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attendance, most of whom were the nation's leading merchants, members of the lower nobility and guards stationed in and around the city of the event. The other ball was a much smaller affair reserved for her closest friends and members of the highest echelons of nobility. The smaller gatherings began as masked balls, but evolved into the famous metamorphoses balls by 1744. At these metamorphoses balls, guests were expected to dress as the opposite sex, with
Elizabeth often dressing up as Cossack or carpenter in honour of her father. Costumes not permitted at the event were those of pilgrims and harlequins, which she considered profane and indecent respectively. Most courtiers thoroughly disliked the balls, as most guests by decree looked ridiculous, but Elizabeth adored them; as Catherine the Great's advisor Potemkin posited, this was because she was "the only woman who looked truly fine and completely a man.... As she was tall and possessed a powerful body, male attire suited her".
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1122:, who would have been Paul's biological father. Peter never gave any indication that he believed Paul to have been fathered by anyone but himself but took no interest in parenthood. Elizabeth most certainly took an active interest and acted as if she were his mother, instead of Catherine. Shortly after Paul's birth the Empress ordered the midwife to take the baby and to follow her, and Catherine did not see her child for another month, for a short churching ceremony. Six months later, Elizabeth let Catherine see the child again. The child had, in effect, become a ward of the state and, in a larger sense, the property of the state.
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708:. There was little love lost between the cousins and no prospect of either any Russian nobleman or any foreign prince seeking Elizabeth's hand in marriage. Nor could she marry a commoner because it would cost her royal status, property rights and claim to the throne. The fact that Elizabeth was something of a beauty did not improve marriage prospects, but instead earned her resentment. When the Empress Anna asked the Chinese minister in Saint Petersburg to identify the most beautiful woman at her court, he pointed to Elizabeth, much to Anna's displeasure.
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843:. The circumstances of Elizabeth's birth would later be used by her political opponents to challenge her right to the throne on grounds of illegitimacy. When Countess Lopukhina's son, Ivan Lopukhin, complained of Elizabeth in a tavern, he implicated his mother, himself and others in a plot to reinstate Ivan VI as tsar. Ivan Lopukhin was overheard and tortured for information. All the conspirators were sentenced to death. The female conspirators had their sentences commuted to having their tongues removed and being publicly flogged. The men were
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1340:, induced the court of Versailles on the evening of 22 January 1761 to present to the court of Saint Petersburg a dispatch to the effect that the king of France, by reason of the condition of his dominions, absolutely desired peace. The Russian empress's reply was delivered to the two ambassadors on 12 February. It was inspired by the most uncompromising hostility towards the king of Prussia. Elizabeth would not consent to any pacific overtures until the original object of the league had been accomplished.
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One famous story exemplifying her vanity is that once
Elizabeth got a bit of powder in her hair and was unable to remove it except by cutting a patch of her hair. She made all of the court ladies cut patches out of their hair too, which they did "with tears in their eyes". This aggressive vanity became a tenet of the court throughout her reign, particularly as she grew older. According to historian
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that a daughter born to his former maid might one day inherit the
Russian throne, which had until that point never been occupied by a woman; as such, it was left to Catherine to raise the girls, a task met with considerable difficulty due to her own lack of education. Despite this, Elizabeth was still considered to be a bright girl, if not brilliant, and had a French governess who gave lessons of
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617:. The wife of the British ambassador described Grand Duchess Elizabeth as "fair, with light brown hair, large sprightly blue eyes, fine teeth and a pretty mouth. She is inclinable to be fat, but is very genteel and dances better than anyone I ever saw. She speaks German, French and Italian, is extremely gay, and talks to everyone..."
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mysterious negotiation seems to have been to reconcile France and Great
Britain, in return for which signal service France was to throw all her forces into the attack on Prussia. This project, which lacked neither ability nor audacity, foundered upon Louis XV's invincible jealousy of the growth of Russian influence in
1379:, "We ought now to think of preserving for my nephew, by way of negotiation, whatever fragments of my territory we can save from the avidity of my enemies." A fortnight later, he wrote to Prince Ferdinand of Brunswick, "The sky begins to clear. Courage, my dear fellow. I have received the news of a great event." The
832:, worried that they would stir up trouble for her in other parts of Europe. Fearing a coup on Ivan's favour, Elizabeth set about destroying all papers, coins or anything else depicting or mentioning Ivan. She had issued an order that if any attempt were made for the adult Ivan to escape, he was to be eliminated.
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noted that
Elizabeth had beautiful legs, and loved to wear male attire because of the tight trousers. Though the balls were by far her most personally beloved and lavish events, Elizabeth often threw children's birthday parties and wedding receptions for those affiliated with her Court, going so far
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However, on 14 February 1758, Bestuzhev was removed from office. The future
Catherine II recorded, "He was relieved of all his decorations and rank, without a soul being able to reveal for what crimes or transgressions the first gentleman of the Empire was so despoiled, and sent back to his house as
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and arrested the infant
Emperor, his parents, and their own lieutenant-colonel, Count Burkhard Christoph von Munnich. It was a daring coup and, amazingly, succeeded without bloodshed. Elizabeth had vowed that if she became Empress, she would not sign a single death sentence, an extraordinary promise
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From the end of 1759 to the end of 1761, the eagerness of the
Russian Empress was the one constraining political force that held together the heterogeneous, incessantly jarring elements of the anti-Prussian combination. From the Russian point of view, her greatness as a stateswoman consisted of her
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During the reign of her cousin Anna (1730–1740), Elizabeth was gathering support in the background. Being the daughter of Peter the Great, she enjoyed much support from the
Russian Guards regiments. She often visited the elite Guards regiments, marking special events with the officers and acting as
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and refused to take the medication she had been prescribed. The
Empress forbade the word "death" in her presence until she suffered a stroke on 24 December 1761 (O.S.). Knowing that she was dying, Elizabeth used her last remaining strength to make her confession, to recite with her confessor the
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against anyone wearing the same hairstyle, dress, or accessory as the Empress. One woman accidentally wore the same item as the Empress and was lashed across the face for it. Another law required French fabric salesmen to sell to the Empress first, and those who disregarded that law were arrested.
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Frederick himself was quite aware of his danger. "I'm at the end of my resources," he wrote at the beginning of 1760. "The continuance of this war means for me utter ruin. Things may drag on perhaps till July, but then a catastrophe must come." On 21 May 1760, a fresh convention was signed between
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With all her shortcomings (documents often waited months for her signature), Elizabeth had inherited her father's genius for government. Her usually keen judgement and her diplomatic tact again and again recalled Peter the Great. What sometimes appeared as irresolution and procrastination was most
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on 25 April 1742 (O.S.), which would become standard for all emperors of Russia until 1896. At the age of thirty-three, with relatively little political experience, she found herself at the head of a great empire at one of the most critical periods of its existence. Her proclamation explained that
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as King of Sweden and whose patrimony was at that time under Danish occupation. Despite all this, the prince was of impeccable birth and well-connected to many royal houses; it was a respectable and politically useful alliance. In the same year, Elizabeth was betrothed to marry Charles Frederick's
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stated, the court was "arrayed in cloth of gold, her nobles satisfied with only the most luxurious garments, the most expensive foods, the rarest drinks, that largest number of servants and they applied this standard of lavishness to their dress as well". A great number of silver and gold objects
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As a child, Elizabeth was the favourite of her father, whom she resembled both physically and temperamentally. Even though he adored his daughter, Peter did not devote time or attention to her education; having both a son and grandson from his first marriage to a noblewoman, he did not anticipate
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French plays quickly became the most popular and often were performed twice a week. In tandem, music became very important. Many attribute its popularity to Elizabeth's supposed husband, the "Emperor of the Night", Alexei Razumovsky, who reportedly relished music. Elizabeth spared no expense in
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agreed to unite their forces to oppose the entry of or the passage through Germany of troops of every foreign power, as utterly subversive of the previous conventions between Great Britain and Russia. Elizabeth sided against Prussia over a personal dislike of Frederick the Great. She wanted him
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and the Winter Palace, though she died before its completion. The Palace is said to contain 1,500 rooms, 1,786 doors, and 1,945 windows, including bureaucratic offices and the Imperial Family's living quarters arranged in two enfilades, from the top of the Jordan Staircase. Regarding the Smolny
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Despite the substantial changes made by Peter the Great, he had not exercised a really formative influence on the intellectual attitudes of the ruling classes as a whole. Although Elizabeth lacked the early education necessary to flourish as an intellectual (once finding the reading of secular
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28 January] 1725) a few weeks before the nuptials. In Elizabeth's case, however, her fiancé died on 31 May 1727, before her wedding could be celebrated. This came as a double blow to Elizabeth, because her mother (who had ascended to the throne as Catherine I) had died just two weeks
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With much of his fame resting on his effective efforts to modernise Russia, Tsar Peter desired to see his children married into the royal houses of Europe, something which his immediate predecessors had consciously tended to avoid. Peter's son Aleksei Petrovich, born of his first marriage to a
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Simultaneously, Elizabeth had conveyed to Louis XV a confidential letter in which she proposed the signature of a new treaty of alliance of a more comprehensive and explicit nature than the preceding treaties between the two powers without the knowledge of Austria. Elizabeth's object in the
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Despite her volatile and often violent reactions to others regarding her appearance, Elizabeth was ebullient in most other matters, particularly when it came to court entertainment. It was reported that she threw two balls a week; one would be a large event with an average of 800 guests in
1005:, it was one of her "chief glories that, so far as she was able, she put a stop to that mischievous contention of rival ambitions at Court, which had disgraced the reigns of Peter II, Anna and Ivan VI and enabled foreign powers to freely interfere in the domestic affairs of Russia."
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literature to be "injurious to health"), she was clever enough to know its benefits and made considerable groundwork for her eventual successor, Catherine the Great. She made education freely available to all social classes (except for serfs), encouraged establishment of the first
820:. Arriving at the regimental headquarters wearing a warrior's metal breastplate over her dress and grasping a silver cross, she challenged them: "Whom do you want to serve: me, your natural sovereign, or those who have stolen my inheritance?" Won over, the regiment marched to the
1110:, was a sister of Elizabeth's own fiancé, who had died before the wedding. On her conversion to the Russian Orthodox Church, Sophie was given the name Catherine in memory of Elizabeth's mother. The marriage took place on 21 August 1745. Nine years later a son, the future
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a prisoner." No specific crime was ever pinned on Bestuzhev. Instead, it was inferred that he had attempted to sow discord between the Empress and her heir and his consort. Enemies of the pro-Austrian Bestuzhev were his rivals; the Shuvalov family, Vice-Chancellor
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often a wise suspension of judgement under exceptionally difficult circumstances. From the Russian point of view, her greatness as a stateswoman consisted of her steady appreciation of national interests and her determination to promote them against all obstacles.
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1305:(12 August 1759) at last brought Frederick to the verge of ruin. From that day, he despaired of success, but he was saved for the moment by the jealousies of the Russian and Austrian commanders, which ruined the military plans of the allies.
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and Louis XV to get rid of Bestuzhev failed. Instead, they put the Russian court into the centre of a tangle of intrigue during the earlier years of Elizabeth's reign. Ultimately, the minister's strong support from the Empress prevailed.
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taverns, but work temporarily ceased due to lack of resources. Ultimately, taxes were increased on salt and alcohol to completely fund the extra costs. However, Elizabeth's incredible extravagance ended up greatly benefiting the country's
792:. Menshikov was arrested, stripped of all his honours and properties, and exiled to northern Siberia, where he died in November 1729. The Dolgorukovs hated the memory of Peter the Great and practically banished his daughter from Court.
1182:, who had Elizabeth's support. She placed Bestuzhev at the head of foreign affairs immediately after her accession. He represented the anti-Franco-Prussian side of her council, and his objective was an alliance with England and
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by forcing him into hostile alliances. All this would have been impossible without the steady support of Elizabeth who trusted him completely in spite of the Chancellor's many enemies, most of whom were her personal friends.
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was deeply involved in planning a coup to depose the regent, whose foreign policy was opposed to the interests of France, and bribed numerous officers in the Imperial Guard to support Elizabeth's coup. The French adventurer
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There is considerable speculation as to the actual paternity of Paul. It is suggested that he was not Peter's son at all but that his mother had engaged in an affair, to which Elizabeth had consented, with a young officer,
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1301:(19 September 1757), the fall of Bestuzhev (21 February 1758) and the cabals and intrigues of the various foreign powers at Saint Petersburg, did not interfere with the progress of the war. The crushing defeat of
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558:") on 6 March 1711. Of the twelve children born to Peter and Catherine (five sons and seven daughters), only the sisters survived to adulthood. They had one older surviving sibling, crown prince
1098:. The young Peter had lost his mother shortly after he was born, and his father at the age of eleven. Elizabeth invited her young nephew to Saint Petersburg, where he was received into the
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Despite Elizabeth's promise, there was still cruelty in her regime. Although she initially thought of allowing the young tsar and his mother to leave Russia, she imprisoned them later in a
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family, deeply resented Menshikov. With Peter II's attachment to Prince Ivan Dolgorukov and two of their family members on the Supreme State Council, they had the leverage for a successful
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were produced, the most the country had seen thus far in its history. It was common to order over a thousand bottles of French champagnes and wines to be served at one event and to serve
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steady appreciation of Russian interests and her determination to promote them against all obstacles. She insisted throughout that the King of Prussia must be reduced to the rank of a
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importing leading musical talents from Germany, France, and Italy. She reportedly owned 15,000 dresses, several thousand pairs of shoes and a seemingly unlimited number of stockings.
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1496:, "Later in life her outbursts of anger were directed either against people who were thought to have endangered Russia's security or against women whose beauty rivalled her own".
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helped her actions according to the advice of the marquis de La Chétardie and the Swedish ambassador, who were particularly interested in toppling the regime of Anna Leopoldovna.
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remained in power (until September 1727), the government of Elizabeth's adolescent nephew Peter II (reigned 1727–1730) treated her with liberality and distinction. However, the
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had ascended the throne. Her marriage prospects continued to fail to improve three years later, when her nephew died and was succeeded on the throne by Elizabeth's first cousin
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Elizabeth enjoyed and excelled in architecture, overseeing and financing many construction projects during her reign. One of the many projects from the Italian architect
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as it had been under Peter the Great, with the chiefs of the departments of state (none of them German) attending. Her first task after this was to address the war with
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solved the first event by forming an alliance with Austria and France, but indirectly caused the second. Russian troops enjoyed several victories against Prussia and
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The expedited completion of buildings became a matter of importance to the Empress and work continued throughout the year, even in winter's severest months. 859,555
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and proclaimed the heir to the throne on 7 November 1742. Keen to see the dynasty secured, Elizabeth immediately gave Peter the best Russian tutors and settled on
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should fix the date for the assembling of a peace congress and that in the meantime, the war against Prussia should be vigorously prosecuted. In 1760 a Russian
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In 1724, Peter betrothed his daughters to two young princes, first cousins to each other, who hailed from the tiny north German principality of
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A gifted diplomat, Elizabeth hated bloodshed and conflict and went to great lengths to alter the Russian system of punishment, even outlawing
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The Daughter of Peter the Great: A History of Russian Diplomacy and of the Russian Court Under the Empress Elizabeth Petrovna, 1741–1762
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The campaign of 1761 was almost as abortive as the campaign of 1760. Frederick acted on the defensive with consummate skill, and the
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Attractive in her youth and vain as an adult, Elizabeth passed various decrees intended to make herself stand out: she issued an
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From her earliest years, Elizabeth was recognised as a vivacious young woman, and was regarded as the leading beauty of the
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Kazimierz Waliszewski "La Dernière Des Romanov, Élisabeth Ire, Impératrice De Russie, 1741–1762". Plon-Nourrit et cie, 1902
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By the end of May 1727, 17-year-old Elizabeth had lost her fiancé and both of her parents. Furthermore, her half-nephew
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reduced within proper limits so that he might no longer be an alleged danger to the empire. Elizabeth acceded to the
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and whose family was undergoing a period of political and economic turmoil. Anna Petrovna (aged 16) was to marry
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As an unmarried and childless empress, it was imperative for Elizabeth to find a legitimate heir to secure the
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Convent, historian Robert Nisbet Bain stated that "No other Russian sovereign ever erected so many churches."
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1375:, was the sole Russian success. Frederick, however, was now at the last gasp. On 6 January 1762, he wrote to
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the preceding reigns had led Russia to ruin: "The Russian people have been groaning under the enemies of the
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In 1742, the imperial government at Saint Petersburg ordered a Russian military expedition to conquer the
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upheld the order, and when an attempt was made, he was killed and secretly buried within the fortress.
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Elizabeth's response to the lack of marriage prospects was to take Alexander Shubin, a sergeant in the
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to Russia as an indemnity for war expenses. The failure of the campaign of 1760, wielded by the inept
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in Saint Petersburg on 9 February 1712. On this day, the two children previously born to the couple (
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Elizabeth abolished the cabinet council system that had been used under Anna, and reconstituted the
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prayer for the dying, and to say farewell to the few people who wished to be with her, including
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The concessions to Russia can be credited to the diplomatic ability of the new vice chancellor,
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was marked by high taxes and economic problems. The French ambassador in Saint Petersburg, the
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During her reign Elizabeth continued the policies of her father and brought about a remarkable
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Coin of Elizabeth of Russia, whose beneficial but numerous buildings required heavy taxation.
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that snatched him from destruction was the death of the Russian empress, on 5 January 1762 (
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Bestuzhev had many achievements. His effective diplomacy and 30,000 troops sent to the
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because of her decision not to execute a single person during her reign, her numerous
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at all receptions, despite the difficulty of procuring the fruit in such quantities.
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On the night of 25 November 1741 (O.S.), Elizabeth seized power with the help of the
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at some point between 23 October and 1 December 1707. Their official marriage was at
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3075:– Historical reconstruction "The Romanovs". StarMedia. Babich-Design (Russia, 2013)
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In the late 1750s, Elizabeth's health started to decline. She suffered a series of
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in Saint Petersburg on 3 February 1762 (O.S.) six weeks after her lying in state.
2693:'The Iron-Fisted Fashionista' Russian Life Nov.–Dec. 2009 by Lev Berdnikov, p. 59
2630:"The Iron-Fisted Fashionista" Russian Life Nov.–Dec. 2009 by Lev Berdnikov, p. 54
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Russia and Austria, a secret clause of which, never communicated to the court of
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Elisabeth's donation to the Russian lieutenant general Balthasar Freiherr von
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Russian noblewoman, had no problem securing a bride from the ancient house of
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godmother to their children. After the death of Empress Anna, the regency of
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3039:. Vol. 9 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. 283–285.
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Elizabeth's court was one of the most splendid in all Europe. As historian
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A history of the peoples of Siberia: Russia's North Asian Colong 1581–1990
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faith, but she has delivered them from the degrading foreign oppression."
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The serious illness of the Empress, which began with a fainting-fit at
1229:
1199:
Promenade of Elizaveta Petrovna through the streets of Saint Petersburg
1155:
876:
727:
716:
595:
550:
and Elizabeth) were legitimised by their father and given the title of
470:
336:
327:
from 1741 until her death in 1762. She remains one of the most popular
229:
123:
54:
3858:
Catherine Mikhailovna, Duchess George Augustus of Mecklenburg-Strelitz
3510:
670:
first cousin, Charles Augustus of Holstein-Gottorp, the eldest son of
422:, and financed grandiose Baroque projects of her favourite architect,
2380:
2278:
The New Cambridge Modern History: Volume 7, The Old Regime, 1713–1763
1361:
1221:
1217:
1167:
1143:
747:
511:
507:
162:
879:
advisers, so Elizabeth exiled the most unpopular of them, including
3016:
This article incorporates text from a publication now in the
2800:
2798:
1506:
1459:
1428:
1353:
1315:
1248:
1209:
1193:
1154:, on 7 August 1743 (O.S.), Sweden ceded to Russia all of southern
1147:
1129:
1077:
1050:
1024:
1012:
955:
854:
783:
761:
739:
681:
489:
372:, who died in 1730 and was succeeded by Elizabeth's first cousin
3843:
Alexandra Nikolaevna, Princess Frederick William of Hesse-Cassel
1067:
530:. Catherine was the daughter of Samuel Skowroński, a subject of
523:
438:
in Saint Petersburg are among the chief monuments of her reign.
411:
319:
18 December] 1709 – 5 January [
3703:
3514:
3145:
1220:
and London. He enabled Russia to assert herself effectually in
1054:
3068:
Romanovs. The fourth film. Anna Ioannovna; Elizabeth Petrovna
2725:
2723:
2662:
2660:
2606:
Landers, Brian (2010). "To the Little Bighorn and Anadyrsk".
2435:
2433:
1352:. It was finally arranged by the allies that their envoys at
4107:
Burials at Saints Peter and Paul Cathedral, Saint Petersburg
3894:
Anastasia Mikhailovna, Grand Duchess of Mecklenburg-Schwerin
2608:
Empires Apart: A History of American and Russian Imperialism
3920:
Elena Vladimirovna, Princess Nicholas of Greece and Denmark
3797:
Elena Pavlovna, Hereditary Princess of Mecklenburg-Schwerin
2912:
Three Empresses: Catherine I, Anne and Elizabeth of Russia
1066:. Needing goods shipped from all over the world, numerous
2785:
2783:
2574:
2572:
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2533:
2531:
2339:
2337:
2335:
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2247:
2245:
2172:
2170:
2168:
654:
snubbed him due to the girls' post-facto legitimisation.
445:
during the two major European conflicts of her time: the
3915:
Grand Duchess Olga Alexandrovna, Mrs. Nikolai Kulikovsky
2155:
2153:
2092:
2090:
2088:
2075:
2073:
2060:
2058:
2056:
2054:
2041:
2039:
2037:
2035:
2033:
1106:
as a bride for her heir. Incidentally, Sophie's mother,
687:
Peter II and Princess Elizabeth Petrovna Riding to Hound
357:'s death in 1718. The throne first passed to her mother
859:
Coronation procession of Empress Elizabeth, Moscow 1742
825:
at the time but one that she kept throughout her life.
383:). After the brief rule of Anna's infant great-nephew,
2518:
2516:
2514:
2512:
2510:
2508:
1364:. Russian victories placed Prussia in serious danger.
574:, arts, languages, and sports. She grew interested in
4015:
3925:
Maria Pavlovna, Princess Sergei Mikhailovich Putiatin
3802:
Maria Pavlovna, Grand Duchess of Saxe-Weimar-Eisenach
2881:
Elizabeth and Catherine: Empresses of All the Russias
1413:, but the expedition failed and its commander, Major
1053:
had been allocated to the project, a sum raised by a
3879:
Maria Alexandrovna, Duchess of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha
562:, who was Peter's son by his first wife, noblewoman
4142:
Recipients of the Order of the White Eagle (Poland)
3976:
3933:
3902:
3866:
3825:
3792:
Archduchess Alexandra Pavlovna, Palatina of Hungary
3784:
3768:
3737:
3652:
Catherine Ivanovna, Duchess of Mecklenburg-Schwerin
3644:
3598:
3568:
3548:
3425:
3341:
3179:
3062:. Vol. VIII (9th ed.). 1878. p. 145.
1261:The great event of Elizabeth's later years was the
1212:accelerated the peace negotiations, leading to the
993:
Imperial monogram, often present in peace treaties.
465:was finally considering surrender in January 1762,
270:
260:
250:
240:
228:
214:
196:
172:
143:
139:
129:
119:
109:
98:
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70:
2987:
2942:
2824:. Saint Petersburg: Ivan Fiorodov Art Publishers.
3889:Vera Konstantinovna, Duchess Eugen of Württemberg
1286:and Austria against Prussia. On 17 May 1757, the
1253:Elizabeth on horseback while being attended by a
977:, and helped to finance the establishment of the
770:soldiers proclaim Elizabeth as Empress of Russia.
4005:title granted by Grand Duke Vladimir Cyrillovich
3128:6 December 1741 – 5 January 1762
2804:
2753:
2702:
2300:
2263:
2236:
3999:title granted by Grand Duke Cyril Vladimirovich
2905:. trans. Rhys Evans. London: Thames and Hudson.
102:6 December (25 November) 1741 –
3715:
3526:
3157:
1441:
1433:
1070:in all Russia were modernised at her orders.
8:
787:
2774:
2729:
2714:
2666:
2651:
2639:
2439:
2400:
2324:
2280:. Cambridge University Press. p. 332.
2019:Bibliography of Russian history (1613–1917)
1369:capture of the Prussian fortress of Kolberg
663:Charles Frederick, Duke of Holstein-Gottorp
4087:18th-century women from the Russian Empire
3884:Olga Konstantinovna, Queen of the Hellenes
3745:Anna Petrovna, Duchess of Holstein-Gottorp
3722:
3708:
3700:
3533:
3519:
3511:
3164:
3150:
3142:
3078:
2858:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
1570:
1561:
76:
67:
3833:Maria Nikolaevna, Duchess of Leuchtenberg
2879:Coughlan, Robert (1974). Jay Gold (ed.).
2595:, Cambridge University Press, p. 146
1377:Count Karl-Wilhelm Finck von Finckenstein
1134:Map of European political borders in 1740
863:Elizabeth crowned herself Empress in the
494:Young Elizabeth in the 1720s, painted by
3853:Elizabeth Mikhailovna, Duchess of Nassau
3807:Catherine Pavlovna, Queen of Württemberg
2924:Catherine the Great: Love, Sex and Power
2578:
2561:
2549:
2537:
2499:
2487:
2475:
2367:
2200:
2176:
2159:
2108:
2096:
2079:
988:
875:Russia had been under the domination of
624:
283:
4022:
3961:Maria Kirillovna, Princess of Leiningen
3817:Anna Pavlovna, Queen of the Netherlands
2945:Prince of Princes: The Life of Potemkin
2789:
2463:
2451:
2381:"The Russian Academy of Arts – History"
2343:
2312:
2251:
2064:
2045:
2029:
894:
335:projects, and her strong opposition to
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2224:
2188:
2144:
2132:
1808:
1804:
1794:
1689:
1579:
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1282:, thus entering into an alliance with
971:university in Russia founded in Moscow
211:
3838:Olga Nikolaevna, Queen of Württemberg
1960:
1957:
1947:
1935:
1925:
1921:
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1905:
1899:
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1613:
1603:
1587:
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7:
3967:Kira Kirillovna, Princess of Prussia
3874:Grand Duchess Alexandra Alexandrovna
2968:. Knopf Doubleday Publishing Group.
2741:
2689:
2687:
2678:
2522:
2424:
2412:
2355:
2212:
2120:
1108:Joanna Elisabeth of Holstein-Gottorp
629:Elizabeth probably secretly married
288:The ceremonial attire of Elizabeth,
36:Elizabeth of Russia (disambiguation)
3691:*raised to Grand Ducal rank in 1721
1509:for each of her ladies-in-waiting.
1381:Miracle of the House of Brandenburg
960:Elizabeth visits Russian scientist
818:Preobrazhensky Life Guards Regiment
672:Christian Augustus, Prince of Eutin
342:The second-eldest daughter of Tsar
27:Empress of Russia from 1741 to 1762
3956:Grand Duchess Anastasia Nikolaevna
1290:, 85,000 strong, advanced against
1228:, Sweden and isolated the King of
477:to reign over the Russian Empire.
32:Empress Elisabeth (disambiguation)
30:For women with similar names, see
25:
1114:, was born on 20 September 1754.
4049:
4037:
4025:
3984:Grand Duchess Maria Vladimirovna
3946:Grand Duchess Tatiana Nikolaevna
3910:Grand Duchess Xenia Alexandrovna
3009:
2964:Sebag Montefiore, Simon (2016).
2949:. New York: Thomas Dunne Books.
2941:Sebag Montefiore, Simon (2001).
1565:Ancestors of Elizabeth of Russia
1104:Princess Sophie of Anhalt-Zerbst
935:
916:
897:
746:. In 1756, Elizabeth made him a
713:Semyonovsky Life Guards Regiment
323:25 December] 1762) was
274:
3848:Grand Duchess Maria Mikhailovna
3776:Grand Duchess Natalia Alexeevna
2610:. New York, NY: Pegasus Books.
1648:Yevdokiya Lukyanovna Streshneva
1541:The Empress died the next day,
378:
363:
348:
4132:Daughters of empresses regnant
4117:Leaders who took power by coup
3951:Grand Duchess Maria Nikolaevna
3755:Grand Duchess Natalia Petrovna
1348:and his fear of offending the
885:Burkhard Christoph von Münnich
776:Aleksandr Danilovich Menshikov
453:(1756–1763). She and diplomat
396:Age of Enlightenment in Russia
1:
4127:Daughters of Russian emperors
4082:18th-century Russian monarchs
3941:Grand Duchess Olga Nikolaevna
1766:11. Anna Leontyevna Leontyeva
1736:Natalya Kirillovna Naryshkina
1710:Kirill Poluektovich Naryshkin
1397:Indigenous peoples of Siberia
1241:, and the French ambassador.
1017:Built by her court architect
979:Imperial Academy of Fine Arts
536:Cathedral of the Holy Trinity
43:Eastern Slavic naming customs
2990:Elizabeth, Empress of Russia
1464:Departure of Elizabeth from
679:previously, on 17 May 1727.
633:, a Ukrainian-born chorister
104:5 January (25 December) 1762
4122:People of the Silesian Wars
4097:Empresses regnant of Russia
3812:Grand Duchess Olga Pavlovna
2014:Tsars of Russia family tree
1442:
1434:
1401:Russian conquest of Siberia
1280:Second Treaty of Versailles
1269:(16 January 1756) in which
1120:Sergei Vasilievich Saltykov
486:Childhood and teenage years
220:Elizaveta Petrovna Romanova
147:Elizaveta Petrovna Romanova
18:Empress Elizabeth of Russia
4163:
3233:Sviatoslav III of Vladimir
3053:"Elizabeth Petrovna"
2910:Longworth, Philip (1972).
2883:. London: Millington Ltd.
2874:. London: William Collins.
1806:
1683:
1577:
1394:
1371:on Christmas Day 1761, by
1037:was the reconstruction of
942:The Elizabeth portrait in
923:The Elizabeth portrait by
904:The Elizabeth portrait by
839:Another case was Countess
447:War of Austrian Succession
410:: she modernised Russia's
41:In this name that follows
40:
29:
4112:18th-century women rulers
3993:
3731:Grand Duchesses of Russia
3688:
3645:3rd generation (Romanovs)
3599:2nd generation (Romanovs)
3181:Grand princes of Vladimir
3130:
3121:
3113:
3108:
3081:
1941:
1923:
1919:
1911:
1883:
1865:
1857:
1832:
1814:
1810:
1772:
1753:
1745:
1717:
1695:
1691:
1655:
1633:
1625:
1597:
1581:
1545:Christmas, 1761. For her
1267:Convention of Westminster
1265:. Elizabeth regarded the
1214:Treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle
1096:Peter of Holstein-Gottorp
1001:. According to historian
312:
219:
210:
75:
3278:Dmitry the Terrible Eyes
3173:List of Russian monarchs
1551:Peter and Paul Cathedral
1180:Aleksey Bestuzhev-Ryumin
1094:. She chose her nephew,
532:Grand Duchy of Lithuania
467:the Russian Empress died
455:Aleksey Bestuzhev-Ryumin
420:Imperial Academy of Arts
315:; 29 December [
204:Peter and Paul Cathedral
3228:Yaroslav II of Vladimir
3059:Encyclopædia Britannica
3036:Encyclopædia Britannica
2966:The Romanovs: 1613–1918
2903:The Evolution of Russia
2820:Antonov, Boris (2006).
2591:Forsyth, James (1992),
2276:Lindsay, J. O. (1957).
1201:(1903), watercolour by
1100:Russian Orthodox Church
806:Marquis de La Chétardie
768:Preobrazhensky Regiment
544:Saint Isaac's Cathedral
514:, on 18 December 1709 (
459:briefly occupied Berlin
3427:Emperors of all Russia
2926:. London: Hutchinson.
1468:
1457:
1324:
1258:
1205:
1135:
1087:
1030:
1022:
994:
965:
860:
811:Jean Armand de Lestocq
788:
771:
693:
634:
502:Elizabeth was born at
499:
368:), then to her nephew
297:
200:3 February 1762 (O.S.)
3621:Ekaterina Alekseyevna
3238:Andrey II of Vladimir
3208:Vsevolod the Big Nest
2805:Sebag Montefiore 2016
2754:Sebag Montefiore 2001
2703:Sebag Montefiore 2001
2301:Sebag Montefiore 2016
2264:Sebag Montefiore 2016
2237:Sebag Montefiore 2016
1902:Catherine I of Russia
1791:Elizabeth I of Russia
1502:Kazimierz Waliszewski
1463:
1432:
1395:Further information:
1319:
1288:Imperial Russian Army
1252:
1197:
1133:
1081:
1028:
1016:
1009:Construction projects
992:
959:
906:Charles-André van Loo
858:
830:Shlisselburg Fortress
765:
685:
628:
496:Ivan Nikitich Nikitin
493:
418:'s foundation of the
402:'s foundation of the
359:Catherine I of Russia
296:; fot. Ivonna Nowicka
287:
255:Catherine I of Russia
115:6 May (25 April) 1742
3673:Elizabeth I Petrovna
3631:Feodosia Alekseyevna
3606:Yevdokia Alekseyevna
3351:Ivan IV the Terrible
3218:Konstantin of Rostov
3198:Andrei I Bogolyubsky
3083:Elizabeth of Russia
2914:. London: Constable.
1849:6. Samuel Skowroński
1448:(1905), painting by
1074:Selection of an heir
1035:Bartolomeo Rastrelli
1019:Bartolomeo Rastrelli
518:). Her parents were
449:(1740–1748) and the
424:Bartolomeo Rastrelli
404:University of Moscow
313:Елизаве́та Петро́вна
4137:Elizabeth of Russia
4092:Royalty from Moscow
3636:Natalia Alekseyevna
3590:Tatiana Mikhailovna
3542:Tsarevnas of Russia
3343:Tsars of all Russia
3318:Vasily II the Blind
3258:Dmitry of Pereslavl
3223:Yuri II of Vladimir
3213:Yuri II of Vladimir
3203:Mikhail of Vladimir
3023:Bain, Robert Nisbet
2984:Talbot Rice, Tamara
2840:Bain, Robert Nisbet
2552:, pp. 118–119.
2215:, pp. 283–284.
1958:7. Elisabeth Moritz
1590:Michael I of Russia
1473:Mikhail Shcherbatov
1188:Frederick the Great
952:Educational reforms
865:Dormition Cathedral
845:broken on the wheel
834:Catherine the Great
578:, became fluent in
469:. She was the last
463:Frederick the Great
4147:People from Moscow
3662:Praskovya Ivanovna
3616:Sophia Alekseyevna
3323:Ivan III the Great
3263:Andrey of Gorodets
3253:Vasily of Kostroma
3027:Elizabeth Petrovna
2920:Rounding, Virginia
1616:Alexis I of Russia
1494:Tamara Talbot Rice
1469:
1458:
1435:Elizaveta Petrovna
1325:
1259:
1244:
1206:
1136:
1088:
1031:
1023:
1003:Robert Nisbet Bain
999:capital punishment
995:
966:
861:
772:
738:made Razumovsky a
736:Holy Roman Emperor
694:
667:his maternal uncle
640:Brunswick-Lüneburg
635:
500:
441:Elizabeth led the
426:, particularly in
305:Elizaveta Petrovna
298:
4013:
4012:
3750:Empress Elizabeth
3697:
3696:
3626:Maria Alekseyevna
3611:Marfa Alekseyevna
3580:Irina Mikhailovna
3508:
3507:
3308:Dmitry of the Don
3283:Alexander of Tver
3193:Yuri I Dolgorukiy
3140:
3139:
3131:Succeeded by
3124:Empress of Russia
2303:, Act II Scene 3.
2227:, pp. 67–68.
2147:, pp. 66–67.
2004:
2003:
2000:
1999:
1674:Peter I of Russia
1536:Kirill Razumovsky
1454:Tretyakov Gallery
1360:briefly occupied
1239:Mikhail Vorontsov
975:Mikhail Lomonosov
962:Mikhail Lomonosov
929:Tretyakov Gallery
841:Natalia Lopukhina
744:Holy Roman Empire
723:, a kind-hearted
721:Alexei Razumovsky
631:Alexei Razumovsky
564:Eudoxia Lopukhina
400:Mikhail Lomonosov
325:Empress of Russia
282:
281:
245:Peter I of Russia
224:
223:
167:Tsardom of Russia
93:Empress of Russia
16:(Redirected from
4154:
4102:House of Romanov
4054:
4053:
4042:
4041:
4040:
4030:
4029:
4028:
4021:
3724:
3717:
3710:
3701:
3679:Natalia Petrovna
3585:Anna Mikhailovna
3569:1st generation (
3549:1st generation (
3535:
3528:
3521:
3512:
3418:
3303:Dmitry of Suzdal
3298:Ivan II the Fair
3293:Simeon the Proud
3248:Yaroslav of Tver
3243:Alexander Nevsky
3166:
3159:
3152:
3143:
3114:Preceded by
3104:
3097:
3096:29 December 1709
3088:House of Romanov
3079:
3069:
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3005:
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2868:Cowles, Virginia
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2849:
2835:
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2775:Talbot Rice 1970
2772:
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2730:Talbot Rice 1970
2727:
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2715:Talbot Rice 1970
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2440:Talbot Rice 1970
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2401:Talbot Rice 1970
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1437:
1415:Dmitry Pavlutsky
1263:Seven Years' War
1245:Seven Years' War
1203:Alexandre Benois
939:
920:
901:
798:Anna Leopoldovna
791:
659:Holstein-Gottorp
560:Alexei Petrovich
540:Saint Petersburg
475:House of Romanov
451:Seven Years' War
436:Smolny Cathedral
382:
381: 1730–1740
380:
367:
366: 1725–1727
365:
352:
351: 1682–1725
350:
329:Russian monarchs
314:
290:Catherine Palace
278:
265:Russian Orthodox
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187:Saint Petersburg
179:
156:29 December 1709
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84:Vigilius Eriksen
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3764:
3733:
3728:
3698:
3693:
3684:
3657:Anna I Ivanovna
3640:
3594:
3564:
3560:Xenia Borisovna
3544:
3539:
3509:
3504:
3421:
3416:
3337:
3268:Mikhail of Tver
3175:
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3106:
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3103:5 January 1762
3085:
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3064:
3046:
3045:External links
3043:
3042:
3041:
3031:Chisholm, Hugh
3006:
3001:978-0297001096
3000:
2980:
2975:978-0307280510
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2899:Hoetzsch, Otto
2895:
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2848:. Westminster.
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1505:as to provide
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1389:
1346:Eastern Europe
1338:Count Buturlin
1311:Prince-Elector
1246:
1243:
1226:Ottoman Empire
1175:
1172:
1127:
1126:Foreign policy
1124:
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1064:infrastructure
1043:Smolny Convent
1010:
1007:
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985:Internal peace
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691:Valentin Serov
622:
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2562:Hoetzsch 1966
2558:
2555:
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2550:Rounding 2006
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2539:
2538:Coughlan 1974
2534:
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2110:
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1451:
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1440:
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782:, an ancient
781:
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769:
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414:, encouraged
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3760:Empress Anna
3749:
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3490:Alexander II
3470:Catherine II
3459:
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3093:
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2872:The Romanovs
2871:
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2790:Antonov 2006
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2464:Antonov 2006
2459:
2452:Antonov 2006
2447:
2420:
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2396:
2384:. Retrieved
2375:
2363:
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2344:Antonov 2006
2320:
2313:Antonov 2006
2308:
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2259:
2252:Antonov 2006
2232:
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2065:Antonov 2006
2046:Antonov 2006
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1519:dizzy spells
1516:
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1486:
1482:
1470:
1438:
1404:
1366:
1342:
1334:East Prussia
1326:
1322:Louis Tocqué
1307:
1296:
1260:
1235:
1207:
1198:
1177:
1168:Fredrikshamn
1158:east of the
1137:
1116:
1089:
1084:Campenhausen
1048:
1032:
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967:
889:
874:
862:
838:
827:
815:
794:
773:
730:with a good
710:
695:
686:
656:
636:
612:
576:architecture
568:
504:Kolomenskoye
501:
440:
408:architecture
393:
391:, her heir.
341:
333:construction
304:
300:
299:
178:(1762-01-05)
159:Kolomenskoye
82:Portrait by
65:
58:
50:
4077:1762 deaths
4072:1709 births
3500:Nicholas II
3480:Alexander I
3440:Catherine I
3417:(co-rulers)
2994:. Praeger.
2814:Works cited
2386:13 November
2225:Cowles 1971
2189:Cowles 1971
2145:Cowles 1971
2133:Cowles 1971
1530:and Counts
1059:state-owned
780:Dolgorukovs
592:horseriding
572:mathematics
461:, but when
120:Predecessor
55:family name
4066:Categories
3485:Nicholas I
3405:Feodor III
3328:Vasily III
2025:References
1478:pineapples
1373:Rumyantsev
1330:Versailles
1303:Kunersdorf
1292:Königsberg
732:bass voice
481:Early life
339:policies.
152:1709-12-29
111:Coronation
47:patronymic
4032:Biography
3465:Peter III
3460:Elizabeth
3389:Vladislav
3383:Vasili IV
3371:Feodor II
3134:Peter III
3025:(1911). "
2854:cite book
2742:Bain 1899
2679:Bain 1899
2523:Bain 1911
2425:Bain 1899
2413:Bain 1899
2356:Bain 1899
2213:Bain 1911
2121:Bain 1911
1528:Catherine
1174:Bestuzhev
1150:. In the
870:Christian
725:Ukrainian
608:gardening
528:Catherine
389:Peter III
301:Elizabeth
271:Signature
134:Peter III
130:Successor
71:Elizabeth
4056:Monarchy
3571:Romanovs
3551:Godunovs
3445:Peter II
3356:Feodor I
3313:Vasily I
2986:(1970).
2922:(2006).
2901:(1966).
2870:(1971).
2842:(1899).
2008:See also
1557:Ancestry
1543:Orthodox
1419:Anadyrsk
698:Peter II
648:Bourbons
644:Louis XV
600:sledging
556:princess
552:Tsarevna
434:and the
370:Peter II
337:Prussian
261:Religion
60:Romanova
51:Petrovna
4018:Portals
3455:Ivan VI
3435:Peter I
3410:Peter I
3395:Michael
3333:Ivan IV
3117:Ivan VI
3073:YouTube
3033:(ed.).
3020::
1507:dowries
1411:Koryaks
1407:Chukchi
1391:Siberia
1275:Prussia
1230:Prussia
1184:Austria
1156:Finland
802:Ivan VI
742:of the
728:Cossack
717:Siberia
604:skating
596:hunting
580:Italian
506:, near
471:agnatic
385:Ivan VI
309:Russian
235:Romanov
124:Ivan VI
4044:Russia
3475:Paul I
3414:Ivan V
3400:Alexis
3288:Ivan I
3185:Moscow
3099:
3029:". In
3014:
2998:
2972:
2953:
2930:
2887:
2828:
2614:
2284:
1532:Alexei
1362:Berlin
1284:France
1224:, the
1222:Poland
1218:Vienna
1144:Sweden
1140:Senate
1112:Paul I
1051:rubles
877:German
774:While
748:prince
706:Ivan V
652:France
646:, the
606:, and
588:French
586:, and
584:German
512:Russia
508:Moscow
430:. The
355:Alexei
251:Mother
241:Father
197:Burial
163:Moscow
86:, 1757
45:, the
3366:Boris
3361:Irina
3101:Died:
3094:Born:
1524:Peter
1513:Death
1489:edict
1425:Court
1354:Paris
1350:Porte
1210:Rhine
1068:roads
851:Reign
784:boyar
740:count
412:roads
230:House
215:Names
99:Reign
3450:Anna
3412:and
3183:and
2996:ISBN
2970:ISBN
2951:ISBN
2928:ISBN
2885:ISBN
2860:link
2826:ISBN
2612:ISBN
2388:2022
2282:ISBN
1708:10.
1534:and
1526:and
1409:and
1399:and
1385:N.S.
1273:and
1255:page
1166:and
883:and
789:coup
766:The
750:and
702:Anna
676:O.S.
548:Anna
524:Tsar
516:O.S.
374:Anna
321:O.S.
317:O.S.
173:Died
144:Born
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