443:
adequately compromised clinical symptoms may develop which include coughing, dyspnea, low-grade fever, weight loss and conjunctivitis including blurred vision, photophobia and ocular pain. Within the sclera, white, opaque nodules develop in conjunction with local edema or hyperemia. This opacification may extend to other distal parts of the eye such as the limbus and angular corneal opacities. Granulomas also form in the anterior chamber. However purulent conjunctival discharge and hemorrhaging were not observed as opposed to conjunctivitis brought on by viral or bacterial infection.
389:. The conidiophore is also known to occasionally branch into 1–3 sections each bearing its own conidium. Before differentiating into adiaspores, the conidia measure 2–4 μm in diameter and are shaped either ovoid, subglobose or pyriform with glabrous walls. After growth at 40 °C the conidia morph into their adiaspore form enlarging to approximately 25 μm in vitro and 40 μm in vivo. These adiaspores are
385:. After 21 days of growth at room temperature colony diameters range from 36 to 85 mm. The colonies are smooth and velvety and are white with tan centers from a top view and cream from the bottom. Hyphae in this form are septate and hyaline. The conidiophores they produce are unicellular, thick-walled (2 μm), and usually simple with a single terminal conidium also called an
25:
424:
the tissue in that section. At this site the spores become calcified which causes a slight localized reaction involving inflammation. Lung function may be obstructed at this stage. The body mounts a multicellular immune response to the presence of these adiaspores leading to the formation of noncaseating granulomas.
410:
The main route of infection is inhalation of airborne spores through the respiratory pathway. This can occur in both healthy and immunocompromised individuals, however a disseminated infection is more common in the latter. After inhalation the conidia switch to their adiaspore state, triggered by the
376:
and no sexual stage. It does not have any particular growth requirements in terms of culture media, but it is known to grow well on pablum cereal agar, potato dextrose agar (PDA) and phytone yeast extract agar. They also grow well on
Sabouraud dextrose agar at 25 °C. Growth is slightly inhibited
493:
The onset of adiaspiromycosis is rarely serious and is self-limiting so often no treatment is required and the body clears the spores on its own. Fluconazole (FLC), AmB, and ketoconazole have proven to be therapeutic in progressive or serious infection. Oral intraconazole (ITC) is also an effective
442:
The onset of symptoms is dependent on 2 factors: the dosage of conidia and the immune status of the host. Usually infection is asymptomatic with pulmonary disease developing very rarely. Fatality rates are low. If however the level of spores inhaled is sufficient or the immune system of the host is
507:
infection and it occurred in an AIDS patient who had disseminated open wounds. Cleaning, working or playing in areas inhabited by small mammals such as mice or bats may increase risk of infection. Farmers, greenhouse workers or those involved in construction are also at a greater risk of exposure.
502:
Exposure to soil and dust is a major route of infection so manual labor in regions with high levels of each can lead to an increased risk of inhalation. As a result, adiaspiromycosis is reported more commonly in men then in women. In most cases exposure is asymptomatic. Cases have been reported in
423:
may lead to pulmonary disease. It is termed an infection, but better described as a bodily reaction to foreign material, invoking various cellular processes within the circulatory and immune systems. Once the adiaspore is formed it finds a place to localize in the alveoli and implants somewhere in
303:
is restricted to areas in North and South
America, Eastern Europe, Australia and regions in Asia. The fungus is primarily a saprotroph, deriving its nutrition from dead material. It is also soil-dwelling where it release spores into the air. Because of this the main targets of infection are small
427:
The onset of adiaspiromycosis is dependent on the level of exposure to conidia. The disease is self-limiting so the onset of symptoms is determined by the amount of conidia inhaled. Low level exposure induces little to no clinical symptoms, while a greater dosage risks development of pulmonary
428:
disease. This is referred to as acute pulmonary adiaspiromycosis, primary progressive pulmonary adiaspiromycosis or disseminated pulmonary adiaspiromycosis. It is characterized by widespread lesions caused by granulomas within both lungs. There are 3 forms of manifestation:
849:"Molecular genetic variation in Emmonsia crescens and Emmonsia parva, etiologic agents of adiaspiromycosis, and their phylogenetic relationship to Blastomyces dermatitidis (Ajellomyces dermatitidis) and other systemic fungal pathogens"
411:
temperature increase within the body. These develop without replicating in the alveoli of the lung. Transmission can originate directly from the soil or through an animal reservoir such as mice or bats.
473:. Periodic acid–Schiff (PAS) stains can be used to observe the thick-walled adiaspores in tissue regions. Sequencing can be used as a tool to discriminate the fungus from its close relative, the genus
477:. The target is the D2 variable domain found in the large subunit of nuclear rRNA at the 5' end. This region has sufficient variability between the two species. To differentiate between separate
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burrowing mammals such as rodents, although infection of larger mammals such as humans has been documented. Some of the known animal species that it can infect include the
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which occurs most commonly in small mammals but is also seen in humans. The disease was first described from rodents in
481:
species the internal transcribed spacer (ITS) can be targeted. Also the size of the spores varies considerably with
1037:
265:
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935:
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immunocompromised individuals such as those diagnosed with AIDS. There has been only one reported case of
451:
Adiaspiromycosis is histopathologically diagnosed. Three criteria must be met for accurate diagnosis:
237:
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985:
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700:
638:
Taxonomic Guide to
Infectious Diseases Understanding the Biologic Classes of Pathogenic Organisms
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and they do not replicate. They are occasionally mistaken for spherules of the organism
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236:. The fungus is most known for its causal association with the lung disease,
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aid. Surgical resection may be a last resort if fungal infection persists.
892:
1019:
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365:
333:
241:
1024:
361:
313:
305:
295:, however they exhibit different ecological characteristics. Whereas
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245:
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The fungus is dimorphic growing in two distinct forms. It grows as
761:
Carter, G.R.; Carter, M.E.; Markey, Bryan; Quinn, Patrick (1993).
337:
97:
345:
309:
933:
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in culture media or sequencing to separate the infection from
272:. Infections in general are quite rare, especially in humans.
18:
737:(3rd ed.). Los Angeles: University of California Press.
210:(C.W. Emmons & Ashburn) Y.P. Jiang, Sigler & de Hoog
819:
Lyon, G. Marshall; Reiss, Errol; Shadomy, H. Jean (2011).
674:(6th ed.). Philadelphia: Cambridge University Press.
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in 1964. Since then, the disease has been reported from
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are transferred to 40 °C they convert to larger
461:
Presence of adiaspores within granulomas in the lung
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34:
may be too technical for most readers to understand
232:fungus and one of three species within the genus
695:
693:
691:
707:(4th ed.). New York. NY: Wiley-Blackwell.
842:
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728:
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665:
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661:
659:
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377:when grown in media containing cycloheximide.
904:
902:
608:Molecular Detection of Human Fungal Pathogens
435:A cluster of granulomas in a localized region
348:. The fungus is closely related to the genus
8:
847:Peterson, S. W.; Sigler, L. (October 1998).
756:
754:
670:Stapleton, Philip; Flieder, Douglas (2013).
640:(1st ed.). London, UK: Academic Press.
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458:Manifested systemic and respiratory symptoms
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244:, and the first human case was reported in
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705:Fungal Infection: Diagnosis and Management
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438:Widespread bilateral granulomatous disease
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551:
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455:Dissemated nodular lesions in both lungs.
194:(C.W. Emmons & Ashburn) J.W. Carmich.
62:Learn how and when to remove this message
46:, without removing the technical details.
733:Plunkett, Orda; Wilson, Walter (1970).
526:Laboratory handbook of medical mycology
516:
913:(2nd ed.). New York, NY: Dekker.
911:Pathogenic fungi in humans and animals
381:grows at a moderate pace, slower than
465:The adiaspores must be identified as
44:make it understandable to non-experts
7:
1048:65fe2d2d-9321-4726-af0c-bbf52c0e487a
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823:. New York, NY: Wiley-Blackwell.
866:10.1128/JCM.36.10.2918-2925.1998
853:Journal of Clinical Microbiology
763:Clinical Veterinary Microbiology
23:
909:Howard, Dexter H., ed. (2003).
672:Spencer's Pathology of the Lung
364:at room temperature, but when
1:
610:. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press.
524:Mcginnis, Michael R. (1980).
821:Fundamental Medical Mycology
419:Adiaspiromycosis, caused by
291:together comprise the genus
1092:
703:; Warnock, David (2012).
202:C.W. Emmons & Ashburn
187:
180:
87:Scientific classification
85:
78:
266:United States of America
765:(1st ed.). Mosby.
735:Fungous Diseases of Man
636:Berman, Jules (2012).
199:Haplosporangium parvum
606:Liu, Dongyou (2011).
485:having smaller ones.
356:Growth and morphology
395:Coccidioides immitis
299:is found worldwide,
228:) is a filamentous,
226:Chrysosporium parvum
191:Chrysosporium parvum
701:Richardson, Malcolm
432:A single granuloma
342:white-tailed mouse
207:Blastomyces parvus
1058:
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936:Taxon identifiers
859:(10): 2918–2925.
330:cottontail rabbit
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16:Species of fungus
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238:adiaspiromycosis
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146:Ajellomycetaceae
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387:aleurioconidium
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40:help improve it
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944:Emmonsia parva
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505:E. pasteuriana
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289:E. pasteuriana
281:Emmonsia parva
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258:Czech Republic
221:Emmonsia parva
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173:Emmonsia parva
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80:Emmonsia parva
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401:Pathogenicity
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498:Epidemiology
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406:Transmission
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372:. It has no
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300:
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233:
230:saprotrophic
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52:January 2015
49:
33:
475:Blastomyces
471:E. crescens
391:uninucleate
383:E. crescens
374:teleomorphs
350:Blastomyces
346:rock rabbit
322:pine marten
297:E. crescens
285:E. crescens
1071:Onygenales
1065:Categories
512:References
370:adiaspores
224:(formerly
134:Onygenales
110:Ascomycota
105:Division:
959:Q19904060
875:0095-1137
489:Treatment
447:Diagnosis
415:Infection
270:Guatemala
167:Species:
93:Kingdom:
1020:MycoBank
1012:10395112
981:Fungorum
953:Wikidata
483:E. parva
479:Emmonsia
467:E. parva
421:E. parva
379:E. parva
344:and the
318:wood rat
301:E. parva
293:Emmonsia
250:Honduras
234:Emmonsia
182:Synonyms
159:Emmonsia
141:Family:
999:5259440
893:9738044
366:conidia
334:muskrat
276:Ecology
242:Arizona
153:Genus:
129:Order:
117:Class:
38:Please
1045:NZOR:
1025:297152
986:297152
917:
891:
884:105088
881:
873:
827:
769:
741:
711:
678:
644:
614:
532:
362:hyphae
314:weasel
306:beaver
287:, and
264:, the
262:Russia
256:, the
254:Brazil
246:France
1038:73231
1007:IRMNG
973:39H9L
338:skunk
98:Fungi
1033:NCBI
994:GBIF
915:ISBN
889:PMID
871:ISSN
825:ISBN
767:ISBN
739:ISBN
709:ISBN
676:ISBN
642:ISBN
612:ISBN
530:ISBN
310:mink
268:and
968:CoL
879:PMC
861:doi
42:to
1067::
1035::
1022::
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996::
983::
970::
955::
901:^
887:.
877:.
869:.
857:36
855:.
851:.
839:^
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723:^
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397:.
352:.
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863::
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717:.
684:.
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65:)
59:(
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50:(
36:.
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