126:
597:. When Empress Shōtoku died in 770 without leaving any children, they managed to break the Imperial line of descendants of Emperor Temmu, which they thought would always favor direct imperial rule over control by a non-imperial clan like the Fujiwara. Dōkyō was sent into exile and several Fujiwara leaders were appointed to prominent government positions. According to Zachert, the political instability and threat to the imperial line of succession due to Dōkyō during Kōken/Shōtoku's rule acted as a deterrent and Japan would not see another female ruler for close to 1000 years.
510:
south, Nakamaro's group tried to cross Lake Biwa on a boat but had to return due to adverse wind. Eventually it came to an archery battle on the 18th day of the 9th month (October 17, 764) from 1am to 3pm at
Miozaki in Ōmi Province. When Nakamaro's side seemed to gain the upper hand, reinforcement from the capital arrived forcing the rebels to retreat. While trying to escape by boat, Nakamaro and his family were captured and executed. The rebel's head was taken as trophy to the capital. According to the
410:
318:, during her first reign until 758 she would still be under the shadows of her father, retired Emperor Shōmu and Kōmyō. She would favour the Fujiwara and particularly Nakamaro, giving him much revenue and power by bestowing on him titles. When Moroe publicly criticized Kōken at a drinking party in 755, Nakamaro and his followers forced him to retire. Nakamaro's rapid rise through favoritism was seen with envy, even among the Fujiwara clan members and particularly by his brother Toyonari.
2031:
519:
Factors cited for the failure of
Nakamaro's Rebellion include the envy and lack of support from within the Fujiwara clan. Also, despite his high position as Supervisor of Military Messengers, unlike Kōken, Nakamaro did not manage to gain support from local district magistrates who had a major part of
556:
As
Empress Shōtoku she surrounded herself with loyal people. Fujiwara no Toyonari, who had opposed and been exiled by his brother Nakamaro, was brought back from Dazaifu during the revolt on the 14th day of the 9th month (October 13, 764) and reinstated as Minister of Right. She promoted Dōkyō from
477:
from
Emperor Junnin on the 11th day of the 9th month (October 10, 764), events escalated. A struggle ensued as Nakamaro sent one of his sons to regain the objects, Kōken replied by sending two crack soldiers and eventually Nakamaro succeeded by ordering the Captain of the Middle Guards to recapture
376:
Nakamaro's authority started to decline when his main supporter, Kōmyō, died in 760 and Kōken started to play a more active role in politics. She would allow reigning
Emperor Junnin, who was supported by Nakamaro, to do only ceremonial and minor tasks, while she would handle all important governing
509:
The rebel army turned north towards
Echizen Province where he was counting on support from his son who was provincial governor. But again, Kōken's forces were quicker and with the help of the local elite they had the governor killed and Arachi pass blocked. Seeing no way for escape to the north or
392:
Worried about governmental power moving to Dōkyō and seeing fellow clansman drifting towards the group around Kōken, Nakamaro set out for his revolt. On a more general note, this conflict can be seen as a disagreement between two groups over the role of the
Emperor, with the one around Kōken
573:
and he'd also receive officials in the manner of an emperor, however Dōkyō only held spiritual (not political) responsibilities. With Dōkyō's rise in power also came an active propagation of
Buddhism. Following the rebellion, Empress Shōtoku ordered the copying of the
207:
for the
Eastern Provinces. The group around Kōken reacted by mobilizing an army and blocking access on the main roads. The two armies eventually engaged in a battle a week later on the 18th day of the 9th month (October 21, 764) at Miozaki on the western side of
528:
With her strongest rival out of the way, the retired
Empress Kōken was left in full charge of the state of affairs. In what Bender suggests to be a triumphal procession, in 765 Kōken and other court members set out on a royal tour of the provinces of
299:), he was in charge of Kōmyō's principal affairs and his political influence increased as laws issued by the office carried the same weight as imperial edicts. At the same time the power of Tachibana no Moroe, who had been backed by retired
437:
brought back from exile. The latter had played a major role during the Hirotsugu Rebellion and was an expert in Chinese strategy. He was put in charge with the preparation of forces and the reinforcement of defensive works at the
442:, which would turn out to cut off Nakamaro from the Eastern Provinces. On the 2nd day of the 9th month (October 1) of 764, Nakamaro asked Kōken to name him "Supervisor of Military Messengers from the Four Provinces of the
381:. Famines, epidemics and expenses for the planned invasion of Silla and a new palace at Hora added to the burden on the government. Furthermore Kōken had developed an intimate relationship with the Buddhist monk,
192:. Following the death of Kōmyō in 760, the retired Empress Kōken started to take government affairs into her hand resulting in a conflict between Nakamaro/Junnin on one side and Kōken and her close associate
469:
master Ōtsu Ōura who was associated with Prince Wake, a nephew of Emperor Junnin. However the astronomer leaked the plot and was rewarded with a promotion to the 4th rank. When Kōken tried to take the
182:, with whom he had family-ties, Nakamaro rapidly climbed the career ladder during the 740s and 750s achieving some of the highest ranks and court positions. During the early years of the reign of
478:
the seals and travel passes. He named the elder brother of Funado, Shioyaki the new emperor. Together with Shioyaki and carrying the signs of imperial authority, he left the capital for Ōmi.
270:. Fujiwara no Nakamaro made his first contact with the military in 740 as "Great General of the Forward Cavalry" for the escort of Emperor Shōmu's tour to the eastern provinces during the
433:. Two other sons (Kuzumaro and Asakari) he named to the Council of State. In return Kōken appointed Fujiwara no Masaki (a critic of Nakamaro) to "Middle Counselor" and had 69-year-old
421:. As head of the Middle Guards he seized control of the military in the capital and neighboring provinces, placing his sons in key position at the Palace Guards and as governors of
379:"henceforth the emperor will conduct minor affairs of state, but important matters of state, including the dispensation of awards and punishments, will be handled by me
545:
Junnin was accused of being in collusion with the rebel. She dethroned Junnin and degraded him to the rank of a prince. Together with his mother he was exiled to
541:. Junnin, who had become Emperor through Nakamaro's support, was disliked by Kōken. In the month following the rebellion, she issued a significant edict in which
481:
The Former Empress stripped Nakamaro of rank, position and surname (11th day of 9th month). To prevent his flight to the east she had the three ancient barriers (
385:, who had healed her of some illness in the 4th month of 762. In the following year, the appointment of Dōkyō to the third rank in the ecclesiastical hierarchy (
1996:
368:. On the 11th day of the 1st month, 760, Nakamaro was promoted from taihō to taishi and received the 1st junior rank; and in 762 the 1st senior rank.
2018:
1917:
1890:
1865:
1840:
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where conditions were appalling and on an escape attempt the ex-emperor was captured and killed. Kōken became Empress for the second time as
516:, a total of 375 people who participated in the rebellion were sentenced to the death penalty, but that was subsequently commuted to exile.
401:
affairs was the spiritual leader of the country while actual political power lay in the hand of the leader of an imperial ("in-law") clan.
672:
498:) and Arachi closed. These marked the border to the Eastern Provinces. The army that she raised, occupied the provincial headquarters (
356:, a Nakamaro puppet, married to Nakamaro's daughter. The title of the Minister of Right, held by Nakamaro at the time, was changed to
393:
favouring direct authority as in China at the time, while on the other side Nakamaro and his followers supported the practice of pre-
1944:
1809:
125:
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1790:
1961:
377:
issues including gratifications and punishments. This is expressed in an edict issued by Kōken in the 6th month of 762 stating:
2551:
2095:
271:
2203:
1964:[The imperial edicts of the Shoku Nihongi: text and translation with explanations I. Introduction and Semmyô 1-29]
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from 4th senior lower (744) through 4th senior upper (746), 3rd junior (748), 3rd senior (749) and 2nd junior rank in 750.
2546:
2566:
2011:
360:(Grand Guardian) and his name changed to Emi no Oshikatsu. Nakamaro, at the peak of his power, went north to subdue the
587:
331:). But Nakamaro learned about it and had the main conspirators executed and his own brother Toyonari sent to exile in
327:
1962:"Die kaiserlichen Erlasse des Shoku-Nihongi in Text und Übersetzung mit Erläuterungen I. Einleitung und Semmyô 1-29"
1909:
The Future and the Past: A Translation and Study of the Gukanshō, an Interpretative History of Japan Written in 1219
345:) which oversaw military affairs of the country. Other positions he held during this time included "Vice Minister" (
2448:
2065:
260:, who ruled from 724 through 749, the Tachibana were ahead and the influential position of "Minister of the Left" (
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491:
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2004:
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This was a title rather than an office. In the 8th century only Nakamaro had received this title (in 761).
503:
107:
2209:
2125:
565:) and on the 20th day of the 3rd month, 767 by creation of the "Imperial Office for the Buddhist King" (
322:
314:. While being an independent and strong-willed woman who identified herself with the Chinese autocratic
253:
235:
101:
2149:
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Funado had been named successor in Emperor Shōmu's will but was killed by Nakamaro seven years earlier.
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2221:
1970:
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332:
225:
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83:
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The Fujiwara retained enough power to prevent a plan to raise Dōkyō to Emperor in 769, known as the
2185:
2179:
2059:
470:
465:
To see whether the celestial bodies were aligned favorably for a rebellion, Nakamaro consulted the
286:
179:
2467:
2294:
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1832:
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561:). His authority was further increased on the 20th day of the 10th month, 766, to Buddhist King (
267:
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8 (October 14, 764), Nakamaro seized the signs of imperial authority and left the capital at
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502:) at Ōmi and had the Seta bridge burned, so that Nakamaro had to find another escape route.
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In 743, he was appointed as consultant. Shortly thereafter, when the capital was moved from
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until her death in 748, was in decline. Through this favoritism Nakamaro rose quickly in
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1979:
1786:
A history of the Japanese people: From the earliest times to the end of the Meiji era
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Shōmu abdicated in 749 in favour of his daughter, Princess Takano-hime, then
17:
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2250:
1936:
Imperial politics and symbolics in ancient Japan: the Tenmu dynasty, 650-800
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209:
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junior 5th to junior 3rd rank, and in 765 made him prime minister prelate (
579:
262:
188:
27:
Short-lived and unsuccessful Nara period military confrontation in Japan
1772:
1730:
1720:
1701:
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military force—particularly fighters on horseback—under their command.
337:
325:
plotted to remove Fujiwara no Nakamaro and to overthrow Empress Kōken (
151:, also known as the Emi Rebellion, was a short-lived and unsuccessful
499:
430:
1764:
1684:
673:"The Million Pagoda Charms, British Library, retrieved May 30, 2019"
586:
produced — a large scale commission of miniature wooden pagodas and
1831:(2, reprint, illustrated ed.). Council on East Asian Studies,
335:. In the same year, Nakamaro was appointed to "Minister of Right" (
2030:
443:
408:
365:
156:
124:
1667:
Bender, Ross (1979). "The Hachiman Cult and the Dōkyō Incident".
199:
In order to restore authority, on the 11th day of the 9th month,
1702:"Performative Loci of the Imperial Edicts in Nara Japan, 749-70"
398:
230:
2000:
417:
In order to restore authority and prestige, Nakamaro planned a
389:) meant the displacement of Jikun, a priest close to Nakamaro.
1828:
Heavenly warriors: the evolution of Japan's military, 500-1300
634:, Dōkyō received the "favour" or "affection" of the Empress.
413:
Map showing locations of the Fujiwara no Nakamaro Rebellion
580:
souls of those that had died during the Nakamaro Rebellion
285:, near Fujiwara holdings, Nakamaro, backed by his aunt
119:
Fujiwara no Nakamaro and Higami no Shioyaki were killed
1714:(1). Center for Studies in Oral Tradition: 249–268.
446:, the Three Provinces of the Passes (Echizen, Mino,
212:
in which Nakamaro was killed, ending the rebellion.
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2458:
2427:
2402:
2393:
2316:
2249:
2050:
2039:
1230:
1228:
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349:) and "Senior Commander of the Middle Bodyguards".
1912:. Ichirō Ishida. University of California Press.
1747:Bohner, Hermann (1940). "Wake-no-Kiyomaro-den".
1399:
1397:
1395:
1382:
1380:
1378:
916:
914:
912:
910:
908:
906:
506:was sent as leader of an army against Nakamaro.
364:and made plans to conquer the Korean kingdom of
186:, whom he supported, Nakamaro ruled the country
1272:
1270:
1268:
1266:
1187:
1185:
1183:
1181:
1179:
1177:
1175:
1130:
1128:
1031:
1029:
943:
941:
482:
341:) and "Minister of Office of Empress Consort" (
159:resulting from a power struggle between former
144:
32:
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352:In 758, Kōken abdicated formally in favour of
138:
2012:
1801:The Cambridge History of Japan: Ancient Japan
1798:Brown, Delmer M.; Hall, John Whitney (1993).
800:
798:
578:, Buddhist canon, and in order to pacify the
429:, which were strategic for access to Eastern
295:). As head of the Office of Empress Consort (
252:, when the Fujiwara were struggling with the
8:
1858:Japan To 1600: A Social and Economic History
1428:
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771:
769:
767:
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163:and the main political figure of the time,
2399:
2047:
2019:
2005:
1997:
397:times where the Emperor as high priest of
29:
1729:
1719:
1567:
1495:
1432:
1369:
1166:
1119:
1064:
848:
777:
758:
321:Following Moroe's death in 757, his son,
2027:Coups, rebellions, and revolts in Japan
1403:
920:
590:for distribution in provincial temples.
1906:Jien (1979). Delmer Myers Brown (ed.).
1615:
1591:
1579:
1555:
1543:
1444:
1415:
1336:
1276:
1234:
1076:
1047:
1035:
1008:
947:
804:
719:
664:
623:
569:). In titles he rivaled semi-legendary
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281:near the Tachibana power base to the
7:
1507:
1386:
1288:
1215:
1203:
1088:
981:
932:
863:
702:
1878:Nagaoka: Japan's Forgotten Capital
256:for influence at the court. Under
25:
494:, Fuwa (near what would later be
2029:
328:Tachibana no Naramaro Conspiracy
2096:Fujiwara no Hirotsugu Rebellion
272:Fujiwara no Hirotsugu rebellion
2102:Fujiwara no Nakamaro Rebellion
1939:. University of Hawaii Press.
1860:. University of Hawaii Press.
1856:Farris, William Wayne (2009).
1825:Farris, William Wayne (1995).
1804:. Cambridge University Press.
134:Fujiwara no Nakamaro Rebellion
33:Fujiwara no Nakamaro Rebellion
1:
289:joined the Council of State (
2210:Ōshio Heihachirō's Rebellion
1875:Goethem, Ellen Van (2008).
483:
228:was a Japanese aristocrat (
146:fujiwara no nakamaro no ran
145:
2583:
2449:Hibiya incendiary incident
2204:Menashi–Kunashir rebellion
2066:Prince Hoshikawa Rebellion
1791:Encyclopædia Britannica Co
155:military confrontation in
2350:Military Academy incident
1978:: 105–232. Archived from
1960:Zachert, Herbert (1932).
612:Military history of Japan
244:(southern) branch of the
139:
118:
113:
95:
77:
37:
2338:League of Blood Incident
607:List of Japanese battles
234:) and the second son of
2557:Battles involving Japan
174:Through the support of
2552:8th-century rebellions
504:Fujiwara no Kurajimaro
414:
248:. He lived during the
129:
108:Fujiwara no Kurajimaro
96:Commanders and leaders
2126:Shishigatani incident
1933:Ooms, Herman (2009).
1700:Bender, Ross (2009).
1568:Brown & Hall 1993
1496:Brown & Hall 1993
1433:Brown & Hall 1993
1370:Brown & Hall 1993
1167:Brown & Hall 1993
1120:Brown & Hall 1993
1065:Brown & Hall 1993
849:Brown & Hall 1993
778:Brown & Hall 1993
759:Brown & Hall 1993
412:
323:Tachibana no Naramaro
236:Fujiwara no Muchimaro
128:
114:Casualties and losses
2547:8th century in Japan
2356:February 26 incident
2222:Shimonoseki Campaign
679:on December 23, 2019
630:In the words of the
226:Fujiwara no Nakamaro
165:Fujiwara no Nakamaro
84:Fujiwara no Nakamaro
2567:Rebellions in Japan
2271:Shinpūren Rebellion
2228:Tenchūgumi incident
2198:Shakushain's revolt
2186:Shimabara Rebellion
2162:Yamashiro Rebellion
2132:Siege of Hōjūjidono
2060:Kibi Clan Rebellion
1749:Monumenta Nipponica
1669:Monumenta Nipponica
372:Conflict with Kōken
2301:Fukushima incident
2295:Takebashi incident
2259:Two Lords Incident
1833:Harvard University
1721:10.1353/ort.0.0056
1522:, pp. 261–266
1418:, pp. 230–232
1389:, pp. 196–199
1339:, pp. 222–224
1237:, pp. 225–230
1079:, pp. 219–222
1050:, pp. 208–213
1011:, pp. 201–208
559:daijōdaijin zenshi
415:
268:Tachibana no Moroe
167:from the powerful
130:
102:Higami no Shioyaki
45:October 14–21, 764
2524:
2523:
2520:
2519:
2443:Nagasaki incident
2389:
2388:
2307:Chichibu incident
2289:Satsuma Rebellion
2277:Akizuki Rebellion
2224: (1863–1864)
2216:Teradaya incident
2200: (1669–1672)
2188: (1637–1638)
2084:Jinshin Rebellion
1919:978-0-520-03460-0
1892:978-90-04-16600-4
1867:978-0-8248-3379-4
1842:978-0-674-38704-1
1757:Sophia University
1677:Sophia University
584:Hyakumantō Darani
238:, founder of the
123:
122:
104:(Prince Shioyaki)
73:
72:
16:(Redirected from
2574:
2493:Shibuya incident
2412:Kakitsu uprising
2400:
2380:Mishima incident
2332:October incident
2180:Rokugō Rebellion
2174:Kunohe Rebellion
2156:Kakitsu uprising
2138:Kennin Rebellion
2090:Hayato Rebellion
2048:
2034:
2033:
2021:
2014:
2007:
1998:
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1582:, pp. 21–24
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723:
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688:
686:
684:
675:. Archived from
669:
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644:
641:
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588:woodblock prints
489:
486:
283:Shigaraki Palace
150:
148:
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39:
38:
30:
21:
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2526:
2525:
2516:
2479:
2454:
2437:Blood tax riots
2423:
2404:
2395:
2385:
2368:Matsue incident
2344:May 15 incident
2312:
2245:
2240:Kinmon incident
2150:Shōchō uprising
2144:Jōkyū Rebellion
2120:Heiji Rebellion
2114:Hōgen Rebellion
2110: (939–940)
2092: (720–721)
2052:
2043:
2041:
2035:
2028:
2025:
1988:
1986:
1982:
1965:
1959:
1951:
1949:
1947:
1932:
1924:
1922:
1920:
1905:
1897:
1895:
1893:
1874:
1868:
1855:
1847:
1845:
1843:
1824:
1816:
1814:
1812:
1797:
1781:Brinkley, Frank
1779:
1765:10.2307/2382412
1746:
1699:
1685:10.2307/2384320
1666:
1663:
1658:
1650:
1646:
1638:
1634:
1626:
1622:
1614:
1610:
1602:
1598:
1590:
1586:
1578:
1574:
1566:
1562:
1554:
1550:
1542:
1538:
1530:
1526:
1518:
1514:
1506:
1502:
1494:
1490:
1482:
1478:
1470:
1463:
1455:
1451:
1443:
1439:
1431:
1422:
1414:
1410:
1402:
1393:
1385:
1376:
1368:
1355:
1347:
1343:
1335:
1331:
1323:
1319:
1311:
1307:
1299:
1295:
1287:
1283:
1275:
1264:
1256:
1241:
1233:
1222:
1214:
1210:
1202:
1198:
1190:
1173:
1165:
1158:
1150:
1141:
1133:
1126:
1118:
1095:
1087:
1083:
1075:
1071:
1063:
1054:
1046:
1042:
1034:
1027:
1019:
1015:
1007:
1003:
995:
988:
980:
973:
965:
954:
946:
939:
931:
927:
919:
904:
896:
889:
881:
870:
862:
855:
847:
834:
826:
811:
803:
796:
788:
784:
776:
765:
757:
753:
745:
738:
730:
726:
718:
709:
701:
692:
682:
680:
671:
670:
666:
662:
657:
656:
651:
647:
642:
638:
629:
625:
620:
603:
551:Empress Shōtoku
543:titular Emperor
526:
496:Sekigahara-juku
487:
407:
374:
223:
218:
136:
58:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
2580:
2578:
2570:
2569:
2564:
2559:
2554:
2549:
2544:
2542:760s conflicts
2539:
2529:
2528:
2522:
2521:
2518:
2517:
2515:
2514:
2508:
2502:
2499:Bloody May Day
2496:
2489:
2487:
2481:
2480:
2478:
2477:
2474:Kantō Massacre
2471:
2464:
2462:
2456:
2455:
2453:
2452:
2446:
2440:
2433:
2431:
2425:
2424:
2422:
2421:
2418:Jōkyō uprising
2415:
2408:
2406:
2397:
2396:civil disorder
2391:
2390:
2387:
2386:
2384:
2383:
2377:
2374:Sanmu incident
2371:
2365:
2362:Kyūjō incident
2359:
2353:
2347:
2341:
2335:
2329:
2326:March incident
2322:
2320:
2314:
2313:
2311:
2310:
2304:
2298:
2292:
2286:
2283:Hagi Rebellion
2280:
2274:
2268:
2265:Saga Rebellion
2262:
2255:
2253:
2247:
2246:
2244:
2243:
2237:
2234:Mito Rebellion
2231:
2225:
2219:
2213:
2207:
2201:
2195:
2192:Keian Uprising
2189:
2183:
2177:
2171:
2168:Kaga Rebellion
2165:
2159:
2153:
2147:
2141:
2135:
2129:
2123:
2117:
2111:
2105:
2099:
2093:
2087:
2081:
2078:Isshi incident
2075:
2072:Iwai Rebellion
2069:
2063:
2056:
2054:
2045:
2037:
2036:
2026:
2024:
2023:
2016:
2009:
2001:
1995:
1994:
1957:
1945:
1930:
1918:
1903:
1891:
1872:
1866:
1853:
1841:
1822:
1810:
1795:
1777:
1744:
1707:Oral Tradition
1697:
1662:
1659:
1657:
1656:
1644:
1632:
1620:
1608:
1596:
1584:
1572:
1560:
1548:
1536:
1524:
1512:
1500:
1488:
1476:
1461:
1449:
1437:
1420:
1408:
1391:
1374:
1353:
1341:
1329:
1317:
1305:
1293:
1281:
1262:
1239:
1220:
1208:
1196:
1171:
1156:
1139:
1124:
1093:
1081:
1069:
1052:
1040:
1025:
1013:
1001:
986:
971:
952:
937:
925:
902:
887:
868:
853:
832:
809:
794:
782:
763:
751:
736:
724:
707:
690:
663:
661:
658:
655:
654:
645:
636:
622:
621:
619:
616:
615:
614:
609:
602:
599:
595:Dōkyō Incident
571:Prince Shōtoku
525:
522:
435:Kibi no Makibi
427:Mino Provinces
406:
403:
373:
370:
354:Emperor Junnin
301:Empress Genshō
266:) was held by
254:Tachibana clan
222:
219:
217:
214:
196:on the other.
184:Emperor Junnin
121:
120:
116:
115:
111:
110:
105:
98:
97:
93:
92:
86:
80:
79:
75:
74:
71:
70:
64:
60:
59:
53:
51:
47:
46:
43:
35:
34:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2579:
2568:
2565:
2563:
2560:
2558:
2555:
2553:
2550:
2548:
2545:
2543:
2540:
2538:
2535:
2534:
2532:
2512:
2509:
2506:
2505:Shinjuku riot
2503:
2500:
2497:
2494:
2491:
2490:
2488:
2486:
2482:
2475:
2472:
2469:
2466:
2465:
2463:
2461:
2457:
2450:
2447:
2444:
2441:
2438:
2435:
2434:
2432:
2430:
2426:
2419:
2416:
2413:
2410:
2409:
2407:
2401:
2398:
2392:
2381:
2378:
2375:
2372:
2369:
2366:
2363:
2360:
2357:
2354:
2351:
2348:
2345:
2342:
2339:
2336:
2333:
2330:
2327:
2324:
2323:
2321:
2319:
2315:
2308:
2305:
2302:
2299:
2296:
2293:
2290:
2287:
2284:
2281:
2278:
2275:
2272:
2269:
2266:
2263:
2260:
2257:
2256:
2254:
2252:
2248:
2241:
2238:
2235:
2232:
2229:
2226:
2223:
2220:
2217:
2214:
2211:
2208:
2205:
2202:
2199:
2196:
2193:
2190:
2187:
2184:
2181:
2178:
2175:
2172:
2169:
2166:
2163:
2160:
2157:
2154:
2151:
2148:
2145:
2142:
2139:
2136:
2133:
2130:
2127:
2124:
2121:
2118:
2115:
2112:
2109:
2108:Tengyō no Ran
2106:
2103:
2100:
2097:
2094:
2091:
2088:
2085:
2082:
2079:
2076:
2073:
2070:
2067:
2064:
2061:
2058:
2057:
2055:
2049:
2046:
2038:
2032:
2022:
2017:
2015:
2010:
2008:
2003:
2002:
1999:
1985:on 2014-09-14
1981:
1977:
1974:(in German).
1973:
1972:
1963:
1958:
1948:
1946:9780824832353
1942:
1938:
1937:
1931:
1921:
1915:
1911:
1910:
1904:
1894:
1888:
1884:
1880:
1879:
1873:
1869:
1863:
1859:
1854:
1844:
1838:
1834:
1830:
1829:
1823:
1813:
1811:9780521223522
1807:
1803:
1802:
1796:
1792:
1788:
1787:
1782:
1778:
1774:
1770:
1766:
1762:
1758:
1754:
1751:(in German).
1750:
1745:
1741:
1737:
1732:
1727:
1722:
1717:
1713:
1709:
1708:
1703:
1698:
1694:
1690:
1686:
1682:
1678:
1674:
1670:
1665:
1664:
1660:
1654:, p. 151
1653:
1648:
1645:
1642:, p. 150
1641:
1636:
1633:
1630:, p. 126
1629:
1624:
1621:
1618:, p. 118
1617:
1612:
1609:
1606:, p. 144
1605:
1600:
1597:
1593:
1588:
1585:
1581:
1576:
1573:
1570:, p. 266
1569:
1564:
1561:
1558:, p. 125
1557:
1552:
1549:
1546:, p. 124
1545:
1540:
1537:
1534:, p. 143
1533:
1528:
1525:
1521:
1516:
1513:
1509:
1504:
1501:
1497:
1492:
1489:
1486:, p. 140
1485:
1480:
1477:
1474:, p. 142
1473:
1468:
1466:
1462:
1459:, p. 141
1458:
1453:
1450:
1447:, p. 123
1446:
1441:
1438:
1435:, p. 265
1434:
1429:
1427:
1425:
1421:
1417:
1412:
1409:
1406:, p. 199
1405:
1404:Brinkley 1915
1400:
1398:
1396:
1392:
1388:
1383:
1381:
1379:
1375:
1372:, p. 264
1371:
1366:
1364:
1362:
1360:
1358:
1354:
1351:, p. 258
1350:
1345:
1342:
1338:
1333:
1330:
1327:, p. 261
1326:
1321:
1318:
1314:
1309:
1306:
1302:
1297:
1294:
1291:, p. 215
1290:
1285:
1282:
1279:, p. 122
1278:
1273:
1271:
1269:
1267:
1263:
1260:, p. 260
1259:
1254:
1252:
1250:
1248:
1246:
1244:
1240:
1236:
1231:
1229:
1227:
1225:
1221:
1218:, p. 211
1217:
1212:
1209:
1206:, p. 210
1205:
1200:
1197:
1193:
1188:
1186:
1184:
1182:
1180:
1178:
1176:
1172:
1168:
1163:
1161:
1157:
1154:, p. 139
1153:
1148:
1146:
1144:
1140:
1136:
1131:
1129:
1125:
1122:, p. 263
1121:
1116:
1114:
1112:
1110:
1108:
1106:
1104:
1102:
1100:
1098:
1094:
1091:, p. 275
1090:
1085:
1082:
1078:
1073:
1070:
1067:, p. 262
1066:
1061:
1059:
1057:
1053:
1049:
1044:
1041:
1038:, p. 121
1037:
1032:
1030:
1026:
1022:
1017:
1014:
1010:
1005:
1002:
999:, p. 260
998:
993:
991:
987:
984:, p. 214
983:
978:
976:
972:
969:, p. 259
968:
963:
961:
959:
957:
953:
950:, p. 120
949:
944:
942:
938:
935:, p. 212
934:
929:
926:
923:, p. 198
922:
921:Brinkley 1915
917:
915:
913:
911:
909:
907:
903:
900:, p. 256
899:
894:
892:
888:
885:, p. 258
884:
879:
877:
875:
873:
869:
866:, p. 188
865:
860:
858:
854:
851:, p. 261
850:
845:
843:
841:
839:
837:
833:
830:, p. 137
829:
824:
822:
820:
818:
816:
814:
810:
806:
801:
799:
795:
791:
786:
783:
780:, p. 260
779:
774:
772:
770:
768:
764:
761:, p. 253
760:
755:
752:
748:
743:
741:
737:
734:, p. 133
733:
728:
725:
722:, p. 119
721:
716:
714:
712:
708:
705:, p. 274
704:
699:
697:
695:
691:
678:
674:
668:
665:
659:
649:
646:
640:
637:
633:
632:Shoku Nihongi
627:
624:
617:
613:
610:
608:
605:
604:
600:
598:
596:
591:
589:
585:
581:
577:
572:
568:
567:Hō-ō Kyūshiki
564:
560:
554:
552:
548:
544:
540:
536:
532:
523:
521:
517:
515:
514:
507:
505:
501:
497:
493:
488:(three gates)
485:
479:
476:
475:station bells
472:
471:imperial seal
468:
463:
461:
457:
453:
449:
445:
441:
436:
432:
428:
424:
420:
411:
404:
402:
400:
396:
390:
388:
384:
380:
371:
369:
367:
363:
359:
355:
350:
348:
344:
340:
339:
334:
330:
329:
324:
319:
317:
313:
312:Empress Kōken
308:
306:
302:
298:
294:
293:
288:
287:Empress Kōmyō
284:
280:
275:
273:
269:
265:
264:
259:
258:Emperor Shōmu
255:
251:
247:
246:Fujiwara clan
243:
242:
237:
233:
232:
227:
221:Rise to power
220:
215:
213:
211:
206:
202:
197:
195:
191:
190:
185:
181:
180:Empress Kōmyō
177:
176:Emperor Shōmu
172:
170:
169:Fujiwara clan
166:
162:
161:Empress Kōken
158:
154:
147:
135:
127:
117:
112:
109:
106:
103:
100:
99:
94:
91:
90:Empress Kōken
87:
85:
82:
81:
76:
68:
65:
62:
61:
56:
52:
49:
48:
44:
41:
40:
36:
31:
19:
18:Emi Rebellion
2513: (1970)
2507: (1968)
2501: (1952)
2495: (1946)
2476: (1923)
2470: (1918)
2451: (1905)
2445: (1886)
2439: (1873)
2420: (1686)
2414: (1441)
2382: (1970)
2376: (1961)
2370: (1945)
2364: (1945)
2358: (1936)
2352: (1934)
2346: (1932)
2340: (1932)
2334: (1931)
2328: (1931)
2309: (1884)
2303: (1882)
2297: (1878)
2291: (1877)
2285: (1876)
2279: (1876)
2273: (1876)
2267: (1874)
2261: (1868)
2242: (1864)
2236: (1864)
2230: (1863)
2218:(1862, 1866)
2212: (1837)
2206: (1789)
2194: (1651)
2182: (1603)
2158: (1441)
2152: (1428)
2146: (1221)
2140: (1201)
2134: (1184)
2128: (1177)
2122: (1160)
2116: (1156)
2101:
1987:. Retrieved
1980:the original
1975:
1969:
1950:. Retrieved
1935:
1923:. Retrieved
1908:
1896:. Retrieved
1877:
1857:
1846:. Retrieved
1827:
1815:. Retrieved
1800:
1785:
1752:
1748:
1711:
1705:
1672:
1668:
1661:Bibliography
1647:
1635:
1623:
1616:Zachert 1932
1611:
1599:
1594:, p. 25
1592:Goethem 2008
1587:
1580:Goethem 2008
1575:
1563:
1556:Zachert 1932
1551:
1544:Zachert 1932
1539:
1527:
1515:
1510:, p. 88
1503:
1498:, p. 38
1491:
1479:
1452:
1445:Zachert 1932
1440:
1416:Zachert 1932
1411:
1344:
1337:Zachert 1932
1332:
1320:
1315:, p. 79
1308:
1303:, p. 75
1296:
1284:
1277:Zachert 1932
1235:Zachert 1932
1211:
1199:
1194:, p. 73
1169:, p. 46
1137:, p. 72
1084:
1077:Zachert 1932
1072:
1048:Zachert 1932
1043:
1036:Zachert 1932
1023:, p. 71
1016:
1009:Zachert 1932
1004:
948:Zachert 1932
928:
807:, p. 20
805:Goethem 2008
792:, p. 44
785:
754:
749:, p. 70
727:
720:Zachert 1932
681:. Retrieved
677:the original
667:
648:
639:
626:
592:
566:
562:
558:
555:
547:Awaji Island
527:
518:
511:
508:
480:
464:
418:
416:
391:
386:
378:
375:
357:
351:
346:
343:shibi naishō
342:
336:
326:
320:
309:
297:shibi chudai
296:
290:
276:
261:
239:
229:
224:
198:
187:
173:
133:
131:
78:Belligerents
55:Ōmi Province
2562:Nara period
2170:(1487–1488)
2164:(1485–1493)
2104: (764)
2098: (740)
2086: (672)
2080: (645)
2074: (527)
2068: (479)
2062: (463)
1759:: 240–273.
1731:10355/65163
1679:: 125–153.
1652:Bender 1979
1640:Bender 1979
1628:Bender 1979
1604:Bender 1979
1532:Bender 1979
1520:Bohner 1940
1484:Bender 1979
1472:Bender 1979
1457:Bender 1979
1349:Bender 2009
1325:Bender 2009
1313:Farris 1995
1301:Farris 1995
1258:Bohner 1940
1192:Farris 1995
1152:Bender 1979
1135:Farris 1995
1021:Farris 1995
997:Bender 2009
967:Bohner 1940
898:Bender 2009
883:Bohner 1940
828:Bender 1979
790:Farris 2009
747:Farris 1995
732:Bender 1979
419:coup d'état
250:Nara period
201:Tenpyō-hōji
153:Nara period
2531:Categories
2468:Rice riots
2460:Taishō era
2403:Pre-Modern
2051:Pre-Modern
2044:rebellions
1989:2014-08-12
1971:Asia Major
1952:2011-07-07
1925:2012-11-03
1898:2012-10-31
1848:2011-10-11
1817:2011-03-24
660:References
582:, had the
513:Nihon Kōki
440:Seta River
362:Ezo people
316:Empress Wu
305:court rank
216:Background
2511:Koza riot
2485:Shōwa era
2429:Meiji era
2394:Riots and
2318:Shōwa era
2251:Meiji era
2042:coups and
2040:Attempted
1740:1542-4308
1508:Ooms 2009
1387:Ooms 2009
1289:Ooms 2009
1216:Ooms 2009
1204:Ooms 2009
1089:Jien 1979
982:Ooms 2009
933:Ooms 2009
864:Ooms 2009
703:Jien 1979
576:tripiṭaka
524:Aftermath
405:Rebellion
347:jundaijin
292:Daijō-kan
210:Lake Biwa
1783:(1915).
601:See also
467:yin-yang
263:sadaijin
189:de facto
88:retired
50:Location
1773:2382412
1693:2384320
683:May 30,
531:Kawachi
423:Echizen
387:Shōsozu
338:Udaijin
333:Dazaifu
140:藤原仲麻呂の乱
69:victory
57:, Japan
2176:(1591)
1943:
1916:
1889:
1864:
1839:
1808:
1771:
1738:
1691:
500:kokufu
492:Suzuka
484:sankan
460:Harima
458:, and
450:) and
431:Honshu
63:Result
2405:Japan
2053:Japan
1983:(PDF)
1966:(PDF)
1883:BRILL
1769:JSTOR
1755:(1).
1689:JSTOR
1675:(2).
618:Notes
535:Izumi
490:) at
456:Tanba
444:Kinai
395:Tenmu
383:Dōkyō
366:Silla
358:taihō
241:nanke
194:Dōkyō
157:Japan
67:Kōken
1941:ISBN
1914:ISBN
1887:ISBN
1862:ISBN
1837:ISBN
1806:ISBN
1736:ISSN
685:2019
563:Hō-ō
537:and
473:and
425:and
399:kami
279:Kuni
231:kuge
205:Nara
178:and
132:The
42:Date
2537:764
1761:doi
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539:Kii
462:".
452:Ōmi
448:Ise
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1055:^
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