIDS
288:example.
190:zoonotic
157:, like
115:microbes
100:zoonosis
93:societal
89:economic
63:) is an
6692:Hygiene
6630:booster
6563:Asepsis
6302:Endemic
6297:Cluster
5881:Source
5816:Biofilm
5653:Poverty
5623:Ecology
5601:El Niño
5554:Smoking
5432:factors
5373:Biofilm
5349:Outline
5297:Website
5219:Science
5191:Science
5138:5989957
5077:4127135
4922:6293039
4865:4785754
4796:6071948
4702:4036791
4610:4412221
4289:9618154
4118:7126491
4036:3254615
4013:Bibcode
3934:7428724
3642:2067933
3595:2113071
3376:5005031
3332:7123112
3200:May 16,
3050:5413869
2952:1088493
2903:7094913
2882:Bibcode
2846:5960580
2825:Bibcode
2789:3701702
2734:3367654
2387:Brazil
2361:Uganda
2097:Cholera
1729:Prions
1527:Measles
1133:species
1117:vibrios
1103:E. coli
1074:Q fever
1023:Marburg
969:(LCM),
937:Anthrax
815:Babesia
712:measles
691:malaria
623:use of
591:vectors
421:journal
379:retreat
263:destiny
224:extinct
167:measles
6900:CRISPR
6852:Zoning
6707:Gloves
6118:Fomite
5952:Routes
5847:Vector
5714:Fomite
5695:Basic
5658:Travel
5538:Gender
5279:
5136:
5084:
5074:
5021:
4976:
4968:
4929:
4919:
4911:
4872:
4862:
4854:
4803:
4793:
4785:
4744:
4709:
4699:
4691:
4652:
4638:Nature
4617:
4607:
4599:
4560:
4553:479050
4550:
4542:
4489:
4481:
4473:
4365:
4357:
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