804:
482:
706:
2773:
1576:, Yohannes refused to yield on grounds that he was not going to destroy an effective power, which Menelik diligently built up for the sake of eliminating a possible threat to himself. Finally, Yohannes heard that both his vassal kings have defected and during his campaign in Gojjam, Tekle Haymant confessed that they had concluded an agreement to help one another and rebel against the authority of the Emperor. At this juncture, the temptation was great to cross the Abbay River (
756:(based in Gojjam and Lasta) â tried to defend their respective doctrines. Yohannes readily accepted corrections made by a notable on procedural matters. Apparently, he had a long-prepared plan for the council, as he had a letter from the patriarch of Alexandria read out at the end of the disputation which endorsed the imperial tenet. The policy transcended Yohannes's reign, though there were indications that the suppressed tenets had by no means been eradicated.
979:
3511:
931:, the Emperor stood as his godfather at his baptism. The new convert was given Menelik of Shewa's other daughter, Shewarega Menelik, as his wife. Yohannes went one step further and pressured Menelik to expel all of the Roman Catholic missionaries from Shewa. However this time, instead of a single Archbishop, he requested that Patriarch Cyril send four to serve the large number of Christians in Ethiopia, who arrived in 1881. They were led by
1506:
perpetrated by the
Egyptians, the Italians, and the Mahdists. Yohannes succeeded to a large extent in pacifying the country and expanding the empire by the device of power-sharing and accommodation. Guiding principles of his administration were patience, tolerance, and forgiveness, as well as a tendency to preserve the status quo. Above all, his concerns were focused on promoting peace rather than his own personal or dynastic gain.
664:
3499:
1438:
1184:
1572:, in 1875 and 1876, respectively. This advantage remained on Yohannes's side throughout his reign. Despite repeated pressure from his advisers on two occasions, in 1878, at the time of Menelik's submission and in 1881, after his two vassal kings, Menelik and Teklé Haymanot fought against each other at Embabo, to remove Menelik and replace him if need be, by one of his cousins, such as
251:
1102:
1544:
987:
493:, KaĆa rebelled against the rule of Tewodros. What prompted his rebellion is not well established. Often two explanations, which are not essentially contradictory, are forwarded by the sources: the first is related to his dissatisfaction with the rank and function given to him by the sovereign, while the second interprets his rebellion as a response to the appeal of
847:. Yohannes pleaded with the British to stop their Egyptian allies and even withdrew from his own territory in order to show the Europeans that he was the wronged party and that the Khedive was the aggressor. However, Yohannes soon realized that the Europeans would not stop the Khedive of Egypt and so he gathered up his armies and marched to meet the Egyptian force.
684:
the contemporary
English vice-consul put it, "to hold the scales of justice with a firm and even hand"; "it was in 1884 the boast of King Yohannes that a child could pass through his dominions unharmed". In the first six years of his reign, he succeeded in achieving the unity of the predominantly Christian provinces, including Wag and Lasta, Semien and Begemder,
3523:
48:
1513:. By preserving the status quo in the regional administration, the uncertainty and fear which were prevalent under previous reigns due to constant changes were reduced. The self-confidence and charitable attitude he displayed toward his vanquished enemies and rivals earned him the high esteem of his subjects.
1527:, who was responsible for the death of his own mother Woizero Silas Dimtsu, not only did he forgive him, but within a year, Gabre Mikael was reinstated as councilor and appeared as one of the important dignitaries during the mission of Major Grant to Adwa, in February 1868. Subsequently, Gabre Mikael's son,
851:
with its many officers of
European and North American background, were killed. News of this huge defeat was suppressed in Egypt for fear that it would undermine the government of the Khedive. A new Egyptian force was assembled and sent to avenge the defeat at Gundet. The Egyptians were defeated again at the
1505:
Yohannes undoubtedly had his weaknesses; they were not his own making, but rather imposed on him either by external pressure or inherited by his deep-seated values and traditional norms. During the eighteen years of his reign, he was preoccupied with defending his country against external aggressions
1121:
near the
Sudanese border. Evidence suggests that Emperor Yohannes had acted rashly and had made himself vulnerable, going beyond enemy lines in a range of enemy shots as victory was going to his side. Mortally wounded from a gunshot, he had been carried to his tent, where he announced that his nephew
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by trying to unite
Ethiopia. To ensure the realization of this policy, he toured each region and meeting appointed governors, usually from the local nobility, regardless of their former attitudes toward him, as long as they submitted and expressed to him their unflinching loyalty. He thus managed, as
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Atnatyos sent from
Alexandria in June 1869, and kept him in his dominion. However, Tekle Giyorgis is not fooled and he quickly understands Yohannes' intentions. Although having a much larger army in numbers, Tekle Giyorgis does not have the modern weapons which Yohannes have. In addition to that, his
461:
The story of the first half of his life is poorly documented. Even the date of his birth is uncertain; various sources place it between 1831 and 1837. The available sources merely indicate that he was the youngest of his siblings, that he had a seriously ailing childhood, that he received some church
1288:
at the hands of
Emperor Menelik II. The Tigrean nobility retained influence at the Imperial court of Menelik and his successors, although not at the level they enjoyed under Yohannes IV. The descendants of Yohannes ruled Tigray as hereditary Princes until the Ethiopian Revolution and the fall of the
593:. Napier refused but maintained the possibility, after the campaign, of military assistance which Yohannes and his 10,000 men greatly needed. On April 10, 1868, the expeditionary force arrived at the foot of Magdala and, three days later, after refusing to surrender to the British, the NÉgusĂ€ nĂ€gĂ€st
389:
which ended in
Tewodros' suicide, from which Yohannes was rewarded in ammunition and artillery. He regarded Islam as a hindrance to the stability of the state and worked to strengthen Christian dominance in Ethiopia. Its estimated that he had converted 550,000 Oromos and Jebertis to Christianity. In
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at Boru Meda later in 1878, which brought an end to the ongoing theological dispute in the local church; Christians, Muslims, and pagans were given respectively two, three and five years to conform to the council's decisions. Non-Christians were forbidden from participating in the government unless
617:
and rifles, ammunition, powder and 585,480 primers percussion. This armament is added to the already important arsenal of
Yohannes. After the Magdala expedition, the British disengaged completely and Yohannes' offers of cooperation were rejected or ignored. Even after his seizure of imperial power,
1583:
Throughout his reign, Yohannes demonstrated selfless devotion to the defense of the territorial integrity of
Ethiopian Empire against successive waves of external aggression, by Egyptians, Italians, and Mahdists Sudan. He also strove within the parameters of what was possible in his day to promote
1158:
Areya announced "that he was now old and done for, that his time had come, and it was useless at his age to serve another master that he knew little about, and it was better to die like a man fighting unbelievers, than like a mule in a stable." The Mahdists brought the Emperor's body back to their
1082:
Alula took it upon himself to attack Italian units that were on both sides of the ill-defined frontier between the two powers. Domestic problems increased when the Neguses of both Gojjam and Shewa rebelled against Yohannes, and the Emperor had to turn his attention from the encroaching Italians to
850:
The two armies met at Gundet (also called Guda-gude) on the morning of 16 November 1875. The Egyptians were tricked into marching into a narrow and steep valley and were wiped out by Ethiopian gunners surrounding the valley from the surrounding mountains. Virtually the entire Egyptian force, along
650:
and he fears their change of camp in favor of Yohannes. Thus, Tekle Giyorgis seeks the collaboration of Menelik in order to consolidate a purely numerical advantage. However, the Negus of Shewa refuses to join in the fight, preferring to see the two great Warlords confront each other and tire each
767:
towards Islam. Someone who knew him told me that if he saw a Muslim in the morning it would depress him so that he would immediately take the cross which he worships and put it over his face." During the council at Boru Meda, he summoned the major Oromo chiefs of Wollo. According to an Ethiopian
597:
committed suicide. Napier's victory and the ease with which the expedition reached Magdala was made possible by Yohannes. The British officers themselves admit that they were "lucky" to have obtained the cooperation of the leader of Tigray. A report written by one of the British officers stating
1149:
Areya was last seen standing alongside the box containing the king's body, after having expended all his ammunition, with his shield and sword in his hands, defending himself, till at last he was speared by a Dervish from behind, and died fighting gamely, "like the fine old warrior that he
1563:
and return to Shoa, in 1865. The submission of Menelik to Yohannes was not effected until 1878 after Yohannes gained substantial advantage over his rivals in terms of quality and quantity of firearms as a result of the booty gathered in his successive victories over the Egyptian army at
1280:. The death of Yohannes reduced the influence of Tigrayans in the Ethiopian government and opened the way for Italians to occupy more districts previously held by Tigrayan nobles. The seizures made by the Italians at this time ultimately resulted in the creation of the colony of
1267:
Mengesha as the son of Yohannes, having long known him as his nephew. Tigray was torn assunder by the rebellions of various members of the Emperor's family against Mengesha and each other. Menelik of Shewa took advantage of Tigrean disorder, and after the Italians occupied
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Araya Selassie had died a few years earlier). He died hours later. Although the Ethiopian army had almost annihilated their opponents in this battle, hearing that their ruler had been slain shattered their morale and they were scattered by the nearly beaten Sudanese army.
517:
Tekle Giyorgis Qalos of Shire. Barya'u transferred his allegiance to KaĆa whom he served faithfully until he was killed in a battle some ten years later. Tekle Giyorgis (who had killed KaĆa's mother, Silass) fell in battle, and KaĆa subsequently assumed his title of
1539:
Desta Tedla Gualu, the newly appointed governor by Yohannes and submitted to Yohannes and asked for forgiveness, not only was he forgiven but he was given the command over Gojjam and eventually elevated as King of Gojjam and Keffa, under the name of Tekle Haymanot.
1580:) to Showan territory and eliminate the internal threat. Yohannes's priority, however, was to avert the external threat and he decided to face the Mahdists who had penetrated twice as far as Gonder and burnt the churches, pillaged the country, and enslaved people.
739:
By 1878, Yohannes was ready to tackle the problems by summoning a council at Boru Meda, Wollo. Most of the high dignitaries and notables of Ethiopia were present at the council. The leading theologians of the three major disputing groups of the EOC â
701:
in June 1882. Yohannes reprimanded both of them for fighting without his permission, punished them by taking away a province from the jurisdiction of each of them and defined the direction of territories to be conquered by each of the two kings.
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education, and that he was initiated to manhood after killing some wild animals (lions and/or elephants) for trophies. The first mention of his appearance in the political arena comes up in connection with his visit to the imperial court of
578:." After three hearings, Yohannes officially agrees to help Napier. This then facilitates the provisioning of the troops by installing markets near the main camp sites. Yohannes assures the British that he will help them âwith all power."
1245:
918:
Mohammed was siding with Muslim Affiliates of Turkey. After meeting with King Yohannes and in learning that if he were to assist the Turks, in the end, he and the rest of Ethiopia would become a slave to the Arab/Muslim world.
385:; having risen to power in the 1860s, he maintained the policy of Tewodros, that of continued unification and also implemented a policy of touring entire regions and meetings with governors. He assisted the British in their
497:
Salama who in 1867 wrote from prison to many notables condemning his perceived injustices of Tewodros. In any case, for some time he (together with his followers) retired to the eastern lowlands and found refuge among the
902:
they converted and were baptized; the Muslims were given three months, while the pagans had to become Christians immediately. "Having concluded that Wollo was worth a mass," as Harold Marcus wryly puts it, his retainer
622:, agrees to stay in Ethiopia to train the troops of Yohannes. He is responsible for training the troops of Yohannes and preparing them for the use of modern weapons received from the British. According to the Historian
1263:(the "natural" son of Yohannes) as Emperor, many of the dead monarch's other relatives on both the Enderta and Tembien sides of his family objected and went into open rebellion against Mengesha. Many refused to accept
1342:
by the King of Italy. However, following the liberation of Ethiopia in 1941, Haile Selassie Gugsa was placed under house arrest and regarded as a traitor. Emperor Haile Selassie refused to acknowledge the title of
842:
as a renegade province of Ethiopia, and Egyptian seizure of the Emirate was not welcomed to either of them. The Egyptians then marched into northern Ethiopia from their coastal possessions around the port of
696:
King of Gojjam and Kaffa in 1881 and encouraged them to expand their empire to the south, east, and west. However, this advice created rivalry between the two regional kings, which came to a climax in the
434:. He thus descended from the ruling families of Tembien, Agame, and Enderta. Yohannes Solomonic lineage is through his paternal grandmother Woizero Workewoha KaleKristoss of Adwa, the granddaughter of Ras
562:; as early as 1867, he presented himself, during a correspondence with the British, as ruler of Ethiopia. During the same year, a diplomatic dispute between Tewodros and the British government led the
1509:
The way he shared his authority with Menelik and Tekle Haymanot eventually resulted in undermining his own authority, but it contributed greatly to accelerating the process of reunification of the
1355:
regime in 1974 following the fall of the monarchy. He died shortly thereafter. There are other descendants of Emperor Yohannes IV in this "legitimate" line, but because of the wartime actions of
1420:, a granddaughter of Emperor Haile Selassie and is the current head of the Tigrean branch of the Solomonic dynasty. Mengesha Seyum is the last person alive today who bears the title of
618:
he failed to arouse the interest of the British. Nevertheless, the Napier expedition had an impact on the struggle for power; in addition to military equipment, a British instructor,
566:
in order to free the European captives imprisoned there by Tewodros. From February 1868, Yohannes came into contact with British officers, including the commander of the expedition,
3588:
1142:
Araya stood beside the body of his dead master with "a few of his soldiers and the bravest of the king's servants, who had lost their all, and had no more prospects to live for".
1083:
deal with his rebellious vassals. Yohannes brutally crushed the Gojjame rebellion, but before he could turn his attention to Shewa news arrived that the Mahdist forces had sacked
776:
ruined and misled it. Now let all, whether Muslim or Galla , believe in the name of Jesus Christ! If you wish to live in peace and preserve your belongings, become Christians.
1492:
A nobleman by birth, a cleric by education, a zealot by faith, moralist by tendency, a monk by practice, a nationalist by policy, and a soldier and emperor by profession
1584:
the welfare of his people. His devotion to his country and people culminated in the supreme sacrifice of his life at the border of his empire, in the Battle of Metemma.
1138:, who captured the sovereign's body. Augustus B. Wylde, who claimed to have heard the story from a priest who managed to escape the slaughter, wrote how Yohannes' uncle
1050:
to import weapons and ammunition in the event that Egypt was forced to withdraw from them. This was formalized in a treaty signed with the British at Adwa known as the
1038:
and at various posts in the south. Yohannes agreed to British requests to allow these Egyptian soldiers to evacuate through his lands, with the understanding that the
574:, a British explorer, to meet the ruler of Tigray. Yohannes is then perceived by James as a âweak and easily manipulated man, aspiring to become a great leader of the
863:. This victory was followed by Menelik's submission to Yohannes on 20 March 1878, and in return, Yohannes recognized Menelik's hereditary right to the title of King (
3578:
2739:
906:
Mohammed of Wollo became disobedient of the tax rules, which he and the entire Wollo refused to pay tax to the government in which Emperor Yohannes had discovered,
1078:
Yohannes attempted to work out some kind of understanding with the Italians, so he could turn his attention to the more pressing problem of the Mahdists, although
2761:
1592:"His Imperial Majesty John IV, Conquering Lion of the Tribe of Judah, za'imnaggada yÄ«hĆ«da, nigĆ«sa TSion, nigĆ«sa nagast za'Ä«tyĆáčáčyÄ, siyĆ«ma 'igzÄ«'a'bihÄr").
1416:
who served as Governor and hereditary Prince of Tigray until the 1974 Revolution toppled the Ethiopian monarchy. Ras Mengesha Seyoum is married to Princess
914:
Mohammed was brought to Emperor Yohannes and was confronted of his conspiracy in helping the Muslim colonizer and to bring down the Judeo Christian empire.
598:
that: âThe British army could not have reached Magdala during this season, without having received the help of the chiefs and the people of the countryâ.
3553:
567:
1334:
Haile Selassie became the first high-ranking Ethiopian nobleman to defect to the Italians when the Fascist forces invaded Ethiopia. The people of
1059:
891:
1393:) of all of Tigray in 1936. He commanded troops against the Italians, but was forced to surrender and spent most of the Italian occupation under
871:, and re-crowned him on 26 March. Yohannes took this opportunity to tie the Shewan King more closely to him by arranging for Menelik's daughter
3583:
1728:
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Yohannes inherited the empire encumbered with three religious questions which provoked him to seek a solution: the internal dissensions of the
3573:
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2192:
2106:
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1712:
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803:
478:, was bestowed upon KaĆa, who was subsequently assigned to administer a sub-district within the governorship of his elder brother, Gugsa.
736:(EOC), Islam, and Christian foreign missionary activities. He regarded all of them as menaces to the unity and stability of the state.
589:. In return, Yohannes asked Napier during a meeting on February 28, 1868, for the participation of British forces in his fight against
3568:
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Yohannes's body was carried back to Tigray guarded by a small party, who were overtaken by the Mahdist troops of Zeki Tummal near the
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There are two lines of descent from Yohannes IV, one "legitimate" and one "natural." The legitimate line is through his elder son,
1231:
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Returning to the highlands, he raised more men and began his military campaign: in the years 1864â1867, he consecutively defeated
1631:
563:
386:
1378:
Mengesha Yohannes ended his days under house arrest for his repeated rebelling against Emperor Menelik II. Ras Mengesha's son
1359:
Haile Selassie Gugsa, this branch of the family fell into disfavor at the Imperial court and lost its position and influence.
1459:
1209:
550:) Woldemichael Solomon who had actively participated in KaĆa's military campaign against the imperial officials in Tigray.
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1054:. According to the treaty, the Ethiopians would allow the Egyptians to safely evacuate out of certain cities such as
855:(7â9 March 1876), where the Ethiopians were led again by the Emperor, and his loyal general, the capable (and future
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flirted with encouraging Menelik of Shewa against the King, but earned Menelik's enmity by marching from the port of
375:
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Gobez Gebre Medhin of Lasta against Tewodros and began to harass the imperial representatives on both sides of the
1702:
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Atnatewos. It was the first time that the Coptic Patriarch of Alexandria had appointed four Bishops for Ethiopia.
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Wolde Maryam of Begemender and Fares Ali of Yejju. Yohannes however, refused to acknowledge the new metropolitan
619:
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In return for the help that Yohannes provided the British, he received military equipment, estimated at 500,000
2512:
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274:
2824:
811:
Throughout his reign, Yohannes was embroiled in military struggles on his northern frontiers. First was from
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502:, from which ethnic group he married a Muslim after she had been baptized with the name Tebaba Sellasie.
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Seyoum was restored to his governorate of Tigray, recognized as the hereditary Prince of that province.
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1260:
1034:, his followers successfully drove part of the Egyptian garrisons out of Sudan and isolated the rest at
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626:, the combination of new weapons and the training provided by John Kirkham determined the fight against
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784:(Tigrinya speaking Muslims) and 500,000 Oromos had been forced to convert to Christianity from Islam.
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Henze, Paul B. (2000). "Yohannes IV and Menelik II: The Empire Restored, Expanded, and Defended".
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and burned its holy churches. He marched north from Gojjam to confront the armies of the Mahdi.
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King Menelik's ambition to seize the imperial crown was clearly evident since his escape from
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who governed eastern Tigray in the 1930s and was married to Emperor Haile Selassie's daughter
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Mohammed was conspiring with the Turks the Ottoman empire because of his Muslim affiliation.
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575:
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The imperial ambitions of Behaile Selassie are consolidated towards the end of the reign of
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from 1869 to 1871. During his reign he successfully defended Ethiopia against a large-scale
307:
284:
215:
124:
120:
1569:
1330:
Haile Selassie Gugsa's relationship with Emperor Haile Selassie deteriorated, and in 1936,
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3192:
3111:
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1347:
granted to his former son-in-law by the King of Italy, and so he reverted to the title of
1068:
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875:(the future Empress of Ethiopia in her own right), to be married to his own son and heir,
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in 1864â1865 in the company of his brothers, Gugsa and Maru. Gugsa was given the title of
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Understanding Contemporary Ethiopia: Monarchy, Revolution and the Legacy of Meles Zenawi
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took control of the port of Massawa, frustrating Ethiopian hopes and angering Yohannes.
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1941:, (London, 1869), p. 18 et Major Trevenen J. Holland et Captain Henry Hozier,
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Haylu Tewolde Medhen, who contemplated resistance, was confined and replaced with
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first became governor of western Tigray, and following the treason of his cousin
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ransacked his house when this news was revealed. He was elevated to the title of
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Emperor Yohannes IV with his son and heir at right, Ras Araya Selassie Yohannes.
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763:, a Sudanese official was reported stating "Yohannes is the most hateful of the
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341:
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Mengesha was actually his natural son, and named him his heir (his elder son
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Markos died shortly after arriving, so his diocese was included with that of
633:
Following the death of Tewodros, Gobeze Gebre Medhin, had himself crowned as
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Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies, University of London
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then chose to become a Christian to later inherit a Christian name (later
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The principle of Yohannes's internal policy was to continue the legacy of
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3234:
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which was his seat for a decade before he shifted the capital in 1881 to
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140:
2266:"Ethiopian Treasures - Emperor Yohannes IV, Battle of Metema - Ethiopia"
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in Addis Ababa. Following the return of Emperor Haile Selassie in 1941,
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other. Finally, on 11 July 1871, Tekle Giyorgis confronted KaĆa in the
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Ethiopian Treasures â Emperor Yohannes IV, Battle of Metema â Ethiopia
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foreign policy, he had disagreements and military conflicts with both
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2128:. Internet Archive. Chicago, University of Chicago Press. p. 3.
1163:, where the head was put on a pike and paraded through the streets.
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where both his father and grandfather bore the traditional title of
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Haggai Erlich. "Ras Alula and Tigray - Revisiting Modern History".
2125:
Wax & gold : tradition and innovation in Ethiopian culture
581:
Yohannes undertakes to protect the supply routes from the coast to
3283:
3269:
3213:
3008:
2994:
1542:
1243:
1100:
1019:
985:
977:
943:
868:
839:
835:
831:
819:
802:
760:
704:
662:
480:
367:
1548:
1352:
1166:
On 2 May of the same year 1889, Emperor Menelik signed then the
772:
We are your apostles. All this used to be Christian land until
716:
When Yohannes was crowned emperor he established his capital in
2743:
2095:
Hancock, Graham; Pankhurst, Richard; Willetts, Duncan (1983).
1431:
1177:
1105:
An Amharic inscription remembering Yohannes IV's call to arms.
982:
World heads of state in 1889. Yohannes is first from the left.
724:, but he still retained Debre Tabor as his primary residence.
430:
Demtsu of Enderta and Tabotu Woldu of Agame, hence a niece of
2459:"The Martyred King of Kings: Emperor Yohannes IV of Ethiopia"
2415:"The Martyred King of Kings: Emperor Yohannes IV of Ethiopia"
1632:"Giovanni IV Imperatore d'Etiopia in "Dizionario di Storia""
1170:
with the Italians which later on led to the Battle of Adwa.
890:, in 1878 Yohannes was at the high point of his reign. (See
637:
Tekle Giyorgis II. He successfully suppressed rebellions of
1405:
Seyoum Mengesha was killed during the abortive coup by the
838:
on 11 October 1875. Both Menelik and Yohannes had regarded
2360:"Review of Yohannes IV of Ethiopia: A Political Biography"
1658:"A Short History and Ethnography of the Tembien Tigrayans"
897:
Emperor Yohannes also convened a general council of the
1945:, Londres, 1870, ii. 95-6; cité dans Harold G. Marcus,
2545:
Shinn, David H.; Ofcansky, Thomas P. (11 April 2013).
2287:(2nd ed.). Oxford : James Curry. pp. 56â59.
2184:
The Cross and the River: Ethiopia, Egypt, and the Nile
2168:
The Cross and the River: Ethiopia, Egypt, and the Nile
1939:
Report from the Select Committee on the Abyssinian War
1042:
would then support his claims on important ports like
3487:
1924:, Londres, 1870, ii. 50; cité dans Harold G. Marcus,
1907:, Londres, 1870, i. 416; cité dans Harold G. Marcus,
1890:, Londres, 1870, i. 415; cité dans Harold G. Marcus,
1855:, Londres, 1870, i. 396; cité dans Harold G. Marcus,
1838:, Londres, 1870, i. 394; cité dans Harold G. Marcus,
759:
Yohannes was known to harbor deep resentment towards
3465:
During that time, the imperial title was claimed by
2333:"Text of Wuchale Treaty | 1889 Ethio-Italian Treaty"
2242:
The Life and Times of Menelik II: Ethiopia 1844â1913
2056:
The life and times of Menelik II: Ethiopia 1844-1913
1993:
The life and times of Menelik II: Ethiopia 1844-1913
1947:
The life and times of Menelik II: Ethiopia 1844-1913
1926:
The life and times of Menelik II: Ethiopia 1844-1913
1909:
The life and times of Menelik II: Ethiopia 1844-1913
1892:
The life and times of Menelik II: Ethiopia 1844-1913
1875:
The life and times of Menelik II: Ethiopia 1844-1913
1857:
The life and times of Menelik II: Ethiopia 1844-1913
1840:
The life and times of Menelik II: Ethiopia 1844-1913
1823:
The life and times of Menelik II: Ethiopia 1844-1913
998:, Grand General of Yohannes IV, participated in the
426:, while his mother, Silas Dimtsu, was a daughter of
3370:
3110:
3025:
2798:
1962:, University of California Press, 2002, p. 72.
1920:Major Trevenen J. Holland et Captain Henry Hozier,
1903:Major Trevenen J. Holland et Captain Henry Hozier,
1886:Major Trevenen J. Holland et Captain Henry Hozier,
1851:Major Trevenen J. Holland et Captain Henry Hozier,
1834:Major Trevenen J. Holland et Captain Henry Hozier,
1809:, University of California Press, 2002, p. 71.
1704:
Ethiopia: the Land, Its People, History and Culture
1022:(a prophesied Islamic leader who would precede the
303:
280:
257:
235:
221:
207:
189:
177:
161:
150:
130:
103:
99:
89:
79:
69:
61:
54:
34:
1761:. Vol. 5: Y-Z. Otto Harrassowitz. p. 73.
1729:"Kassa Mercha - Yohannes IV (John IV) Throne name"
2672:Imperial Ethiopia Homepages â Emperor Yohannes IV
2587:(1st ed.). Oxford, England: Clarendon Press.
2058:, Lawrenceville, Red Sea Press, 1995, p. 34.
2050:
2048:
1877:, Lawrenceville, Red Sea Press, 1995, p. 31.
1869:
1867:
1865:
1825:, Lawrenceville, Red Sea Press, 1995, p. 30.
1516:Early in his career after he defeated and seized
2629:Lewis, David Levering (1987). "Pawns of Pawns".
2244:. Lawrenceville: Red Sea Press. pp. 57â59.
1817:
1815:
1535:Adal of Gojjam, after he killed his own cousin,
1276:Alula) he was proclaimed Emperor of Ethiopia as
3459:, Haile Selassie went into exile following the
1991:, 27 juillet 1871; cité dans Harold G. Marcus,
1490:
1304:. Araya Selassie Yohannes was born to his wife
770:
418:, Yohannes descended from the ruling family of
2585:Yohannes IV of Ethiopia: A Political Biography
37:
3589:Ethiopian military personnel killed in action
2755:
2488:Yohannes IV of Ethiopia A Political Biography
1664:. GeoGuide. Springer Nature. pp. 63â78.
1662:Geo-trekking in Ethiopia's Tropical Mountains
8:
1326:. However, following the death of his wife,
1272:, (a district Yohannes IV had bestowed upon
454:. Therefore Yohannes is descendent from the
2314:
2312:
2145:. Cambridge University Press. p. 177.
1970:
1968:
1212:. Unsourced material may be challenged and
1071:on 23 September 1885. About the same time,
1058:, which aggravated the Mahdists even more.
450:, who was a Solomonic prince and nephew of
2762:
2748:
2740:
2676:
2603:Chronicle of Emperor Yohannes IV (1872-89)
1978:, James Currey, Londres, 2002, p. 49.
1252:Although a group of Tigrean nobles led by
530:. He defeated the governors of Selewa and
381:In his earlier years, he rebelled against
249:
232:
46:
31:
1478:Learn how and when to remove this message
1308:. The son of Araya Selassie Yohannes was
1232:Learn how and when to remove this message
1154:According to Wylde, as he saw death come
1067:defeated an invading Mahdist army at the
780:It is estimated that by 1880 some 50,000
358:; 11 July 1837 â 10 March 1889) was
2187:. Lynne Rienner Publishers. p. 73.
2011:. Vol. 6. OUP USA. pp. 5â164.
1256:Alula attempted to promote the claim of
3494:
2285:A history of modern Ethiopia, 1855-1991
1976:A History of Modern Ethiopia, 1855-1991
1601:
1389:Haile Selassie Gugsa, became Governor (
1374:and is the better-known line. Although
892:Ethiopian aristocratic and court titles
752:(prevalent in Begemeder and Shewa) and
3579:Ethiopian Oriental Orthodox Christians
2594:The Survival of Ethiopian Independence
2227:"01. The Reign of Emperor Yohannes IV"
2005:Akyeampong, E.K.; Gates, H.L. (2012).
1701:Mekonnen, Yohannes (29 January 2013).
1367:The second, "natural" line is through
1117:that took place on 9â10 March 1889 in
688:, Gojjam, Wollo and Shewa. He crowned
667:The conquests of Yohannes IV, Emperor
362:from 1871 to his death in 1889 at the
2612:Layers of Time: A History of Ethiopia
2040:Layers of Time: A History of Ethiopia
1987:John C. Kirkham, lettre Ă lâĂ©diteur,
1943:Record of the Expedition to Abyssinia
1922:Record of the Expedition to Abyssinia
1905:Record of the Expedition to Abyssinia
1888:Record of the Expedition to Abyssinia
1853:Record of the Expedition to Abyssinia
1836:Record of the Expedition to Abyssinia
1500:, Chronicle of Yohannes, Introduction
1409:in 1960 and was succeeded by his son
585:and to repress those who disturb the
27:Emperor of Ethiopia from 1871 to 1889
7:
2633:. New York: Olympic Marketing Corp.
2074:. Bradt Travel Guides. p. 385.
1752:
1750:
1748:
1746:
1744:
1742:
1460:adding citations to reliable sources
1210:adding citations to reliable sources
709:Atse Yohannes IV castle (museum) in
522:. KaĆa then formed an alliance with
2511:Milkias, Paulos (2 December 2017).
2142:Muslim societies in African history
2139:Robinson, David (12 January 2004).
1289:monarchy in 1974 ended their rule.
2042:(New York: Palgrave, 2000), p. 146
1707:. Yohannes Mekonnen. p. 265.
1531:Birru, also held important posts.
1324:Princess Zenebework Haile Selassie
734:Ethiopian Orthodox Tewahedo Church
646:troops include many soldiers from
25:
3554:19th-century emperors of Ethiopia
2548:Historical Dictionary of Ethiopia
1937:Great Britain, House of Commons,
1772:Prunier, G.; Ficquet, Ă. (2015).
822:, who sought to bring the entire
768:chronicler, Yohannes told them:
3521:
3509:
3497:
2771:
2614:. New York: St. Martin's Press.
1436:
1182:
834:and occupying the city-state of
513:Barya'u Gebre Sadeq of Adwa and
2583:Gabre-Sellassie, Zewde (1975).
2008:Dictionary of African Biography
1447:needs additional citations for
1284:and the defeat of Italy at the
485:Portrait of Emperor Yohannes IV
387:British expedition to Abyssinia
2596:. Heinemann Educational Books.
2486:Zewde Gabre-Sellassie (2014).
2322:(London: Methuen, 1901), p. 43
2122:Levine, Donald Nathan (1965).
489:Shortly after their return to
1:
3584:Ethiopian Orthodox Christians
3574:People of the Abyssinian War
2270:www.ethiopiantreasures.co.uk
744:(predominant in the north),
65:11 July 1871 â 10 March 1889
2932:Zara Yaqob (Kwestantinos I)
2101:. Ăditions HL. p. 88.
1670:10.1007/978-3-030-04955-3_4
1315:. His son was the infamous
1109:Yohannes was killed by the
414:On the side of his father,
214:Silass Dimtsu of Chelekot,
3610:
3461:Second Italo-Ethiopian War
2946:Eskender (Kwestantinos II)
2240:Marcus, Harold G. (1995).
1094:
826:basin under his rule. The
796:
692:King of Shewa in 1878 and
458:of the Solomonic Dynasty.
3569:People from Tigray Region
3564:Monarchs killed in action
3441:
2818:Yagbe'u Seyon (Salomon I)
2789:
2728:
2719:
2711:
2706:
2679:
2568:– via Google Books.
2534:– via Google Books.
2376:10.1017/S0041977X00044207
1008:First Italo-Ethiopian War
321:(lit. "Our master" (pl.))
311:
288:
267:
248:
45:
38:
1759:Encyclopaedia Aethiopica
1757:Uhlig, Siegbert (2014).
2592:Rubenson, Sven (1976).
2358:Demoz, Abraham (1977).
2068:Briggs, Philip (2018).
1302:Araya Selassie Yohannes
1293:Araya Selassie Yohannes
1032:long and violent revolt
1018:proclaimed himself the
564:expedition to Abyssinia
474:. The lowest title, of
242:Yohannes IV of Ethiopia
2665:4 October 2009 at the
2605:(in Geez and English).
2181:Erlikh, កagai (2002).
1556:
1547:Yohannes' monument in
1494:
1351:. He was freed by the
1249:
1106:
1011:
1000:Egyptian-Ethiopian War
983:
935:Petros as Archbishop,
884:Egyptian-Ethiopian War
808:
799:Egyptian-Ethiopian War
793:War with Ottoman Egypt
778:
713:
676:
486:
2098:Under Ethiopian Skies
1960:A History of Ethiopia
1807:A History of Ethiopia
1546:
1247:
1104:
1095:Further information:
989:
981:
806:
797:Further information:
708:
666:
484:
410:Origin and early life
295:Your Imperial Majesty
3559:Emperors of Ethiopia
2778:Emperors of Ethiopia
2283:Bahru Zewde (2001).
2213:ethiopianhistory.com
1735:on 25 November 2022.
1456:improve this article
1320:Haile Selassie Gugsa
1313:Gugsa Araya Selassie
1206:improve this section
613:, approximately 900
572:James Augustus Grant
402:during the latter's
275:His Imperial Majesty
3470:Victor Emmanuel III
2722:Emperor of Ethiopia
2631:The Race to Fashoda
2551:. Scarecrow Press.
2466:www.africanidea.org
2457:Ghelawdewos Araia.
2422:www.africanidea.org
2413:Ghelawdewos Araia.
2318:Augustus B. Wylde,
470:, and Maru that of
360:Emperor of Ethiopia
318:Our Lord (familiar)
56:Emperor of Ethiopia
18:Emperor Yohannes IV
3112:Era of the Princes
2054:Harold G. Marcus,
1958:Harold G. Marcus,
1873:Harold G. Marcus,
1821:Harold G. Marcus,
1805:Harold G. Marcus,
1557:
1407:Imperial Bodyguard
1250:
1115:Battle of Gallabat
1107:
1097:Battle of Gallabat
1012:
984:
809:
714:
677:
570:, who sends Major
487:
416:Mercha Wolde Kidan
396:Khedivate of Egypt
364:Battle of Gallabat
226:Ethiopian Orthodox
197:Mercha Wolde Kidan
168:Ras Araya Selassie
3485:
3484:
3477:Emperor-in-exile.
3390:Tekle Giyorgis II
3144:Tekle Haymanot II
3130:Tekle Haymanot II
2800:Solomonic dynasty
2738:
2737:
2729:Succeeded by
2715:Tekle Giyorgis II
2686:Solomonic dynasty
2490:. Red Sea Press.
2194:978-1-55587-970-9
2108:978-0-946825-00-4
2081:978-1-78477-099-0
1714:978-1-4823-1117-4
1679:978-3-030-04954-6
1656:Smidt, W (2019).
1488:
1487:
1480:
1372:Mengesha Yohannes
1363:Mengesha Yohannes
1261:Mengesha Yohannes
1242:
1241:
1234:
1168:Treaty of Wuchale
605:, including: six
568:Sir Robert Napier
376:Egyptian invasion
327:
326:
322:
304:Alternative style
299:
298:(lit. "O royal")
231:
230:
84:Tekle Giyorgis II
16:(Redirected from
3601:
3526:
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3524:
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3502:
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3321:
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3300:
3293:
3286:
3279:
3277:Baeda Maryam III
3272:
3265:
3258:
3251:
3244:
3242:Tekle Giyorgis I
3237:
3230:
3223:
3221:Tekle Giyorgis I
3216:
3209:
3202:
3200:Tekle Giyorgis I
3195:
3188:
3186:Tekle Giyorgis I
3181:
3174:
3172:Tekle Giyorgis I
3167:
3160:
3158:Tekle Giyorgis I
3153:
3146:
3139:
3132:
3125:
3103:
3096:
3089:
3082:
3075:
3068:
3061:
3059:Tekle Haymanot I
3054:
3047:
3040:
3027:Gondarine period
3018:
3011:
3004:
2997:
2990:
2983:
2976:
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2838:
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2813:
2776:
2775:
2764:
2757:
2750:
2741:
2712:Preceded by
2702:
2695:
2677:
2644:
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2606:
2597:
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2570:
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2567:
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2430:
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2419:
2410:
2404:
2403:
2355:
2349:
2348:
2346:
2344:
2339:. 17 August 2011
2329:
2323:
2320:Modern Abyssinia
2316:
2307:
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2280:
2274:
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2262:
2256:
2255:
2237:
2231:
2230:
2223:
2217:
2216:
2205:
2199:
2198:
2178:
2172:
2171:
2163:
2157:
2156:
2136:
2130:
2129:
2119:
2113:
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2092:
2086:
2085:
2065:
2059:
2052:
2043:
2036:
2030:
2029:
2027:
2025:
2002:
1996:
1985:
1979:
1972:
1963:
1956:
1950:
1935:
1929:
1918:
1912:
1901:
1895:
1884:
1878:
1871:
1860:
1849:
1843:
1832:
1826:
1819:
1810:
1803:
1797:
1796:
1794:
1792:
1769:
1763:
1762:
1754:
1737:
1736:
1731:. Archived from
1725:
1719:
1718:
1698:
1692:
1691:
1653:
1647:
1646:
1644:
1642:
1628:
1622:
1621:
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1617:
1606:
1511:Ethiopian Empire
1501:
1483:
1476:
1472:
1469:
1463:
1440:
1432:
1237:
1230:
1226:
1223:
1217:
1186:
1178:
1024:Day of Judgement
899:Ethiopian Church
882:. Victor of the
728:Religious policy
699:Battle of Embabo
576:Ethiopian Empire
444:Empress Mentewab
320:
313:
297:
290:
269:
253:
243:
238:
233:
184:House of Solomon
137:
125:Ethiopian Empire
113:
111:
50:
41:
40:
32:
21:
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3409:
3402:
3395:
3388:
3381:
3374:
3372:Modern Ethiopia
3366:
3359:
3352:
3345:
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3324:
3317:
3310:
3303:
3296:
3289:
3282:
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3254:
3247:
3240:
3233:
3226:
3219:
3212:
3205:
3198:
3193:Baeda Maryam II
3191:
3184:
3177:
3170:
3163:
3156:
3149:
3142:
3135:
3128:
3121:
3114:
3106:
3099:
3092:
3085:
3078:
3071:
3064:
3057:
3052:Iyasu the Great
3050:
3043:
3036:
3029:
3021:
3014:
3007:
3000:
2993:
2986:
2979:
2972:
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2902:
2895:
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2827:: Senfa Ared IV
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2768:
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2717:
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2689:
2682:
2667:Wayback Machine
2651:
2641:
2628:
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2591:
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2579:
2577:Further reading
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2166:Erlikh, កagai.
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2116:
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2053:
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2038:Paul B. Henze,
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2019:
2004:
2003:
1999:
1986:
1982:
1973:
1966:
1957:
1953:
1936:
1932:
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1608:
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1603:
1598:
1590:
1503:
1496:
1484:
1473:
1467:
1464:
1453:
1441:
1430:
1414:Mengesha Seyoum
1383:Seyoum Mengesha
1365:
1306:Wolete Selassie
1295:
1238:
1227:
1221:
1218:
1203:
1187:
1176:
1099:
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1026:), and incited
976:
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886:and undisputed
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338:Rabaiy YĆáž„Ännes
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2209:"Yohannes IV"
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2170:. p. 73.
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2018:9780195382075
2014:
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2001:
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1995:, p. 33.
1994:
1990:
1984:
1981:
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1974:Bahru Zewde,
1971:
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1445:This section
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1191:This section
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1049:
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1028:Turkish Sudan
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829:
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816:Isma'il Pasha
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635:nÉgusĂ€ nĂ€gĂ€st
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612:
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604:
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588:
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554:Rise to power
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459:
457:
456:Gondar-Branch
453:
449:
445:
441:
438:and his wife
437:
433:
429:
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401:
397:
393:
392:Isma'il Pasha
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145:Mahdist Sudan
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134:10 March 1889
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33:
30:
19:
3467:Italian King
3396:
3361:Sahle Dengel
3354:Yohannes III
3347:Sahle Dengel
3340:Yohannes III
3333:Sahle Dengel
3326:Yohannes III
3319:Sahle Dengel
3305:Sahle Dengel
3256:Egwale Seyon
2988:Sarsa Dengel
2918:Sarwe Iyasus
2911:Takla Maryam
2862:Amda Seyon I
2811:Yekuno Amlak
2720:
2698:
2694:11 July 1837
2691:
2684:
2681:Yohannes IV
2630:
2611:
2602:
2593:
2584:
2562:. Retrieved
2547:
2540:
2528:. Retrieved
2517:. ABC-CLIO.
2513:
2506:
2487:
2481:
2469:. Retrieved
2465:
2452:
2443:
2437:
2425:. Retrieved
2421:
2408:
2367:
2363:
2353:
2341:. Retrieved
2337:Horn Affairs
2336:
2327:
2319:
2284:
2278:
2269:
2260:
2241:
2235:
2221:
2212:
2203:
2183:
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2161:
2141:
2134:
2124:
2117:
2097:
2090:
2070:
2063:
2055:
2039:
2034:
2022:. Retrieved
2007:
2000:
1992:
1988:
1983:
1975:
1959:
1954:
1946:
1942:
1938:
1933:
1925:
1921:
1916:
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1887:
1882:
1874:
1856:
1852:
1847:
1839:
1835:
1830:
1822:
1806:
1801:
1789:. Retrieved
1774:
1767:
1758:
1733:the original
1723:
1703:
1696:
1661:
1651:
1639:. Retrieved
1635:
1626:
1614:. Retrieved
1612:. Rulers.org
1604:
1591:
1582:
1558:
1536:
1532:
1528:
1521:Gabre Mikael
1517:
1515:
1508:
1504:
1495:
1491:
1474:
1465:
1454:Please help
1449:verification
1446:
1421:
1410:
1402:
1398:
1395:house arrest
1390:
1386:
1379:
1375:
1368:
1366:
1356:
1348:
1344:
1339:
1331:
1327:
1316:
1309:
1298:
1296:
1273:
1264:
1257:
1253:
1251:
1228:
1222:January 2021
1219:
1204:Please help
1192:
1165:
1155:
1153:
1146:
1139:
1136:Atbara River
1133:
1127:
1123:
1108:
1079:
1077:
1065:Alula Engida
1060:
1013:
996:Alula Engida
991:
967:
963:
955:
947:
936:
932:
924:
921:Ras Mohammed
920:
915:
911:
907:
903:
896:
876:
864:
861:Alula Engida
856:
849:
810:
779:
771:
758:
753:
749:
745:
741:
738:
731:
715:
678:
675:in 1879â1889
671:and general
642:
638:
634:
632:
600:
580:
557:
547:
543:
539:
523:
519:
514:
510:
506:
504:
494:
488:
475:
471:
467:
460:
448:Melmal Iyasu
436:Mikael Sehul
427:
423:
413:
380:
353:
352:
348:
344:
337:
329:
328:
314:
291:
281:Spoken style
270:
240:
211:
200:
193:
172:Ras Mengesha
154:
136:(1889-03-10)
114:11 July 1837
35:Yohannes IV
29:
3549:1889 deaths
3544:1837 births
3397:Yohannes IV
3383:Tewodros II
3375:(1855â1974)
3228:Salomon III
3207:Salomon III
3137:Susenyos II
3123:Yohannes II
3115:(1769â1855)
3030:(1632â1769)
2925:Amda Iyasus
2837:Qedma Asgad
2832:Hezba Asgad
2803:(1270â1632)
2792:Family tree
2655:Yohannes IV
2471:25 November
2427:25 November
1636:Treccani.it
1498:Bairu Tafla
1174:Descendants
1159:capital at
1004:Mahdist War
958:Markos for
807:Yohannes IV
765:Abyssinians
718:Debre Tabor
681:Tewodros II
624:Bahru Zewde
595:Tewodros II
560:Tewodros II
528:Mareb River
464:Tewodros II
440:Aster Iyasu
424:ĆĄum Tembien
404:Mahdist War
383:Tewodros II
345:Abba Bezbiz
330:Yohannes IV
80:Predecessor
3538:Categories
3404:Menelik II
3151:Salomon II
3045:Yohannes I
3016:Susenyos I
2974:Gelawdewos
2890:Tewodros I
2855:Wedem Arad
2847:Saba Asgad
2732:Menelik II
2726:1871â1889
2564:2 December
2530:2 December
2343:2 December
1641:2 December
1616:2 December
1596:References
1588:Full title
1555:, Ethiopia
1518:Dejazmatch
1468:April 2021
1418:Aida Desta
1387:Dejazmatch
1357:Dejazmatch
1349:Dejazmatch
1332:Dejazmatch
1328:Dejazmatch
1278:Menelik II
1006:, and the
950:Luqas for
824:Nile River
750:Ćost LÉdĂ€t
507:ĆĄum seraye
476:balambaras
472:fitâawrari
342:horse name
336:: áźááá” áŹá
203:of Tembien
194:Dejazmatch
110:1837-07-11
94:Menelik II
71:Coronation
3457:1936â1941
3411:Lij Iyasu
3165:Iyasu III
3080:Dawit III
3038:Fasilides
3002:Za Dengel
2842:Jin Asgad
2400:154015214
2384:0041-977X
2024:8 January
1989:The Times
1791:8 January
1778:. Hurst.
1688:199170267
1610:"Index Y"
1578:Blue Nile
1529:Dejazmach
1317:Dejazmach
1193:does not
828:Egyptians
673:Ras Alula
611:howitzers
587:telegraph
237:Styles of
90:Successor
3516:Monarchy
3504:Ethiopia
3455:Between
3291:Iyasu IV
3263:Iyoas II
3249:Demetros
3235:Demetros
3179:Hezqeyas
3094:Iyasu II
3066:Tewoflos
2967:Dawit II
2904:Andreyas
2897:Yeshaq I
2663:Archived
2514:Ethiopia
2303:70782212
2071:Ethiopia
1422:Leul Ras
1270:Hamasien
1161:Omdurman
782:Jebertis
544:dĂ€jazmaÄ
540:dĂ€jazmaÄ
536:Hamasien
520:dĂ€jazmaÄ
515:dĂ€jazmaÄ
511:dĂ€jazmaÄ
468:dĂ€jazmaÄ
334:Tigrinya
264:Tigrinya
222:Religion
141:Gallabat
117:May Baha
3528:History
3490:Portals
3448:crowned
3418:Zewditu
3101:Iyoas I
3087:Bakaffa
2883:Dawit I
2444:Ityopis
1561:MÀqdalÀ
1336:Mekelle
1282:Eritrea
1214:removed
1199:sources
1119:Metemma
1113:at the
1111:Mahdits
1056:Kassala
1048:Red Sea
1046:on the
1044:Massawa
1030:into a
940:Matewos
873:Zewditu
845:Massawa
813:Khedive
722:Mekelle
711:Mekelle
690:Menelik
669:Menelik
615:muskets
607:mortars
583:Magdala
546:(later
524:wag ĆĄum
428:balgÀda
420:Tembien
394:of the
351:; born
349:KahĆsai
323:yohanes
315:getochu
308:Amharic
292:djÄnhoi
285:Amharic
271:girmÄwÄ«
216:Enderta
212:Woizero
179:Dynasty
155:Woizero
121:Tembien
39:áźááá” áŹá
3446:Never
3073:Yostos
2697:
2637:
2618:
2555:
2521:
2494:
2398:
2392:615300
2390:
2382:
2301:
2291:
2248:
2191:
2149:
2105:
2078:
2015:
1782:
1711:
1686:
1676:
1566:Gundet
1553:Tigray
1525:Seraye
1428:Legacy
1085:Gondar
1036:Suakin
1002:, the
960:Gondar
952:Gojjam
686:Sayint
648:Tigray
609:, six
491:Tigray
372:Tigray
366:, and
208:Mother
190:Father
151:Spouse
3284:Gigar
3270:Gigar
3214:Yonas
3009:Yaqob
2995:Yaqob
2981:Menas
2960:Na'od
2699:Died:
2692:Born:
2462:(PDF)
2418:(PDF)
2396:S2CID
2388:JSTOR
1684:S2CID
1570:Gurae
1150:was".
1091:Death
1073:Italy
1020:Mahdi
1014:When
968:Abuna
964:Abuna
956:Abuna
948:Abuna
944:Shewa
937:Abuna
933:Abuna
925:Negus
869:Shewa
867:) of
865:Negus
840:Harar
836:Harar
832:Zeila
820:Egypt
774:Gragn
761:Islam
754:QÉbat
746:SĂ€gga
742:Karra
643:abunÀ
534:. In
495:abunÀ
163:Issue
62:Reign
2825:Sons
2782:List
2635:ISBN
2616:ISBN
2566:2017
2553:ISBN
2532:2017
2519:ISBN
2492:ISBN
2473:2022
2429:2022
2380:ISSN
2345:2019
2299:OCLC
2289:ISBN
2246:ISBN
2189:ISBN
2147:ISBN
2103:ISBN
2076:ISBN
2026:2017
2013:ISBN
1793:2017
1780:ISBN
1709:ISBN
1674:ISBN
1643:2017
1618:2017
1568:and
1549:Axum
1391:Shum
1353:Derg
1197:any
1195:cite
954:and
942:for
500:Afar
446:and
398:and
368:king
289:áááá
268:áááá
201:Shum
131:Died
104:Born
2372:doi
1666:doi
1537:Ras
1533:Ras
1523:of
1458:by
1411:Ras
1403:Ras
1399:Ras
1380:Ras
1376:Ras
1369:Ras
1345:Ras
1340:Ras
1310:Ras
1299:Ras
1274:Ras
1265:Ras
1258:Ras
1254:Ras
1208:by
1156:Ras
1147:Ras
1140:Ras
1128:Ras
1124:Ras
1080:Ras
1061:Ras
992:Ras
916:Ras
912:Ras
908:Ras
904:Ras
894:).
877:Ras
857:Ras
818:of
748:or
639:ras
548:ras
370:of
354:Lij
312:áá¶áč
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2386:.
2378:.
2368:40
2366:.
2362:.
2335:.
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2268:.
2211:.
2047:^
1967:^
1864:^
1814:^
1741:^
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