34:
965:
806:
20:
123:
225:) all have a red background color with black and either white or yellow rings. Over 115 species or some 18% of snakes in the New World are within this mimicry system. In this system, Emsley stated that both the milk snakes and the deadly coral snakes are the mimics, whereas the false coral snakes are the models.
113:
is better off being camouflaged, to avoid attacks altogether. If, however, there were some other species that were harmful but not deadly as well as aposematic, the predator could learn to recognize its particular warning colours and avoid such animals. A deadly species could then profit by mimicking
133:
Non-Emsleyan mechanisms that achieve the observed result, namely that predators avoid extremely deadly prey, are possible. Proposed alternatives include observational learning and innate avoidance. These provide alternative explanations to
Emsleyan mimicry: if predators innately avoid a pattern then
146:, for example through watching a conspecific die. The observing predator then remembers that the prey is deadly and avoids it. Jouventin and colleagues conducted exploratory tests on baboons in 1977 that suggested this was possible.
108:
to recognize a warning signal, e.g., bright colours in a certain pattern. In other words, there is no advantage in being aposematic for an organism that is likely to kill any predator it succeeds in poisoning; such an
228:
It has been suggested that this system could be an instance of pseudomimicry, the similar colour patterns having evolved independently in similar habitats.
897:
246:
189:
are common and foul-tasting; various species of these millipedes form MĂĽllerian mimicry rings, and some are the models for mimicry in lizards.
178:
with the same width as rings, were tolerated. However, models with red and yellow rings were feared, with the birds flying away and giving
174:), avian predators, instinctively avoid snakes with red and yellow rings. Other colours with the same pattern, and even red and yellow
154:
Another possible mechanism is that a predator might not have to learn that a certain prey is harmful in the first place: it could have
635:
522:
Jouventin, P.; Pasteur, G.; Cambefort, J. P. (1977). "Observational
Learning of Baboons and Avoidance of Mimics: Exploratory Tests".
703:
66:
Emsleyan mimicry was first proposed by M. G. Emsley as a possible explanation for how a predator species could learn to avoid an
39:
104:, since in other types of mimicry it is usually the most harmful species that is the model. But if a predator dies, it cannot
929:
651:
Grobman, Arnold B. (1978). "An
Alternative Solution to the Coral Snake Mimic Problem (Reptilia, Serpentes, Elapidae)".
158:
genetic programming to avoid certain signals. In this case, other organisms could benefit from this programming, and
805:
166:
of it could potentially evolve. Some species indeed do innately recognize certain aposematic patterns. Hand-reared
858:
74:, when the predator is likely to die on its first encounter. The theory was developed by the German biologist
167:
134:
there is no need to suppose that the more deadly snake is mimicking the less deadly species in these cases.
126:
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143:
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863:
780:
577:
477:
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92:. Sheppard points out that Hecht and Marien had put forward a similar hypothesis ten years earlier.
33:
892:
738:
100:
The scenario for
Emsleyan mimicry is a little more difficult to understand than for other types of
914:
842:
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832:
795:
728:
668:
601:
539:
501:
441:
395:
305:
263:
206:
466:
Smith, S. M. (1975). "Innate
Recognition of Coral Snake Pattern by a Possible Avian Predator".
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887:
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25:
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Hecht, M. K.; Marien, D. (1956). "The coral snake mimic problem: a reinterpretation".
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67:
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Greene, H. W.; McDiarmid, R. W. (1981). "Coral snake mimicry: Does it occur?".
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the less dangerous aposematic organism if this reduces the number of attacks.
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Pasteur, G. (1982). "A Classificatory Review of
Mimicry Systems".
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The models would not have to be other snakes. Large red and black
121:
32:
18:
437:
685:
627:
Mimicry, Crypsis, Masquerade and other
Adaptive Resemblances
681:
356:(1956). "Das Problem der Mimikry bei Korallenschlangen".
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phenotype of potentially dangerous animals, such as the
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561:
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where a deadly prey mimics a less dangerous species.
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813:
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284:Emsley, M. G. (1966). "The mimetic significance of
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129:innately avoids snakes with red and yellow rings.
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898:Coloration evidence for natural selection
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247:Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics
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236:
7:
286:Erythrolamprus aesculapii ocellatus
260:10.1146/annurev.es.13.110182.001125
205:) subspecies, the moderately toxic
14:
37:The harmless Mexican milk snake,
964:
963:
804:
739:Aristotelian/Distraction display
96:Mimicry of a less deadly species
40:Lampropeltis triangulum annulata
16:Mimicry of a less deadly species
54:, describes an unusual type of
29:(the Emsleyan/Mertensian mimic)
23:The deadly Texas coral snake,
1:
930:Frequency-dependent selection
630:. John Wiley. pp. 240–.
624:Quicke, Donald L. J. (2017).
590:10.1126/science.213.4513.1207
422:Mimicry in plants and animals
338:Mimicry in plants and animals
80:Mimicry in Plants and Animals
490:10.1126/science.187.4178.759
1006:
958:
802:
426:Journal of Animal Ecology
82:, who named it after the
859:Anti-predator adaptation
168:turquoise-browed motmots
392:10.1002/jmor.1050980207
203:Lampropeltis triangulum
127:Turquoise-browed motmot
118:Non-Emsleyan mechanisms
653:Journal of Herpetology
424:by Wolfgang Wickler".
144:observational learning
138:Observational learning
130:
44:
30:
950:Underwater camouflage
729:Aggressive/Wicklerian
380:Journal of Morphology
288:Peters from Tobago".
172:Eumomota superciliosa
125:
36:
22:
925:Evolutionary ecology
910:Deception in animals
904:Dazzled and Deceived
864:Animal communication
43:(the Batesian mimic)
771:Emsleyan/Mertensian
582:1981Sci...213.1207G
576:(4513): 1207–1212.
482:1975Sci...187..759S
420:(1969). "Review of
915:Deimatic behaviour
215:), and the deadly
207:false coral snakes
193:Coral snake system
131:
52:Mertensian mimicry
45:
31:
977:
976:
945:Signalling theory
920:Mimicry#Evolution
893:Community ecology
888:Animal coloration
734:Ant/Myrmecomorphy
476:(4178): 759–760.
418:Wickler, Wolfgang
416:Sheppard, P. M.;
358:Zool. Jahrb. Syst
332:Wickler, Wolfgang
182:in some cases.
142:One mechanism is
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969:Category mimicry
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164:MĂĽllerian mimics
150:Innate avoidance
78:in a chapter of
76:Wolfgang Wickler
48:Emsleyan mimicry
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852:Related topics
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637:978-1118931516
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530:(1): 214–218.
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386:(2): 335–365.
367:
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342:. McGraw-Hill.
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212:Erythrolamprus
197:Some harmless
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90:Robert Mertens
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50:, also called
26:Micrurus tener
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296:(4): 663–64.
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940:Polymorphism
935:Phagomimicry
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883:Co-evolution
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869:Aposematism
744:Automimicry
659:(1): 1–11.
254:: 169–199.
180:alarm calls
156:instinctive
72:coral snake
874:Camouflage
843:Vavilovian
838:Pouyannian
833:Gilbertian
796:Wasmannian
721:In animals
432:(1): 243.
232:References
199:milk snake
187:millipedes
68:aposematic
828:Dodsonian
815:In plants
781:MĂĽllerian
754:Locomotor
524:Evolution
364:: 541–76.
290:Evolution
984:Category
823:Bakerian
766:Chemical
749:Batesian
606:40138205
598:17744739
552:28567722
506:41092574
498:17795249
400:83825414
334:(1968).
318:28562911
222:Micrurus
160:Batesian
990:Mimicry
878:Crypsis
776:Eyespot
713:Mimicry
673:1563495
578:Bibcode
570:Science
544:2407558
478:Bibcode
469:Science
310:2406599
268:2097066
219:(genus
209:(genus
176:stripes
102:mimicry
62:History
56:mimicry
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786:Sexual
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111:animal
84:German
761:Brood
669:JSTOR
602:S2CID
540:JSTOR
502:S2CID
442:JSTOR
396:S2CID
306:JSTOR
264:JSTOR
106:learn
632:ISBN
594:PMID
548:PMID
494:PMID
446:2762
314:PMID
661:doi
586:doi
574:213
532:doi
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474:187
434:doi
388:doi
298:doi
256:doi
162:or
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