Emperor Wen of Sui - Knowledge (XXG)

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stingy, but he did not hold back his awards when rewarding the people with accomplishments. He gave much compensation to the families of soldiers who died in battle, and sent messengers to comfort them. He loved his people, encouraging them to till the field and grow mulberries, and decreasing their labor and tax burdens. He himself lived simply and frugally, and the vessels and clothes he used, even after they became worn out, continued to be patched and used. Except at feasts, his meals would contain a single meat dish. The clothes of the palace women were continued to be used even after they were washed. Based on his influence, during his reign, men only wore cotton and cloth, not silk, and their decorations were made of copper, iron, bones, and horns, not gold, silver, or gemstones. There were bountiful productions of food and textile, so much so that the storage was insufficient for them. At the start of his reign, the census rolls only had less than four million households, but at the end of his reign, there were almost nine million households, and Ji Province by itself contained one million households. However, he was suspicious, critical, and picky, believing many alienating words of his officials. Therefore, even of those with the most accomplishments and his old friends, not one was able to maintain the relationship from start to end. He even treated his own sons as enemies. These were his faults.

1480:

Empress Dugu hinted as such, Gao Jiong stated clear opposition. Meanwhile, Emperor Wen himself had engaged in sexual relations with Yuchi Jiong's granddaughter, who had been made a servant after her grandfather's defeat—and when Empress Dugu found out, she had Yuchi Jiong's granddaughter killed. Emperor Wen was exceedingly angry and rode away from the palace on a horse, returning to the palace only at the urging of Gao and Yang Su—but with Gao further angering Empress Dugu when Gao referred to her as "a woman." In 599, Gao was accused of associating with Wang Shiji and removed from his posts. Subsequently, Gao was accused of cursing Emperor Wen, but when the sentence of death was recommended, Emperor Wen commented that he could not kill Gao soon after killing Yu and Wang, and therefore only reduced Gao to commoner rank.

685:), but continued to exercise imperial powers. On one occasion, he became so suspicious of Yang Jian that he stated to Empress Yang, "I will surely slaughter your clan!" He then summoned Yang Jian to the palace, with instructions to kill him if his expressions betrayed any worries, but Yang Jian arrived without showing any unusual emotions, and avoided being killed. On another occasion, Empress Yang displeased Emperor Xuan, and Emperor Xuan ordered her to commit suicide. When Duchess Dugu heard this, she went to the palace to beg Emperor Xuan's forgiveness, and Emperor Xuan eventually spared Empress Yang. 828: 1233:) which is no longer extant but thought to be a work about loyalty to Sui and ordered that all former Chen subjects read and memorize it, leading to further resentment. When a rumor spread that Sui would move Chen subjects into the Guanzhong region in 590, nearly all of former Chen realm rose in rebellion, but in an unorganized manner. Emperor Wen sent Yang Su to quell the rebellions, and the rebels were no match for Yang Su; within the year, the rebellions were put down. 1450:) serving as the commander of the navy, to attack Goguryeo. However, the forces ran into food supply problems, and the ships ran into a storm and suffered great losses. Both at sea and on the ground, Goguryeo forces inflicted heavy losses on the Sui forces. Nevertheless, King Yeongyang ceased his raids into China and so Emperor Wen called off the campaign against Goguryeo, unable to commit yet another enormous force to punish Goguryeo after the recent losses. As King 3082: 1402:), was poisoned, but not to death, by his jealous wife Princess Cui. After Yang Jun was taken back to Chang'an for treatment, Emperor Wen discovered that Yang Jun had been wasteful at his post, and removed him from all of his offices, allowing him to only retain the title of imperial prince. When Princess Cui's poisoning was discovered, Emperor Wen ordered Yang Jun to divorce her, and subsequently ordered her to commit suicide. When Liu Sheng ( 1053:, but on the way, Gao was killed by his own subordinates, ending the last bit of Northern Qi resistance. After the defeat, the various subordinate khans further engaged in battles among themselves and against Ashina Shetu, with Sui watching by, refusing to give aid to any side. By 584, Ashina Shetu submitted to Sui, and even the resentful Princess Qianjin referred to Emperor Wen as "father." He created her the Princess Dayi. 3448: 1467:) command a three-pronged attack against Ashina Yongyulü, with Yang Liang in nominal command but not at the frontline. In response, Ashina Yongyulü and Ashina Dianjue made a joint attack against Ashina Rangan, defeating him and largely seizing his tribe. Ashina Rangan fled to Sui, and Emperor Wen treated him as an honored guest. Subsequently, both Gao Jiong and Yang Su engaged Göktürk forces and repelled them. 1246:) offered his daughter to be a concubine for Emperor Wen. Emperor Wen accepted the peace offer but declined the offer of Murong Shifu's daughter. (It was, however, around this time that he did take Chen Shubao's sister and another woman from Jiankang, Consort Cai, as concubines, although it appeared likely that Consort Cai was never able to have sexual relations with Emperor Wen while Empress Dugu was alive; 1289:, with Yang Su in charge of the project. The palace was far more luxurious than Emperor Wen expected, and its construction cost many lives. (When it was completed in spring 595 and Emperor Wen visited the palace, he was initially very displeased with Yang Su, but Empress Dugu persuaded him that Yang Su knew that he had little other entertainment, and she awarded Yang Su much treasure to show appreciation.) 3438: 42: 1148:. In response, Emperor Wen abolished Western Liang, directly seizing its territory, while creating Emperor Jing the Duke of Ju. Emperor Wen, who had been planning to conquer Chen for years, now further enhanced his planning in earnest. In spring 588, Emperor Wen publicly announced a campaign against Chen, commanded by Yang Guang, another of his sons 1191:, who was making a final attempt to repel Heruo and Han's forces from Jiankang, and Jiankang fell immediately after. Chen Shubao was captured but not harmed. Rather, he and his clan members were transported to Chang'an, where Emperor Wen treated them as honored guests. Some Chen generals briefly resisted, but soon the Sui had control. The 2295:"Kutao" (苦桃) who was the wife of Yang Zhong. Lü Yongji's identity as Yang Jian's maternal cousin was eventually verified, and Yang Jian posthumously honored his maternal grandfather Lü Shuangzhou (吕双周) and grandmother Lady Yao. (高祖外家吕氏，其族盖微，平齐之后，求访不知所在。至开皇初，济南郡上言，有男子吕永吉，自称有姑字苦桃，为杨忠妻。勘验知是舅子，始追赠外祖双周为上柱国、太尉、八州诸军事、青州刺史，封齐郡公，谥曰敬，外祖母姚氏为齐敬公夫人。) 805:). In spring 581, he had Emperor Jing yield the throne to him, ending Northern Zhou and establishing Sui dynasty, as its Emperor Wen. (His use of "Sui" as his new dynasty name was typical of Chinese historical dynastic transitions—using the old fief name as the new dynasty's name—but he, believing that the character for his fief Sui ( 1221:, who had been key in his takeover of power as regent and who had contributed to the strategies in conquering Chen, Emperor Wen, believing in several false accusations against Li, removed Li from his office and made him a provincial governor. Li would not return to the central government for the rest of his life. 1563:

How Emperor Wen died, however, is a matter of historical controversy. Most traditional historians relay and believe an account in which, while Emperor Wen was ill, Yang Guang tried to rape Consort Chen. When she reported the attempted rape to Emperor Wen, he became angry and had the officials Liu Shu

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Also in 597, Ashina Rangan arrived at Chang'an, and Emperor Wen gave him the daughter of a clansman, whom he created the Princess Anyi, to be his wife, and awarded Ashina Rangan with much treasure, to try to break the bond between him and Ashina Yongyulü. From this point on, whenever Ashina Yongyulü

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and the official Yu Qingze (ted zhang), Su Wei was removed from office. After Su Wei's removal, Yang Su and Gao Jiong became effectively the co-prime ministers. When Heruo Bi, who believed that he should have been prime minister, complained, Emperor Wen removed him from his post as well and stripped

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Gaozu was by nature cautious and solemn, and he always made sure that his orders are carried out, whether it be an order for an affirmative act or for a prohibition. He got up early in the morning to host imperial gatherings, and he would not appear tired even after noon. Although he was himself

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In winter 599, Emperor Wen created Ashina Rangan Qimin Khan, and commissioned Zhangsun Sheng to build the city of Dali (大利, in modern Hohhot) to house Ashian Rangan's people, and also sent an army to protect Ashina Rangan. By now, the Princess Anyi had died, and Emperor Wen married another daughter

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By this point, Yang Yong the Crown Prince had lost the favor of both Emperor Wen and Empress Dugu, over his being overly wasteful (which displeased Emperor Wen) and having many concubines (which displeased Empress Dugu). They therefore considered deposing him and replacing him with Yang Guang. When

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Ashina Rangan (son of Ashina Chuluohou) that he would let Ashina Rangan marry a Sui princess if Ashina Rangan was able to get Princess Dayi killed. Ashina Rangan, in response, accused Princess Dayi of adultery, and Ashina Yongyulü killed her and requested another marriage with Sui. Instead, Emperor

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crown prince; he created his brothers and his other sons imperial princes. He initially created Northern Zhou's Emperor Jing the Duke of Jie, but soon slaughtered all grandsons of Yuwen Tai, and eventually put the Duke of Jie to death as well. He entrusted most of the important governmental matters

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Also in 602, Yang Guang, believing that Yang Xiu would eventually create trouble for him, had Yang Su collect evidence of Yang Xiu's wastefulness and use of items that were only appropriate for emperors. Yang Su submitted the evidence to Emperor Wen, and Emperor Wen, in anger, recalled Yang Xiu to

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Yang Jian (r. 581–604), the founder of the Sui dynasty, was a member of the ethnically mixed, militaristic northwestern Chinese aristocracy developed during the period of division. The Yang clan had served, and intermarried with the Xianbei for generations. (...) Although he was a product of the

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Also in 597, Emperor Wen felt that the punishment for official misconduct was too light, and authorized that supervising officials would be permitted to batter their subordinates with large canes if they felt that the legally prescribed punishment was too light in comparison to the degree of

1490:), to marry Ashina Rangan. Soon thereafter, Ashina Yongyulü was assassinated, and Ashina Dianjue declared himself Bujia Khan. In summer 600, Ashina Dianjue attacked Ashina Rangan, and Sui forces fought off Ashina Dianjue's attack, further causing Ashina Rangan to be grateful to Sui. 799:) the Prince of Yue and their sons to death, and after Yuchi was defeated, he began to slaughter the Yuwen clan in earnest. He also had Emperor Jing promote his titles quickly, and he changed his surname back to Yang. Around the new year 581, his title was promoted to Prince of Sui ( 1002:

In 582, believing that Chang'an was too small of a city, Emperor Wen built a new capital nearby, which he named Daxing, and in spring 583 he moved the capital to Daxing. (From that point forward, Daxing and Chang'an became interchangeable names, although by the time of succeeding

605:). A Buddhist nun was impressed with Yang Jian's appearance, and raised him in his early years. Yang Jian attended the imperial college for the sons of the nobility and high officials. When he was 14 years old, he was appointed to serve in the military under Yuwen Tai. 1224:

After Chen was conquered, Sui began to apply its laws over Chen's former territory—which brought resentment from the gentry, as they had been treated preferentially under Chen and its predecessor dynasties in the south. Su Wei further wrote a work known as the

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In fall 587, Emperor Wen summoned Western Liang's Emperor Jing to Chang'an to meet him. Emperor Jing complied with the direction. While Emperor Jing was away, however, Emperor Wen, believing that Jiangling would not be guarded well, sent his general Cui Hongdu

654:) were said to have suggested that Emperor Wu execute Yang Jian, but Emperor Wu resisted. Still, Yang Jian heard rumors and tried to hide his own talent to avoid trouble. It was not until 575 when Emperor Wu involved Yang Jian in a major campaign against rival 503:(Linyi) in the south. By the end of Emperor Wen's reign, the Göktürks had split into an eastern and a western khaganate, the eastern one being nominally submissive to Sui, as was Goguryeo. Champa was defeated and, while not conquered, did not remain a threat. 1457:

Also in 598, Cuan Wan rebelled again, and Yang Xiu accused Shi of accepting bribes from Cuan earlier. Emperor Wen considered executing Shi, but ultimately chose only to remove him from his posts, and it appeared soon after Shi was restored to his post.

914:. Agreeing with some officials' assertions that Northern Zhou fell because its imperial princes lacked power to protect the central government, he sent his sons out to key provinces with broad powers. He further commissioned the official Pei Zheng ( 736:

Yang immediately pleased the officials at the capital by abolishing the wastefulness and cruel policies of Emperor Xuan, and he himself demonstrated both hard work and frugality, which impressed the people. Fearful of the intentions of the general

1377:), who might have been related to Li Guangshi, rebelled at Gui Province, and Emperor Wen sent Yu Qingze the Duke of Lu to attack Li Shixian; Yu was successful in suppressing the rebellion. Subsequently, however, Yu's brother-in-law Zhao Shizhu ( 644:, and further honored Yang Jian. It was said that, however, that Yang Jian was so unusual in his appearance that some of Emperor Wu's close associates suspected Yang Jian of eventually harboring treasonous intent. Both Emperor Wu's brother 1273:

Also in 592, Emperor Wen, reacting to an overflowing abundance of food and silk in the governmental stores, reduced the taxes heavily, and he also sent messengers around central China, redistributing land to give the poor farming land.

1499:) falsely accuse Yang Yong of plotting treason. Emperor Wen deposed Yang Yong and replaced him with Yang Guang. Emperor Wen also put a number of officials whom he believed to be part of Yang Yong's faction, including Shi and Yuan Min ( 1524:

the capital. After Yang Xiu arrived at the capital, Yang Guang further manufactured evidence that Yang Xiu had cursed Emperor Wen and Yang Liang. In anger, Emperor Wen reduced Yang Xiu to commoner rank and put him under house arrest.

1582:) to kill Emperor Wen, and Zhang did so. Soon thereafter, he forced Consorts Chen and Cai to become his concubines and had Yang Yong put to death, and only then announced Emperor Wen's death and took the throne (as Emperor Yang). 1099:) the Duke of Qi, and Liu Fang the Duke of Shu—all three of whom were friends of Emperor Wen but all of whom believed that they had been slighted by Emperor Wen—were accused of plotting rebellion, and all three were executed. 1345:) the Duke of Taiping against Cuan, forcing him to surrender. Initially, Shi was to take Cuan to Chang'an to be presented to Emperor Wen, but Cuan bribed Shi, and so Shi allowed him to stay. Also in 597, Li Guangshi ( 1183:). Meanwhile, Yang Su was advancing from the west down the Yangtze, and Yang Jun was stationed in the middle Yangtze region, cutting off any Chen forces that might have been able to come to the aid of Chen's capital 749:), he summoned Yuchi back to the capital. Yuchi, however, refused, and believing that Yang's intentions were to usurp the throne, rose at Xiang Province against Yang. He was supported by the generals Sima Xiaonan ( 792:

During Yuchi's campaign, Zhou princes like Yuwen Xian Prince of Bi and Yuwen Zhao made attempts to assassinate Yang, but failed. In response, Yang put Yuwen Xian, Yuwen Zhao and Zhao's younger brother Yuwen Sheng

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In 594, in response to another famine in the Guanzhong region, Emperor Wen again temporarily took up residence in Luoyang. He also, to share in some of his people's suffering, abstained from meat for a year.

2279:, vol.01. The Lü clan was of humble origins, and after Lady Lü left her maternal family, the Yang clan lost contact with the Lüs for some time. An attempt was made to locate the Lüs after the destruction of 2922: 1265:), was losing out against Su Kui over a debate as to the designation of official music styles for Sui. In anger, He Tuo accused Su Wei of factionalism, and after investigation by Emperor Wen's son 1319:

Also in spring 595, Emperor Wen ordered that no weapons be held by private individuals and that all of them be collected and destroyed, although he exempted the border provinces from this edict.

1576:) the Duke of Longgu summon Yang Yong, intending to restore him. When Yang Guang found out, he, in association with Yang Su, had Liu and Yuan arrested, and then sent his associate Zhang Heng ( 1316:. Emperor Wen declined to carry out a full set of ceremonies due to its costs, but in spring 595 carried out an abbreviated version to seek blessings from the gods due to the ongoing drought. 661:

In 578, Emperor Wu died, and Yuwen Yun took the throne as Emperor Xuan. Emperor Xuan immediately began to show erratic behavior, and while he created Yang Jian's daughter Crown Princess Yang

487:. Economically, the nation prospered. It was said that there was enough food stored for 50 years. The military was also powerful. At the beginning of his reign, Sui faced the threat of the 1387:

misconduct. Further, also believing that there was too much theft and robbery throughout the realm, he increased the punishment for theft to death—a law that he subsequently abolished.

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period was over, and Sui had united China. Much as how he had torn down Yecheng after Yuchi defeat, Emperor Wen tore down Jiankang, establishing only a minor garrison at the nearby

709:) to prepare for the campaign against Chen. Before Yang Jian could depart, however, Emperor Xuan suddenly grew seriously ill. Two of Emperor Xuan's close associates, Liu Fang ( 510:. Although he might have had additional concubines not documented by traditional historians, this is the fewest for an adult Chinese emperor, surpassed only by the monogamous 894:(內侍省—note different tone and character versus 'legislative bureau')), with two additional independent agencies, 11 other independent departments, and 12 military commands. 632:, Yang Jian was further promoted in military authority. After Yang Zhong's death in 568, he inherited the title of Duke of Sui. In 573, Emperor Wu took Yang Jian's daughter 852:

and authoritarian government." Emperor Wen abolished Northern Zhou's governmental organization of six departments, instead establishing five main bureaus—executive bureau (

1138:) the Prince of Yixing instead believed that Cui was intending to attack the city, and they took the populace of the city and surrendered to the Chen general Chen Huiji ( 920:) to carry out a project of simplifying the penal code and decrease the penalty from the harsh laws—a reform that was later largely accepted by the succeeding dynasties. 530:

Yang Jian was a member of the northwestern Chinese military aristocracy which had arisen during the previous period of division, and he had served as a general under the

2931: 2886: 1043:) the Prince of Wei to command a major attack against Ashina Shetu. Yang Shuang achieved a great victory, and part of his army, commanded by the general Yin Shou ( 995:

In 581, Emperor Wen commissioned a major attack on Chen, and while it was initially successful, Emperor Wen withdrew the attack in spring 582 after hearing that

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came to the throne later that year, Yang Jian was made the vice minister of internal affairs, and he was created the greater title of Duke of Daxing Commandery (

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In 599, after Ashina Rangan reported that Ashina Yongyulü was planning to attack, Emperor Wen took preemptive action and had Gao Jiong, Yang Su, and Yan Rong (

1060:, on account of its sandbars and treacherous waters, was becoming too difficult of a route for food transport to Daxing, commissioned the official Yuwen Kai ( 3542: 2918: 1444:

the Prince of Han and Wang Shiji to serve as commanding generals, with Gao Jiong serving as Yang Liang's assistant, and the former Chen general Zhou Luohou (

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In 596, Emperor Wen created a daughter of a clansman the Princess Guanghua and married her to Murong Shifu, to cement the peaceful relations with Tuyuhun.

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By spring 583, the Göktürks' internal dissension had become serious enough that Emperor Wen felt comfortable enough to commission his brother Yang Shuang (

2275:, Lady Lü once fell ill for three years. Yang Jian waited on her day and night, earning him a reputation of being very filial. (后征还，遇皇妣寝疾三年，昼夜不离左右，代称纯孝。) 3537: 3532: 3527: 992:) – to create dissension within the Göktürks, and gradually, the strategy worked, causing the Göktürks to be unable to take unified actions against Sui. 721:), who were friends of Yang's, summoned Yang to the palace to prepare to serve as regent, overriding the desire of another closet associate, Yan Zhiyi ( 897:

He posthumously honored his father Yang Zhong and mother Lady Lü as emperor and empress. He created his wife Duchess Dugu empress and their oldest son

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Emperor Wen also established seven orchestras comprising musicians from across Asia at his court; these orchestras were expanded to nine by his son

618:, impressed with Yang Jian, gave his daughter, Empress Dugu Qieluo, to Yang and made her his wife. He was 16, and she was 13. After Yuwen Tai's son 2953: 1516:

In 602, Empress Dugu died, and Emperor Wen was greatly saddened. Thereafter, he began to engage in sexual relations with his concubines, favoring

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In 555, on account of Yang Zhong's accomplishments, Yang Jian received several official ranks, including the title of the Duke of Chengji County (

3081: 1250:, as the sister of a submissive former sovereign, might have had sexual relations with Emperor Wen on an infrequent basis, but it is not clear.) 733:) the Prince of Zhao appointed regent. Emperor Xuan soon died, and Zheng and Liu issued an edict in Emperor Xuan's name appointing Yang regent. 2765: 2902: 3517: 3512: 2544: 2457: 2411: 2384: 2341: 1540:

In spring 604, Emperor Wen, as per his custom, went to Renshou Palace to avoid the heat, despite warnings from the sorcerer Zhangchou Taiyi (

665:, he suspected Yang Jian deeply, although he made Yang Jian the minister of defense. In 579, Emperor Xuan passed the throne to his young son 1421:

executed his brothers, the lords of Guan and Cai, for their crimes. I am nowhere as capable as the Duke of Zhou, so I can break my own laws?

3497: 2874: 2870: 1476:) accusing Wang of treason after Wang refused to shield Huangfu after he committed crimes, Emperor Wen believed Huangfu and executed Wang. 1312:

Late in 594, Yang Guang submitted a petition that Emperor Wen carry out the ancient ceremonies of worshipping the heaven and earth gods at

2862: 1034:, however, Emperor Wen reestablished the post of commandant of Jiangling and again put Western Liang territory under military control.) 1493:

In fall 600, with Yang Guang and Yang Su forming a faction, with tacit support of Empress Dugu, they had Yang Yong's associate Ji Wei (

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I am the father of just five sons, not the father of all people over the land. If I agreed with you, does that mean I have to draft a

658:. Yang Jian also participated in the 576–577 campaign that saw Emperor Wu being able to destroy Northern Qi and seize its territory. 1603: 785:

defeated Yuchi, and Yuchi committed suicide. Wang was also soon defeated, and Sima fled to Chen. To prevent Yuchi's headquarters at

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him of his ducal title, but restored the ducal title a year later. (Su Wei, however, was back in his post at the latest by 595.)

3482: 1192: 3547: 3492: 3487: 3403: 3472: 2898: 2596: 2592: 1669: 1031: 1011: 849: 815:, denoting "walking" and therefore a lack of permanence in the regime, removed "辶" from the character, rendering it "隋".) 666: 637: 619: 457: 923:

Emperor Wen did not maintain as submissive a relationship with the Göktürks, which brought resentment from the Göktürks'

460:. When the erratic Emperor Xuan died in 580, Yang, as his father-in-law, seized power as regent. After defeating General 3567: 1383:), who had an affair with Yu's concubine, falsely accused Yu of treason, and around the new year 598, Yu was executed. 1015: 464:, who resisted him, he seized the throne for himself, establishing the new Sui dynasty. Yang Jian was the first ethnic 2946: 1427:

would prepare to attack, Ashina Rangan would report his plans to Emperor Wen, allowing Sui forces to become prepared.

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origins but had intermarried with the Xianbei for generations. Yang Jian's clan specifically claimed descent from the

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to be used again as a base of opposition against him, Yang Jian had Yecheng (Northern Qi's old capital) torn down.

511: 1408:) and Yang Su suggested that the punishment against Yang Jun was overly severe, Emperor Wen responded to Yang Su: 438: 2331: 1152:

the Prince of Qin, and Yang Su, with Yang Guang in overall command. Gao Jiong served as Yang Guang's assistant.

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mixed-ethnicity northern aristocracy, Yang Jian made a point of emphasizing Han Chinese cultural identity.

1758: 1537:) tribes, surrendered to Ashina Rangan. By now, Ashina Rangan became the undisputed khan of the Göktürks. 1266: 1080:. Nevertheless, on account of a famine in Guanzhong in fall 584, Emperor Wen briefly took up residence in 175: 20: 2524: 1454:

offered assistance to Sui during the campaign, this precipitated a conflict between Goguryeo and Baekje.

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through the state. He is regarded as one of the most important emperors in Chinese history, reunifying

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Also in 593, knowing that the Princess Dayi was still resentful of him, Emperor Wen had the official

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under Yuwen's regency. Yang Jian's mother was Lady Lü, who gave birth to him in a Buddhist temple in

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deeply, and he might not have had sexual relations with his concubines until after her death in 602.

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This article is about Yang Jian (楊堅), the founding emperor of the Sui dynasty. For his grandson, see

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Wen agreed to marry a princess to Ashina Rangan, in order to create greater friction between them.

1027: 911: 477: 442: 165: 84: 3006: 2482: 1813: 1517: 1247: 938:. Ishbara therefore carried out a series of border attacks against Sui, allied with Gao Baoning ( 539: 3388: 3352: 3263: 3133: 3113: 3267: 3229: 3213: 3172: 3168: 3137: 3109: 3069: 3049: 2540: 2453: 2447: 2407: 2380: 2337: 1741: 1547: 1391: 1149: 962:), Emperor Wen carried out the strategy of placating Ishbara's subordinate qaγans—his cousins 170: 152: 2271:

Historical records have very little to say on Lady Lü. According to Yang Jian's biography in

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Generally speaking, Emperor Wen's reign was a great period of prosperity, not seen since the

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era of his reign. This corresponds to 13 Aug 604 in the Julian calendar. (丁未，崩于大宝殿，时年六十四。)

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In spring 587, continuing his canal-building regime, Emperor Wen built the Shanyang Canal (

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In 593, Emperor Wen commissioned a summer vacation palace, Renshou Palace (仁壽宮, in modern

1237: 944:), the former Northern Qi general who was still holding Ying Province (營州, roughly modern 594: 515: 291: 3164: 3125: 2963: 1371:) against Li, and Zhou was able to defeat and kill Li. However, in the fall, Li Shixian ( 3347: 1591: 953: 924: 883: 678: 488: 223: 3466: 3342: 3317: 3206: 2292: 1278: 1109: 1050: 935: 535: 449: 1022:, permitting Western Liang a degree of self-governance. He also took Emperor Ming's 3398: 3393: 2291:

informed that a man named Lü Yongji (吕永吉) claimed to have a paternal aunt with the

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dynasty. Yang Jian emphasized Han Chinese cultural identity throughout his reign.

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had died and believing it wrongful to attack a state whose emperor had just died.

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The Cambridge History of China, Volume 3: Sui and T'ang China, 589–906 AD, Part 1

1076:), greatly easing the transport of food and other supplies to the capital region 3191: 2775: 2613: 2600: 2563: 2477: 2280: 1632: 1597: 1286: 1145: 1030:

the Prince of Jin. (After Emperor Ming's death in 585 and succession by his son

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official, Yang Jian served with apparent distinction during the reigns of the

364: 239: 185: 180: 3383: 3367: 2822: 1440:), fought off the Goguryeo attack, Emperor Wen was angered. He sent his son 1434:

attacked Ying Province, and while the governor of Ying Province, Wei Chong (

1313: 1188: 1162: 1077: 1067: 1057: 903: 786: 670: 586: 561: 430: 50: 41: 934:, Yuwen Zhao's daughter, particularly hated Emperor Wen for destroying the 3332: 3327: 2817: 1351:), the chief of the aborigine people in Gui Province (桂州, roughly modern 1218: 1184: 949: 945: 702: 615: 496: 434: 422: 2403:"This Culture of Ours": Intellectual Transitions in T?ang and Sung China 1557: 1395: 1356: 1282: 1166: 1081: 928: 907: 778: 774: 756: 662: 602: 550:

general Yang Zhen. Yang Zhen's eighth-generation descendant Yang Xuan (

531: 400: 349: 339: 1560:

mausoleum, with Empress Dugu (though not in the same burial chamber).

1399: 1352: 1336: 1332: 1293: 1196: 742: 598: 500: 781:). However, just 68 days after Yuchi rose in rebellion, the general 741:, who was then the commandant at Xiang Province (相州, roughly modern 2976:(includes chieftains, members, noblemen, consorts and descendants) 1180: 963: 826: 760: 746: 706: 492: 121: 1010:

Also in 582, Emperor Wen, thankful for the refusal by the vassal

429:

in 589 after centuries of division since the independence of the

1394:

the Prince of Qin, the commandant at Bing Province (并州, roughly

2935: 2747: 1116:

to improve the transport of material between those two rivers.

2376:

Liu Tsung-yüan and Intellectual Change in T'ang China, 773–819

2333:

Xun Xu and the Politics of Precision in Third-Century Ad China

1470:

Also in 599, with Wang Shiji's subordinate Huangfu Xiaoxie (

1359:), also rebelled. Emperor Wen sent the generals Wang Shiji ( 1259:), who, despite his senior status over Su Wei's son Su Kui ( 844:

records Emperor Wen as having withdrawn his favour from the

628:). Subsequently, during the reign of Emperor Ming's brother 1331:), the chief of the Nanning Tribe (南寧夷, located in modern 1217:

In 590, apparently jealous of the talent of the official

1296:

inform the cousin and subordinate khan to the Göktürks'

1240:

sought peace and, as per custom, its khan Murong Shifu (

1070:, parallel to the Wei River, named the Guangtong Canal ( 1014:

to support Yuchi Jiong in 580, withdrew his forces from

1527:

In 603, Ashina Dianjue, faced with rebellions from the

472:

after the Xianbei people conquered the region from the

1339:), rebelled. Emperor Wen sent the general Shi Wansui ( 755:), the commandant at Xun Province (勛州, roughly modern 693:

In summer 581, with Emperor Xuan intending to conquer

2308:

According to Emperor Wen's biography, he died on the

1484:

of a clansman, whom he created the Princess Yicheng (

1007:, the new capital was known again just as Chang'an.) 1187:. Heruo soon defeated and captured the Chen general 589:, who later became prominent in the politics of the 538:. Yang Jian's family was the Yang clan of Hongnong ( 3376: 3298: 3278: 3254: 3247: 3240: 3224: 3205: 3190: 3183: 3159: 3152: 3096: 3089: 3060: 3036: 3024: 3017: 2989: 2982: 2810: 2782: 1049:), defeated Gao, forcing Gao to try to flee to the 556:) served as a commandery governor for a Yan state ( 370: 360: 348: 338: 312: 290: 259: 210: 151: 141: 131: 110: 94: 90: 80: 72: 65: 30: 518:of Ming. Emperor Wen loved and respected his wife 441:in 304. During his reign, the construction of the 16:First emperor of the Chinese Sui dynasty (541–604) 1161:) crossed the Yangtze at Jingkou (京口, in modern 681:(with the atypical title of "Emperor Tianyuan" ( 1609: 1175:) crossed the Yangtze at Caishi (采石, in modern 1126:) to Jiangling. Emperor Jing's uncle Xiao Yan ( 585:), a follower of the late-Northern Wei general 506:Emperor Wen is also famous for having only two 1672:(559–580) in 573, and had issue (one daughter) 952:). In response, under advice from the general 568:, and his descendants subsequently served the 389:; 21 July 541 – 13 August 604), personal name 2947: 2759: 2379:. Cambridge University Press. pp. 195–. 1831: 1819: 1803: 1789: 1780: 1771: 1762: 1745: 1731: 1722: 1713: 1701: 1687: 1678: 1660: 1654: 1642: 1636: 1577: 1571: 1565: 1551: 1541: 1532: 1500: 1494: 1485: 1471: 1462: 1445: 1435: 1403: 1378: 1372: 1366: 1360: 1346: 1340: 1326: 1260: 1254: 1241: 1200: 1170: 1156: 1139: 1133: 1127: 1121: 1103: 1094: 1088: 1071: 1061: 1044: 1038: 987: 977: 967: 957: 939: 915: 877: 867: 857: 806: 800: 794: 764: 750: 728: 722: 716: 710: 649: 636:to be the wife and crown princess of his son 623: 609: 580: 551: 421:. As a Buddhist, he encouraged the spread of 408: 394: 384: 321: 299: 278: 269: 243: 227: 8: 2406:. Stanford University Press. pp. 505–. 2312:day of the 7th month of the 4th year of the 727:), to have Emperor Xuan's uncle Yuwen Zhao ( 697:, he sent Yang Jian to be the commandant at 1564:(柳述, the husband of his daughter Yang Awu ( 648:the Prince of Qi and the general Wang Gui ( 3437: 3251: 3244: 3187: 3156: 3093: 3021: 2986: 2954: 2940: 2932: 2766: 2752: 2744: 2554: 2154:Lü Kutao (posthumously "Empress Yuanming") 1845: 1066:) to construct a canal between Daxing and 40: 27: 1940:(posthumously "Emperor Wu Yuan", 507–568) 1788:Married Liu Shu of Hedong, Duke Jian'an ( 1155:In spring 589, the Sui general Heruo Bi ( 2452:. Hackett Publishing. pp. 167–168. 2264: 1595:, borrowing parts of analyses from the 2494: 2062: 2058: 2048: 1954: 1854: 1850: 1570:) the Princess Lanling) and Yuan Yan ( 1132:) the Prince of Anping and Xiao Huan ( 476:(not counting the brief reconquest by 207: 2441: 2439: 2211: 2208: 2198: 2186: 2176: 2172: 2168: 2156: 2153: 2143: 2131: 2121: 2117: 2105: 2102: 2092: 2080: 2070: 2066: 2045: 2035: 2023: 2013: 2009: 1997: 1994: 1984: 1972: 1962: 1958: 1942: 1936: 1926: 1914: 1904: 1900: 1888: 1885: 1875: 1862: 1858: 1026:as the wife and princess to his son, 848:, giving it to "the group advocating 7: 1253:In spring 592, the official He Tuo ( 1087:In 586, the officials Liang Shiyan ( 3543:Political office-holders in Jiangsu 3301:and descendants of the Yujiulü clan 1641:; 544–602), personal name Jialuo ( 1169:), and the Sui general Han Qinhu ( 1056:In summer 584, believing that the 14: 3538:Political office-holders in Anhui 3533:Political office-holders in Hebei 3528:Political office-holders in Hubei 1730:Married Yuwen Jingli, Duke Ande ( 1686:Married Li Changya, Duke Heyang ( 1659:; 561–609), personal name Lihua ( 1604:History of the Northern Dynasties 1415:Penal Code for the Emperor's Sons 468:ruler to control the entirety of 3447: 3446: 3436: 3080: 2362:. The Museum. 1992. p. 154. 2283:, without success. Early in the 1505:) the Duke of Wuyuan, to death. 1144:), the cousin to Chen's emperor 1093:) the Duke of Cheng, Yuwen Xin ( 1390:Also in 597, Emperor Wen's son 1193:Northern and Southern dynasties 677:) (as Emperor Jing) and became 1818:, of the Yingchuan Chen clan ( 409: 395: 385: 279: 270: 244: 228: 1: 2887:5 Dynasties & 10 Kingdoms 2597:Emperor Jing of Western Liang 2593:Emperor Jing of Northern Zhou 2446:Tanner, Harold Miles (2009). 1032:Emperor Jing of Western Liang 1012:Emperor Ming of Western Liang 620:Emperor Ming of Northern Zhou 54: 3518:7th-century Chinese monarchs 3513:6th-century Chinese monarchs 2046:Emperor Wen of Sui (541–604) 1417:? Even a man as kind as the 3498:Taoists from Imperial China 3299:Members, noblemen, consorts 2525:"The Sui dynasty (581–617)" 2506:Creel, What Is Taoism?, 112 1776:; 573–604), fifth daughter 1736:), and had issue (two sons) 76:4 March 581 – 13 August 604 49:portrait of Emperor Wen by 3584: 2537:Cambridge University Press 2330:Howard L. Goodman (2010). 2287:era of Yang Jian's reign, 2060: 1948: 1852: 1635:, of the Henan Dugu clan ( 512:Emperor Fei of Western Wei 67:Emperor of the Sui dynasty 18: 3553:Chinese Buddhist monarchs 3427: 3078: 2836: 2801: 2727: 2720: 2712: 2705: 2695: 2690: 2683: 2676: 2671: 2664: 2650: 2637: 2630: 2620: 2605: 2589: 2584: 2557: 2192: 2174: 2170: 2162: 2137: 2119: 2111: 2086: 2068: 2064: 2029: 2011: 2003: 1978: 1960: 1956: 1920: 1902: 1894: 1869: 1856: 1832: 1820: 1804: 1790: 1781: 1772: 1763: 1746: 1732: 1723: 1714: 1702: 1688: 1679: 1661: 1655: 1643: 1637: 1578: 1572: 1566: 1552: 1542: 1533: 1501: 1495: 1486: 1472: 1463: 1446: 1436: 1404: 1379: 1373: 1367: 1361: 1347: 1341: 1327: 1261: 1255: 1242: 1201: 1171: 1157: 1140: 1134: 1128: 1122: 1104: 1095: 1089: 1072: 1062: 1045: 1039: 988: 978: 968: 958: 940: 916: 878: 868: 858: 807: 801: 795: 765: 751: 729: 723: 717: 711: 650: 624: 610: 581: 552: 491:in the north, neighbored 322: 319: 300: 297: 264: 215: 206: 39: 927:. The qaγan's wife, the 831:Tomb guardian figurine, 3523:Politicians from Weinan 2336:. Brill. pp. 81–. 1779:Married Wang Fengxiao ( 1300:, Ashina Yongyulü, the 872:), legislative bureau ( 862:), examination bureau ( 575:Yang Jian's father was 566:Sixteen Kingdoms Period 3483:Northern Zhou generals 2659:Merged into the Crown 1767:; 573–618), fourth son 1744:, Prince Xiao of Qin ( 1718:; 569–618), second son 1700:, Prince of Fangling ( 1614: 835: 499:in the northeast, and 21:Yang Jian (Sui prince) 3548:Generals from Shaanxi 3493:Sui dynasty Buddhists 3488:Northern Zhou regents 2373:Jo-Shui Chen (2006). 1808:; 575–605), fifth son 1750:; 571–600), third son 1706:; 568–604), first son 1432:Yeongyang of Goguryeo 830: 769:), the commandant at 3473:Sui dynasty emperors 1721:Princess Guangping ( 1628:Consorts and Issue: 1365:) and Zhou Fashang ( 997:Emperor Xuan of Chen 701:(揚州, roughly modern 495:tribes in the west, 413:), was the founding 3568:6th-century regents 2624:Emperor Yang of Sui 2539:. pp. 48–149. 1830:, of the Cai clan ( 1683:), second daughter 1618:Emperor Yang of Sui 1199:as Jiang Province ( 811:) to contain a "辶" 478:Emperor Wu of Liang 439:Western Jin dynasty 437:dynasties from the 105:Western Wei dynasty 2559:Emperor Wen of Sui 2400:Peter Bol (1994). 1886:Yang Zhen (d. 528) 1770:Princess Lanling ( 1727:), third daughter 1665:), first daughter 1325:In 597, Cuan Wan ( 836: 381:Emperor Wen of Sui 193:Princess Guangping 136:Tai Mausoleum (泰陵) 31:Emperor Wen of Sui 3563:Chinese reformers 3558:Founding monarchs 3460: 3459: 3294: 3293: 3290: 3289: 3236: 3235: 3220: 3219: 3148: 3147: 3105: 3076: 3075: 3056: 3055: 2977: 2929: 2928: 2742: 2741: 2738: 2728:Succeeded by 2648: 2621:Succeeded by 2546:978-0-521-21446-9 2529:Twitchett, Dennis 2521:Wright, Arthur F. 2459:978-0-87220-915-2 2413:978-0-8047-6575-6 2386:978-0-521-03010-6 2343:978-90-04-18337-7 2251: 2250: 1802:, Prince of Han ( 1761:, Prince of Shu ( 1548:Yangling District 1520:and Consort Cai. 902:to his officials 763:) and Wang Qian ( 378: 377: 334: 333: 3575: 3450: 3449: 3440: 3439: 3252: 3245: 3188: 3157: 3153:Middle Khaganate 3099: 3094: 3090:Former Khaganate 3084: 3022: 2987: 2968: 2956: 2949: 2942: 2933: 2805: 2774:Emperors of the 2768: 2761: 2754: 2745: 2735:as Prince of Sui 2732: 2713:Preceded by 2678:Duke of Chengji 2666:Chinese nobility 2642: 2638:Preceded by 2608:Emperor of China 2590:Preceded by 2580: 2573: 2555: 2550: 2507: 2504: 2498: 2492: 2486: 2474: 2468: 2467: 2449:China: A History 2443: 2434: 2433: 2424: 2418: 2417: 2397: 2391: 2390: 2370: 2364: 2363: 2354: 2348: 2347: 2327: 2321: 2306: 2300: 2289:Jinan Commandery 2269: 1846: 1835: 1834: 1823: 1822: 1807: 1806: 1793: 1792: 1785:; d. 583) in 580 1784: 1783: 1775: 1774: 1766: 1765: 1749: 1748: 1735: 1734: 1726: 1725: 1717: 1716: 1712:, Emperor Yang ( 1705: 1704: 1691: 1690: 1682: 1681: 1677:Princess Xiang ( 1664: 1663: 1658: 1657: 1646: 1645: 1640: 1639: 1581: 1580: 1575: 1574: 1569: 1568: 1555: 1554: 1545: 1544: 1536: 1535: 1504: 1503: 1498: 1497: 1489: 1488: 1475: 1474: 1466: 1465: 1452:Wideok of Baekje 1449: 1448: 1439: 1438: 1407: 1406: 1382: 1381: 1376: 1375: 1370: 1369: 1364: 1363: 1350: 1349: 1344: 1343: 1330: 1329: 1264: 1263: 1258: 1257: 1245: 1244: 1204: 1203: 1174: 1173: 1160: 1159: 1143: 1142: 1137: 1136: 1131: 1130: 1125: 1124: 1107: 1106: 1098: 1097: 1092: 1091: 1075: 1074: 1065: 1064: 1048: 1047: 1042: 1041: 991: 990: 984:Ashina Chuluohou 981: 980: 971: 970: 961: 960: 943: 942: 932:princess Qianjin 919: 918: 881: 880: 871: 870: 861: 860: 810: 809: 804: 803: 798: 797: 773:(roughly modern 768: 767: 754: 753: 732: 731: 726: 725: 720: 719: 715:) and Zheng Yi ( 714: 713: 683:Tianyuan Huangdi 653: 652: 627: 626: 613: 612: 584: 583: 555: 554: 474:Liu Song dynasty 412: 411: 398: 397: 388: 387: 325: 324: 303: 302: 282: 281: 273: 272: 247: 246: 231: 230: 208: 196:Princess Lanling 120:Renshou Palace, 117: 59: 56: 44: 35: 28: 3583: 3582: 3578: 3577: 3576: 3574: 3573: 3572: 3463: 3462: 3461: 3456: 3423: 3372: 3300: 3286: 3274: 3241:Later Khaganate 3232: 3225:Re-unified rule 3216: 3201: 3179: 3144: 3098: 3085: 3072: 3061:Re-unified rule 3052: 3032: 3013: 2978: 2967: 2966:of Rouran tribe 2960: 2930: 2925: 2832: 2806: 2803: 2799: 2778: 2772: 2731: 2724: 2718: 2702: 2680: 2654: 2641: 2632:Chinese royalty 2626: 2617: 2611: 2603: 2599: 2595: 2574: 2568: 2567: 2560: 2553: 2547: 2519: 2515: 2510: 2505: 2501: 2493: 2489: 2475: 2471: 2460: 2445: 2444: 2437: 2426: 2425: 2421: 2414: 2399: 2398: 2394: 2387: 2372: 2371: 2367: 2356: 2355: 2351: 2344: 2329: 2328: 2324: 2307: 2303: 2270: 2266: 2262: 2257: 2252: 1843: 1754:Fourth daughter 1651:Princess Leping 1633:Empress Wenxian 1626: 1514: 1215: 982:), and brother 825: 691: 679:retired emperor 597:(馮翊, in modern 528: 516:Hongzhi Emperor 417:of the Chinese 308:; lit. "civil") 292:Posthumous name 286: 255: 202: 186:Princess Leping 146:Empress Wenxian 137: 119: 115: 99: 61: 57: 33: 32: 24: 17: 12: 11: 5: 3581: 3579: 3571: 3570: 3565: 3560: 3555: 3550: 3545: 3540: 3535: 3530: 3525: 3520: 3515: 3510: 3505: 3500: 3495: 3490: 3485: 3480: 3475: 3465: 3464: 3458: 3457: 3455: 3454: 3444: 3434: 3428: 3425: 3424: 3422: 3421: 3416: 3411: 3406: 3401: 3396: 3391: 3386: 3380: 3378: 3377:related people 3374: 3373: 3371: 3370: 3365: 3360: 3355: 3350: 3345: 3340: 3335: 3330: 3325: 3320: 3315: 3310: 3304: 3302: 3296: 3295: 3292: 3291: 3288: 3287: 3282: 3280: 3276: 3275: 3258: 3256: 3249: 3242: 3238: 3237: 3234: 3233: 3228: 3226: 3222: 3221: 3218: 3217: 3212: 3210: 3203: 3202: 3197: 3195: 3185: 3181: 3180: 3163: 3161: 3154: 3150: 3149: 3146: 3145: 3108: 3106: 3091: 3087: 3086: 3079: 3077: 3074: 3073: 3064: 3062: 3058: 3057: 3054: 3053: 3040: 3038: 3034: 3033: 3028: 3026: 3019: 3015: 3014: 2993: 2991: 2984: 2980: 2979: 2961: 2959: 2958: 2951: 2944: 2936: 2927: 2926: 2837: 2834: 2833: 2831: 2830: 2825: 2820: 2814: 2812: 2808: 2807: 2802: 2800: 2798: 2797: 2792: 2786: 2784: 2780: 2779: 2773: 2771: 2770: 2763: 2756: 2748: 2740: 2739: 2729: 2726: 2719: 2714: 2710: 2709: 2704: 2694: 2688: 2687: 2682: 2675: 2669: 2668: 2662: 2661: 2656: 2652:Prince of Sui 2649: 2645:as Duke of Sui 2639: 2635: 2634: 2628: 2627: 2622: 2619: 2604: 2591: 2587: 2586: 2585:Regnal titles 2582: 2581: 2561: 2558: 2552: 2551: 2545: 2516: 2514: 2511: 2509: 2508: 2499: 2487: 2469: 2458: 2435: 2419: 2412: 2392: 2385: 2365: 2349: 2342: 2322: 2301: 2263: 2261: 2258: 2256: 2253: 2249: 2248: 2246: 2244: 2242: 2240: 2238: 2236: 2234: 2232: 2230: 2228: 2226: 2224: 2222: 2219: 2218: 2216: 2213: 2212: 2210: 2207: 2204: 2203: 2200: 2199: 2197: 2194: 2193: 2191: 2188: 2187: 2185: 2182: 2181: 2178: 2177: 2175: 2173: 2171: 2169: 2167: 2164: 2163: 2161: 2158: 2157: 2155: 2152: 2149: 2148: 2145: 2144: 2142: 2139: 2138: 2136: 2133: 2132: 2130: 2127: 2126: 2123: 2122: 2120: 2118: 2116: 2113: 2112: 2110: 2107: 2106: 2104: 2101: 2098: 2097: 2094: 2093: 2091: 2088: 2087: 2085: 2082: 2081: 2079: 2076: 2075: 2072: 2071: 2069: 2067: 2065: 2063: 2061: 2059: 2057: 2054: 2053: 2050: 2049: 2047: 2044: 2041: 2040: 2037: 2036: 2034: 2031: 2030: 2028: 2025: 2024: 2022: 2019: 2018: 2015: 2014: 2012: 2010: 2008: 2005: 2004: 2002: 1999: 1998: 1996: 1993: 1990: 1989: 1986: 1985: 1983: 1980: 1979: 1977: 1974: 1973: 1971: 1968: 1967: 1964: 1963: 1961: 1959: 1957: 1955: 1953: 1950: 1949: 1947: 1944: 1943: 1941: 1935: 1932: 1931: 1928: 1927: 1925: 1922: 1921: 1919: 1916: 1915: 1913: 1910: 1909: 1906: 1905: 1903: 1901: 1899: 1896: 1895: 1893: 1890: 1889: 1887: 1884: 1881: 1880: 1877: 1876: 1874: 1871: 1870: 1868: 1865: 1864: 1861: 1859: 1857: 1855: 1853: 1851: 1849: 1844: 1842: 1839: 1838: 1837: 1825: 1811: 1810: 1809: 1797: 1796: 1795: 1786: 1768: 1756: 1751: 1739: 1738: 1737: 1719: 1707: 1695: 1694: 1693: 1675: 1674: 1673: 1625: 1622: 1592:Zizhi Tongjian 1585:The historian 1513: 1507: 1424: 1423: 1227:Five Teachings 1214: 1207: 1108:) between the 954:Zhangsun Sheng 925:Ishbara Qaghan 884:Palace Library 854:Shangshu Sheng 824: 817: 690: 687: 527: 524: 376: 375: 372: 368: 367: 362: 358: 357: 352: 346: 345: 342: 336: 335: 332: 331: 317: 316: 310: 309: 295: 294: 288: 287: 285: 284: 275: 265: 262: 261: 257: 256: 254: 253: 237: 216: 213: 212: 204: 203: 201: 200: 199:Princess Wanan 197: 194: 191: 190:Princess Xiang 188: 183: 178: 173: 168: 163: 157: 155: 149: 148: 143: 139: 138: 135: 133: 129: 128: 118:(aged 63) 112: 108: 107: 96: 92: 91: 88: 87: 82: 78: 77: 74: 70: 69: 63: 62: 58: 600–673 45: 37: 36: 15: 13: 10: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 3580: 3569: 3566: 3564: 3561: 3559: 3556: 3554: 3551: 3549: 3546: 3544: 3541: 3539: 3536: 3534: 3531: 3529: 3526: 3524: 3521: 3519: 3516: 3514: 3511: 3509: 3506: 3504: 3501: 3499: 3496: 3494: 3491: 3489: 3486: 3484: 3481: 3479: 3476: 3474: 3471: 3470: 3468: 3453: 3445: 3443: 3435: 3433: 3430: 3429: 3426: 3420: 3417: 3415: 3412: 3410: 3407: 3405: 3402: 3400: 3399:Ashina Yandou 3397: 3395: 3392: 3390: 3389:Ashina Natalu 3387: 3385: 3382: 3381: 3379: 3375: 3369: 3366: 3364: 3361: 3359: 3356: 3354: 3351: 3349: 3346: 3344: 3341: 3339: 3336: 3334: 3331: 3329: 3326: 3324: 3321: 3319: 3316: 3314: 3311: 3309: 3306: 3305: 3303: 3297: 3285: 3281: 3277: 3273: 3269: 3265: 3261: 3257: 3253: 3250: 3246: 3243: 3239: 3231: 3227: 3223: 3215: 3211: 3208: 3204: 3200: 3196: 3193: 3189: 3186: 3182: 3178: 3174: 3170: 3166: 3162: 3158: 3155: 3151: 3143: 3139: 3135: 3131: 3127: 3123: 3119: 3115: 3111: 3107: 3103: 3095: 3092: 3088: 3083: 3071: 3067: 3063: 3059: 3051: 3047: 3043: 3039: 3035: 3031: 3027: 3023: 3020: 3016: 3012: 3008: 3004: 3000: 2996: 2992: 2988: 2985: 2983:Pre-khaganate 2981: 2975: 2971: 2965: 2957: 2952: 2950: 2945: 2943: 2938: 2937: 2934: 2924: 2920: 2916: 2912: 2908: 2904: 2900: 2896: 2892: 2888: 2884: 2880: 2876: 2872: 2868: 2864: 2860: 2856: 2852: 2848: 2844: 2840: 2835: 2829: 2826: 2824: 2821: 2819: 2816: 2815: 2813: 2809: 2796: 2793: 2791: 2788: 2787: 2785: 2781: 2777: 2769: 2764: 2762: 2757: 2755: 2750: 2749: 2746: 2737: 2736: 2723: 2717: 2711: 2708: 2701: 2700: 2693: 2689: 2686: 2679: 2674: 2670: 2667: 2663: 2660: 2657: 2653: 2647: 2646: 2636: 2633: 2629: 2625: 2616: 2615: 2610: 2609: 2602: 2598: 2594: 2588: 2583: 2578: 2571: 2566: 2565: 2564:House of Yang 2556: 2548: 2542: 2538: 2535:. Cambridge: 2534: 2530: 2526: 2522: 2518: 2517: 2512: 2503: 2500: 2496: 2491: 2488: 2484: 2480: 2479: 2473: 2470: 2466: 2461: 2455: 2451: 2450: 2442: 2440: 2436: 2431: 2430: 2423: 2420: 2415: 2409: 2405: 2404: 2396: 2393: 2388: 2382: 2378: 2377: 2369: 2366: 2361: 2360: 2353: 2350: 2345: 2339: 2335: 2334: 2326: 2323: 2319: 2315: 2311: 2305: 2302: 2298: 2294: 2293:courtesy name 2290: 2286: 2282: 2278: 2274: 2268: 2265: 2259: 2254: 2247: 2245: 2243: 2241: 2239: 2237: 2235: 2233: 2231: 2229: 2227: 2225: 2223: 2221: 2220: 2217: 2215: 2214: 2206: 2205: 2202: 2201: 2196: 2195: 2190: 2189: 2184: 2183: 2180: 2179: 2166: 2165: 2160: 2159: 2151: 2150: 2147: 2146: 2141: 2140: 2135: 2134: 2129: 2128: 2125: 2124: 2115: 2114: 2109: 2108: 2103:Lü Shuangzhou 2100: 2099: 2096: 2095: 2090: 2089: 2084: 2083: 2078: 2077: 2074: 2073: 2056: 2055: 2052: 2051: 2043: 2042: 2039: 2038: 2033: 2032: 2027: 2026: 2021: 2020: 2017: 2016: 2007: 2006: 2001: 2000: 1992: 1991: 1988: 1987: 1982: 1981: 1976: 1975: 1970: 1969: 1966: 1965: 1952: 1951: 1946: 1945: 1939: 1934: 1933: 1930: 1929: 1924: 1923: 1918: 1917: 1912: 1911: 1908: 1907: 1898: 1897: 1892: 1891: 1883: 1882: 1879: 1878: 1873: 1872: 1867: 1866: 1860: 1848: 1847: 1840: 1829: 1826: 1817: 1816: 1812: 1801: 1798: 1787: 1778: 1777: 1769: 1760: 1757: 1755: 1752: 1743: 1740: 1729: 1728: 1720: 1711: 1708: 1699: 1696: 1685: 1684: 1676: 1671: 1667: 1666: 1652: 1649: 1648: 1634: 1631: 1630: 1629: 1623: 1621: 1619: 1613: 1608: 1606: 1605: 1600: 1599: 1594: 1593: 1588: 1583: 1561: 1559: 1549: 1538: 1530: 1525: 1521: 1519: 1511: 1508: 1506: 1491: 1481: 1477: 1468: 1459: 1455: 1453: 1443: 1433: 1430:In 598, King 1428: 1422: 1420: 1414: 1411: 1410: 1409: 1401: 1397: 1393: 1388: 1384: 1358: 1354: 1338: 1334: 1323: 1320: 1317: 1315: 1310: 1306: 1303: 1299: 1295: 1290: 1288: 1285:), away from 1284: 1280: 1279:Linyou County 1275: 1271: 1268: 1251: 1249: 1239: 1234: 1232: 1228: 1222: 1220: 1212: 1208: 1206: 1198: 1194: 1190: 1186: 1182: 1178: 1168: 1164: 1153: 1151: 1147: 1117: 1115: 1111: 1110:Yangtze River 1100: 1085: 1083: 1079: 1069: 1059: 1054: 1052: 1035: 1033: 1029: 1025: 1021: 1017: 1016:Western Liang 1013: 1008: 1006: 1000: 998: 993: 985: 975: 965: 955: 951: 947: 937: 936:Northern Zhou 933: 930: 926: 921: 913: 909: 905: 900: 895: 893: 889: 885: 875: 865: 855: 851: 847: 843: 842: 834: 829: 822: 818: 816: 814: 790: 788: 784: 780: 776: 772: 762: 758: 748: 744: 740: 734: 708: 704: 700: 699:Yang Province 696: 688: 686: 684: 680: 676: 672: 668: 664: 659: 657: 647: 643: 639: 635: 631: 621: 617: 606: 604: 600: 596: 592: 588: 578: 573: 571: 567: 564:) during the 563: 559: 549: 545: 542:), which had 541: 537: 536:Northern Zhou 533: 525: 523: 521: 517: 513: 509: 504: 502: 498: 494: 490: 486: 481: 479: 475: 471: 467: 463: 459: 455: 451: 450:Northern Zhou 446: 444: 440: 436: 432: 428: 424: 420: 416: 406: 402: 392: 382: 373: 369: 366: 363: 359: 356: 353: 351: 347: 343: 341: 337: 329: 318: 315: 311: 307: 298:Emperor Wen ( 296: 293: 289: 276: 267: 266: 263: 258: 251: 241: 238: 235: 225: 221: 218: 217: 214: 209: 205: 198: 195: 192: 189: 187: 184: 182: 179: 177: 174: 172: 169: 167: 164: 162: 159: 158: 156: 154: 150: 147: 144: 140: 134: 130: 127: 123: 114:13 August 604 113: 109: 106: 102: 97: 93: 89: 86: 83: 79: 75: 71: 68: 64: 52: 48: 43: 38: 29: 26: 22: 3442:Surname list 3419:Puliuru Jian 3418: 3394:Ashina Tumen 3279:Western area 3255:Eastern area 3248:Divided rule 3184:Divided rule 3160:Unified rule 3101: 3097:Unified rule 3037:Western area 3025:Eastern area 3018:Divided rule 2990:Unified rule 2964:Yujiulü clan 2875:N. Dynasties 2871:S. Dynasties 2795:Emperor Yang 2789: 2734: 2733: 2722:Duke of Sui 2721: 2706: 2696: 2691: 2684: 2677: 2672: 2658: 2651: 2644: 2643: 2612: 2606: 2576: 2569: 2562: 2532: 2513:Bibliography 2502: 2490: 2476: 2472: 2463: 2448: 2428: 2422: 2402: 2395: 2375: 2368: 2358: 2352: 2332: 2325: 2317: 2313: 2309: 2304: 2296: 2284: 2276: 2272: 2267: 1827: 1814: 1753: 1627: 1615: 1610: 1602: 1596: 1590: 1584: 1562: 1550:'s Tailing ( 1539: 1526: 1522: 1518:Consort Chen 1515: 1509: 1492: 1482: 1478: 1469: 1460: 1456: 1429: 1425: 1419:Duke of Zhou 1416: 1412: 1389: 1385: 1324: 1321: 1318: 1311: 1307: 1291: 1276: 1272: 1252: 1248:Consort Chen 1235: 1230: 1226: 1223: 1216: 1210: 1154: 1118: 1101: 1086: 1055: 1036: 1009: 1005:Tang dynasty 1001: 994: 922: 896: 892:Neishì Sheng 891: 874:Neishǐ Sheng 873: 864:Menxia Sheng 863: 853: 839: 837: 820: 791: 783:Wei Xiaokuan 735: 695:Chen dynasty 692: 682: 660: 642:Crown Prince 607: 574: 570:Northern Wei 529: 520:Empress Dugu 505: 482: 458:Emperor Xuan 447: 427:China proper 405:Puliuru Jian 404: 390: 380: 379: 327: 305: 249: 233: 166:Emperor Yang 85:Emperor Yang 47:Tang dynasty 25: 3432:Family tree 3414:Tuoba Baoju 2867:16 Kingdoms 2790:Emperor Wen 2776:Sui dynasty 2601:Chen Shubao 2495:Wright 1979 2478:Book of Sui 2281:Northern Qi 2273:Book of Sui 1598:Book of Sui 1146:Chen Shubao 1018:'s capital 841:Book of Sui 833:Sui dynasty 771:Yi Province 739:Yuchi Jiong 656:Northern Qi 614:). In 557, 591:Western Wei 548:Han dynasty 485:Han dynasty 470:North China 462:Yuchi Jiong 443:Grand Canal 419:Sui dynasty 314:Temple name 306:Wén Huángdì 220:Family name 126:Sui dynasty 116:(604-08-13) 98:21 July 541 3508:604 deaths 3503:541 births 3467:Categories 3363:Ru Zhijuan 3318:Zuo Zhaoyi 2859:3 Kingdoms 2716:Yang Zhong 2429:Asia Major 2255:References 1938:Yang Zhong 1824:; 577–605) 1800:Yang Liang 1710:Yang Guang 1638:文獻皇后河南獨孤氏 1607:, opined: 1587:Sima Guang 1531:and Pugu ( 1442:Yang Liang 1298:Dulan Khan 1114:Huai River 1028:Yang Guang 846:Confucians 675:Zhu Manyue 667:Yuwen Chan 646:Yuwen Xian 634:Yang Lihua 630:Emperor Wu 577:Yang Zhong 558:Former Yan 526:Early life 508:concubines 454:Emperor Wu 365:Yang Zhong 240:Given name 181:Yang Liang 142:Consort(s) 3384:Afuzhiluo 3368:Wang Anyi 3348:Chidilian 3284:Dengshuzi 3272:Anluochen 2823:Yang Tong 2811:Claimants 2260:Citations 1821:宣華夫人潁川陳氏 1698:Yang Yong 1670:Yuwen Yun 1589:, in his 1314:Mount Tai 1302:Tuli Khan 1189:Xiao Mohe 1177:Ma'anshan 1163:Zhenjiang 1078:Guanzhong 1068:Tong Pass 1058:Wei River 1020:Jiangling 904:Gao Jiong 899:Yang Yong 671:concubine 638:Yuwen Yun 587:Yuwen Tai 562:Later Yan 431:Cheng-Han 391:Yang Jian 283:(601–604) 274:(581–600) 268:Kāihuáng 260:Era dates 161:Yang Yong 81:Successor 51:Yan Liben 3452:Category 3409:Tuoba Xu 3404:Tuoba Ke 3328:Tuoba Yu 3207:Huaishuo 3199:Poluomen 3177:Poluomen 3130:Tuhezhen 3118:Buluzhen 3066:Heduohan 3046:Heduohan 3011:Disuyuan 2999:Cheluhui 2828:Yang Hao 2818:Yang You 2783:Emperors 2725:568–581 2703:557–568 2697:Duke of 2681:555–557 2618:581–604 2523:(1979). 2359:Bulletin 2320:, vol.02 2299:, vol.79 2285:Kaihuang 2209:Lady Yao 1995:Lady Gai 1863:Yang Lie 1841:Ancestry 1794:) in 585 1759:Yang Xiu 1742:Yang Jun 1668:Married 1601:and the 1392:Yang Jun 1287:Chang'an 1267:Yang Xiu 1236:In 591, 1219:Li Delin 1211:Kaihuang 1185:Jiankang 1150:Yang Jun 1112:and the 1024:daughter 950:Liaoning 946:Zhaoyang 890:bureau ( 850:Legalism 821:Kaihuang 673:Consort 669:(by his 616:Dugu Xin 514:and the 497:Goguryeo 489:Göktürks 435:Han-Zhao 423:Buddhism 277:Rénshòu 242:: Jian ( 176:Yang Xiu 171:Yang Jun 101:Chang'an 3264:Dengzhu 3134:Yucheng 3042:Wenheti 3030:Pihouba 3003:Tunugui 2970:Khagans 2730:Himself 2707:Unknown 2692:Unknown 2685:Unknown 2673:Unknown 2640:Himself 2531:(ed.). 2318:Sui Shu 2314:Renshou 2310:dingwei 2297:Sui Shu 2277:Sui Shu 1833:容华夫人蔡氏 1558:tumulus 1510:Renshou 1396:Taiyuan 1357:Guangxi 1283:Shaanxi 1238:Tuyuhun 1231:Wu Jiao 1167:Jiangsu 1082:Luoyang 929:Xianbei 908:Yang Su 813:radical 787:Yecheng 779:Sichuan 775:Chengdu 757:Xiaogan 689:Regency 663:empress 603:Shaanxi 532:Xianbei 493:Tibetan 445:began. 415:emperor 401:Xianbei 374:Lady Lü 350:Dynasty 320:Gaozu ( 3478:Rouran 3338:Ruowen 3313:Zhaoyi 3268:Kangti 3230:Anagui 3214:Anagui 3173:Anagui 3169:Chounu 3138:Doulun 3110:Shelun 3070:Shelun 3050:Shelun 2995:Mugulü 2974:Rouran 2899:W. Xia 2699:Daxing 2575: 2543: 2483:vol. 1 2456: 2410: 2383: 2340: 1747:秦孝王楊俊 1715:煬皇帝楊廣 1703:房陵王楊勇 1624:Family 1400:Shanxi 1353:Guilin 1337:Yunnan 1333:Qujing 1294:Pei Ju 1197:Shitou 989:阿史那處羅侯 979:阿史那大暹便 972:) and 912:Su Wei 910:, and 888:eunuch 886:, and 819:Early 743:Handan 599:Weinan 595:Pingyi 501:Champa 371:Mother 361:Father 132:Burial 3358:Furen 3308:Puhun 3260:Tiefa 3192:Xihai 3142:Nagai 3122:Datan 3102:fanli 3068:& 3048:& 2843:Shang 2577:Died: 2570:Born: 2527:. In 2497:, 57. 1828:Furen 1815:Furen 1805:漢王楊諒 1791:河東柳述 1764:蜀王楊秀 1529:Tiele 1229:(五教, 1209:Late 1181:Anhui 1051:Qidan 969:阿史那玷厥 964:Tardu 761:Hubei 747:Hebei 707:Anhui 703:Lu'an 534:-led 448:As a 403:name 340:House 328:Gāozǔ 211:Names 153:Issue 122:Baoji 73:Reign 3343:Ruru 3323:Gong 3209:rule 3194:rule 3165:Futu 3126:Wuti 3114:Hulü 3007:Bati 2962:The 2915:Qing 2911:Ming 2907:Yuan 2895:Song 2891:Liao 2883:Tang 2847:Zhou 2655:581 2541:ISBN 2454:ISBN 2408:ISBN 2381:ISBN 2338:ISBN 1773:蘭陵公主 1733:宇文靜禮 1724:廣平公主 1656:樂平公主 1543:章仇太翼 1487:義成公主 1473:皇甫孝諧 1243:慕容世伏 879:內史省) 869:門下省) 859:尚書省) 838:The 752:司馬消難 640:the 625:大興郡公 611:成紀縣公 540:弘農楊氏 456:and 433:and 410:普六茹堅 344:Yang 250:Jiān 234:Yáng 224:Yang 111:Died 95:Born 3353:Dao 2972:of 2923:PRC 2919:ROC 2903:Jīn 2879:Sui 2863:Jìn 2855:Han 2851:Qin 2839:Xia 2614:Sui 2579:604 2572:541 1782:王奉孝 1689:李長雅 1680:襄公主 1567:楊阿五 1512:era 1447:周羅睺 1380:趙什住 1374:李世賢 1368:周法尚 1362:王世積 1348:李光仕 1342:史萬歲 1213:era 1205:). 1172:韓擒虎 1158:賀若弼 1141:陳慧紀 1123:崔弘度 1105:山陽瀆 1096:宇文忻 1090:梁士彥 1073:廣通渠 1063:宇文愷 974:Apa 959:長孫晟 941:高寶寧 882:), 823:era 796:宇文盛 730:宇文招 724:顏之儀 560:or 544:Han 480:). 466:Han 399:), 386:隋文帝 355:Sui 301:文皇帝 34:隋文帝 3469:: 3333:Pi 2921:/ 2917:→ 2913:→ 2909:→ 2905:→ 2901:/ 2897:/ 2893:/ 2889:→ 2885:→ 2881:→ 2877:→ 2873:/ 2869:→ 2865:/ 2861:→ 2857:→ 2853:→ 2849:→ 2845:→ 2841:→ 2481:, 2462:. 2438:^ 1662:麗華 1647:) 1644:伽羅 1620:. 1579:張衡 1573:元巖 1556:) 1553:泰陵 1534:僕骨 1502:元旻 1496:姬威 1464:燕榮 1437:韋沖 1405:劉昇 1398:, 1355:, 1335:, 1328:爨翫 1281:, 1262:蘇夔 1256:何妥 1202:蔣州 1179:, 1165:, 1135:蕭瓛 1129:蕭巖 1084:. 1046:陰壽 1040:楊爽 948:, 917:裴政 906:, 802:隨王 777:, 766:王謙 759:, 745:, 718:鄭譯 712:劉昉 705:, 651:王軌 601:, 582:楊忠 553:楊鉉 396:楊堅 326:; 323:高祖 304:; 280:仁壽 271:開皇 248:; 232:; 222:: 124:, 103:, 55:c. 3270:→ 3266:→ 3262:→ 3175:→ 3171:→ 3167:→ 3140:→ 3136:→ 3132:→ 3128:→ 3124:→ 3120:→ 3116:→ 3112:→ 3104:) 3100:( 3044:→ 3009:→ 3005:→ 3001:→ 2997:→ 2955:e 2948:t 2941:v 2804:隋 2767:e 2760:t 2753:v 2549:. 2485:. 2416:. 2389:. 2346:. 1836:) 1692:) 1653:( 1120:( 986:( 976:( 966:( 956:( 876:( 866:( 856:( 808:隨 793:( 579:( 407:( 393:( 383:( 330:) 252:) 245:堅 236:) 229:楊 226:( 60:) 53:( 23:.

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