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Liaoyang, using twenty-five guards (each guard consisted of roughly 5,600 soldiers) to control
Southern Manchuria. In 1409, six years after the Yongle Emperor ascended the throne, he launched three campaigns to shore up Ming influence in the lower Amur River valley. The upshot was the establishment of the Nuerkan Regional Military Commission with several battalions (1,120 soldiers theoretically made up a battalion) deployed along the Songari, Ussuri, Khor, Urmi, Muling and Nen Rivers. The Nuerkan Commission, which parallelled that of the Liaodong Commission, was a special frontier administrations; therefore the Ming government permitted its commanding officers to transmit their offices to their sons and grandsons without any dimunition in rank. In the meantime, The Ming court periodically sent special envoys and inspectors to the region, making sure that the chiefs of various tribes remained loyal to the Ming emperor. But the one enboy who was most active and played the most significant role in the region was the eunuch Yishiha.
3604:
knocks of court politics and serving imperial concubines of
Manchurian origin, as the Yongle Emperor kept Jurchen women in his harem. At any rate, in the spring of 1411, the Yongle Emperor commissioned Yishiha to vie for the heart and soul of the peoples in Northern Manchuria and Eastern Siberia. Yishiha led a party of more than 1,000 officers and soldiers who boarded twenty-five ships and sailed along the Amur River for several days before reaching the Nuerkan Command post. Nuerkan was located on the east bank of the Amur River, approximately 300 li from the river's entrance and 250 li form the present-day Russian town of Nikolayevka. Yishiha's immediate assignment was to confer titles on tribal chiefs, giving them seals and uniforms. He also actively sought new recruits to fill out the official ranks for the Regional Commission
1161:, China's countryside was devastated. The fragile new economy had to deal with low production and depopulation. The Yongle Emperor laid out a long and extensive plan to strengthen and stabilise the new economy, but first he had to silence dissension. He created an elaborate system of censors to remove corrupt officials from office that spread such rumors. The emperor dispatched some of his most trusted officers to reveal or destroy secret societies, bandits, and loyalists to his other relatives. To strengthen the economy, he fought population decline, using the most he could from the existing labour force, and maximising textile and agricultural production.
1448:
Mongolia to cripple their offensive power. He attempted to compel
Mongolia to become a Chinese tributary, with all the tribes submitting and proclaiming themselves vassals of the Ming Empire, and wanted to contain and isolate the Mongols. Through fighting, the Yongle Emperor learned to appreciate the importance of cavalry in battle and eventually began spending much of his resources to keep horses in good supply. The emperor spent his entire life fighting the Mongols. Failures and successes came and went, but after the emperor's second personal campaign against the Mongols, the Ming Empire was at peace for over seven years.
935:
was now posthumously demoted; Zhu Biao's surviving two sons were demoted to commoners and placed under house arrest; and the
Jianwen Emperor's surviving younger son was imprisoned and hidden for the next 55 years. After a brief show of humility where he repeatedly refused offers to take the throne, Zhu Di accepted and proclaimed that the next year would be the first year of the Yongle era. On 17 July 1402, after a brief visit to his father's tomb, Zhu Di was crowned emperor of the Ming dynasty at the age of 42. He would spend most of his early years suppressing rumours and outlaws.
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893:, Prince of Dai was reduced to a commoner; Zhu Bai, Prince of Xiang committed suicide under duress; Zhu Fu, Prince of Qi and Zhu Pian, Prince of Min were demoted all within the later half of 1398 and the first half of 1399. Faced with certain hostility, Zhu Di pretended to fall ill and then "went mad" for a number of months before achieving his aim of freeing his sons from captivity to visit him in the north in June 1399. On 5 August, Zhu Di declared that the Jianwen Emperor had fallen victim to "evil counselors" (
931:. The betrayal of Chen Xuan gave him the imperial army's Yangtze River fleet; the betrayal of Li Jinglong and the prince's half-brother Zhu Hui, Prince of Gu opened the gates of Nanjing on 13 July. Amid the disorder, the imperial palace quickly caught fire: Zhu Di enabled his own succession by claiming three bodies – charred beyond recognition – as the Jianwen Emperor, his consort, and their son but rumours circulated for decades that the Jianwen Emperor had escaped in disguise as a Buddhist monk.
1467:
1021:, the former tutor to the Jianwen Emperor: threatened with execution of all nine degrees of his kinship, he fatuously replied "Never mind nine! Go with ten!" and – alone in Chinese history – he was sentenced to execution of 10 degrees of kinship: along with his entire family, every former student or peer of Fang Xiaoru that the Yongle Emperor's agents could find was also killed. It was said that as he died, cut in half at the waist, Fang used his own blood to write the character
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received tribute from the headmen
Alingge, Tuolingha, Sanchiha and Zhaluha in 1437. The position of headman among Sakhalin indigenous peoples was inherited paternally from father to son and the sons came with their fathers to Wuliehe. Ming officials gave silk uniforms with the appropriate rank to the Sakhalin Ainu, Uilta and Nivkh after they gave tribute. The
1172:. During his reign, the Grand Canal was almost completely rebuilt and was eventually moving imported goods from all over the world. The Yongle Emperor's short-term goal was to revitalise northern urban centres, especially his new capital at Beijing. Before the Grand Canal was rebuilt, grain was transferred to Beijing in two ways; one route was simply via the
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1905:, while patronizing Mongol and Tibetan cultures. He deeply admired and wished to save his father's accomplishments and spent a lot of time proving his claim to the throne. His reign was a mixed blessing for the Chinese populace. The Yongle Emperor's economic, educational, and military reforms provided unprecedented benefits for the people, but his
3676:’, Memoirs of the Research Department of Toyo Bunko, no. 10, 1938, pp. 40‒102, (Shina no kisai ni arawaretaru Kokuryuko karyuiki no dojin 支那の記載に現はれたる黒龍江下流域の土人( The natives on the lower reaches of the Amur river as represented in Chinese records), Tõagaku 5, vol. 1, Sept. 1939.) Wada, ‘Natives of the Lower Reaches of the Amur River’, p. 82.
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the population. The Yongle
Emperor issued an order to Ming soldiers in Annam to burn all books except Buddhist and Taoist texts. The Vietnamese were ordered through a Ming official to switch to Han Chinese clothing, and to start growing their hair long instead of cutting it short, within a month. The
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in
Nanjing refusing to recognise the legitimacy of his claim to the throne, the Yongle Emperor began a thorough purge of them and their families, including women and children. Other supporters of the Jianwen Emperor's regime were extirpated throughout the country, while a reign of terror was seen due
1916:
He is remembered very much for his cruelty, just like his father. He killed most of the
Jianwen Emperor's palace servants, tortured many of his nephew's loyalists to death, killed or by other means badly treated their relatives. He ordered 2,800 concubines, servant girls and eunuchs who guarded them
1817:
and appointed Ko-ch'a-lao (許柴佬; Xu
Chailao) to that position in 1405. China also had vassals among the leaders in the archipelago. China attained ascendancy in trade with the area in the Yongle Emperor's reign. The local rulers on Luzon were "confirmed" by the governor or "high officer" appointed by
1239:
stele, extolling the merits and virtues of the Hongwu
Emperor. In fact, the Yongle Emperor's original idea for the memorial was to erect an unprecedented stele 73 metres tall. However, due to the impossibility of moving or erecting the giant parts of that monuments, they have been left unfinished in
914:
thanks to superior tactics and capable Mongol auxiliaries. He also issued numerous justifications for his rebellion, including questionable claims to have been the son of Empress Ma and bold-faced lies that his father had attempted to name him as the rightful heir, only to be thwarted by bureaucrats
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Deshin Shekpa convinced the Yongle Emperor that there were different religions for different people, which does not mean that one is better than the others. The Karmapa was very well received during his visit and a number of miraculous occurrences were reported. He also performed ceremonies for the
934:
Having captured the capital, Zhu Di now left aside his former arguments about rescuing his nephew from evil counsel and voided the Jianwen Emperor's entire reign, taking 1402 as the 35th year of the Hongwu era. His own brother Zhu Biao, whom the Jianwen Emperor had posthumously elevated to emperor,
1797:
region had the Ming "system for subjugated peoples' implementers in it for the Sakhalin indigenous peoples. Sakhalin received iron tools from mainland Asia through this trade as Tungus groups joined in from 1456–1487. Local indigenous hierarchies had Ming Chinese given political offices integrated
1447:
that had fled north after being defeated by the Hongwu Emperor. He repaired the northern defences and forged buffer alliances to keep the Mongols at bay in order to build an army. His strategy was to force the Mongols into economic dependence on the Chinese and to launch periodic initiatives into
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Due to the stress and overwhelming amount of thinking involved in running a post-rebellion empire, the Yongle Emperor searched for scholars to serve in his government. He had many of the best scholars chosen as candidates and took great care in choosing them, even creating terms by which he hired
3603:
Yishiha belonged to the Haixi tribe of the Jurchen race. The Ming shi provides no background information on this Manchurian castrato except that Yishiha worked under two powerful early Ming eunuchs, Wang Zhen, and Cao Jixiang. It is also likely that Yishiha gained prominence by enduring the hard
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pelt fur tribute from the assistant commander Alige in 1431 from Sakhalin after the Ming assigned titles like weizhenfu (official charged with subjugation), zhihui qianshi (assistance commander), zhihui tongzhi (vice commander) and Zhihuishi (commander) from Sakhalin indigenous headmen. The Ming
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The Yongle Emperor ambitiously planned to move his capital to Beijing. According to a popular legend, the capital was moved when the emperor's advisers brought the emperor to the hills surrounding Nanjing and pointed out the emperor's palace showing the vulnerability of the palace to artillery
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Eager to establish his own legitimacy, Zhu Di voided the Jianwen Emperor's reign and established a wide-ranging effort to destroy or falsify records concerning his childhood and rebellion. This included a massive purge of the Confucian scholars in Nanjing and grants of extraordinary extralegal
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While Hai Tong and Hou Xian were busy courting the Mongols and Tibetans, a Ming eunuch of Manchurian stock, Yishiha, also quietly carried the guidon in the exploration of Northern Manchuria and Eastern Siberia. In 1375, the Ming dynasty established the Liaodong Regional Military Commission at
915:
scheming to empower Zhu Biao's son. Whether because of this propaganda or for personal motives, Zhu Di began to receive a steady stream of turncoat eunuchs and generals who provided him with invaluable intelligence allowing a hit-and-run campaign against the imperial supply depots along the
1017:, children, nephews and nieces, grandchildren, and all cohabitants of whatever family, although children were sometimes spared and women were sometimes permitted to choose slavery instead. Four of the purged scholars became known as the Four Martyrs, the most famous of whom was
864:. These instructions made it clear that the rule would pass only to children from the emperor's primary consort, excluding the Prince of Yan in favour of Zhu Yunwen, Zhu Biao's son. When the Hongwu Emperor died on 24 June 1398, Zhu Yunwen succeeded his grandfather as the
1656:
castrated some of their own children to become eunuchs to serve in the Ming imperial palace. The emperor said that the boys who were castrated were innocent and did not deserve castration, and he returned the boys to Ryukyu and instructed them not to send eunuchs again.
1516:
were looted and destroyed. On 2 December 1407, the Yongle Emperor gave orders to Zhang Fu that innocent Vietnamese were not to be harmed, ordering family members of rebels to be spared such as young males if they themselves were not involved in rebellion. In early 1418,
1867:. Frustrated at his inability to catch up with his swift opponents, the Yongle Emperor fell into a deep depression and then into illness, possibly owing to a series of minor strokes. On 12 August 1424, the Yongle Emperor died. He was entombed in Changling (
1034:
and Buddhist festivals to help calm civil unrest. He stopped the warring between the various Chinese tribes and reorganised the provinces to best provide peace within the Ming Empire. The Yongle Emperor was said to be an "ardent Buddhist" by Ernst Faber.
1137:, Prince of Han. Zhu Gaoxu had an athletic-warrior personality which contrasted sharply with his elder brother's intellectual and humanitarian nature. Despite much counsel from his advisers, the Yongle Emperor chose his older son, Zhu Gaozhi (the future
952:
4288:
The Travels of Marco Polo: The Complete Yule-Cordier Edition : Including the Unabridged Third Edition (1903) of Henry Yule's Annotated Translation, as Revised by Henri Cordier, Together with Cordier's Later Volume of Notes and Addenda
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Emperors, felt that the costly expeditions were harmful to the Ming Empire. The Hongxi Emperor ended further expeditions and the descendants of the Xuande Emperor suppressed much of the information about Zheng He's treasure voyages.
1772:. Boluohe, Nanghar and Wuliehe were Yuan posts set up to receive tribute from the Ainu after their war with the Yuan ended in 1308. Ming Chinese outposts in Sakhalin and the Amur river area received animal skin tribute from
815:
The official Ming histories portray a Zhu Di who impressed his father with his energy, daring, and leadership amid numerous successes; nonetheless, the Ming dynasty suffered numerous reverses during his tenure and the great
787:
Zhu Di grew up as a prince in a loving, caring environment. His father supplied nothing but the best education and, trusting them alone, reestablished the old feudal principalities for his many sons. Zhu Di was created
1581:, and many locations in Southeast Asia before and after the Yongle Emperor's reign, Zheng He's expeditions were China's only major sea-going explorations of the world (although the Chinese may have been sailing to
686:, but when Zhu Yunwen ascended the throne as the Jianwen Emperor and began executing and demoting his powerful uncles, Zhu Di found pretext for rising in rebellion against his nephew. Assisted in large part by
1099:
imperial family. The emperor presented him with 700 measures of silver objects and bestowed the title of 'Precious Religious King, Great Loving One of the West, Mighty Buddha of Peace'. A khatvanga in the
1741:, the "Chinese god", Chinese motifs like the dragon, spirals, scrolls, and material goods like agriculture, husbandry, heating, iron cooking pots, silk, and cotton spread among the Amur natives like the
1223:
The emperor planned to build a massive network of structures in Beijing in which government offices, officials, and the imperial family resided. After a painfully long construction time (1407–1420), the
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into the South Pacific and Indian Oceans. The difficulties in Nanjing also led the Yongle Emperor to re-establish Beiping (present-day Beijing) as the new imperial capital. He repaired and reopened the
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1525:, started a major rebellion against Ming rule. By the time the Yongle Emperor died in 1424, the Vietnamese rebels under Lê Lợi's leadership had captured nearly the entire province. By 1427, the
868:. In direct violation of the dynastic instructions, the Prince of Yan attempted to mourn his father in Nanjing, bringing a large armed guard with him. The imperial army was able to block him at
3364:
Duyvendak, J.J.L. (1939), "The True Dates of the Chinese Maritime Expeditions in the Early Fifteenth Century The True Dates of the Chinese Maritime Expeditions in the Early Fifteenth Century",
4347:
Princess Urduja, Queen of the Orient Seas: Before and After Her Time in the Political Orbit of the Shri-vi-ja-ya and Madjapahit Maritime Empire : a Pre-Hispanic History of the Philippines
1488:, however on arrival to Vietnam, both the pretender and the accompanying Chinese ambassador were ambushed and killed. In response to this insult, the Yongle Emperor sent two armies led by
1114:. He apparently offered to send armies to unify Tibet under the Karmapa but Deshin Shekpa demurred, as parts of Tibet were still firmly controlled by partisans of the former Yuan dynasty.
1255:
experts, the Yongle Emperor chose a site north of Beijing, where he and his successors were to be buried. Over the next two centuries, thirteen emperors in total were laid to rest in the
5060:. Contributors Philippine Academy of Social Sciences, Manila, University of the Philippines. College of Liberal Arts. College of Liberal Arts, University of the Philippines. 1959
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Chinese Elements in the Tagalog Language: With Some Indication of Chinese Influence on Other Philippine Languages and Cultures, and an Excursion Into Austronesian Linguistics
1707:'s state in Persia and Transoxania state considerably improved, and the states exchanged large official delegations on a number of occasions. Both the Ming Empire's envoy to
1692:
or Tungusic chiefs were granted ranks in the imperial administration. Yishiha's expeditions returned to the lower Amur several more times during the reigns of the Yongle and
1913:. Despite these negatives, the Yongle Emperor is considered an architect and keeper of Chinese culture, history, and statecraft and an influential ruler in Chinese history.
1503:, Vietnam was integrated as a province of China, just as it had been up until 939. With the Hồ dynasty defeated in 1407, the Chinese began a serious and sustained effort to
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The Yongle Emperor died while personally leading a military campaign against the Mongols. He was buried in the Changling Mausoleum, the central and largest mausoleum of the
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Wade, Geoff (1 July 2007). "Ryukyu in the Ming Reign Annals 1380s–1580s". Working Paper Series (93). Asia Research Institute National University of Singapore: 75.
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Even though the Hongwu Emperor may have meant for his descendants to be buried near his own Xiaoling Mausoleum (this was how the Hongwu Emperor's heir apparent,
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Francisco Balagtas and the roots of Filipino nationalism: life and times of the great Filipino poet and his legacy of literary excellence and political activism
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The Yongle Emperor followed traditional rituals closely and held many popular beliefs. He did not overindulge in the luxuries of palace life, but still used
1283:. During his reign, many Buddhist and Taoist temples were built. The Yongle Emperor sought to eradicate old Yuan influence from China; the use of popular
5092:. Contributor University of the Philippines. Institute of Public Administration. Institute of Public Administration, University of the Philippines. 1957
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was buried), the Yongle Emperor's relocation of the capital to Beijing necessitated the creation of a new imperial burial ground. On the advice of
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Aside from the religious matter, the Yongle Emperor wished to establish an alliance with the Karmapa similar to the one the 13th- and 14th-century
780:, the first emperor of the Ming dynasty. According to surviving Ming historical records, Zhu Di's mother was the Hongwu Emperor's primary consort,
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Proceedings [of The] Second Biennial Conference, Held at Taiwan Provincial Museum, Taipei, Taiwan. Republic of China, October 6–9, 1962
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The Yongle Emperor is generally regarded to have had a lifelong pursuit of glory, power, and wealth. He respected and worked hard to preserve
1828:), Sumatra, and Brunei all established diplomatic relations with the Ming Empire and exchanged envoys and sent tribute to the Yongle Emperor.
1480:
was a significant source of difficulties during the Yongle Emperor's reign. In 1406, the emperor responded to several formal petitions from a
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L. Carrington Godrich, Chaoying Fang (editors), "Dictionary of Ming Biography, 1368–1644". Volume I (A–L). Columbia University Press, 1976.
1314:, a compilation of Chinese civilization. It was completed in 1408 and was the world's largest general encyclopedia until being surpassed by
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who sent a memorandum to the Yongle Emperor protesting the current method of grain shipment, a request that the emperor ultimately granted.
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gave up the effort started by his grandfather and formally acknowledged Vietnam's independence on condition they accept vassal status.
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Mongol invaders were still causing many problems for the Ming Empire. The Yongle Emperor prepared to eliminate this threat. He mounted
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was set up along with the Nurkan (Nurgan) outposts by the Yongle emperor in 1409. The Ming also held the post at Wuliehe and received
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in 1856. As part of his continuing attempt to control the Confucian scholar-bureaucrats, the Yongle Emperor also greatly expanded the
4774:. Vol. 9 of EncyclopÆdia Britannica: A New Survey of Universal Knowledge. Contributor Walter Yust. EncyclopÆdia Britannica. 1954
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As part of his desire to expand Chinese influence throughout the known world, the Yongle Emperor sponsored the massive and long term
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4845:. Contributor National Economic Council (Philippines) (revised ed.). Republic of the Philippines, Department of Foreign Affairs
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where he had his monastery rebuilt following severe damage from an earthquake. After the Karmapa's visit, Yongle styled himself a
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3948:. Vol. 2 of Southeast Asia in the Age of Commerce, 1450–1680 (illustrated ed.). Yale University Press. p. 206.
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1125:. A large amount of Tibetan Buddhist art was created in imperial workshops to demonstrate his authority and right to govern.
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1145:. As a result, Zhu Gaoxu became infuriated and refused to give up jockeying for his father's favour and refusing to move to
674:). Zhu Di was a capable commander against the Mongols. He initially accepted his father's appointment of his eldest brother
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Antonio, Eleanor D.; Dallo, Evangeline M.; Imperial, Consuelo M.; Samson, Maria Carmelita B.; Soriano, Celia D. (2007).
3880:. Vol. 11 of California World History Library (illustrated ed.). University of California Press. p. 226.
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Administrative divisions of the Ming dynasty during the Yongle Emperor (as of 1409); note that the exact nature of the
858:, Crown Prince Yiwen. He worried about his succession and issued a series of dynastic instructions for his family, the
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The Chinese expeditions were a remarkable technical and logistical achievement. The Yongle Emperor's successors, the
1149:, where his princedom was located. He even went so far as to undermine Xie Jin's counsel and eventually killed him.
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4946:. Contributors Manila (Philippines) University, University of Manila (revised ed.). University of Manila. 1959
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3688:"Indigenous Diplomacy: Sakhalin Ainu (Enchiw) in the Shaping of Modern East Asia (Part 1: Traders and Travellers)"
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on 10 April 1407 riding on an elephant towards the imperial palace, where tens of thousands of monks greeted him.
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Bronze statue of the Yongle Emperor. This is a replica of the original stone statue that was destroyed during the
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824:. Similarly, when the Hongwu Emperor sent large forces to the north, they were not placed under Zhu Di's command.
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of Yuan, he found a city that had been devastated by famine and disease, but he worked with his father's general
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in place of his father's use of personal recommendation and appointment. These scholars completed the monumental
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1613:, etc.). Seven expeditions were launched between 1405 and 1433, reaching major trade centres of Asia (as far as
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was also forbidden, to make Vietnese culture conform more with that in the north. Various ancient sites such as
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and, given that three of his sons were serving as hostages in the capital, the prince withdrew in disgrace.
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4807:. Vol. 1 of Philippine Political and Cultural History (revised ed.). Philippine Education Company
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This article is about the Ming dynasty emperor. For other emperors who used an era name called Yongle, see
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put to death as the Yongle Emperor tried to suppress palace scandals according to disputed anecdotes in
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married Han Chinese Ming officials when the Ming took tribute from Sakhalin and the Amur river region.
885:"Weakening the Marcher Lords") made accommodation much more difficult, however: Zhu Di's full brother,
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Sperling, Elliot. "The 5th Karma-pa and some aspects of the relationship between Tibet and the early
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When it was time for him to choose an heir, the Yongle Emperor wanted to choose his second son,
919:. By 1402, he knew enough to be able to avoid the main hosts of the imperial army while sacking
3649:. Nippon Foundation (illustrated ed.). University of California Press. pp. 133, 134.
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1298:; both survive. Repairs to mosques were encouraged and conversion to other uses was forbidden.
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princess, which resulted in many of the eunuchs serving him being of Jurchen origin, notably
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in Nanjing by erecting a monumental "Square Pavilion" (Sifangcheng) with an eight-metre-tall
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in the region, headquartered at the place the Chinese called Telin (特林; now the village of
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Legitimating Usurpation: Historical Revisions under the Ming Yongle Emperor (r. 1402–1424)
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1241:
1236:
1158:
865:
843:
768:
The Yongle Emperor was born Zhu Di on 2 May 1360, the fourth son of the new leader of the
679:
122:
4804:
The Philippines since pre-Spanish times. v. 2. The Philippines since the British invasion
485:
2972:
1499:. As the last remnants of the Trần royal family were all executed by the Ming including
5478:
5422:
5417:
5402:
5347:
3033:. Pub. by the General Evangelical Protestant missionary society of Germany. p. 196
2785:
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2404:
1965:
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1910:
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1272:
1232:
1069:
1002:
797:
789:
773:
694:, Zhu Di survived the initial attacks on his princedom and drove south to launch the
667:
189:
4823:
The Pageant of Philippine History: Political, Economic, and Socio-cultural, Volume 1
4463:. Vol. 3694 of Publication (Smithsonian Institution). Smithsonian Institution.
1164:
The Yongle Emperor also worked to reclaim production rich regions such as the Lower
5394:
5269:
4699:
4688:
3622:(illustrated, reprint, revised ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 214.
2753:
1851:
1799:
1761:
1750:
1689:
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1444:
1280:
1276:
1268:
1193:
1122:
1107:
1010:
907:
812:– who was also his own father-in-law – to continue the pacification of the region.
793:
702:. In 1402, he successfully overthrew his nephew and occupied the imperial capital,
659:
616:
556:
471:
395:
365:
353:
167:
5229:
5173:
5155:
5137:
5119:
5087:
5055:
5023:
4996:. Contributors University of Pangasinan, Dagupan Colleges. Dagupan Colleges. 1970
4991:
4973:
4941:
4896:
4878:
4859:
4840:
4821:
4802:
4769:
4751:
4711:
4670:
4642:
4623:
4604:
4585:
4566:
4547:
4528:
4511:
4505:
4486:
4458:
4430:
4402:
4383:
4364:
4345:
4326:
4307:
4234:
4215:
4187:
4168:
4140:
4112:
3545:
906:
In the first year, Zhu Di survived the initial assaults by superior forces under
5535:
5508:
5249:
3945:
Southeast Asia in the Age of Commerce, 1450–1680: Expansion and crisis, Volume 2
2243:
1860:
1781:
1773:
1746:
1737:
Due to Ming rule in Manchuria, Chinese cultural and religious influence such as
1685:
1618:
1586:
1331:
1197:
1085:
1027:("usurper") on the floor and that 872 other people were executed in the ordeal.
1018:
911:
421:"Yongle Emperor" in traditional (top) and simplified (bottom) Chinese characters
318:
5355:
3687:
3646:
The Conquest of Ainu Lands: Ecology and Culture in Japanese Expansion,1590–1800
5519:
5254:
4713:
The Chinese in the Philippines, 1898–1935: A Study of Their National Awakening
3674:
The Natives of the Lower reaches of the Amur as Represented in Chinese Records
2729:
1998:
1677:
1661:
1256:
1228:
was finally completed and became the imperial capital for the next 500 years.
1185:
1177:
869:
757:
690:
mistreated by the Hongwu and Jianwen Emperors, who both favored the Confucian
263:
204:
17:
5237:
When China Ruled the Seas: The Treasure Fleet of the Dragon Throne, 1405–1433
1637:
used were apparently the largest sail-powered wooden ships in human history.
5546:
5530:
5524:
2904:
When China Ruled The Seas: The Treasure Fleet of the Dragon Throne 1405–1433
1988:
1906:
1889:
1881:
1708:
1315:
1134:
1047:
980:
805:
663:
518:
254:
2893:, 2d Series, Vol. 49, Livr. 3 (1961), pp. 115–148. Accessed 9 October 2012.
1039:
people. He was also concerned about the degeneration of Buddhism in China.
1001:
records insubordinate officers being threatened with it as far back as the
739:, considered one of the wonders of the world before its destruction by the
5028:. Contributor University of the Philippines. College of Liberal Arts. 1959
3812:(illustrated ed.). University of the Philippines Press. p. 476.
3619:
A History of the Peoples of Siberia: Russia's North Asian Colony 1581–1990
1605:). The expeditions were under the command of Zheng He and his associates (
1084:, to visit the imperial capital – apparently after having a vision of the
3914:(illustrated, reprint ed.). University of Hawaii Press. p. 26.
3423:
1810:
1803:
1610:
1574:
1504:
1493:
1489:
1295:
1252:
1248:
1189:
1031:
928:
855:
719:
675:
525:
5057:
Philippine Social Sciences and Humanities Reviews, Volume 24, Issues 1–2
4272:
The Dance of 17 Lives: The Incredible True Story of Tibet's 17th Karmapa
2973:
Examination of China's Death Penalty: Torture from the Time of the Ming"
1597:
or earlier). The first expedition was launched in 1405 (18 years before
1231:
The Yongle Emperor finalised the architectural ensemble of his father's
4034:
3377:
3286:
Maspero, G., 2002, The Champa Kingdom, Bangkok: White Lotus Co., Ltd.,
2886:
2295:
1859:
On 1 April 1424, the Yongle Emperor launched a large campaign into the
1731:
1673:
1665:
1630:
1552:
1548:
1477:
1470:
1291:
1111:
1092:
875:
The Jianwen Emperor's harsh campaign against his weaker uncles (dubbed
801:
703:
699:
671:
360:
348:
171:
163:
4753:
Encyclopædia Britannica: a new survey of universal knowledge, Volume 9
1703:, who intended to invade China, relations between the Ming Empire and
4488:
Moro Archives: A History of Armed Conflicts in Mindanao and East Asia
3911:
Sojourners and Settlers: Histories of Southeast China and the Chinese
1864:
1789:
1723:, recorded detailed accounts of their visits to each other's states.
1582:
1578:
1556:
1181:
1146:
924:
920:
886:
711:
687:
88:
4861:
The Annals of Philippine Chinese Historical Association, Volumes 5-8
1009:
had fully restored the practice, punishing rebels and traitors with
4312:. Institute of Public Administration, University of the Philippines
1117:
Deshin Shekpa left Nanjing on 17 May 1408. In 1410, he returned to
1103:
was one of the objects given to the Karmapa by the Yongle Emperor.
1888:
1880:
1777:
1712:
1700:
1590:
1561:
1465:
1209:
1077:
1046:
979:
837:
809:
683:
670:
in May 1370, with the capital of his princedom at Beiping (modern
4236:
Origin of Far Eastern Civilizations: A Brief Handbook, Issues 1–7
3148:, 南京大学出版社 (Nanjing University Press), pp. 595–599, 616–617,
1798:
with them. The Ming system on Sakhalin was imitated by the Qing.
1652:
On 30 January 1406, the Yongle Emperor expressed horror when the
846:
that the Yongle Emperor ordered to be made for his father in 1405
2075:
1626:
792:, a location important for being both the former capital of the
744:
5359:
5025:
Philippine Social Sciences and Humanities Review, Volumes 24–25
977:
to eunuchs settling scores with the two prior administrations.
4943:
University of Manila Journal of East Asiatic Studies, Volume 7
4706:, pp. 283–284. (1979). Vikas Publishing house, New Delhi.
4407:(illustrated ed.). Institute of Southeast Asian Studies.
4257:
The Confusions of Pleasure: Commerce and Culture in Ming China
4239:. Contributor Smithsonian Institution. Smithsonian Institution
4220:. Contributor Smithsonian Institution. Smithsonian Institution
4170:
Political and Cultural History of the Philippines, Volumes 1–2
3809:
Southeast Asian Archaeology: Wilhelm G. Solheim II Festschrift
1974:(1379 – 22 April 1444), personal name Yuegui, second daughter
1809:
The Yongle Emperor instituted a Ming governor on Luzon during
1325:
800:, a successor state to the Yuan dynasty. When Zhu Di moved to
4584:
Panganiban, José Villa; Panganiban, Consuelo Torres- (1962).
2861:
The Legitimation of New Orders: Case Studies in World History
1267:
The Yongle Emperor was a Chinese traditionalist. He promoted
731:
and, between 1406 and 1420, directed the construction of the
568:
4565:
Panganiban, José Villa; Panganiban, Consuelo Torres (1965).
3343:"Southeast Asia in the Ming Shi-lu: an open access resource"
3307:. Beijing: Emperor Gaozong of the Qing dynasty. p. 695.
1196:
before finally reaching Beijing. With the necessary tribute
643:(2 May 1360 – 12 August 1424), personal name
4839:
Philippines (Republic). Office of Cultural Affairs (1965).
3195:
Muslim Chinese: ethnic nationalism in the People's Republic
4274:, p. 34. Bloomsbury Publishing, New York and London.
4533:. Contributor Henry Otley Beyer. Filipiniana Publications
1696:
Emperors, the last one visiting the region in the 1430s.
544:
530:
3908:
Reid, Anthony; Alilunas-Rodgers, Kristine, eds. (1996).
718:
authority to the eunuch secret police. One favorite was
706:, after which he was proclaimed emperor and adopted the
4507:
Chinese participation in Philippine culture and economy
4014:. Cambridge University Press. pp. 23, 51–53, 203.
3877:
The Pilgrim Art: Cultures of Porcelain in World History
3276:. Vol. 18 (15th ed.). 2007. pp. 257–286.
3103:"Rubin Museum's Faith and Empire: Tibetan Buddhist Art"
1760:, Ainu and Nivkh of Sakhalin became tributaries to the
2168:
Consort Kangjingzhuanghehui, of the Korean Choi clan (
1192:), then transferred back to large river barges on the
1091:. After a very long journey, Deshin Shekpa arrived in
3982:. Vol. 3 of Al-Hind Series. Brill. p. 238.
2099:(18 January 1392 – January/February 1392), fourth son
1577:. While Chinese ships continued travelling to Japan,
889:, Prince of Zhou, was arrested and exiled to Yunnan;
621:
506:
490:
476:
4672:
Seven Thousand Islands: The Story of the Philippines
3767:
3765:
2804:
This temple name was conferred by the Hongxi Emperor
1473:(northern Vietnam) when it was under Ming occupation
820:
was won not by Zhu Di but by his brother's partisan
5499:
5393:
4404:
Connecting and Distancing: Southeast Asia and China
4012:
Ming China and its Allies: Imperial Rule in Eurasia
3806:Paz, Victor; Solheim, II, Wilhelm G., eds. (2004).
3547:
Chinese eunuchs: the structure of intimate politics
3170:
China archaeology and art digest, Volume 3, Issue 4
2813:
This temple name was changed by the Jiajing Emperor
1959:) in 1395, and had issue (one son, three daughters)
1356:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
615:
608:
603:
585:
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555:
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301:
285:
240:
212:
196:
178:
157:
153:
145:
138:
128:
118:
110:
102:
95:
59:
5239:, Oxford University Press, 1997, trade paperback,
5180:International Institute of Differing Civilizations
4858:Philippine Chinese Historical Association (1975).
4111:Agoncillo, Teodoro A.; Guerrero, Milagros (1975).
1950:(1377–1417), personal name Yuying, first daughter
1944:, of the Xu clan (1362–1407), personal name Yihua
1141:), as his heir apparent mainly due to advice from
961:Portraits of Emperor Yongle and Empress Renxiaowen
4901:. Contributor Philippine Information Agency. 1955
4432:In Our Image: America's Empire in the Philippines
3757:"Philippine Almanac & Handbook of Facts" 1977
3584:(illustrated ed.). SUNY Press. p. 129.
3512:(illustrated ed.). SUNY Press. p. 129.
1441:five military expeditions into the Mongol steppes
1287:, habits, language, and clothing were forbidden.
776:, who led these rebels to success and became the
5178:. Contributor International Colonial Institute.
3778:. Central Bank of the Philippines. p. 107.
1533:Diplomatic missions and exploration of the world
37:"Zhu Di" redirects here. For the scientist, see
4549:Islands of Pleasure: A Guide to the Philippines
3062:"Use this image 20263001 | British Museum"
2034:; 1385 – 27 July 1440), personal name Zhiming (
1995:(30 December 1380 – 6 October 1426), second son
1555:, being presented to the Yongle Emperor by the
1168:and called for a massive reconstruction of the
3846:(illustrated ed.). ABC-CLIO. p. 16.
3146:南京明清建筑 (Ming and Qing architecture of Nanjing)
3144:Yang, Xinhua (杨新华); Lu, Haiming (卢海鸣) (2001),
3121:
3119:
2881:
2879:
2877:
2122:Consort Gongherongshunxian, of the Wang clan (
2113:Consort Duanjinggonghuishu, of the Yang clan (
1831:The Yongle Emperor exchanged ambassadors with
1435:Yongle Emperor's campaigns against the Mongols
1290:The Yongle Emperor sponsored a mosque each in
5371:
4625:The Philippines: A Young Republic on the Move
3393:The Shorter Science and Civilisation in China
3389:Based on descriptions of the coast from 860.
3012:
3006:
2994:
2976:
2954:
2944:
2926:
2916:
2906:, p. 59. Oxford Univ. Press (New York), 1994.
2289:
2280:
2268:
2259:
2250:
2223:
2214:
2205:
2196:
2187:
2178:
2169:
2150:
2149:Consort Huimuzhaojingshun, of the Qian clan (
2141:
2140:Consort Zhaohuigongyishun, of the Wang clan (
2132:
2131:Consort Zhaosujinghuixian, of the Wang clan (
2123:
2114:
2105:
2088:
2063:
2044:
2035:
2029:
2018:
2009:
2005:(19 January 1383 – 5 October 1431), third son
1978:
1954:
1868:
1559:ruler in 1414, and taken to be an auspicious
1022:
894:
876:
722:, who employed his authority to launch major
591:
446:
432:
334:
326:
308:
292:
63:
8:
5218:Perpetual Happiness: The Ming Emperor Yongle
4260:. Berkeley: University of California Press.
2104:Consort Gongshunrongmuli, of the Chen clan (
2014:; 1384 – 16 September 1443), third daughter
1157:After the Yongle Emperor's overthrow of the
854:was long-lived and outlived his first heir,
4641:Sevilla, Fred; Balagtas, Francisco (1997).
4587:A Survey of the Literature of the Filipinos
4192:(unabridged ed.). Rex Bookstore, Inc.
3775:Kayamanan: The Philippine Jewelry Tradition
3317:
2049:; d. 1449) in 1403, and had issue (one son)
1726:One of the Yongle Emperor's consorts was a
5378:
5364:
5356:
5260:
5157:Philippine Almanac & Handbook of Facts
4898:The Philippines: A Handbook of Information
4842:The Philippines: a Handbook of Information
4286:Cordier, Henri; Yule, Henry, eds. (1993).
3843:The Philippines: A Global Studies Handbook
3252:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
2311:
2298:, on 20 June 1403, and had issue (one son)
1839:to Samarkand and Herat, and Shahrukh sent
1153:National economy and construction projects
600:
455:
415:
73:
56:
5089:Studies in Public Administration, Issue 4
4568:The literature of the Pilipinos: a survey
4435:(unabridged ed.). Random House LLC.
3979:Indo-Islamic society: 14th–15th centuries
3686:Morris-Suzuki, Tessa (15 November 2020).
3439:
3198:. Harvard Univ Asia Center. p. 269.
2213:Consort Zhenjingshun, of the Zhang clan (
2087:Consort Kangmuyigonghui, of the Wu clan (
2062:Noble Consort Zhaoyi, of the Zhang clan (
1968:(16 August 1378 – 29 May 1425), first son
1953:Married Yuan Rong, Marquis of Guangping (
1416:Learn how and when to remove this message
1066:sent messages, gifts, and envoys to Tibet
313:): 23 January 1403 – 19 January 1425
5220:, University of Washington Press, 2002.
4880:Biennial Conference Proceedings, Issue 1
1850:
1780:and Nivkh in the 15th century after the
1542:
4344:Del Castillo y Tuazon, Antonio (1988).
3228:"Yongle dadian (Chinese encyclopaedia)"
2851:
2849:
2847:
2845:
2843:
2841:
2839:
2837:
2835:
2831:
2797:
2285:; 1387 – 5 April 1408), fifth daughter
1920:Veritable Records of the Joseon Dynasty
233: 1376; died 1407)
5193:
5103:
5071:
5039:
5007:
4957:
4922:
4912:
4785:
3458:
3447:
3391:Ronan, Colin; Needham, Joseph (1986),
3329:
3245:
2530:
2526:
2516:
2421:
2320:
2316:
2043:Married Song Ying, Marquis of Xining (
714:", which means "perpetual happiness".
546:
508:
402:
282:
3692:Japan Focus: The Asia-Pacific Journal
3173:. Art Text (HK) Ltd. 2000. p. 29
2682:
2679:
2669:
2657:
2647:
2643:
2639:
2627:
2621:
2611:
2599:
2589:
2585:
2573:
2570:
2560:
2548:
2538:
2534:
2513:
2503:
2491:
2481:
2477:
2465:
2462:
2452:
2439:
2429:
2425:
2409:
2403:
2393:
2380:
2370:
2366:
2354:
2351:
2341:
2328:
2324:
2222:Consort Shun, of the Korean Im clan (
2186:Consort Zhaoshunde, of the Liu clan (
2177:Consort Anshunhui, of the Long clan (
991:Chinese law had long allowed for the
188:Yumuchuan, Ming dynasty (present-day
7:
4382:Fitzgerald, Charles Patrick (1966).
2246:, of the Korean Yeo clan (1393–1413)
2234:, of the Korean Hwang clan (d. 1421)
2204:Consort Huimushun, of the Guo clan (
2195:Consort Kangyishun, of the Li clan (
2017:Married Song Hu, Marquis of Xining (
1977:Married Li Rang, Marquis of Fuyang (
1873:), a location northwest of Beijing.
1462:Fourth Chinese domination of Vietnam
1354:adding citations to reliable sources
796:and the frontline of battle against
4883:. Philippine Historical Association
4527:Manuel, Esperidion Arsenio (1948).
4460:Peoples of the Philippines, Issue 4
4366:Mask of Asia: The Philippines Today
4173:(revised ed.). Alip & Sons
2923:A Short History of the Ming Dynasty
2776:Chinese emperors family tree (late)
2288:Married Mu Xin, Marquis of Xiping (
2249:Beauty Gongrong, of the Wang clan (
2240:, of the Korean Yi clan (1392–1421)
1901:by designing monuments such as the
1770:Nurgan Regional Military Commission
1682:Nurgan Regional Military Commission
1660:In 1411, a smaller fleet, built in
4309:The bureaucracy in the Philippines
3272:"Encyclopedias and Dictionaries".
2863:. Chinese University Press, 2007.
2023:) in 1402, and had issue (one son)
1983:) in 1395, and had issue (one son)
1893:The Yongle Bell, cast in the 1420s
735:. He was also responsible for the
25:
4993:The Researcher, Volume 2, Issue 2
4978:. University of Santo Tomás. 1957
4771:Encyclopædia Britannica, Volume 9
4716:. R. P. Garcia Publishing Company
4606:Philippine Cartography, 1320–1899
4504:Liao, Shubert S. C., ed. (1964).
4457:Krieger, Herbert William (1942).
4331:(2 ed.). National Book Store
4145:. Inang Wika Publishing Company.
3002:An Exploration of Comparative Law
1244:, where they remain to this day.
1188:and having to cross southwestern
654:Zhu Di was the fourth son of the
4590:(4 ed.). Limbagang Pilipino
4571:(5 ed.). Limbagang Pilipino
2887:Eunuch Power in the Ming Dynasty
2760:
2746:
2732:
2294:; 1386–1453), the fourth son of
2258:Beauty Jinghui, of the Lu clan (
1664:and commanded by another eunuch
1443:and crushed the remnants of the
1330:
951:
942:
4485:Lucman, Norodin Alonto (2000).
4325:Demetrio, Francisco R. (1981).
3581:The eunuchs in the Ming dynasty
3509:The eunuchs in the Ming dynasty
1927:, freed most of the survivors.
1680:. The expedition established a
1484:claiming to be a member of the
1341:needs additional citations for
1110:khans had established with the
698:against the Jianwen Emperor in
569:
545:
531:
230:
27:3rd emperor of the Ming dynasty
4826:. Philippine Education Company
4735:. Cambridge University Press.
4385:A concise history of East Asia
4328:Myths and Symbols: Philippines
4139:Agoncillo, Teodoro A. (1962).
4117:(4th ed.). R. P. Garcia.
4114:History of the Filipino People
3550:. C.E. Tuttle Co. p. 54.
3232:Encyclopædia Britannica Online
2978:《中国死刑观察 – 明初酷刑》
1766:Manchuria came under Ming rule
1273:Taoist temples and monasteries
651:, reigning from 1402 to 1424.
622:
592:
507:
491:
477:
447:
433:
1:
5677:15th-century Chinese monarchs
5607:5 Dynasties & 10 Kingdoms
5255:Veritable Records of the Ming
4975:Unitas, Volume 30, Issues 1–2
4693:Tibetan Studies in Honour of
4546:Ostelius, Hans Arvid (1963).
4233:Bishop, Carl Whiting (1942).
4214:Bishop, Carl Whiting (1942).
3578:Shih-shan Henry Tsai (1996).
3506:Shih-shan Henry Tsai (1996).
2082:Consort Zhongjingzhaoshunxian
1909:style of government set up a
1821:States in Luzon, Sulu (under
106:17 July 1402 – 12 August 1424
5672:Emperors of the Ming dynasty
5387:Emperors of the Ming dynasty
4401:Ho, Khai Leong, ed. (2009).
4167:Alip, Eufronio Melo (1954).
4089:"Forbidden scandal in China"
3260:Encyclopædia Britannica Inc.
2951:Major Events in Ming History
2059:, of the Wang clan (d. 1420)
1863:to chase an army of fleeing
1064:In 1403, the Yongle Emperor
5334:Emperor of the Ming dynasty
4820:Zaide, Gregorio F. (1979).
4801:Zaide, Gregorio F. (1957).
4733:A History of the Vietnamese
4350:. A. del. Castillo y Tuazon
3772:Villegas, Ramón N. (1983).
3011:). China Legal Publishing (
2871:. Accessed 12 October 2012.
1629:) and northeastern Africa (
995:along with principals: The
745:imperial examination system
649:emperor of the Ming dynasty
97:Emperor of the Ming dynasty
5733:
4750:Yust, Walter, ed. (1949).
4669:Spencer, Cornelia (1951).
4622:Ravenholt, Albert (1962).
4306:Corpuz, Onofre D. (1957).
3395:, vol. 3, p. 133
2781:Ming dynasty in Inner Asia
2528:
2514:Yongle Emperor (1360–1424)
2415:
2318:
2159:Consort Kanghuizhuangshuli
2084:, of the Yu clan (d. 1421)
1903:Porcelain Tower of Nanjing
1536:
1455:
1432:
831:
760:located north of Beijing.
737:Porcelain Tower of Nanjing
47:
41:. For the footballer, see
36:
29:
5687:Chinese Buddhist monarchs
5556:
5490:
5344:
5331:
5323:
5318:
5302:
5297:
5290:
5263:
4756:. Encyclopædia Britannica
4510:. Bookman. Archived from
4189:Turning Points I' 2007 Ed
3643:Walker, Brett L. (2001).
3544:Taisuke Mitamura (1970).
3496:Tsai (2002), pp. 158–159.
3013:
3007:
2995:
2977:
2955:
2945:
2927:
2917:
2663:
2645:
2641:
2633:
2605:
2587:
2579:
2554:
2536:
2532:
2497:
2479:
2471:
2446:
2427:
2423:
2387:
2368:
2360:
2335:
2322:
2290:
2281:
2269:
2260:
2251:
2244:Lady of Handsome Fairness
2238:Lady of Bright Deportment
2224:
2215:
2206:
2197:
2188:
2179:
2170:
2151:
2142:
2133:
2124:
2115:
2106:
2089:
2064:
2045:
2036:
2030:
2019:
2010:
1979:
1955:
1869:
1758:Manchuria under Yuan rule
1023:
895:
877:
842:The abandoned base for a
633:
599:
454:
414:
410:
335:
327:
324:
309:
306:
293:
290:
281:
149:2 May 1370 – 17 July 1402
72:
64:
4877:IAHA Conference (1962).
4710:Tan, Antonio S. (1972).
4603:Quirino, Carlos (1963).
4429:Karnow, Stanley (2010).
4363:Farwell, George (1967).
4010:Robinson, David (2020).
3840:Woods, Damon L. (2006).
3226:Kathleen Kuiper (2006).
2463:Empress Chun (1286–1344)
2163:Korean Cheongju Han clan
1429:Wars against the Mongols
1011:death by a thousand cuts
678:and then Zhu Biao's son
428:Traditional Chinese
192:, Inner Mongolia, China)
30:Not to be confused with
5216:Tsai, Shih-Shan Henry,
4647:. Trademark Pub. Corp.
4609:(2 ed.). N. Israel
4291:. Courier Corporation.
4077:建文帝出亡宁德之谜揭秘八:建文帝出亡闽东金邶寺
3874:Finlay, Robert (2010).
3616:Forsyth, James (1994).
3318:Cordier & Yule 1993
3274:Encyclopædia Britannica
3192:Dru C. Gladney (1996).
2352:Zhu Shizhen (1281–1344)
1719:, and his counterpart,
1263:Religion and philosophy
442:Simplified Chinese
302:Era name and dates
50:Yongle (disambiguation)
5697:Chinese encyclopedists
5682:Ming dynasty Buddhists
5313:Merged into the Crown
5200:: CS1 maint: others (
5110:: CS1 maint: others (
5078:: CS1 maint: others (
5046:: CS1 maint: others (
5014:: CS1 maint: others (
4964:: CS1 maint: others (
4792:: CS1 maint: others (
4552:. G. Allen & Unwin
4217:War Background Studies
3942:Reid, Anthony (1993).
3457:Cite journal requires
2057:Noble Consort Zhaoxian
1894:
1886:
1856:
1841:Ghiyāth al-dīn Naqqāsh
1566:
1474:
1056:
988:
847:
724:voyages of exploration
85:National Palace Museum
5702:Generals from Jiangsu
5692:Ming dynasty generals
4270:Brown, Mick. (2004).
2885:Crawford, Robert B. "
2440:Lord Chen (1235–1334)
1923:. His successor, the
1892:
1884:
1854:
1546:
1469:
1050:
993:execution of families
983:
841:
658:, the founder of the
203:Changling Mausoleum,
79:Palace portrait on a
3976:Wink, André (2004).
3424:10.2139/ssrn.1317152
3027:Ernst Faber (1902).
2279:Princess Changning (
2072:Consort Gongxianxian
1818:the Yongle Emperor.
1721:Ghiyasu'd-Din Naqqah
1603:voyages of discovery
1350:improve this article
1060:Relations with Tibet
1053:Ming–Tibet relations
968:Becoming the emperor
818:victory at Buir Lake
770:Red Turban Rebellion
662:. He was originally
5717:People from Nanjing
4932:CS1 maint: others (
3406:National Geographic
3234:. Chicago, Illinois
2971:Chinamonitor.org. "
2165:(d. 12 August 1424)
2040:), fourth daughter
2028:Princess Xianning (
2003:Prince Jian of Zhao
1885:The Porcelain Tower
1699:After the death of
1599:Henry the Navigator
1452:Conquest of Vietnam
1311:Yongle Encyclopedia
1176:, from the port of
1123:Buddhist sage ruler
986:Cultural Revolution
974:scholar-bureaucrats
750:Yongle Encyclopedia
692:scholar-bureaucrats
268:Prince Jian of Zhao
164:Yingtian Prefecture
43:Zhu Di (footballer)
4864:(revised ed.)
4514:on 9 November 2006
4142:Philippine History
4095:. 22 October 2012.
3074:Sperling, 283–284.
2902:Levathes, Louise.
2267:Beauty Zhuanghui (
2008:Princess Ancheng (
1942:Empress Renxiaowen
1936:Consorts and issue
1895:
1887:
1857:
1672:, sailed down the
1567:
1551:, originally from
1521:, who founded the
1497:to conquer Vietnam
1475:
1322:Military campaigns
1233:Xiaoling Mausoleum
1057:
998:Classic of History
989:
848:
753:during his reign.
339:) (commonly known)
219:Empress Renxiaowen
39:Zhu Di (scientist)
5649:
5648:
5354:
5353:
5345:Succeeded by
5235:Louise Levathes,
4742:978-0-521-87586-8
3368:, Second Series,
3248:cite encyclopedia
2722:
2721:
2623:Empress Xiaocigao
1972:Princess Yongping
1795:Maritime Province
1635:Some of the ships
1601:began Portugal's
1426:
1425:
1418:
1400:
1129:Selecting an heir
884:
861:Huang Ming Zu Xun
637:
636:
629:
628:
610:Standard Mandarin
576:
575:
465:Standard Mandarin
401:
400:
386:Empress Xiaocigao
343:
342:
16:(Redirected from
5724:
5525:Prince of Lu (魯)
5514:Prince of Lu (潞)
5494:
5380:
5373:
5366:
5357:
5338:Emperor of China
5324:Preceded by
5286:
5279:
5261:
5232:on Google Books.
5205:
5199:
5191:
5189:
5187:
5169:
5167:
5165:
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5149:
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5133:
5131:
5129:
5124:. Tʻai-pei. 1963
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4704:Aung San Suu Kyi
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3308:
3303:Ji, Yun (1781).
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2740:Biography portal
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2127:
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2092:
2091:
2078:clan (1391–1410)
2074:, of the Korean
2067:
2066:
2048:
2047:
2039:
2038:
2033:
2032:
2022:
2021:
2013:
2012:
1982:
1981:
1964:Zhu Gaochi, the
1958:
1957:
1948:Princess Yong'an
1872:
1871:
1739:Chinese New Year
1571:treasure voyages
1539:Treasure voyages
1514:Báo Thiên Pagoda
1510:teeth blackening
1421:
1414:
1410:
1407:
1401:
1399:
1365:"Yongle Emperor"
1358:
1334:
1326:
1301:He commissioned
1214:Jining, Shandong
1200:of four million
1082:Tibetan Buddhism
1026:
1025:
955:
946:
901:Jingnan campaign
898:
897:
882:
880:
879:
834:Jingnan campaign
696:Jingnan campaign
647:, was the third
625:
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5336:
5329:
5327:Jianwen Emperor
5308:
5292:Chinese royalty
5280:
5274:
5273:
5266:
5265:Yongle Emperor
5213:
5211:Further reading
5208:
5192:
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4709:
4695:Hugh Richardson
4678:
4676:
4675:. Aladdin Books
4668:
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2855:Chan Hok-lam. "
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2309:
1938:
1933:
1899:Chinese culture
1879:
1849:
1786:Yongning Temple
1768:as part of the
1764:of China after
1573:led by admiral
1541:
1535:
1464:
1456:Main articles:
1454:
1437:
1431:
1422:
1411:
1405:
1402:
1359:
1357:
1347:
1335:
1324:
1303:Grand Secretary
1265:
1242:Yangshan Quarry
1198:grain shipments
1159:Jianwen Emperor
1155:
1147:Yunnan Province
1131:
1062:
1045:
970:
965:
964:
963:
962:
958:
957:
956:
948:
947:
866:Jianwen Emperor
836:
830:
766:
532:Wing5-lok6 dai3
492:
422:
332:
277:
236:
228:
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123:Jianwen Emperor
91:
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46:
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28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
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5707:Yongle Emperor
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5348:Hongxi Emperor
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5321:
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5319:Regnal titles
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5285:12 August 1424
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4707:
4685:
4666:
4654:978-9719185802
4653:
4638:
4628:. Van Nostrand
4619:
4600:
4581:
4562:
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4524:
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4482:
4470:978-0598408662
4469:
4454:
4442:978-0307775436
4441:
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4414:978-9812308566
4413:
4398:
4379:
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4297:
4283:
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4252:Brook, Timothy
4249:
4230:
4211:
4199:978-9712345388
4198:
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4021:978-1108489225
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3483:. (Article on
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1833:Shahrukh Mirza
1537:Main article:
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1527:Xuande Emperor
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1433:Main article:
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1424:
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1318:in late 2007.
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1237:tortoise-borne
1226:Forbidden City
1174:East China Sea
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1139:Hongxi Emperor
1130:
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1101:British Museum
1089:Avalokitesvara
1074:Gyalwa Karmapa
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1007:Hongwu Emperor
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832:Main article:
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32:Yongli Emperor
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3151:
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3128:
3125:Brook, 46–47.
3122:
3120:
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3104:
3098:
3095:
3089:
3086:
3083:Brown, 33–34.
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2993:Ni Zhengmao (
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2278:
2277:
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2245:
2242:
2239:
2236:
2233:
2232:Consort Hwang
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2061:
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2041:
2027:
2016:
2015:
2007:
2004:
2000:
1997:
1994:
1993:Prince of Han
1990:
1987:
1976:
1975:
1973:
1970:
1967:
1963:
1952:
1951:
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1943:
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1939:
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1853:
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1827:
1826:Paduka Pahala
1824:
1819:
1816:
1812:
1807:
1805:
1801:
1796:
1791:
1787:
1783:
1779:
1776:on Sakhalin,
1775:
1771:
1767:
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1759:
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1748:
1744:
1740:
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1733:
1729:
1724:
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1718:
1714:
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1697:
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1691:
1688:). The local
1687:
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1608:
1607:Wang Jinghong
1604:
1600:
1596:
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1558:
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1472:
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1398:
1395:
1391:
1388:
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1377:
1374:
1370:
1367: –
1366:
1362:
1361:Find sources:
1355:
1351:
1345:
1344:
1339:This article
1337:
1333:
1328:
1327:
1321:
1319:
1317:
1313:
1312:
1308:to write the
1307:
1304:
1299:
1297:
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1288:
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1279:dedicated to
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1274:
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1245:
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1238:
1234:
1229:
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1208:equal to 107
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1166:Yangtze Delta
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1120:
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1028:
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1000:
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867:
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828:Rise to power
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799:
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795:
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650:
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581:Personal name
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3097:
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3029:
3022:
3000:
2989:
2983:(in Chinese)
2967:
2961:(in Chinese)
2959:), Vol. 16.
2950:
2943:Gu Yingtai (
2939:
2933:(in Chinese)
2922:
2911:
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2898:
2890:
2860:
2809:
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2754:China portal
2174:; 1395–1424)
1918:
1915:
1896:
1858:
1843:to Beijing.
1830:
1820:
1808:
1762:Ming dynasty
1755:
1736:
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1698:
1668:, who was a
1659:
1651:
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1595:Tang dynasty
1568:
1560:
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1486:Trần dynasty
1476:
1445:Yuan dynasty
1438:
1412:
1403:
1393:
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1379:
1372:
1360:
1348:Please help
1343:verification
1340:
1309:
1300:
1289:
1285:Mongol names
1277:Mount Wudang
1269:Confucianism
1266:
1246:
1230:
1222:
1218:
1205:
1201:
1194:Yellow River
1163:
1156:
1132:
1116:
1105:
1097:
1072:, the fifth
1063:
1037:
1029:
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971:
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905:
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849:
814:
794:Yuan dynasty
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748:
716:
684:crown prince
660:Ming dynasty
653:
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638:
617:Hanyu Pinyin
557:Southern Min
472:Hanyu Pinyin
396:Confucianism
184:(1424-08-12)
168:Ming dynasty
114:17 July 1402
111:Enthronement
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5667:1424 deaths
5662:1360 births
5587:16 Kingdoms
4923:|work=
4491:. FLC Press
3721:Karnow 2010
3330:Taylor 2013
2931:), Vol. 3.
2625:(1332–1382)
2407:(1328–1398)
2076:Andong Gwon
1861:Gobi Desert
1686:Tyr, Russia
1678:Amur Rivers
1619:Dondra Head
1587:East Africa
1547:An African
1458:Ming–Hồ War
1281:Zhenwu Dadi
1170:Grand Canal
1086:Bodhisattva
1055:is disputed
1019:Fang Xiaoru
917:Grand Canal
912:Li Jinglong
844:giant stele
729:Grand Canal
570:Íng-lo̍k tē
319:Temple name
119:Predecessor
5656:Categories
5579:3 Kingdoms
5549:(doubtful)
5342:1402–1424
5309:1370–1402
5278:2 May 1360
4254:. (1998).
4152:9712345386
4124:9712345386
3989:9004135618
3955:0300054122
3921:0824824466
3853:1851096752
3819:9715424511
3785:9711039001
3656:0520227360
3629:0521477719
3408:, May 2004
3372:(5): 402,
3366:T'oung Pao
3292:9747534991
3134:Brook, 47.
3051:Brown, 34.
2891:T'oung Pao
2821:References
2680:Lady Zheng
2381:Empress Yu
2228:1392–1421)
2110:; d. 1424)
1999:Zhu Gaosui
1911:spy agency
1837:Chen Cheng
1835:, sending
1717:Chen Cheng
1593:since the
1523:Lê dynasty
1406:April 2009
1376:newspapers
1257:Ming tombs
1186:Huai River
1178:Liujiagang
1080:school of
972:With many
782:Empress Ma
758:Ming tombs
680:Zhu Yunwen
493:Yung-le Ti
486:Wade–Giles
264:Zhu Gaosui
205:Ming tombs
161:2 May 1360
5509:Hongguang
5484:Chongzhen
5250:《明實錄太宗實錄》
5196:cite book
5106:cite book
5074:cite book
5042:cite book
5010:cite book
4960:cite book
4925:ignored (
4915:cite book
4788:cite book
4388:. Praeger
4369:. Praeger
3745:Yust 1954
3733:Yust 1949
3432:130285448
2826:Citations
2329:Zhu Chuyi
2171:康靖莊和惠妃 崔氏
2161:, of the
2152:惠穆昭敬順妃 錢氏
2143:昭惠恭懿順妃 王氏
2134:昭肅靖惠賢妃 王氏
2125:恭和榮順賢妃 王氏
2116:端靜恭惠淑妃 楊氏
2107:恭順榮穆麗妃 陳氏
2097:Zhu Gaoxi
2090:康穆懿恭惠妃 吳氏
1989:Zhu Gaoxu
1802:women in
1709:Samarkand
1705:Shakhrukh
1654:Ryukyuans
1615:Tenavarai
1501:Trần Ngỗi
1482:pretender
1316:Knowledge
1135:Zhu Gaoxu
1068:inviting
806:Khanbaliq
664:enfeoffed
478:Yǒnglè Dì
333:Chengzu (
325:Taizong (
273:Zhu Gaoxi
255:Zhu Gaoxu
207:, Beijing
129:Successor
5712:Usurpers
5543:(regent)
5527:(regent)
5516:(regent)
5474:Taichang
5464:Longqing
5444:Chenghua
5438:Yingzong
5428:Yingzong
5186:24 April
5164:24 April
5146:24 April
5139:Yearbook
5128:24 April
5096:24 April
5064:24 April
5032:24 April
5000:24 April
4982:24 April
4950:24 April
4905:24 April
4887:24 April
4868:24 April
4849:24 April
4830:24 April
4811:24 April
4778:24 April
4760:24 April
4731:(2013).
4720:24 April
4679:24 April
4660:24 April
4632:24 April
4613:24 April
4594:24 April
4575:24 April
4556:24 April
4537:24 April
4518:24 April
4495:24 April
4476:24 April
4448:24 April
4420:24 April
4392:24 April
4373:24 April
4354:24 April
4335:24 April
4316:24 April
4243:24 April
4224:24 April
4205:24 April
4177:24 April
4158:24 April
4130:24 April
4054:, vol. 2
4041:, ch. 28
3995:24 April
3961:24 April
3927:24 April
3893:24 April
3859:24 April
3825:24 April
3791:24 April
3759:, p. 59.
3747:, p. 75.
3735:, p. 75.
3711:, p. 33.
3670:Sei Wada
3017:), 2006.
2956:《明史紀事本末》
2726:See also
2307:Ancestry
2276:Unknown
1907:despotic
1811:Zheng He
1804:Sakhalin
1611:Hong Bao
1575:Zheng He
1505:sinicise
1494:Mu Sheng
1490:Zhang Fu
1253:fengshui
1249:Zhu Biao
1220:attack.
1190:Shandong
1032:Buddhism
929:Yangzhou
856:Zhu Biao
720:Zheng He
708:era name
676:Zhu Biao
526:Jyutping
392:Religion
307:Yongle (
291:Zhu Di (
174:, China)
5459:Jiajing
5454:Zhengde
5449:Hongzhi
5433:Jingtai
5408:Jianwen
5252:in the
4691:." In:
4104:Sources
4035:Bo Yang
3709:Ho 2009
3597:2 March
3563:28 June
3525:2 March
3441:1317152
3378:4527170
3211:28 June
3177:28 June
3014:中国法制出版社
2915:Lü Bi (
2571:Lord Ma
2296:Mu Ying
2261:景惠美人 盧氏
2252:恭榮美人 王氏
2216:貞靜順妃 張氏
2207:惠穆順妃 郭氏
2198:康懿順妃 李氏
2189:昭順德妃 劉氏
2180:安順惠妃 龍氏
2065:昭懿貴妃 張氏
1815:voyages
1743:Udeghes
1732:Yishiha
1728:Jurchen
1674:Sungari
1670:Jurchen
1666:Yishiha
1631:Malindi
1557:Bengali
1553:Malindi
1549:giraffe
1478:Vietnam
1471:Jiaozhi
1390:scholar
1306:Xie Jin
1292:Nanjing
1143:Xie Jin
1119:Tsurphu
1112:Sakyapa
1093:Nanjing
1076:of the
1015:by bond
891:Zhu Gui
870:Huai'an
802:Beiping
704:Nanjing
700:Nanjing
688:eunuchs
672:Beijing
666:as the
587:Chinese
361:Dynasty
235:
227:
223:
172:Nanjing
5619:W. Xia
5547:Dingwu
5541:Dongwu
5536:Yongli
5531:Shaowu
5520:Longwu
5479:Tianqi
5423:Xuande
5418:Hongxi
5413:Yongle
5403:Hongwu
5281:
5243:
5224:
5182:. 1961
5160:. 1977
5142:. 1965
4739:
4651:
4467:
4439:
4411:
4295:
4289:(1920)
4278:
4264:
4196:
4149:
4121:
4067:, ch.1
4018:
3986:
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3918:
3884:
3850:
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3653:
3626:
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3479:
3438:
3430:
3376:
3349:6 July
3290:
3202:
3152:
3037:6 June
3008:比较法学探析
2928:《明朝小史》
2867:
2291:西平侯 沐昕
2046:西寧侯 宋瑛
2020:西寧侯 宋琥
1980:富陽侯 李讓
1956:廣平侯 袁容
1931:Family
1877:Legacy
1865:Oirats
1790:marten
1784:based
1756:After
1751:Nanais
1749:, and
1747:Ulchis
1694:Xuande
1646:Xuande
1642:Hongxi
1623:Hormuz
1589:, and
1583:Arabia
1579:Ryukyu
1519:Lê Lợi
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1385:
1378:
1371:
1363:
1210:liters
1182:Suzhou
1180:(near
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927:, and
925:Suzhou
921:Xuzhou
887:Zhu Su
822:Lan Yu
712:Yongle
645:Zhu Di
623:Zhū Dì
564:Tâi-lô
382:Mother
372:Father
213:Spouse
197:Burial
146:Tenure
89:Taipei
5563:Shang
5469:Wanli
5283:Died:
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4063:陸人龍,
4050:宋端儀,
4039:中國人史綱
3698:(22).
3428:S2CID
3374:JSTOR
3238:9 May
2792:Notes
2225:順妃 任氏
1847:Death
1800:Nivkh
1778:Uilta
1713:Herat
1701:Timur
1690:Nivkh
1662:Jilin
1591:Egypt
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1397:JSTOR
1383:books
1296:Xi'an
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1043:Reign
810:Xu Da
764:Youth
349:House
286:Names
242:Issue
229:(
225:
103:Reign
5635:Qing
5631:Ming
5627:Yuan
5615:Song
5611:Liao
5603:Tang
5567:Zhou
5395:Ming
5241:ISBN
5222:ISBN
5202:link
5188:2014
5166:2014
5148:2014
5130:2014
5112:link
5098:2014
5080:link
5066:2014
5048:link
5034:2014
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5002:2014
4984:2014
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4927:help
4907:2014
4889:2014
4870:2014
4851:2014
4832:2014
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4762:2014
4737:ISBN
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4702:and
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4681:2014
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4634:2014
4615:2014
4596:2014
4577:2014
4558:2014
4539:2014
4520:2014
4497:2014
4478:2014
4465:ISBN
4450:2014
4437:ISBN
4422:2014
4409:ISBN
4394:2014
4375:2014
4356:2014
4337:2014
4318:2014
4293:ISBN
4276:ISBN
4262:ISBN
4245:2014
4226:2014
4207:2014
4194:ISBN
4179:2014
4160:2014
4147:ISBN
4132:2014
4119:ISBN
4052:立齋閑錄
4016:ISBN
3997:2014
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3963:2014
3950:ISBN
3929:2014
3916:ISBN
3895:2014
3882:ISBN
3861:2014
3848:ISBN
3827:2014
3814:ISBN
3793:2014
3780:ISBN
3651:ISBN
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3599:2012
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3565:2010
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3527:2012
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3477:ISBN
3463:help
3436:SSRN
3351:2014
3305:四庫全書
3288:ISBN
3254:link
3240:2012
3213:2010
3200:ISBN
3179:2010
3150:ISBN
3110:2023
3039:2011
2865:ISBN
2282:常寧公主
2270:莊惠美人
2031:咸寧公主
2011:安成公主
1823:King
1774:Ainu
1711:and
1676:and
1644:and
1627:Aden
1625:and
1492:and
1460:and
1369:news
1294:and
1108:Yuan
910:and
883:lit.
850:The
639:The
366:Ming
179:Died
158:Born
5643:PRC
5639:ROC
5623:Jīn
5599:Sui
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5575:Han
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