337:, arguing that China had dealt enough abuse to Christians to justify a conflict. He collected reports that Chinese authorities were obstructing preaching activity, and also brought attestations from eight Spanish and Portuguese navigators mistreated in their contact with Chinese. Salazar gave also strategic suggestions, proposing to draw the help of Japan through their local network of Portuguese Jesuits, as well as confiscating the Chinese merchant ships in Manila to fund the initial war effort. However, by carefully following Vitoria's theories, he considered it was soon to decide whether the conquest was legitimated or not. The conclusions were contained in a document sent to King Philip.
30:
369:
243:, one of the first western ambassadors to mainland China, in 1569. After his visit to the country, Rada stated that, even if China was densely populated, its population was not warlike and depended heavily on their numbers and fortifications for defense, hence it would not be necessary to gather a large Spanish army to subdue them. However, Rada advised for a campaign as peaceful as possible, based on persuasion and evangelization.
213:, many of the expeditioners were fresh from the conquest of America and saw the archipelago as the first step to initiate the conquest of the nearby China. As small contingents of Spaniards had been enough to kickstart the fall of the Aztec and Inca empires with native help, they believed the same scheme could be applied to China by securing the help of local Chinese, Japanese and Filipino allies. Legazpi himself chose
576:, the conquest of China was briefly revived in an indirect way. The priest Martín de la Ascensión proposed an equally complex plan to invade Japan, where native allies could be easily found too, and whose armies, once pledged to the Hispanic Monarchy, could be used in campaigns against China and other nearby lands. A considered local ally, aside from the usual Japanese Christians, was the lord later known as
22:
470:
225:
344:, informed that the domination of China would bring untold benefit of both material and spiritual nature, for which the existent Chinese imperial administration would be invaluable once assimilated. Based on his own experiences in Macau, he stated that the country was badly defended, and its population was prone to revolt against the
498:
553:, inquisitor Pedro Moya and four members of the Castilian Council of War. Its development, however, was interrupted by the news of the Armada's failure in August, in midst of new protests by Dominicans and Franciscans that believed the project endangered their own workings. Ultimately, royal interest for the
520:
as an injustified violation of the
Christian rule of evangelizing peacefully. Portuguese Jesuits also saw it as a danger to their kingdom's economic interests. When Sánchez sailed off to Spain in June 1586 in order to inform about the state of the Philippines, and secretly to address the realization
270:
proposing to attack China, claiming that 4,000-6,000 soldiers would suffice and that the effort would be helped by the tyranny to which the
Chinese were subjected. However, Philip stated in 1577 that such plan was not convenient at the moment and ordered Sande to cultivate the Ming's friendship. A
89:
Military conquest of China appeared viable by the reports of
Christian missionaries and ambassadors, who described the Ming population as demobilized, inefficiently administered and easy to sublevate against their own governors, offering a situation similar to those of the
407:. Ricci and Ruggieri would be previously recalled to serve as consultants and negotiators with the Chinese authorities, and the submission of the latter would be surveyed under the Vitorian policies of preventing unnecessary violence and abuse of the civilian population.
137:, but the failure of the Spanish Armada the same year caused the project to be abandoned. The invasion of China briefly resurfaced later, with a new project to topple the Toyotomi regency and conquer Japan with the help of its own native uprising, potentially including
348:
that oppressed them, making it so that 10.000 Iberian soldiers would be enough for the invasion, joined by 2,000 Japanese soldiers he would recruit thanks to his order's contacts. He also offered himself as a spy to prepare the campaign, including also the services of
311:. Sánchez suffered and witnessed arrests by the Chinese authorities, who were angry at not having been properly informed of the union, and after his return the following year, he was of the belief that only through military force Christianity would thrive in China.
315:
391:, where he collected an immensely detailed treatment of the conquest of China and the future government of the conquered lands. The plan involved to gather an armada led by the governor of the Philippines, containing 10,000-12,000 Iberian soldiers, 6,000
564:, was chosen by Sánchez's suggestion, but he received explicit orders to avoid military conflict with China. On the opposite, he became entangled in diplomatic tension against Toyotomi, who seemed to demand vassalage from the Spanish Philippines for his
529:, who was ordered to refute his philosophical bases. Acosta wrote an entire treaty utilizing Francisco de Vitoria's thesis to criticize the invasion of China. The protests, added to Sánchez's own actions in New Spain, where he worked to stop a cadre of
399:, assisted by Jesuits due to their knowledge of the lands, and endowed with a purse of 200.000 pesos to strategically bribe mandarins and pay mercenaries. The assault would be two-pronged, with the Castilians invading China through
536:
Sánchez could meet Philip II in
December 1587 and, despite Acosta's presence, found the chance to send the king a copy of his document. His aspirations were successful and, as soon as the preparations of the
477:
1587 saw preparations for war in Manila, building fortifications under Sedeño's supervision and cramming weapons and supplies. The same year, fortuitously, a
Japanese delegation came from
1294:
177:, the latter being sent by Cortés himself to rescue the survivors of the former, Charles abandoned his plans for the Pacific Ocean and forfeited his rights over Moluccas to the
565:
59:
329:
and missionary
Antonio Sedeño, helped by a state of the local economy bad enough to encourage the possibility of expansion. Salazar brought to the table
283:, hoping to build a garrison strong enough to pacify the archipelago and make possible to take China as well. His plans were ignored. Sande's successor
549:
chairman
Hernando de Vega y Fonseca, General Alonso de Vargas, Admiral Joan de Cardona i Requesens, royal secretaries Juan de Idiáquez y Olazábal and
1223:
1274:
1264:
572:'s embassy Das Mariñas was advised to seek an alliance with China against Japan and not vice versa. When Das Mariñas was succeeded by his son
568:, and whom local spies attributed the idea to invade the Philippines in case of a negative answer. Although this twist never happened, during
325:
Sánchez returned in time to participate in the third council of the synod, in 1583, where he shared the possibility of a conquest with Bishop
533:
missionaries from reaching China in order not to have them obstructing the warring effort, ended up driving a wedge between
Salazar and him.
489:, to offer 6,000 vassals and "all the people and soldiers asked" to collaborate with any invasion against China, Borneo, Siam or Moluccas.
114:
29:
98:
where control of the territory could be wrested away. Once conquered, the plan included mass evangelizing activities and the promotion of
1254:
1269:
1259:
102:
between
Iberians and Chinese, hoping to turn China into a source of strength to extend Hispanic control and Christianity across all of
1235:
1213:
1194:
1175:
1156:
1137:
1118:
1099:
1080:
284:
236:
561:
174:
158:
1279:
170:
1289:
1284:
573:
581:
194:
107:
601:
247:
596:
426:
between
Iberian conquistadors and Chinese women. Success would mean an enormous advance for the Hispanic
410:
Once the country was subjected to Spanish control, they would proceed to its Christianization, founding
345:
550:
299:
received a religious and political push from the Manila Synode, and in particular of the controversial
202:
509:
462:, Moluccas and other lands, to the point of making it possible to gather regional allies against the
423:
330:
126:
732:
Los planes españoles para conquistar China a través de Nueva España y Centroamérica en el siglo XVI
368:
258:
as part of a delegation with the goal of negotiating a Spanish settlement in Chinese soil like the
178:
150:
1149:
La invención de China: percepciones y estrategias filipinas respecto a China durante el siglo XVI
1130:
Rutas de incertidumbre: Ideas alternativas sobre la génesis de la probabilidad, siglos XVI y XVII
486:
427:
326:
318:
267:
263:
182:
130:
79:
33:
508:
Sánchez' and Salazar's project, however, found opposition in another Jesuitic current headed by
254:, the Spanish Empire and the Ming dynasty built diplomatic bridges. Martín de Rada was sent to
1231:
1209:
1190:
1171:
1152:
1133:
1114:
1095:
1076:
546:
526:
513:
501:
304:
240:
228:
122:
106:. In a best case scenario, the Spanish Empire could aspire to form an oriental theater in the
67:
482:
478:
372:
365:. Juan Bautista Román also believed to be able to gather 7,000 Japanese Christian warriors.
354:
341:
271:
similar suggestion reached Spain the following year by the hand of Diego García de Palacio,
259:
577:
530:
334:
138:
75:
1187:
El Cronista de China: Juan González de Mendoza, entre la misión, el imperio y la historia
538:
463:
431:
162:
83:
51:
47:
1248:
358:
308:
430:, as a Spanish China would become an invaluable base to extend their control across
221:
as the Spanish base of operations due to its closeness to the Chinese trade routes.
435:
350:
154:
91:
63:
55:
21:
314:
149:
The idea of expanding the Spanish Empire to China was first formulated in 1526 by
606:
439:
357:. Cabral believed the conquest would finish itself as soon as they captured the
210:
206:
95:
469:
279:, who proposed to begin a military route from Spain to the Philippines through
224:
419:
411:
198:
525:, Acquaviva assigned him supervision under renowned theologian and historian
569:
447:
404:
307:, who visited the country in 1582 to confirm the loyalty of Macau after the
276:
166:
71:
497:
262:. The project was fruitless, after which the governor of the Philippines,
415:
396:
392:
280:
251:
193:
Spanish expansion across the Pacific came finally with the expedition of
459:
362:
300:
218:
118:
99:
340:
Adding to those plans, the superior of the Jesuitic mission in China,
455:
414:
and nobiliary properties, and building Christian infrastructure like
400:
255:
214:
209:
to New Spain. Although the main goal was gaining access to the Asian
1111:
Evangelización y prestigio. Primeros encuentros entre España y Corea
734:. Cuadernos Inter.c.a.mbio, Año 10, Vol. 10, No. 12 (2013), 207-234
668:
666:
664:
662:
660:
468:
451:
422:
and monasteries, helped by a plan of mestizaje that would promote
387:
of the Philippines included a document written by Sánchez, titled
367:
20:
1228:
World Without End: Spain, Philip II, and the First Global Empire
1168:
La empresa de china: de la Armada Invencible al Galeón de Manila
443:
103:
201:(return route from the Philippines to Mexico) by his navigator
141:, after which the Japanese armies would be used against China.
991:
989:
805:
803:
801:
799:
797:
748:
746:
744:
742:
740:
46:("China enterprise") was a long-time projected conquest of
541:
allowed it, Philip authorized the creation of an official
1092:
De Filipinas a Vietnam: Españoles con la cruz y la espada
133:
allowed in 1588 the founding of an official council, the
36:, under whose reign the Chinese Enterprise was developed.
113:
The enterprise was formulated by several figures of the
165:
and China from their new ports in the Pacific coast of
1206:
Historia de un desencuentro. España y Japón, 1580-1619
916:
914:
117:, but its main driving force would be a sector of the
687:
685:
683:
681:
672:
647:
645:
643:
641:
639:
637:
635:
633:
169:. However, due to the failure of the expeditions of
587:and its consequences, however, buried the project.
62:, it involved the invasion and assimilation of the
58:as a natural culmination of the conquest of the
545:in March 1588. The council was composed by the
125:, who clashed against other churchmen over the
16:Planned invasion of China by the Iberian Union
1295:Cancelled military operations involving Spain
485:, a Japanese Christian and grand admiral of
66:by a coalition that would include Spaniards,
8:
932:
438:, lending forces to subdue and Christianize
205:, which allowed to link the newly conquered
995:
944:
752:
25:Geographical comparison of Spain and China.
968:
809:
726:
724:
722:
720:
403:and the Portuguese doing the same through
718:
716:
714:
712:
710:
708:
706:
704:
702:
700:
473:Planned phases in the 'Empresa de China'.
466:and opening an eastern front against it.
1071:Comellas García-Lera, José Luis (2009).
496:
313:
223:
161:suggesting to begin the conquest of the
82:regency, as well as potential masses of
28:
617:
651:
560:The new governor of the Philippines,
7:
1055:
1043:
1031:
1019:
1007:
980:
956:
920:
905:
893:
881:
869:
857:
845:
833:
821:
788:
776:
764:
691:
624:
389:De la entrada de China en particular
309:dynastic union of Spain and Portugal
235:An early report was sent to Viceroy
34:Philip II of Spain and I of Portugal
1090:Hortigüela, Juan Hernández (2018).
129:legitimacy of a new conquest. King
1189:. Edicions Universitat Barcelona.
383:As the project advanced, the 1586
54:. Proposed repeatedly through the
14:
291:Influence of the Society of Jesus
504:, theologian and anthropologist.
395:and 5,000 Japanese recruited in
266:, opted to send letters to King
287:also revisited the enterprise.
1132:. Fondo de Cultura Económica.
1109:De Laurentis, Ernesto (2009).
730:José Antonio Cervera Jiménez,
543:Junta para la Empresa de China
231:, missionary and cosmographer.
1:
1128:Mayer Celis, Leticia (2021).
493:Deliberations and abandonment
285:Gonzalo Ronquillo de Peñalosa
1151:. Otto Harrassowitz Verlag.
157:, who sent a letter to King
135:Junta de la Empresa de China
673:Comellas García-Lera (2009)
250:against the Chinese pirate
1311:
1255:History of the Philippines
1208:. Archivo de la Frontera.
237:Martín Enríquez de Almanza
197:and the discovery of the
1275:Japan–Portugal relations
1265:China–Portugal relations
321:, missionary and bishop.
175:Álvaro de Saavedra Cerón
602:Battle of Manila (1574)
562:Gómez Pérez das Mariñas
195:Miguel López de Legazpi
1073:Páginas de la historia
597:Sino-Spanish conflicts
505:
474:
380:
322:
232:
171:García Jofre de Loaísa
37:
26:
1270:Japan–Spain relations
1260:China–Spain relations
1204:Sola, Emilio (1999).
512:and Superior General
500:
481:under the command of
472:
371:
317:
227:
108:Ottoman–Habsburg wars
32:
24:
1185:Sola, Diego (2018).
1166:Ollé, Manel (2002).
1147:Ollé, Manel (2000).
510:Alessandro Valignano
424:interracial marriage
331:Francisco de Vitoria
1280:Cancelled invasions
933:De Laurentis (2009)
246:In 1575, after the
179:kingdom of Portugal
153:, conqueror of the
1290:Invasions by Spain
1285:Invasions of China
1010:, p. 140-149.
996:Mayer Celis (2021)
983:, p. 140-141.
945:Mayer Celis (2021)
824:, p. 118-119.
753:Mayer Celis (2021)
551:Cristóbal de Moura
506:
487:Toyotomi Hideyoshi
475:
428:universal monarchy
381:
327:Domingo de Salazar
323:
319:Domingo de Salazar
264:Francisco de Sande
233:
203:Andrés de Urdaneta
183:Treaty of Zaragoza
38:
27:
969:Hortigüela (2018)
810:Hortigüela (2018)
566:invasion of Korea
547:Consejo de Indias
514:Claudio Acquaviva
115:Hispanic Monarchy
1302:
1241:
1230:. Random House.
1219:
1200:
1181:
1162:
1143:
1124:
1105:
1086:
1059:
1053:
1047:
1046:, p. 47-48.
1041:
1035:
1029:
1023:
1022:, p. 31-33.
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1005:
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993:
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978:
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735:
728:
695:
689:
676:
670:
655:
649:
628:
622:
557:waned for good.
518:Empresa de China
483:Konishi Yukinaga
385:Memorial General
373:Konishi Yukinaga
355:Michele Ruggieri
342:Francisco Cabral
333:'s thesis about
297:Empresa de China
260:Portuguese Macau
248:Battle of Manila
119:Society of Jesus
43:Empresa de China
1310:
1309:
1305:
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578:Tokugawa Ieyasu
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191:
147:
139:Tokugawa Ieyasu
17:
12:
11:
5:
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1170:. Acantilado.
1163:
1157:
1144:
1138:
1125:
1119:
1106:
1100:
1094:. Punto Rojo.
1087:
1081:
1066:
1063:
1061:
1060:
1048:
1036:
1024:
1012:
1000:
998:, p. 134.
985:
973:
971:, p. 230.
961:
959:, p. 139.
949:
947:, p. 133.
937:
925:
923:, p. 134.
910:
908:, p. 133.
898:
896:, p. 132.
886:
874:
872:, p. 128.
862:
860:, p. 127.
850:
848:, p. 118.
838:
836:, p. 119.
826:
814:
812:, p. 229.
793:
781:
769:
757:
755:, p. 132.
736:
696:
694:, p. 135.
677:
656:
629:
616:
614:
611:
610:
609:
604:
599:
592:
589:
539:Spanish Armada
527:José de Acosta
516:, who saw the
502:José de Acosta
494:
491:
464:Ottoman Empire
432:Southeast Asia
305:Alonzo Sánchez
292:
289:
241:Martín de Rada
229:Martín de Rada
190:
189:First advances
187:
146:
143:
123:Alonzo Sánchez
52:Spanish Empire
15:
13:
10:
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3:
2:
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1237:9780812998122
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1196:9788491680376
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1177:9788495359858
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1158:9783447043366
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1120:9788479625337
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1101:9788417768119
1097:
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1082:9788432137969
1078:
1074:
1069:
1068:
1064:
1058:, p. 50.
1057:
1052:
1049:
1045:
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1034:, p. 37.
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1016:
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935:, p. 48.
934:
929:
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915:
911:
907:
902:
899:
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887:
884:, p. 26.
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835:
830:
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806:
804:
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800:
798:
794:
791:, p. 22.
790:
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778:
773:
770:
767:, p. 52.
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745:
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652:Thomas (2015)
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359:Wanli Emperor
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1091:
1072:
1051:
1039:
1027:
1015:
1003:
976:
964:
952:
940:
928:
901:
889:
877:
865:
853:
841:
829:
817:
784:
779:, p. 4.
772:
760:
731:
620:
582:
559:
554:
542:
535:
522:
517:
507:
476:
436:Indian Ocean
420:universities
409:
388:
384:
382:
379:and admiral.
376:
375:, Christian
351:Matteo Ricci
339:
324:
296:
294:
272:
245:
234:
192:
155:Aztec Empire
148:
134:
112:
96:Inca empires
88:
64:Ming dynasty
56:16th century
42:
41:
39:
18:
1056:Sola (1999)
1044:Sola (1999)
1032:Sola (1999)
1020:Sola (1999)
1008:Ollé (2000)
981:Ollé (2000)
957:Ollé (2000)
921:Ollé (2000)
906:Ollé (2000)
894:Ollé (2000)
882:Sola (1999)
870:Ollé (2000)
858:Ollé (2000)
846:Ollé (2000)
834:Ollé (2000)
822:Ollé (2000)
789:Sola (1999)
777:Sola (1999)
765:Ollé (2000)
692:Ollé (2000)
625:Ollé (2002)
440:Cochinchina
412:encomiendas
211:spice trade
207:Philippines
60:Philippines
1249:Categories
1113:. Verbum.
613:References
583:San Felipe
199:tornaviaje
68:Portuguese
1075:. Rialp.
570:Juan Cobo
531:Dominican
448:Kampuchea
416:hospitals
405:Guangdong
346:mandarins
277:Guatemala
268:Philip II
167:New Spain
159:Charles V
131:Philip II
100:mestizaje
78:from the
72:Filipinos
1226:(2015).
607:El Piñal
591:See also
585:incident
434:and the
397:Nagasaki
393:Visayans
335:just war
281:Honduras
252:Limahong
163:Moluccas
127:Vitorian
86:allies.
80:Toyotomi
76:Japanese
1065:Sources
555:Empresa
523:Empresa
521:of the
460:Sumatra
363:Beijing
181:in the
145:History
121:led by
84:Chinese
50:by the
1234:
1212:
1193:
1174:
1155:
1136:
1117:
1098:
1079:
580:. The
479:Hirado
456:Borneo
401:Fujian
377:daimyo
301:Jesuit
256:Fujian
215:Manila
452:India
273:oídor
217:over
92:Aztec
48:China
1232:ISBN
1210:ISBN
1191:ISBN
1172:ISBN
1153:ISBN
1134:ISBN
1115:ISBN
1096:ISBN
1077:ISBN
574:Luis
444:Siam
353:and
295:The
219:Cebú
173:and
104:Asia
94:and
74:and
40:The
361:in
275:of
239:by
1251::
988:^
913:^
796:^
739:^
699:^
680:^
659:^
632:^
458:,
454:,
450:,
446:,
442:,
418:,
185:.
110:.
70:,
1240:.
1218:.
1199:.
1180:.
1161:.
1142:.
1123:.
1104:.
1085:.
675:.
654:.
627:.
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